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Goggin FL, Fischer HD. Singlet oxygen signalling and its potential roles in plant biotic interactions. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:1957-1970. [PMID: 38372069 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Singlet oxygen (SO) is among the most potent reactive oxygen species, and readily oxidizes proteins, lipids and DNA. It can be generated at the plant surface by phototoxins in the epidermis, acting as a direct defense against pathogens and herbivores (including humans). SO can also accumulate within mitochondria, peroxisomes, cytosol and the nucleus through multiple enzymatic and nonenzymatic processes. However, the majority of research on intracellular SO generation in plants has focused on transfer of light energy to triplet oxygen by photopigments from the chloroplast. SO accumulates in response to diverse stresses that perturb chloroplast metabolism, and while its high reactivity limits diffusion distances, it participates in retrograde signalling through the EXECUTER1 sensor, generation of carotenoid metabolites and possibly other unknown pathways. SO thereby reprogrammes nuclear gene expression and modulates hormone signalling and programmed cell death. While SO signalling has long been known to regulate plant responses to high-light stress, recent literature also suggests a role in plant interactions with insects, bacteria and fungi. The goals of this review are to provide a brief overview of SO, summarize evidence for its involvement in biotic stress responses and discuss future directions for the study of SO in defense signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona L Goggin
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Hillary D Fischer
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
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2
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Liu M, Wang F, He B, Hu J, Dai Y, Chen W, Yi M, Zhang H, Ye Y, Cui Z, Zheng X, Wang P, Xing W, Zhang Z. Targeting Magnaporthe oryzae effector MoErs1 and host papain-like protease OsRD21 interaction to combat rice blast. NATURE PLANTS 2024; 10:618-632. [PMID: 38409290 PMCID: PMC11162578 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-024-01642-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Effector proteins secreted by plant pathogenic fungi are important artilleries against host immunity, but there is no precedent of such effectors being explored as antifungal targets. Here we demonstrate that MoErs1, a species-specific effector protein secreted by the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, inhibits the function of rice papain-like cysteine protease OsRD21 involved in rice immunity. Disrupting MoErs1-OsRD21 interaction effectively controls rice blast. In addition, we show that FY21001, a structure-function-based designer compound, specifically binds to and inhibits MoErs1 function. FY21001 significantly and effectively controls rice blast in field tests. Our study revealed a novel concept of targeting pathogen-specific effector proteins to prevent and manage crop diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muxing Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, and Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Fangfang Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo He
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, and Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiexiong Hu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, and Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Dai
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, and Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Weizhong Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, and Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingxi Yi
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, and Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, and Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Yonghao Ye
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, and Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhongli Cui
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaobo Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, and Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, and Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Weiman Xing
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhengguang Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, and Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China.
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3
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Bouargalne Y, Guilbaud F, Macherel D, Delalande O, Deleu C, Le Cahérec F. Brassica napus Drought-Induced 22-kD Protein (BnD22) Acts Simultaneously as a Cysteine Protease Inhibitor and Chlorophyll-Binding Protein. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 64:536-548. [PMID: 36905393 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Class II water-soluble chlorophyll proteins (WSCPs) from Brassicaceae are non-photosynthetic proteins that bind with chlorophyll (Chl) and its derivatives. The physiological function of WSCPs is still unclear, but it is assumed to be involved in stress responses, which is likely related to their Chl-binding and protease inhibition (PI) activities. Yet, the dual function and simultaneous functionality of WSCPs must still be better understood. Here, the biochemical functions of Brassica napus drought-induced 22-kDa protein (BnD22), a major WSCP expressed in B. napus leaves, were investigated using recombinant hexahistidine-tagged protein. We showed that BnD22 inhibited cysteine proteases, such as papain, but not serine proteases. BnD22 was able to bind with Chla or Chlb to form tetrameric complexes. Unexpectedly, BnD22-Chl tetramer displays higher inhibition toward cysteine proteases, indicating (i) simultaneous Chl-binding and PI activities and (ii) Chl-dependent activation of PI activity of BnD22. Moreover, the photostability of BnD22-Chl tetramer was reduced upon binding with the protease. Using three-dimensional structural modeling and molecular docking, we revealed that Chl binding favors interaction between BnD22 and proteases. Despite its Chl-binding ability, the BnD22 was not detected in chloroplasts but rather in the endoplasmic reticulum and vacuole. In addition, the C-terminal extension peptide of BnD22, which cleaved off post-translationally in vivo, was not implicated in subcellular localization. Instead, it drastically promoted the expression, solubility and stability of the recombinant protein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Florian Guilbaud
- IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université Rennes, Rennes 35000, France
| | - David Macherel
- IRHS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université Angers, Angers 49000, France
| | | | - Carole Deleu
- IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université Rennes, Rennes 35000, France
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4
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Molecular regulation of immunity in tea plants. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:2883-2892. [PMID: 36538170 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-08177-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tea, which is mainly produced using the young leaves and buds of tea plants (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze), is one of the most common non-alcoholic beverages consumed in the world. The standard of tea mostly depends on the variety and quality of tea plants, which generally grow in subtropical areas, where the warm and humid conditions are also conducive to the occurrence of diseases. In fighting against pathogens, plants rely on their sophisticated innate immune systems which has been extensively studied in model plants. Many components involved in pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) triggered immunity (PTI) and effector triggered immunity (ETI) have been found. Nevertheless, the molecular regulating network against pathogens (e.g., Pseudopestalotiopsis sp., Colletotrichum sp. and Exobasidium vexans) causing widespread disease (such as grey blight disease, anthracnose, and blister blight) in tea plants is still unclear. With the recent release of the genome data of tea plants, numerous genes involved in tea plant immunity have been identified, and the molecular mechanisms behind tea plant immunity is being studied. Therefore, the recent achievements in identifying and cloning functional genes/gene families, in finding crucial components of tea immunity signaling pathways, and in understanding the role of secondary metabolites have been summarized and the opportunities and challenges in the future studies of tea immunity are highlighted in this review.
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Vuong UT, Iswanto ABB, Nguyen Q, Kang H, Lee J, Moon J, Kim SH. Engineering plant immune circuit: walking to the bright future with a novel toolbox. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 21:17-45. [PMID: 36036862 PMCID: PMC9829404 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogens destroy crops and cause severe yield losses, leading to an insufficient food supply to sustain the human population. Apart from relying on natural plant immune systems to combat biological agents or waiting for the appropriate evolutionary steps to occur over time, researchers are currently seeking new breakthrough methods to boost disease resistance in plants through genetic engineering. Here, we summarize the past two decades of research in disease resistance engineering against an assortment of pathogens through modifying the plant immune components (internal and external) with several biotechnological techniques. We also discuss potential strategies and provide perspectives on engineering plant immune systems for enhanced pathogen resistance and plant fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uyen Thi Vuong
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Arya Bagus Boedi Iswanto
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Quang‐Minh Nguyen
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Hobin Kang
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Jihyun Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Jiyun Moon
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Sang Hee Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
- Division of Life ScienceGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
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6
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Chesnais Q, Golyaev V, Velt A, Rustenholz C, Brault V, Pooggin MM, Drucker M. Comparative Plant Transcriptome Profiling of Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 and Camelina sativa var. Celine Infested with Myzus persicae Aphids Acquiring Circulative and Noncirculative Viruses Reveals Virus- and Plant-Specific Alterations Relevant to Aphid Feeding Behavior and Transmission. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0013622. [PMID: 35856906 PMCID: PMC9430646 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00136-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence is accumulating that plant viruses alter host plant traits in ways that modify their insect vectors' behavior. These alterations often enhance virus transmission, which has led to the hypothesis that these effects are manipulations caused by viral adaptation. However, we lack a mechanistic understanding of the genetic basis of these indirect, plant-mediated effects on vectors, their dependence on the plant host, and their relation to the mode of virus transmission. Transcriptome profiling of Arabidopsis thaliana and Camelina sativa plants infected with turnip yellows virus (TuYV) or cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) and infested with the common aphid vector Myzus persicae revealed strong virus- and host-specific differences in gene expression patterns. CaMV infection caused more severe effects on the phenotype of both plant hosts than did TuYV infection, and the severity of symptoms correlated strongly with the proportion of differentially expressed genes, especially photosynthesis genes. Accordingly, CaMV infection modified aphid behavior and fecundity more strongly than did infection with TuYV. Overall, infection with CaMV, relying on the noncirculative transmission mode, tends to have effects on metabolic pathways, with strong potential implications for insect vector-plant host interactions (e.g., photosynthesis, jasmonic acid, ethylene, and glucosinolate biosynthetic processes), while TuYV, using the circulative transmission mode, alters these pathways only weakly. These virus-induced deregulations of genes that are related to plant physiology and defense responses might impact both aphid probing and feeding behavior on infected host plants, with potentially distinct effects on virus transmission. IMPORTANCE Plant viruses change the phenotype of their plant hosts. Some of the changes impact interactions of the plant with insects that feed on the plants and transmit these viruses. These modifications may result in better virus transmission. We examine here the transcriptomes of two plant species infected with two viruses with different transmission modes to work out whether there are plant species-specific and transmission mode-specific transcriptome changes. Our results show that both are the case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Chesnais
- SVQV, UMR1131, INRAE Centre Grand Est–Colmar, Université Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Victor Golyaev
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Université Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Amandine Velt
- SVQV, UMR1131, INRAE Centre Grand Est–Colmar, Université Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Camille Rustenholz
- SVQV, UMR1131, INRAE Centre Grand Est–Colmar, Université Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Véronique Brault
- SVQV, UMR1131, INRAE Centre Grand Est–Colmar, Université Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Mikhail M. Pooggin
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Université Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Martin Drucker
- SVQV, UMR1131, INRAE Centre Grand Est–Colmar, Université Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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7
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Bouargalne Y, Raguénès-Nicol C, Guilbaud F, Cheron A, Clouet V, Deleu C, Le Cahérec F. New insights into chlorophyll-WSCP (water-soluble chlorophyll proteins) interactions : The case study of BnD22 (Brassica napus drought-induced 22 kDa). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 181:71-80. [PMID: 35452956 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The water-soluble chlorophyll-proteins (WSCP) of class II from Brassicaceae are non-photosynthetic proteins that bind chlorophylls (Chls) and chlorophyll derivatives. Their physiological roles, biochemical functions and mode of action are still unclear. It is assumed that the WSCPs have a protection function against Chl photodamage during stressful conditions. WSCPs are subdivided into class IIA and class IIB according to their apparent Chla/b binding ratio. Although their Chla/Chlb binding selectivity has been partly characterized, their Chl affinities are not yet precisely defined. For instance, WSCPs IIA do not show any Chl binding preference while WSCPs IIB have greater affinity to Chlb. In this study, we present a novel method for assessment of Chl binding to WSCPs based on the differences of Chl photobleaching rates in a large range of Chl/protein ratios. The protein we have chosen to study WSCP is BnD22, a WSCP IIA induced in the leaves of Brassica napus under water deficit. BnD22 formed oligomeric complexes upon binding to Chla and/or Chlb allowing a protective effect against photodamage. The binding constants indicate that BnD22 binds with high affinity the Chls and with a strong selectivity to Chla. Moreover, dependending of Chl/protein ratio upon reconstitution, two distinct binding events were detected resulting from difference of Chl stoichiometry inside oligomeric complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef Bouargalne
- Univ Rennes 1, INRAE, Institut Agro, IGEPP - UMR 1349, 35653, Le Rheu, France
| | | | - Florian Guilbaud
- Univ Rennes 1, INRAE, Institut Agro, IGEPP - UMR 1349, 35653, Le Rheu, France
| | | | - Vanessa Clouet
- Univ Rennes 1, INRAE, Institut Agro, IGEPP - UMR 1349, 35653, Le Rheu, France
| | - Carole Deleu
- Univ Rennes 1, INRAE, Institut Agro, IGEPP - UMR 1349, 35653, Le Rheu, France
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8
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Ciuti S, Agostini A, Barbon A, Bortolus M, Paulsen H, Di Valentin M, Carbonera D. Magnetophotoselection in the Investigation of Excitonically Coupled Chromophores: The Case of the Water-Soluble Chlorophyll Protein. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27123654. [PMID: 35744779 PMCID: PMC9227413 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A magnetophotoselection (MPS) investigation of the photoexcited triplet state of chlorophyll a both in a frozen organic solvent and in a protein environment, provided by the water-soluble chlorophyll protein (WSCP) of Lepidium virginicum, is reported. The MPS experiment combines the photoselection achieved by exciting with linearly polarized light with the magnetic selection of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, allowing the determination of the relative orientation of the optical transition dipole moment and the zero-field splitting tensor axes in both environments. We demonstrate the robustness of the proposed methodology for a quantitative description of the excitonic interactions among pigments. The orientation of the optical transition dipole moments determined by the EPR analysis in WSCP, identified as an appropriate model system, are in excellent agreement with those calculated in the point-dipole approximation. In addition, MPS provides information on the electronic properties of the triplet state, localized on a single chlorophyll a pigment of the protein cluster, in terms of orientation of the zero-field splitting tensor axes in the molecular frame.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Ciuti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy; (S.C.); (A.A.); (A.B.); (M.B.)
| | - Alessandro Agostini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy; (S.C.); (A.A.); (A.B.); (M.B.)
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Branišovská 1160/31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Antonio Barbon
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy; (S.C.); (A.A.); (A.B.); (M.B.)
| | - Marco Bortolus
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy; (S.C.); (A.A.); (A.B.); (M.B.)
| | - Harald Paulsen
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Johann-Joachim Becher-Weg 7, 55128 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Marilena Di Valentin
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy; (S.C.); (A.A.); (A.B.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence: (M.D.V.); (D.C.); Tel.: +39-0498275139 (M.D.V.); +39-0498275144 (D.C.)
| | - Donatella Carbonera
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy; (S.C.); (A.A.); (A.B.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence: (M.D.V.); (D.C.); Tel.: +39-0498275139 (M.D.V.); +39-0498275144 (D.C.)
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9
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Girr P, Paulsen H. How water-soluble chlorophyll protein extracts chlorophyll from membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1863:183479. [PMID: 32961122 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Water-soluble chlorophyll proteins (WSCPs) found in Brassicaceae are non-photosynthetic proteins that bind only a small number of chlorophylls. Their biological function remains unclear, but recent data indicate that WSCPs are involved in stress response and pathogen defense as producers of reactive oxygen species and/or Chl-regulated protease inhibitors. For those functions, WSCP apoprotein supposedly binds Chl to become physiologically active or inactive, respectively. Thus, Chl-binding seems to be a pivotal step for the biological function of WSCP. WSCP can extract Chl from the thylakoid membrane but little is known about the mechanism of how Chl is sequestered from the membrane into the binding sites. Here, we investigate the interaction of WSCP with the thylakoid membrane in detail. The extraction of Chl from the thylakoid by WSCP apoprotein is a slow and inefficient reaction, because WSCP presumably does not directly extract Chl from other Chl-binding proteins embedded in the membrane. WSCP apoprotein interacts with model membranes that contain the thylakoid lipids MGDG, DGDG or PG, and can extract Chl from those. Furthermore, the WSCP-Chl complex, once formed, no longer interacts with membranes. We concluded that the surroundings of the WSCP pigment-binding site are involved in the WSCP-membrane interaction and identified a ring of hydrophobic amino acids with two conserved Trp residues around the Chl-binding site. Indeed, WSCP variants, in which one of the Trp residues was exchanged for Phe, still interact with the membrane but are no longer able to extract Chl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Girr
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Johannes-von-Müller-Weg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Harald Paulsen
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Johannes-von-Müller-Weg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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10
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Liu Y, Wang K, Cheng Q, Kong D, Zhang X, Wang Z, Wang Q, Xie Q, Yan J, Chu J, Ling HQ, Li Q, Miao J, Zhao B. Cysteine protease RD21A regulated by E3 ligase SINAT4 is required for drought-induced resistance to Pseudomonas syringae in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:5562-5576. [PMID: 32453812 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plants can be simultaneously exposed to multiple stresses. The interplay of abiotic and biotic stresses may result in synergistic or antagonistic effects on plant development and health. Temporary drought stress can stimulate plant immunity; however, the molecular mechanism of drought-induced immunity is largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that cysteine protease RD21A is required for drought-induced immunity. Temporarily drought-treated wild-type Arabidopsis plants became more sensitive to the bacterial pathogen-associated molecular pattern flg22, triggering stomatal closure, which resulted in increased resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst-DC3000). Knocking out rd21a inhibited flg22-triggered stomatal closure and compromised the drought-induced immunity. Ubiquitin E3 ligase SINAT4 interacted with RD21A and promoted its degradation in vivo. The overexpression of SINAT4 also consistently compromised the drought-induced immunity to Pst-DC3000. A bacterial type III effector, AvrRxo1, interacted with both SINAT4 and RD21A, enhancing SINAT4 activity and promoting the degradation of RD21A in vivo. Therefore, RD21A could be a positive regulator of drought-induced immunity, which could be targeted by pathogen virulence effectors during pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Lushan Botanical Garden Jiangxi Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kunru Wang
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Qiang Cheng
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Danyu Kong
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Xunzhong Zhang
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Zhibo Wang
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jijun Yan
- National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinfang Chu
- National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Qing Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Li
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Jiamin Miao
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- College of Grassland, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bingyu Zhao
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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11
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Girr P, Kilper J, Pohland AC, Paulsen H. The pigment binding behaviour of water-soluble chlorophyll protein (WSCP). Photochem Photobiol Sci 2020; 19:695-712. [PMID: 32338263 DOI: 10.1039/d0pp00043d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble chlorophyll proteins (WSCPs) are homotetrameric proteins that bind four chlorophyll (Chl) molecules in identical binding sites, which makes WSCPs a good model to study protein-pigment interactions. In a previous study, we described preferential binding of Chl a or Chl b in various WSCP versions. Chl b binding is preferred when a hydrogen bond can be formed between the C7 formyl of the chlorin macrocycle and the protein, whereas Chl a is preferred when Chl b binding is sterically unfavorable. Here, we determined the binding affinities and kinetics of various WSCP versions not only for Chl a/b, but also for chlorophyllide (Chlide) a/b and pheophytin (Pheo) a/b. Altered KD values are responsible for the Chl a/b selectivity in WSCP whereas differences in the reaction kinetics are neglectable in explaining different Chl a/b preferences. WSCP binds both Chlide and Pheo with a lower affinity than Chl, which indicates the importance of the phytol chain and the central Mg2+ ion as interaction sites between WSCP and pigment. Pheophorbide (Pheoide), lacking both the phytol chain and the central Mg2+ ion, can only be bound as Pheoide b to a WSCP that has a higher affinity for Chl b than Chl a, which underlines the impact of the C7 formyl-protein interaction. Moreover, WSCP was able to bind protochlorophyllide and Mg-protoporphyrin IX, which suggests that neither the size of the π electron system of the macrocycle nor the presence of a fifth ring at the macrocycle notably affect the binding to WSCP. WSCP also binds heme to form a tetrameric complex, suggesting that heme is bound in the Chl-binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Girr
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Johannes-von-Müller-Weg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jessica Kilper
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Johannes-von-Müller-Weg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anne-Christin Pohland
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Johannes-von-Müller-Weg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Harald Paulsen
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Johannes-von-Müller-Weg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
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12
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Di Marzo M, Roig-Villanova I, Zanchetti E, Caselli F, Gregis V, Bardetti P, Chiara M, Guazzotti A, Caporali E, Mendes MA, Colombo L, Kater MM. MADS-Box and bHLH Transcription Factors Coordinate Transmitting Tract Development in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:526. [PMID: 32435255 PMCID: PMC7219087 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The MADS-domain transcription factor SEEDSTICK (STK) controls several aspects of plant reproduction. STK is co-expressed with CESTA (CES), a basic Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH) transcription factor-encoding gene. CES was reported to control redundantly with the brassinosteroid positive signaling factors BRASSINOSTEROID ENHANCED EXPRESSION1 (BEE1) and BEE3 the development of the transmitting tract. Combining the stk ces-4 mutants led to a reduction in ovule fertilization due to a defect in carpel fusion which, caused the formation of holes at the center of the septum where the transmitting tract differentiates. Combining the stk mutant with the bee1 bee3 ces-4 triple mutant showed an increased number of unfertilized ovules and septum defects. The transcriptome profile of this quadruple mutant revealed a small subset of differentially expressed genes which are mainly involved in cell death, extracellular matrix and cell wall development. Our data evidence a regulatory gene network controlling transmitting tract development regulated directly or indirectly by a STK-CES containing complex and reveal new insights in the regulation of transmitting tract development by bHLH and MADS-domain transcription factors.
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13
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Lemke O, Götze JP. On the Stability of the Water-Soluble Chlorophyll-Binding Protein (WSCP) Studied by Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:10594-10604. [PMID: 31702165 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b07915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The water-soluble chlorophyll-binding protein (WSCP) is assumed to be not a part of the photosynthetic process. Applying molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we aimed to obtain insight into the exceptional stability of WSCP. We analyzed dynamical features such as the hydrogen bond network, flexibility, and force distributions. The WSCP structure contains two cysteines at the interfaces of every protein chain, which are in close contact with the cysteines of the other dimer. We tested if a connection of these cysteines between different protein chains influences the dynamical behavior to investigate any influences on the thermal stability. We find that the hydrogen bond network is very stable regardless of the presence or absence of the hypothetical disulfide bridges and/or the chlorophyll units. Furthermore, it is found that the phytyl chains of the chlorophyll units are extremely flexible, much more than what is seen in crystal structures. Nonetheless, they seem to protect a photochemically active site of the chlorophylls over the complete simulation time. Finally, we also find that a cavity in the chlorophyll-surrounding sheath exists, which may allow access for individual small molecules to the core of WSCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Lemke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimallee 22 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Jan P Götze
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimallee 22 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
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14
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Maleeva YV, Neverov KV, Obukhov YN, Kritsky MS. Water Soluble Chlorophyll-Binding Proteins of Plants: Structure, Properties and Functions. Mol Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893319060128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Prabahar V, Afriat-Jurnou L, Paluy I, Peleg Y, Noy D. New homologues of Brassicaceae water-soluble chlorophyll proteins shed light on chlorophyll binding, spectral tuning, and molecular evolution. FEBS J 2019; 287:991-1004. [PMID: 31549491 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Type-II water-soluble chlorophyll (Chl) proteins (WSCPs) of Brassicaceae are promising models for understanding how protein sequence and structure affect Chl binding and spectral tuning in photosynthetic Chl-protein complexes. However, to date, their use has been limited by the small number of known WSCPs, which also limited understanding their physiological roles. To overcome these limitations, we performed a phylogenetic analysis to compile a more comprehensive and complete set of natural type-II WSCP homologues. The identified homologues were heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli, purified, tested for assembly with chlorophylls, and spectroscopically characterized. The analyses led to the discovery of previously unrecognized type-IIa and IIb subclass WSCPs, as well as of a new subclass that did not bind chlorophylls. Further analysis by ancestral sequence reconstruction yielded sequences of putative ancestors of the three subclasses, which were subsequently recombinantly expressed in E. coli, purified and characterized. Combining the phylogenetic and spectroscopic data with molecular structural information revealed distinct Chl-binding motifs, and identified residues critically impacting spectral tuning. The distinct Chl-binding properties of the WSCP archetypes suggest that the non-Chl-binding subclass evolved from a Chl-binding ancestor that most likely lost its Chl-binding capacity upon localization in the plant tissues with low Chl content. This dual evolutionary trajectory is consistent with WSCPs association with the Kunitz-type protease inhibitors superfamily, and indications of their inhibitory activity in response to various forms of stress in plants. These findings suggest new directions for exploring the physiological roles of WSCPs and the correlation, if any, between Chl-binding and protease inhibition functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Livnat Afriat-Jurnou
- Migal-Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona, Israel.,Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Tel-Hai Academic College, Upper Galilee, Israel
| | - Irina Paluy
- Migal-Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
| | - Yoav Peleg
- Structural Proteomics Unit (SPU), Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Dror Noy
- Migal-Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
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16
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Dogra V, Rochaix JD, Kim C. Singlet oxygen-triggered chloroplast-to-nucleus retrograde signalling pathways: An emerging perspective. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:1727-1738. [PMID: 29749057 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Singlet oxygen (1 O2 ) is a prime cause of photo-damage of the photosynthetic apparatus. The chlorophyll molecules in the photosystem II reaction center and in the light-harvesting antenna complex are major sources of 1 O2 generation. It has been thought that the generation of 1 O2 mainly takes place in the appressed regions of the thylakoid membranes, namely, the grana core, where most of the active photosystem II complexes are localized. Apart from being a toxic molecule, new evidence suggests that 1 O2 significantly contributes to chloroplast-to-nucleus retrograde signalling that primes acclimation and cell death responses. Interestingly, recent studies reveal that chloroplasts operate two distinct 1 O2 -triggered retrograde signalling pathways in which β-carotene and a nuclear-encoded chloroplast protein EXECUTER1 play essential roles as signalling mediators. The coexistence of these mediators raises several questions: their crosstalk, source(s) of 1 O2 , downstream signalling components, and the perception and reaction mechanism of these mediators towards 1 O2 . In this review, we mainly discuss the molecular genetic basis of the mode of action of these two putative 1 O2 sensors and their corresponding retrograde signalling pathways. In addition, we also propose the possible existence of an alternative source of 1 O2 , which is spatially and functionally separated from the grana core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Dogra
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jean-David Rochaix
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Chanhong Kim
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
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17
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Arnaiz A, Talavera-Mateo L, Gonzalez-Melendi P, Martinez M, Diaz I, Santamaria ME. Arabidopsis Kunitz Trypsin Inhibitors in Defense Against Spider Mites. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:986. [PMID: 30042779 PMCID: PMC6048452 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Tetranychus urticae (two-spotted spider mite) is a striking example of polyphagy among herbivores with an extreme record of pesticide resistance and one of the most significant pests in agriculture. The T. urticae genome contains a large number of cysteine- and serine-proteases indicating their importance in the spider mite physiology. This work is focused on the potential role of the Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (KTI) family on plant defense responses against spider mites. The molecular characterization of two of these genes, AtKTI4 and AtKTI5, combined with feeding bioassays using T-DNA insertion lines for both genes was carried out. Spider mite performance assays showed that independent KTI silencing Arabidopsis lines conferred higher susceptibility to T. urticae than WT plants. Additionally, transient overexpression of these inhibitors in Nicotiana benthamiana demonstrated their ability to inhibit not only serine- but also cysteine-proteases, indicating the bifunctional inhibitory role against both types of enzymes. These inhibitory properties could be involved in the modulation of the proteases that participate in the hydrolysis of dietary proteins in the spider mite gut, as well as in other proteolytic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Arnaiz
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucia Talavera-Mateo
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Gonzalez-Melendi
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Martinez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Diaz
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - M. E. Santamaria
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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18
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Zhang H, Gannon L, Hassall KL, Deery MJ, Gibbs DJ, Holdsworth MJ, van der Hoorn RAL, Lilley KS, Theodoulou FL. N-terminomics reveals control of Arabidopsis seed storage proteins and proteases by the Arg/N-end rule pathway. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 218:1106-1126. [PMID: 29168982 PMCID: PMC5947142 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The N-end rule pathway of targeted protein degradation is an important regulator of diverse processes in plants but detailed knowledge regarding its influence on the proteome is lacking. To investigate the impact of the Arg/N-end rule pathway on the proteome of etiolated seedlings, we used terminal amine isotopic labelling of substrates with tandem mass tags (TMT-TAILS) for relative quantification of N-terminal peptides in prt6, an Arabidopsis thaliana N-end rule mutant lacking the E3 ligase PROTEOLYSIS6 (PRT6). TMT-TAILS identified over 4000 unique N-terminal peptides representing c. 2000 protein groups. Forty-five protein groups exhibited significantly increased N-terminal peptide abundance in prt6 seedlings, including cruciferins, major seed storage proteins, which were regulated by Group VII Ethylene Response Factor (ERFVII) transcription factors, known substrates of PRT6. Mobilisation of endosperm α-cruciferin was delayed in prt6 seedlings. N-termini of several proteases were downregulated in prt6, including RD21A. RD21A transcript, protein and activity levels were downregulated in a largely ERFVII-dependent manner. By contrast, cathepsin B3 protein and activity were upregulated by ERFVIIs independent of transcript. We propose that the PRT6 branch of the pathway regulates protease activities in a complex manner and optimises storage reserve mobilisation in the transition from seed to seedling via control of ERFVII action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Zhang
- Plant Sciences DepartmentRothamsted ResearchHarpendenAL5 2JQUK
- Cambridge Centre for ProteomicsDepartment of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridge, CB2 1QRUK
| | - Lucy Gannon
- Plant Sciences DepartmentRothamsted ResearchHarpendenAL5 2JQUK
| | - Kirsty L. Hassall
- Computational and Analytical Sciences DepartmentRothamsted ResearchHarpendenAL5 2JQUK
| | - Michael J. Deery
- Cambridge Centre for ProteomicsDepartment of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridge, CB2 1QRUK
| | - Daniel J. Gibbs
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of BirminghamEdgbastonB15 2TTUK
| | | | | | - Kathryn S. Lilley
- Cambridge Centre for ProteomicsDepartment of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridge, CB2 1QRUK
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19
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Rustgi S, Boex-Fontvieille E, Reinbothe C, von Wettstein D, Reinbothe S. The complex world of plant protease inhibitors: Insights into a Kunitz-type cysteine protease inhibitor of Arabidopsis thaliana. Commun Integr Biol 2017; 11:e1368599. [PMID: 29497469 PMCID: PMC5824933 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2017.1368599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants have evolved an intricate regulatory network of proteases and corresponding protease inhibitors (PI), which operate in various biological pathways and serve diverse spatiotemporal functions during the sedentary life of a plant. Intricacy of the regulatory network can be anticipated from the observation that, depending on the developmental stage and environmental cue(s), either a single PI or multiple PIs regulate the activity of a given protease. On the other hand, the same PI often interacts with different targets at different places, necessitating another level of fine control to be added in planta. Here, it is reported on how the activity of a papain-like cysteine protease dubbed RD21 (RESPONSIVE TO DESICCATION 21) is differentially regulated by serpin and Kunitz PIs over plant development and how this mechanism contributes to defenses against herbivorous arthropods and microbial pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Rustgi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Pee Dee Research and Education Center, Florence, SC, USA.,Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Edouard Boex-Fontvieille
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire des Plantes and Biologie Environnementale et Systémique (BEeSy), Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Christiane Reinbothe
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire des Plantes and Biologie Environnementale et Systémique (BEeSy), Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Diter von Wettstein
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Steffen Reinbothe
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire des Plantes and Biologie Environnementale et Systémique (BEeSy), Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
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20
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Agostini A, Palm DM, Schmitt FJ, Albertini M, Valentin MD, Paulsen H, Carbonera D. An unusual role for the phytyl chains in the photoprotection of the chlorophylls bound to Water-Soluble Chlorophyll-binding Proteins. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7504. [PMID: 28790428 PMCID: PMC5548782 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07874-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Water-Soluble Chlorophyll Proteins (WSCPs) from Brassicaceae are non-photosynthetic proteins which tetramerize upon binding four chlorophyll (Chl) molecules. The bound Chls are highly photostable, despite the lack of bound carotenoids known, in Chl-containing photosynthetic proteins, to act as singlet oxygen and Chl triplet (3Chl) quenchers. Although the physiological function of WSCPs is still unclear, it is likely to be related to their biochemical stability and their resistance to photodegradation. To get insight into the origin of this photostability, the properties of the 3Chl generated in WSCPs upon illumination were investigated. We found that, unlike the excited singlet states, which are excitonic states, the triplet state is localized on a single Chl molecule. Moreover, the lifetime of the 3Chl generated in WSCPs is comparable to that observed in other Chl-containing systems and is reduced in presence of oxygen. In contrast to previous observations, we found that WSCP actually photosensitizes singlet oxygen with an efficiency comparable to that of Chl in organic solvent. We demonstrated that the observed resistance to photooxidation depends on the conformation of the phytyl moieties, which in WSCP are interposed between the rings of Chl dimers, hindering the access of singlet oxygen to the oxidizable sites of the pigments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Agostini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Johannes-von-Müller-Weg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniel M Palm
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Johannes-von-Müller-Weg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Franz-Josef Schmitt
- Institute of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17, Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marco Albertini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Marilena Di Valentin
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Harald Paulsen
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Johannes-von-Müller-Weg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Donatella Carbonera
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy.
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21
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Palm DM, Agostini A, Tenzer S, Gloeckle BM, Werwie M, Carbonera D, Paulsen H. Water-Soluble Chlorophyll Protein (WSCP) Stably Binds Two or Four Chlorophylls. Biochemistry 2017; 56:1726-1736. [PMID: 28252285 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Water-soluble chlorophyll proteins (WSCPs) of class IIa from Brassicaceae form tetrameric complexes containing one chlorophyll (Chl) per apoprotein but no carotenoids. The complexes are remarkably stable toward dissociation and protein denaturation even at 100 °C and extreme pH values, and the Chls are partially protected against photooxidation. There are several hypotheses that explain the biological role of WSCPs, one of them proposing that they function as a scavenger of Chls set free upon plant senescence or pathogen attack. The biochemical properties of WSCP described in this paper are consistent with the protein acting as an efficient and flexible Chl scavenger. At limiting Chl concentrations, the recombinant WSCP apoprotein binds substoichiometric amounts of Chl (two Chls per tetramer) to form complexes that are as stable toward thermal dissociation, denaturation, and photodamage as the fully pigmented ones. If more Chl is added, these two-Chl complexes can bind another two Chls to reach the fully pigmented state. The protection of WSCP Chls against photodamage has been attributed to the apoprotein serving as a diffusion barrier for oxygen, preventing its access to triplet excited Chls and, thus, the formation of singlet oxygen. By contrast, the sequential binding of Chls by WSCP suggests a partially open or at least flexible structure, raising the question of how WSCP photoprotects its Chls without the help of carotenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Palm
- Institute of General Botany, Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz , Johannes-von-Müller-Weg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Alessandro Agostini
- Institute of General Botany, Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz , Johannes-von-Müller-Weg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova , Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Stefan Tenzer
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz , Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Barbara M Gloeckle
- Institute of General Botany, Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz , Johannes-von-Müller-Weg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Mara Werwie
- Institute of General Botany, Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz , Johannes-von-Müller-Weg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Donatella Carbonera
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova , Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Harald Paulsen
- Institute of General Botany, Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz , Johannes-von-Müller-Weg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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22
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Serpin1 and WSCP differentially regulate the activity of the cysteine protease RD21 during plant development in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:2212-2217. [PMID: 28179567 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1621496114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteolytic enzymes (proteases) participate in a vast range of physiological processes, ranging from nutrient digestion to blood coagulation, thrombosis, and beyond. In plants, proteases are implicated in host recognition and pathogen infection, induced defense (immunity), and the deterrence of insect pests. Because proteases irreversibly cleave peptide bonds of protein substrates, their activity must be tightly controlled in time and space. Here, we report an example of how nature evolved alternative mechanisms to fine-tune the activity of a cysteine protease dubbed RD21 (RESPONSIVE TO DESICCATION-21). One mechanism in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana studied here comprises irreversible inhibition of RD21's activity by Serpin1, whereas the other mechanism is a result of the reversible inhibition of RD21 activity by a Kunitz protease inhibitor named water-soluble chlorophyll-binding protein (WSCP). Activity profiling, complex isolation, and homology modeling data revealed unique interactions of RD21 with Serpin1 and WSCP, respectively. Expression studies identified only partial overlaps in Serpin1 and WSCP accumulation that explain how RD21 contributes to the innate immunity of mature plants and arthropod deterrence of seedlings undergoing skotomorphogenesis and greening.
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23
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Papazian S, Khaling E, Bonnet C, Lassueur S, Reymond P, Moritz T, Blande JD, Albrectsen BR. Central Metabolic Responses to Ozone and Herbivory Affect Photosynthesis and Stomatal Closure. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 172:2057-2078. [PMID: 27758847 PMCID: PMC5100778 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved adaptive mechanisms that allow them to tolerate a continuous range of abiotic and biotic stressors. Tropospheric ozone (O3), a global anthropogenic pollutant, directly affects living organisms and ecosystems, including plant-herbivore interactions. In this study, we investigate the stress responses of Brassica nigra (wild black mustard) exposed consecutively to O3 and the specialist herbivore Pieris brassicae Transcriptomics and metabolomics data were evaluated using multivariate, correlation, and network analyses for the O3 and herbivory responses. O3 stress symptoms resembled those of senescence and phosphate starvation, while a sequential shift from O3 to herbivory induced characteristic plant defense responses, including a decrease in central metabolism, induction of the jasmonic acid/ethylene pathways, and emission of volatiles. Omics network and pathway analyses predicted a link between glycerol and central energy metabolism that influences the osmotic stress response and stomatal closure. Further physiological measurements confirmed that while O3 stress inhibited photosynthesis and carbon assimilation, sequential herbivory counteracted the initial responses induced by O3, resulting in a phenotype similar to that observed after herbivory alone. This study clarifies the consequences of multiple stress interactions on a plant metabolic system and also illustrates how omics data can be integrated to generate new hypotheses in ecology and plant physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Papazian
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå (S.P., B.R.A.); Department of Forest Genetic and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden (T.M.)
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland (E.K., J.D.B.); and
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland (C.B., S.L., P.R.)
| | - Eliezer Khaling
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå (S.P., B.R.A.); Department of Forest Genetic and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden (T.M.)
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland (E.K., J.D.B.); and
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland (C.B., S.L., P.R.)
| | - Christelle Bonnet
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå (S.P., B.R.A.); Department of Forest Genetic and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden (T.M.)
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland (E.K., J.D.B.); and
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland (C.B., S.L., P.R.)
| | - Steve Lassueur
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå (S.P., B.R.A.); Department of Forest Genetic and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden (T.M.)
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland (E.K., J.D.B.); and
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland (C.B., S.L., P.R.)
| | - Philippe Reymond
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå (S.P., B.R.A.); Department of Forest Genetic and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden (T.M.)
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland (E.K., J.D.B.); and
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland (C.B., S.L., P.R.)
| | - Thomas Moritz
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå (S.P., B.R.A.); Department of Forest Genetic and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden (T.M.)
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland (E.K., J.D.B.); and
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland (C.B., S.L., P.R.)
| | - James D Blande
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå (S.P., B.R.A.); Department of Forest Genetic and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden (T.M.);
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland (E.K., J.D.B.); and
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland (C.B., S.L., P.R.)
| | - Benedicte R Albrectsen
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå (S.P., B.R.A.); Department of Forest Genetic and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden (T.M.);
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland (E.K., J.D.B.); and
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland (C.B., S.L., P.R.)
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Boex-Fontvieille E, Rustgi S, Von Wettstein D, Pollmann S, Reinbothe S, Reinbothe C. Jasmonic acid protects etiolated seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana against herbivorous arthropods. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2016; 11:e1214349. [PMID: 27485473 PMCID: PMC5022418 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2016.1214349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Seed predators can cause mass ingestion of larger seed populations. As well, herbivorous arthropods attempt to attack etiolated seedlings and chose the apical hook for ingestion, aimed at dropping the cotyledons for later consumption. Etiolated seedlings, as we show here, have established an efficient mechanism of protecting their Achilles' heel against these predators, however. Evidence is provided for a role of jasmonic acid (JA) in this largely uncharacterized plant-herbivore interaction during skotomorphogenesis and that this comprises the temporally and spatially tightly controlled synthesis of a cysteine protease inhibitors of the Kunitz family. Interestingly, the same Kunitz protease inhibitor was found to be expressed in flowers of Arabidopsis where endogenous JA levels are high for fertility. Because both the apical hook and inflorescences were preferred isopod targets in JA-deficient plants that could be rescued by exogenously administered JA, our data identify a JA-dependent mechanism of plant arthropod deterrence that is recalled in different organs and at quite different times of plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edouard Boex-Fontvieille
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire des Plantes and Biologie Environnementale et Systémique (BEeSy), Université Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble cedex, France
| | - Sachin Rustgi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Pee Dee Research and Education Center, Clemson University, Florence, SC, USA
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, School of Molecular Biosciences, and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Diter Von Wettstein
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, School of Molecular Biosciences, and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Stephan Pollmann
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Tecnologia Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Steffen Reinbothe
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire des Plantes and Biologie Environnementale et Systémique (BEeSy), Université Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble cedex, France
| | - Christiane Reinbothe
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire des Plantes and Biologie Environnementale et Systémique (BEeSy), Université Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble cedex, France
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25
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Bednarczyk D, Noy D. Water in Oil Emulsions: A New System for Assembling Water-soluble Chlorophyll-binding Proteins with Hydrophobic Pigments. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27023484 DOI: 10.3791/53410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorophylls (Chls) and bacteriochlorophylls (BChls) are the primary cofactors that carry out photosynthetic light harvesting and electron transport. Their functionality critically depends on their specific organization within large and elaborate multisubunit transmembrane protein complexes. In order to understand at the molecular level how these complexes facilitate solar energy conversion, it is essential to understand protein-pigment, and pigment-pigment interactions, and their effect on excited dynamics. One way of gaining such understanding is by constructing and studying complexes of Chls with simple water-soluble recombinant proteins. However, incorporating the lipophilic Chls and BChls into water-soluble proteins is difficult. Moreover, there is no general method, which could be used for assembly of water-soluble proteins with hydrophobic pigments. Here, we demonstrate a simple and high throughput system based on water-in-oil emulsions, which enables assembly of water-soluble proteins with hydrophobic Chls. The new method was validated by assembling recombinant versions of the water-soluble chlorophyll binding protein of Brassicaceae plants (WSCP) with Chl a. We demonstrate the successful assembly of Chl a using crude lysates of WSCP expressing E. coli cell, which may be used for developing a genetic screen system for novel water-soluble Chl-binding proteins, and for studies of Chl-protein interactions and assembly processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dror Noy
- Migal-Galilee Research Institute;
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26
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Boex-Fontvieille E, Rustgi S, von Wettstein D, Pollmann S, Reinbothe S, Reinbothe C. An Ethylene-Protected Achilles' Heel of Etiolated Seedlings for Arthropod Deterrence. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1246. [PMID: 27625656 PMCID: PMC5003848 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A small family of Kunitz protease inhibitors exists in Arabidopsis thaliana, a member of which (encoded by At1g72290) accomplishes highly specific roles during plant development. Arabidopsis Kunitz-protease inhibitor 1 (Kunitz-PI;1), as we dubbed this protein here, is operative as cysteine PI. Activity measurements revealed that despite the presence of the conserved Kunitz-motif the bacterially expressed Kunitz-PI;1 was unable to inhibit serine proteases such as trypsin and chymotrypsin, but very efficiently inhibited the cysteine protease RESPONSIVE TO DESICCATION 21. Western blotting and cytolocalization studies using mono-specific antibodies recalled Kunitz-PI;1 protein expression in flowers, young siliques and etiolated seedlings. In dark-grown seedlings, maximum Kunitz-PI;1 promoter activity was detected in the apical hook region and apical parts of the hypocotyls. Immunolocalization confirmed Kunitz-PI;1 expression in these organs and tissues. No transmitting tract (NTT) and HECATE 1 (HEC1), two transcription factors previously implicated in the formation of the female reproductive tract in flowers of Arabidopsis, were identified to regulate Kunitz-PI;1 expression in the dark and during greening, with NTT acting negatively and HEC1 acting positively. Laboratory feeding experiments with isopod crustaceans such as Porcellio scaber (woodlouse) and Armadillidium vulgare (pillbug) pinpointed the apical hook as ethylene-protected Achilles' heel of etiolated seedlings. Because exogenous application of the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) and mechanical stress (wounding) strongly up-regulated HEC1-dependent Kunitz-PI;1 gene expression, our results identify a new circuit controlling herbivore deterrence of etiolated plants in which Kunitz-PI;1 is involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edouard Boex-Fontvieille
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire des Plantes and Biologie Environnementale et Systémique, Université Grenoble-Alpes – Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Fondamentale et AppliquéeGrenoble, France
| | - Sachin Rustgi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences–Pee Dee Research and Education Center, Clemson University, FlorenceSC, USA
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences – Center for Reproductive Biology, School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, PullmanWA, USA
- *Correspondence: Steffen Reinbothe Sachin Rustgi
| | - Diter von Wettstein
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences – Center for Reproductive Biology, School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, PullmanWA, USA
| | - Stephan Pollmann
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Univerdidad Politécnica de Madrid – Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y AlimentaciónMadrid, Spain
| | - Steffen Reinbothe
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire des Plantes and Biologie Environnementale et Systémique, Université Grenoble-Alpes – Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Fondamentale et AppliquéeGrenoble, France
- *Correspondence: Steffen Reinbothe Sachin Rustgi
| | - Christiane Reinbothe
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire des Plantes and Biologie Environnementale et Systémique, Université Grenoble-Alpes – Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Fondamentale et AppliquéeGrenoble, France
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