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Kofler XV, Grossniklaus U, Schiestl FP, Frachon L. Uncovering genes involved in pollinator-driven mating system shifts and selfing syndrome evolution in Brassica rapa. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 243:1220-1230. [PMID: 38853408 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Shifts in pollinator occurrence and their pollen transport effectiveness drive the evolution of mating systems in flowering plants. Understanding the genomic basis of these changes is essential for predicting the persistence of a species under environmental changes. We investigated the genomic changes in Brassica rapa over nine generations of pollination by hoverflies associated with rapid morphological evolution toward the selfing syndrome. We combined a genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) approach with a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify candidate genes, and assessed their functional role in the observed morphological changes by studying mutations of orthologous genes in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. We found 31 candidate genes involved in a wide range of functions from DNA/RNA binding to transport. Our functional assessment of orthologous genes in A. thaliana revealed that two of the identified genes in B. rapa are involved in regulating the size of floral organs. We found a protein kinase superfamily protein involved in petal width, an important trait in plant attractiveness to pollinators. Moreover, we found a histone lysine methyltransferase (HKMT) associated with stamen length. Altogether, our study shows that hoverfly pollination leads to rapid evolution toward the selfing syndrome mediated by polygenic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xeniya V Kofler
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008, Zürich, Switzerland
- Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, ETH Zurich, University of Basel, Tannenstrasse 1, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ueli Grossniklaus
- Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, ETH Zurich, University of Basel, Tannenstrasse 1, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Florian P Schiestl
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008, Zürich, Switzerland
- Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, ETH Zurich, University of Basel, Tannenstrasse 1, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Léa Frachon
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008, Zürich, Switzerland
- Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, ETH Zurich, University of Basel, Tannenstrasse 1, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
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Woźniak NJ, Sartori K, Kappel C, Tran TC, Zhao L, Erban A, Gallinger J, Fehrle I, Jantzen F, Orsucci M, Ninkovic V, Rosa S, Lenhard M, Kopka J, Sicard A. Convergence and molecular evolution of floral fragrance after independent transitions to self-fertilization. Curr Biol 2024; 34:2702-2711.e6. [PMID: 38776901 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.04.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Studying the independent evolution of similar traits provides valuable insights into the ecological and genetic factors driving phenotypic evolution.1 The transition from outcrossing to self-fertilization is common in plant evolution2 and is often associated with a reduction in floral attractive features such as display size, chemical signals, and pollinator rewards.3 These changes are believed to result from the reallocation of the resources used for building attractive flowers, as the need to attract pollinators decreases.2,3 We investigated the similarities in the evolution of flower fragrance following independent transitions to self-fertilization in Capsella.4,5,6,7,8,9 We identified several compounds that exhibited similar changes in different selfer lineages, such that the flower scent composition reflects mating systems rather than evolutionary history within this genus. We further demonstrate that the repeated loss of β-ocimene emission, one of the compounds most strongly affected by these transitions, was caused by mutations in different genes. In one of the Capsella selfing lineages, the loss of its emission was associated with a mutation altering subcellular localization of the ortholog of TERPENE SYNTHASE 2. This mutation appears to have been fixed early after the transition to selfing through the capture of variants segregating in the ancestral outcrossing population. The large extent of convergence in the independent evolution of flower scent, together with the evolutionary history and molecular consequences of a causal mutation, suggests that the emission of specific volatiles evolved as a response to changes in ecological pressures rather than resource limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Joanna Woźniak
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Kevin Sartori
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christian Kappel
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Thi Chi Tran
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Lihua Zhao
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alexander Erban
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jannicke Gallinger
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ines Fehrle
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Friederike Jantzen
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Marion Orsucci
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Velemir Ninkovic
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stefanie Rosa
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michael Lenhard
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Joachim Kopka
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Adrien Sicard
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Lin YP, Lu CY, Lee CR. The Past Contribution and Future Fate of Genetic Variants under Climate Change in an Island Population of Musa itinerans. Am Nat 2023; 202:558-570. [PMID: 37792919 DOI: 10.1086/726015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
AbstractGenetic variation within species is crucial for sessile species to adapt to novel environments when facing dramatic climate changes. However, the debate continues whether standing ancestral variation adaptive to current environmental variability is sufficient to guarantee future suitability. Using wild banana Musa itinerans, we investigated the relative contribution of standing ancestral variation versus new mutations to environmental adaptation and inferred their future fate. On the continental island of Taiwan, local populations immigrated from the Southeast Asian continent during the ice age and have been isolated since then. This allows the classification of genetic variants into standing ancestral variation (polymorphic in Taiwan and the continent) and new mutations (polymorphic only in Taiwan). For temperature-related variables where Taiwan is mainly within the ancestral climatic range, standing ancestral variation had a slightly stronger association than new mutations. New mutations were more important for precipitation-related variables, where northeastern Taiwan had much more winter rainfall than most of continental Southeast Asia. Upon future climate change, new mutations showed higher genetic offset in regions of abrupt transition between allele frequency and local environments, suggesting their greater spatial heterogeneity of future vulnerability.
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Xiong YZ, Kappel C, Hagemann L, Jantzen F, Wozniak N, Sicard A, Huang SQ, Lenhard M. Testing the effect of individual scent compounds on pollinator attraction in nature using quasi-isogenic Capsella lines. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2023; 110:e16237. [PMID: 37661924 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Floral scent, usually consisting of multiple compounds, is a complex trait, and its role in pollinator attraction has received increasing attention. However, disentangling the effect of individual floral scent compounds is difficult due to the complexity of isolating the effect of single compounds by traditional methods. METHODS Using available quasi-isogenic lines (qILs) that were generated as part of the original mapping of the floral scent volatile-related loci CNL1 (benzaldehyde) and TPS2 (β-ocimene) in Capsella, we generated four genotypes that should only differ in these two compounds. Plants of the four genotypes were introduced into a common garden outside the natural range of C. rubella or C. grandiflora, with individuals of a self-compatible C. grandiflora line as pollen donors, whose different genetic background facilitates the detection of outcrossing events. Visitors to flowers of all five genotypes were compared, and the seeds set during the common-garden period were collected for high-throughput amplicon-based sequencing to estimate their outcrossing rates. RESULTS Benzaldehyde and β-ocimene emissions were detected in the floral scent of corresponding genotypes. While some pollinator groups showed specific visitation preferences depending on scent compounds, the outcrossing rates in seeds did not vary among the four scent-manipulated genotypes. CONCLUSIONS The scent-manipulated Capsella materials constructed using qILs provide a powerful system to study the ecological effects of individual floral scent compounds under largely natural environments. In Capsella, individual benzaldehyde and β-ocimene emission may act as attractants for different types of pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ze Xiong
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Luoyu Avenue 152, 430079, Wuhan, China
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Christian Kappel
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Laura Hagemann
- Applied Zoology/Animal Ecology, Freie Universität Berlin, Haderslebener Str. 9, 12163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Friederike Jantzen
- Applied Zoology/Animal Ecology, Freie Universität Berlin, Haderslebener Str. 9, 12163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Natalia Wozniak
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Adrien Sicard
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala Biocenter, BOX 7080, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Shuang-Quan Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Luoyu Avenue 152, 430079, Wuhan, China
| | - Michael Lenhard
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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Han EK, Tamaki I, Oh SH, Park JS, Cho WB, Jin DP, Kim BY, Yang S, Son DC, Choi HJ, Gantsetseg A, Isagi Y, Lee JH. Genetic and demographic signatures accompanying the evolution of the selfing syndrome in Daphne kiusiana, an evergreen shrub. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 131:751-767. [PMID: 36469429 PMCID: PMC10184445 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The evolution of mating systems from outcrossing to self-fertilization is a common transition in flowering plants. This shift is often associated with the 'selfing syndrome', which is characterized by less visible flowers with functional changes to control outcrossing. In most cases, the evolutionary history and demographic dynamics underlying the evolution of the selfing syndrome remain poorly understood. METHODS Here, we characterize differences in the demographic genetic consequences and associated floral-specific traits between two distinct geographical groups of a wild shrub, Daphne kiusiana, endemic to East Asia; plants in the eastern region (southeastern Korea and Kyushu, Japan) exhibit smaller and fewer flowers compared to those of plants in the western region (southwestern Korea). Genetic analyses were conducted using nuclear microsatellites and chloroplast DNA (multiplexed phylogenetic marker sequencing) datasets. KEY RESULTS A high selfing rate with significantly increased homozygosity characterized the eastern lineage, associated with lower levels of visibility and herkogamy in the floral traits. The two lineages harboured independent phylogeographical histories. In contrast to the western lineage, the eastern lineage showed a gradual reduction in the effective population size with no signs of a severe bottleneck despite its extreme range contraction during the last glacial period. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the selfing-associated morphological changes in D. kiusiana are of relatively old origin (at least 100 000 years ago) and were driven by directional selection for efficient self-pollination. We provide evidence that the evolution of the selfing syndrome in D. kiusiana is not strongly associated with a severe population bottleneck.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Kyeong Han
- Department of Biology Education, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Ichiro Tamaki
- Gifu Academy of Forest Science and Culture, 88 Sodai, Mino, Gifu 501-3714, Japan
| | - Sang-Hun Oh
- Department of Biology, Daejeon University, Daejeon 34520, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Soo Park
- Department of Botany, Honam National Institute of Biological Resources, Mokpo 58762, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Bum Cho
- Department of Plant Variety Protection, National Forest Seed and Variety Center, Chungju 27495, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Pil Jin
- Urban Biodiversity Research Division, Sejong National Arboretum, Sejong 30106, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Yun Kim
- Plant Resources Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungyu Yang
- Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Naju 58245, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Chan Son
- Division of Forest Biodiversity and Herbarium, Korea National Arboretum, Pocheon 11186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeok-Jae Choi
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140, Republic of Korea
| | - Amarsanaa Gantsetseg
- Department of Biology Education, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuji Isagi
- Division of Forest and Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Jung-Hyun Lee
- Department of Biology Education, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
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Liu X, Hou J, Chen L, Li Q, Fang X, Wang J, Hao Y, Yang P, Wang W, Zhang D, Liu D, Guo K, Teng Z, Liu D, Zhang Z. Natural variation of GhSI7 increases seed index in cotton. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2022; 135:3661-3672. [PMID: 36085525 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-022-04209-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
qSI07.1, a major QTL for seed index in cotton, was fine-mapped to a 17.45-kb region, and the candidate gene GhSI7 was verified in transgenic plants. Improving production to meet human needs is a vital objective in cotton breeding. The yield-related trait seed index is a complex quantitative trait, but few candidate genes for seed index have been characterized. Here, a major QTL for seed index qSI07.1 was fine-mapped to a 17.45-kb region by linkage analysis and substitutional mapping. Only GhSI7, encoding the transcriptional regulator STERILE APETALA, was contained in the candidate region. Association test and genetic analysis indicated that an 845-bp-deletion in its intron was responsible for the seed index variation. Origin analysis revealed that this variation was unique in Gossypium hirsutum and originated from race accessions. Overexpression of GhSI7 (haplotype 2) significantly increased the seed index and organ size in cotton plants. Our findings provided a diagnostic marker for breeding and selecting cotton varieties with high seed index, and laid a foundation for further studies to understand the molecular mechanism of cotton seed morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Liu
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Juan Hou
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Li Chen
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Qingqing Li
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Xiaomei Fang
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Jinxia Wang
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Yongshui Hao
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Peng Yang
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Wenwen Wang
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Dishen Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Dexin Liu
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Kai Guo
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Zhonghua Teng
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Dajun Liu
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Zhengsheng Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China.
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Tsuchimatsu T, Fujii S. The selfing syndrome and beyond: diverse evolutionary consequences of mating system transitions in plants. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20200510. [PMID: 35634918 PMCID: PMC9149797 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The shift from outcrossing to self-fertilization (selfing) is considered one of the most prevalent evolutionary transitions in flowering plants. Selfing species tend to share similar reproductive traits in morphology and function, and such a set of traits is called the 'selfing syndrome'. Although the genetic basis of the selfing syndrome has been of great interest to evolutionary biologists, knowledge of the causative genes or mutations was limited until recently. Thanks to advances in population genomic methodologies combined with high-throughput sequencing technologies, several studies have successfully unravelled the molecular and genetic basis for evolution of the selfing syndrome in Capsella, Arabidopsis, Solanum and other genera. Here we first introduce recent research examples that have explored the loci, genes and mutations responsible for the selfing syndrome traits, such as reductions in petal size or in pollen production, that are mainly relevant to pre-pollination processes. Second, we review the relationship between the evolution of selfing and interspecific pollen transfer, highlighting the findings of post-pollination reproductive barriers at the molecular level. We then discuss the emerging view of patterns in evolution of the selfing syndrome, such as the pervasive involvement of loss-of-function mutations and the relative importance of selection versus neutral degradation. This article is part of the theme issue 'Genetic basis of adaptation and speciation: from loci to causative mutations'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Tsuchimatsu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku 113-0033, Japan
| | - Sota Fujii
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku 113-8657, Japan
- Suntory Rising Stars Encouragement Program in Life Sciences (SunRiSE) Fellow, Bunkyo, Japan
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Swinnen G, Mauxion JP, Baekelandt A, De Clercq R, Van Doorsselaere J, Inzé D, Gonzalez N, Goossens A, Pauwels L. SlKIX8 and SlKIX9 are negative regulators of leaf and fruit growth in tomato. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:382-396. [PMID: 34601614 PMCID: PMC8774823 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plant organ size and shape are major agronomic traits that depend on cell division and expansion, which are both regulated by complex gene networks. In several eudicot species belonging to the rosid clade, organ growth is controlled by a repressor complex consisting of PEAPOD (PPD) and KINASE-INDUCIBLE DOMAIN INTERACTING (KIX) proteins. The role of these proteins in asterids, which together with the rosids constitute most of the core eudicot species, is unknown. We used Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats-CRISPR-associated protein 9 genome editing to target SlKIX8 and SlKIX9 in the asterid model species tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and analyzed loss-of-function phenotypes. Loss-of-function of SlKIX8 and SlKIX9 led to the production of enlarged, dome-shaped leaves and these leaves exhibited increased expression of putative Solanum lycopersicum PPD (SlPPD target genes. Unexpectedly, kix8 kix9 mutants carried enlarged fruits with increased pericarp thickness due to cell expansion. At the molecular level, protein interaction assays indicated that SlKIX8 and SlKIX9 act as adaptors between the SlPPD and SlTOPLESS co-repressor proteins. Our results show that KIX8 and KIX9 are regulators of organ growth in asterids and can be used in strategies to improve important traits in produce such as thickness of the fruit flesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwen Swinnen
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Alexandra Baekelandt
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rebecca De Clercq
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Dirk Inzé
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Alain Goossens
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Laurens Pauwels
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Author for communication:
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9
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López-Goldar X, Agrawal AA. Ecological Interactions, Environmental Gradients, and Gene Flow in Local Adaptation. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 26:796-809. [PMID: 33865704 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite long-standing interest in local adaptation of plants to their biotic and abiotic environment, existing theory, and many case studies, little work to date has addressed within-species evolution of concerted strategies and how these might contrast with patterns across species. Here we consider the interactions between pollinators, herbivores, and resource availability in shaping plant local adaptation, how these interactions impact plant phenotypes and gene flow, and the conditions where multiple traits align along major environmental gradients such as latitude and elevation. Continued work in emerging model systems will benefit from the melding of classic experimental approaches with novel population genetic analyses to reveal patterns and processes in plant local adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xosé López-Goldar
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Anurag A Agrawal
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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10
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Meng F, Zhao H, Zhu B, Zhang T, Yang M, Li Y, Han Y, Jiang J. Genomic editing of intronic enhancers unveils their role in fine-tuning tissue-specific gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:1997-2014. [PMID: 33764459 PMCID: PMC8290289 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Enhancers located in introns are abundant and play a major role in the regulation of gene expression in mammalian species. By contrast, the functions of intronic enhancers in plants have largely been unexplored and only a handful of plant intronic enhancers have been reported. We performed a genome-wide prediction of intronic enhancers in Arabidopsis thaliana using open chromatin signatures based on DNase I sequencing. We identified 941 candidate intronic enhancers associated with 806 genes in seedling tissue and 1,271 intronic enhancers associated with 1,069 genes in floral tissue. We validated the function of 15 of 21 (71%) of the predicted intronic enhancers in transgenic assays using a reporter gene. We also created deletion lines of three intronic enhancers associated with two different genes using CRISPR/Cas. Deletion of these enhancers, which span key transcription factor binding sites, did not abolish gene expression but caused varying levels of transcriptional repression of their cognate genes. Remarkably, the transcriptional repression of the deletion lines occurred at specific developmental stages and resulted in distinct phenotypic effects on plant morphology and development. Clearly, these three intronic enhancers are important in fine-tuning tissue- and development-specific expression of their cognate genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanli Meng
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Hainan Zhao
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Bo Zhu
- Department of Biological Science, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610101, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Mingyu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yingpeng Han
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Jiming Jiang
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Michigan State University AgBioResearch, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Author for correspondence:
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11
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Schneider M, Gonzalez N, Pauwels L, Inzé D, Baekelandt A. The PEAPOD Pathway and Its Potential To Improve Crop Yield. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 26:220-236. [PMID: 33309102 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A key strategy to increase plant productivity is to improve intrinsic organ growth. Some of the regulatory networks underlying organ growth and development, as well as the interconnections between these networks, are highly conserved. An example of such a growth-regulatory module with a highly conserved role in final organ size and shape determination in eudicot species is the PEAPOD (PPD)/KINASE-INDUCIBLE DOMAIN INTERACTING (KIX)/STERILE APETALA (SAP) module. We review the proteins constituting the PPD pathway and their roles in different plant developmental processes, and explore options for future research. We also speculate on strategies to exploit knowledge about the PPD pathway for targeted yield improvement to engineer crop traits of agronomic interest, such as leaf, fruit, and seed size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Schneider
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB) Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Gonzalez
- Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation, et l'Environnement (INRAE), Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie (BFP), Université de Bordeaux, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Laurens Pauwels
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB) Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB) Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Alexandra Baekelandt
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB) Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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12
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Farley EJ, Eggleston H, Riehle MM. Filtering the Junk: Assigning Function to the Mosquito Non-Coding Genome. INSECTS 2021; 12:186. [PMID: 33671692 PMCID: PMC7926655 DOI: 10.3390/insects12020186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The portion of the mosquito genome that does not code for proteins contains regulatory elements that likely underlie variation for important phenotypes including resistance and susceptibility to infection with arboviruses and Apicomplexan parasites. Filtering the non-coding genome to uncover these functional elements is an expanding area of research, though identification of non-coding regulatory elements is challenging due to the lack of an amino acid-like code for the non-coding genome and a lack of sequence conservation across species. This review focuses on three types of non-coding regulatory elements: (1) microRNAs (miRNAs), (2) long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and (3) enhancers, and summarizes current advances in technical and analytical approaches for measurement of each of these elements on a genome-wide scale. The review also summarizes and highlights novel findings following application of these techniques in mosquito-borne disease research. Looking beyond the protein-coding genome is essential for understanding the complexities that underlie differential gene expression in response to arboviral or parasite infection in mosquito disease vectors. A comprehensive understanding of the regulation of gene and protein expression will inform transgenic and other vector control methods rooted in naturally segregating genetic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michelle M. Riehle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (E.J.F.); (H.E.)
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13
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Klepikova AV, Shnayder ED, Kasianov AS, Remizowa MV, Sokoloff DD, Penin AA. lepidium-like, a Naturally Occurring Mutant of Capsella bursa-pastoris, and Its Implications on the Evolution of Petal Loss in Cruciferae. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:714711. [PMID: 34899769 PMCID: PMC8656458 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.714711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Naturally occurring mutants whose phenotype recapitulates the changes that distinguish closely related species are of special interest from the evolutionary point of view. They can give a key about the genetic control of the changes that led to speciation. In this study, we described lepidium-like (lel), a naturally occurring variety of an allotetraploid species Capsella bursa-pastoris that is characterized by the typical loss of all four petals. In some cases, one or two basal flowers in the raceme had one or two small petals. The number and structure of other floral organs are not affected. Our study of flower development in the mutant showed that once initiated, petals either cease further development and cannot be traced in anthetic flowers or sometimes develop to various degrees. lel plants showed an earlier beginning of floral organ initiation and delayed petal initiation compared to the wild-type plants. lel phenotype has a wide geographical distribution, being found at the northern extremity of the species range as well as in the central part. The genetic analysis of inheritance demonstrated that lel phenotype is controlled by two independent loci. While the flower in the family Cruciferae generally has a very stable structure (i.e., four sepals, four petals, six stamens, and two carpels), several deviations from this ground plan are known, in particular in the genus Lepidium, C. bursa-pastoris is an emerging model for the study of polyploidy (which is also very widespread in Cruciferae); the identification and characterization of the apetalous mutant lays a foundation for further research of morphological evolution in polyploids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V. Klepikova
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elina D. Shnayder
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Artem S. Kasianov
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Aleksey A. Penin
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- *Correspondence: Aleksey A. Penin,
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14
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Huang S, Liu W, Xu J, Liu Z, Li C, Feng H. The SAP function in pistil development was proved by two allelic mutations in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:538. [PMID: 33256588 PMCID: PMC7708145 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02741-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pistil development is a complicated process in plants, and female sterile mutants are ideal material for screening and cloning pistil development-related genes. Using the female sterile mutant (fsm1), BraA04g009730.3C was previously predicted as a candidate mutant gene encoding the STERILE APETALA (SAP) transcriptional regulator. In the current study, a parallel female sterile mutant (fsm2) was derived from EMS mutagenesis of a Chinese cabbage DH line 'FT' seeds. RESULTS Both fsm2 and fsm1 mutant phenotypes exhibited pistil abortion and smaller floral organs. Genetic analysis indicated that the phenotype of mutant fsm2 was also controlled by a single recessive nuclear gene. Allelism testing showed that the mutated fsm1 and fsm2 genes were allelic. A single-nucleotide mutation (G-to-A) in the first exon of BraA04g009730.3C caused a missense mutation from GAA (glutamic acid) to GGA (glycine) in mutant fsm2 plants. Both allelic mutations of BraA04g009730.3C in fsm1 and fsm2 conferred the similar pistil abortion phenotype, which verified the SAP function in pistil development. To probe the mechanism of SAP-induced pistil abortion, we compared the mutant fsm1 and wild-type 'FT' pistil transcriptomes. Among the 3855 differentially expressed genes obtained, 29 were related to ovule development and 16 were related to organ size. CONCLUSION Our study clarified the function of BraA04g009730.3C and revealed that it was responsible for ovule development and organ size. These results lay a foundation to elucidate the molecular mechanism of pistil development in Chinese cabbage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Huang
- Department of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Wenjie Liu
- Department of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Junjie Xu
- Department of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Zhiyong Liu
- Department of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Chengyu Li
- Department of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Hui Feng
- Department of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110866, China.
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15
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Fine-Mapping of a Wild Genomic Region Involved in Pod and Seed Size Reduction on Chromosome A07 in Peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.). Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11121402. [PMID: 33255801 PMCID: PMC7761091 DOI: 10.3390/genes11121402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Fruit and seed size are important yield component traits that have been selected during crop domestication. In previous studies, Advanced Backcross Quantitative Trait Loci (AB-QTL) and Chromosome Segment Substitution Line (CSSL) populations were developed in peanut by crossing the cultivated variety Fleur11 and a synthetic wild allotetraploid (Arachis ipaensis × Arachis duranensis)4x. In the AB-QTL population, a major QTL for pod and seed size was detected in a ~5 Mb interval in the proximal region of chromosome A07. In the CSSL population, the line 12CS_091, which carries the QTL region and that produces smaller pods and seeds than Fleur11, was identified. In this study, we used a two-step strategy to fine-map the seed size QTL region on chromosome A07. We developed new SSR and SNP markers, as well as near-isogenic lines (NILs) in the target QTL region. We first located the QTL in ~1 Mb region between two SSR markers, thanks to the genotyping of a large F2 population of 2172 individuals and a single marker analysis approach. We then used nine new SNP markers evenly distributed in the refined QTL region to genotype 490 F3 plants derived from 88 F2, and we selected 10 NILs. The phenotyping of the NILs and marker/trait association allowed us to narrowing down the QTL region to a 168.37 kb chromosome segment, between the SNPs Aradu_A07_1148327 and Aradu_A07_1316694. This region contains 22 predicted genes. Among these genes, Aradu.DN3DB and Aradu.RLZ61, which encode a transcriptional regulator STERILE APETALA-like (SAP) and an F-box SNEEZY (SNE), respectively, were of particular interest. The function of these genes in regulating the variation of fruit and seed size is discussed. This study will contribute to a better knowledge of genes that have been targeted during peanut domestication.
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16
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Wessinger CA, Hileman LC. Parallelism in Flower Evolution and Development. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-011720-124511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Flower evolution is characterized by widespread repetition, with adaptations to pollinator environment evolving in parallel. Recent studies have expanded our understanding of the developmental basis of adaptive floral novelties—petal fusion, bilateral symmetry, heterostyly, and floral dimensions. In this article, we describe patterns of trait evolution and review developmental genetic mechanisms underlying floral novelties. We discuss the diversity of mechanisms for parallel adaptation, the evidence for constraints on these mechanisms, and how constraints help explain observed macroevolutionary patterns. We describe parallel evolution resulting from similarities at multiple hierarchical levels—genetic, developmental, morphological, functional—which indicate general principles in floral evolution, including the central role of hormone signaling. An emerging pattern is mutational bias that may contribute to rapid patterns of parallel evolution, especially if the derived trait can result from simple degenerative mutations. We argue that such mutational bias may be less likely to govern the evolution of novelties patterned by complex developmental pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn A. Wessinger
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA
| | - Lena C. Hileman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
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17
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Dong Y, Majda M, Šimura J, Horvath R, Srivastava AK, Łangowski Ł, Eldridge T, Stacey N, Slotte T, Sadanandom A, Ljung K, Smith RS, Østergaard L. HEARTBREAK Controls Post-translational Modification of INDEHISCENT to Regulate Fruit Morphology in Capsella. Curr Biol 2020; 30:3880-3888.e5. [PMID: 32795439 PMCID: PMC7544509 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Morphological variation is the basis of natural diversity and adaptation. For example, angiosperms (flowering plants) evolved during the Cretaceous period more than 100 mya and quickly colonized terrestrial habitats [1]. A major reason for their astonishing success was the formation of fruits, which exist in a myriad of different shapes and sizes [2]. Evolution of organ shape is fueled by variation in expression patterns of regulatory genes causing changes in anisotropic cell expansion and division patterns [3, 4, 5]. However, the molecular mechanisms that alter the polarity of growth to generate novel shapes are largely unknown. The heart-shaped fruits produced by members of the Capsella genus comprise an anatomical novelty, making it particularly well suited for studies on morphological diversification [6, 7, 8]. Here, we show that post-translational modification of regulatory proteins provides a critical step in organ-shape formation. Our data reveal that the SUMO protease, HEARTBREAK (HTB), from Capsella rubella controls the activity of the key regulator of fruit development, INDEHISCENT (CrIND in C. rubella), via de-SUMOylation. This post-translational modification initiates a transduction pathway required to ensure precisely localized auxin biosynthesis, thereby facilitating anisotropic cell expansion to ultimately form the heart-shaped Capsella fruit. Therefore, although variation in the expression of key regulatory genes is known to be a primary driver in morphological evolution, our work demonstrates how other processes—such as post-translational modification of one such regulator—affects organ morphology. HTB encodes a SUMO protease required for fruit shape in Capsella Anisotropic cell growth is suppressed in the fruit valves of the htb mutant HTB stabilizes CrIND through de-SUMOylation to facilitate local auxin biosynthesis
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Dong
- Crop Genetics Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Mateusz Majda
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jan Šimura
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Robert Horvath
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Łukasz Łangowski
- Crop Genetics Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Tilly Eldridge
- Crop Genetics Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Nicola Stacey
- Crop Genetics Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Tanja Slotte
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ari Sadanandom
- Department of Biosciences, University of Durham, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Karin Ljung
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Richard S Smith
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Lars Østergaard
- Crop Genetics Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
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18
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Yin P, Ma Q, Wang H, Feng D, Wang X, Pei Y, Wen J, Tadege M, Niu L, Lin H. SMALL LEAF AND BUSHY1 controls organ size and lateral branching by modulating the stability of BIG SEEDS1 in Medicago truncatula. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:1399-1412. [PMID: 31981419 PMCID: PMC7317789 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Organ size is a major agronomic trait that determines grain yield and biomass production in crops. However, the molecular mechanisms controlling organ size, especially in legumes, are poorly understood. Using forward genetic approaches in a Tnt1 insertion mutant population of the model legume Medicago truncatula, we identified SMALL LEAF AND BUSHY1 (SLB1), which is required for the control of organ size and lateral branching. Loss of function of SLB1 led to reduced leaf and flower size but increased lateral branch formation in M. truncatula. SLB1 encodes an F-box protein, an orthologue of Arabidopsis thaliana STERILE APETALA (SAP), that forms part of an SKP1/Cullin/F-box E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. Biochemical and genetic analyses revealed that SLB1 controls M. truncatula organ growth and lateral branching by modulating the stability of BIG SEEDS1 (BS1). Moreover, the overexpression of SLB1 increased seed and leaf size in both M. truncatula and soybean (Glycine max), indicating functional conservation. Our findings revealed a novel mechanism by which SLB1 targets BS1 for degradation to regulate M. truncatula organ size and shoot branching, providing a new genetic tool for increasing seed yield and biomass production in crop and forage legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Yin
- Biotechnology Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100081China
- College of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Qingxia Ma
- Biotechnology Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100081China
- College of Life ScienceShanxi UniversityTaiyuan030006China
| | - Hui Wang
- Biotechnology Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100081China
- Department of Plant and Soil SciencesInstitute for Agricultural BiosciencesOklahoma State UniversityArdmoreOK73401USA
| | - Dan Feng
- Biotechnology Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100081China
| | - Xianbing Wang
- College of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Yanxi Pei
- College of Life ScienceShanxi UniversityTaiyuan030006China
| | - Jiangqi Wen
- Noble Research Institute, LLCArdmoreOK73401USA
| | - Million Tadege
- Department of Plant and Soil SciencesInstitute for Agricultural BiosciencesOklahoma State UniversityArdmoreOK73401USA
| | - Lifang Niu
- Biotechnology Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100081China
| | - Hao Lin
- Biotechnology Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100081China
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19
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Abstract
Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the stamens to the stigma, an essential requirement of sexual reproduction in flowering plants. Cross-pollination increases genetic diversity and is favored by selection in the majority of situations. Flowering plants have evolved a wide variety of traits that influence pollination success, including those involved in optimization of self-pollination, attraction of animal pollinators, and the effective use of wind pollination. In this review we discuss our current understanding of the molecular basis of the development and production of these various traits. We conclude that recent integration of molecular developmental studies with population genetic approaches is improving our understanding of how selection acts on key floral traits in taxonomically diverse species, and that further work in nonmodel systems promises to provide exciting insights in the years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Róisín Fattorini
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom;
| | - Beverley J Glover
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom;
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20
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Woźniak NJ, Kappel C, Marona C, Altschmied L, Neuffer B, Sicard A. A Similar Genetic Architecture Underlies the Convergent Evolution of the Selfing Syndrome in Capsella. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:935-949. [PMID: 31964802 PMCID: PMC7145481 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Whether, and to what extent, phenotypic evolution follows predictable genetic paths remains an important question in evolutionary biology. Convergent evolution of similar characters provides a unique opportunity to address this question. The transition to selfing and the associated changes in flower morphology are among the most prominent examples of repeated evolution in plants. In this study, we take advantage of the independent transitions to self-fertilization in the genus Capsella to compare the similarities between parallel modifications of floral traits and test for genetic and developmental constraints imposed on flower evolution in the context of the selfing syndrome. Capsella rubella and Capsella orientalis emerged independently but evolved almost identical flower characters. Not only is the evolutionary outcome identical but the same developmental strategies underlie the convergent reduction of flower size. This has been associated with convergent evolution of gene expression changes. The transcriptomic changes common to both selfing lineages are enriched in genes with low network connectivity and with organ-specific expression patterns. Comparative genetic mapping also suggests that, at least in the case of petal size evolution, these similarities have a similar genetic basis. Based on these results, we hypothesize that the limited availability of low-pleiotropy paths predetermines closely related species to similar evolutionary outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Kappel
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Universität Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Cindy Marona
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Universität Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Lothar Altschmied
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Barbara Neuffer
- Department of Botany, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Adrien Sicard
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter and Linnean Centre for Plant Biology, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
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21
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Nardini L, Holm I, Pain A, Bischoff E, Gohl DM, Zongo S, Guelbeogo WM, Sagnon N, Vernick KD, Riehle MM. Influence of genetic polymorphism on transcriptional enhancer activity in the malaria vector Anopheles coluzzii. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15275. [PMID: 31649293 PMCID: PMC6813320 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51730-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Enhancers are cis-regulatory elements that control most of the developmental and spatial gene expression in eukaryotes. Genetic variation of enhancer sequences is known to influence phenotypes, but the effect of enhancer variation upon enhancer functional activity and downstream phenotypes has barely been examined in any species. In the African malaria vector, Anopheles coluzzii, we identified candidate enhancers in the proximity of genes relevant for immunity, insecticide resistance, and development. The candidate enhancers were functionally validated using luciferase reporter assays, and their activity was found to be essentially independent of their physical orientation, a typical property of enhancers. All of the enhancers segregated genetically polymorphic alleles, which displayed significantly different levels of functional activity. Deletion mutagenesis and functional testing revealed a fine structure of positive and negative regulatory elements that modulate activity of the enhancer core. Enhancer polymorphisms segregate in wild A. coluzzii populations in West Africa. Thus, enhancer variants that modify target gene expression leading to likely phenotypic consequences are frequent in nature. These results demonstrate the existence of naturally polymorphic A. coluzzii enhancers, which may help explain important differences between individuals or populations for malaria transmission efficiency and vector adaptation to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Nardini
- Unit of Insect Vector Genetics and Genomics, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- CNRS Unit of Evolutionary Genomics, Modeling, and Health (UMR2000), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Inge Holm
- Unit of Insect Vector Genetics and Genomics, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- CNRS Unit of Evolutionary Genomics, Modeling, and Health (UMR2000), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Adrien Pain
- Unit of Insect Vector Genetics and Genomics, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- CNRS Unit of Evolutionary Genomics, Modeling, and Health (UMR2000), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub (C3BI), CNRS USR 3756, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Bischoff
- Unit of Insect Vector Genetics and Genomics, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- CNRS Unit of Evolutionary Genomics, Modeling, and Health (UMR2000), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Daryl M Gohl
- University of Minnesota Genomics Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Soumanaba Zongo
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme (CNRFP), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Wamdaogo M Guelbeogo
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme (CNRFP), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - N'Fale Sagnon
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme (CNRFP), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Kenneth D Vernick
- Unit of Insect Vector Genetics and Genomics, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
- CNRS Unit of Evolutionary Genomics, Modeling, and Health (UMR2000), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
| | - Michelle M Riehle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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22
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Abstract
Capsella species, including the well-known Shephard's purse, are characterized by small white flowers and heart-shaped fruit. But read on to discover the fascinating insights these diminutive plants have to reveal about the evolution of self-fertilizing plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Sicard
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, PO-Box 7080, Almas Allé 5, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michael Lenhard
- University of Potsdam, Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 25-26, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
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23
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Bachmann JA, Tedder A, Laenen B, Fracassetti M, Désamoré A, Lafon-Placette C, Steige KA, Callot C, Marande W, Neuffer B, Bergès H, Köhler C, Castric V, Slotte T. Genetic basis and timing of a major mating system shift in Capsella. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 224:505-517. [PMID: 31254395 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A crucial step in the transition from outcrossing to self-fertilization is the loss of genetic self-incompatibility (SI). In the Brassicaceae, SI involves the interaction of female and male specificity components, encoded by the genes SRK and SCR at the self-incompatibility locus (S-locus). Theory predicts that S-linked mutations, and especially dominant mutations in SCR, are likely to contribute to loss of SI. However, few studies have investigated the contribution of dominant mutations to loss of SI in wild plant species. Here, we investigate the genetic basis of loss of SI in the self-fertilizing crucifer species Capsella orientalis, by combining genetic mapping, long-read sequencing of complete S-haplotypes, gene expression analyses and controlled crosses. We show that loss of SI in C. orientalis occurred < 2.6 Mya and maps as a dominant trait to the S-locus. We identify a fixed frameshift deletion in the male specificity gene SCR and confirm loss of male SI specificity. We further identify an S-linked small RNA that is predicted to cause dominance of self-compatibility. Our results agree with predictions on the contribution of dominant S-linked mutations to loss of SI, and thus provide new insights into the molecular basis of mating system transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg A Bachmann
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrew Tedder
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Benjamin Laenen
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marco Fracassetti
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aurélie Désamoré
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Clément Lafon-Placette
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences & Linnean Center for Plant Biology, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kim A Steige
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Caroline Callot
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UPR 1258, Centre National des Ressources Génomiques Végétales, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - William Marande
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UPR 1258, Centre National des Ressources Génomiques Végétales, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Barbara Neuffer
- Department of Botany, University of Osnabruck, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Hélène Bergès
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UPR 1258, Centre National des Ressources Génomiques Végétales, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Claudia Köhler
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences & Linnean Center for Plant Biology, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vincent Castric
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8198 - Evo-Eco-Paleo, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Tanja Slotte
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
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Teixido AL, Aizen MA. Reproductive assurance weakens pollinator-mediated selection on flower size in an annual mixed-mating species. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 123:1067-1077. [PMID: 30778517 PMCID: PMC6589515 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In animal-pollinated plants, direct and indirect selection for large and small flowers in predominantly outcrossing and selfing species, respectively, is a common consequence of pollen limitation (PL). However, many hermaphroditic species show a mixed-mating system known as delayed selfing, which provides reproductive assurance (RA) only when outcrossing is not realized. Although RA is expected to reduce pollinator-mediated selection towards larger flowers, the consequences of delayed selfing for selection on flower size in mixed-mating species remain overlooked. We investigated whether RA weakens selection on flower size in Tuberaria guttata, a mixed-mating annual herb. METHODS We related pollinator visitation rates to flower size and measured seed production in emasculated, hand cross-pollinated and intact (control) flowers in three natural populations. For each population, we estimated variation in PL and RA across individuals differing in flower size and phenotypic selection on this trait. KEY RESULTS Pollinator visitation increased and RA decreased with flower size in all populations. Increasing RA diminished but did not fully alleviate PL, because of early-acting inbreeding depression. In the least-visited and most pollen-limited population, RA increased seed production by >200 %, intensely counteracting the strong pollinator-mediated selection for larger corollas. In the most-visited population, however, RA increased seed production by an average of only 9 %. This population exhibited the largest fraction of individuals that showed a decrease in seed production due to selfing and the weakest pollinator-mediated selection on flower size. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the balance between the extent of RA and outcrossing contributes to determine flower size in mixed-mating systems. Pollinator-mediated selection favours larger flowers by increasing outcrossed seeds, but the benefits of RA greatly lessen this effect, especially under severe conditions of pollen limitation. Our findings also indicate that a mixed-mating system can represent an 'evolutionary trap' under an adequate pollinator supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto L Teixido
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcelo A Aizen
- Grupo de Ecología de la Polinización, Universidad Nacional del Comahue and INIBIOMA-CONICET, Río Negro, Argentina
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Jantzen F, Wozniak N, Kappel C, Sicard A, Lenhard M. A high-throughput amplicon-based method for estimating outcrossing rates. PLANT METHODS 2019; 15:47. [PMID: 31131016 PMCID: PMC6525360 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-019-0433-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The outcrossing rate is a key determinant of the population-genetic structure of species and their long-term evolutionary trajectories. However, determining the outcrossing rate using current methods based on PCR-genotyping individual offspring of focal plants for multiple polymorphic markers is laborious and time-consuming. RESULTS We have developed an amplicon-based, high-throughput enabled method for estimating the outcrossing rate and have applied this to an example of scented versus non-scented Capsella (Shepherd's Purse) genotypes. Our results show that the method is able to robustly capture differences in outcrossing rates. They also highlight potential biases in the estimates resulting from differential haplotype sharing of the focal plants with the pollen-donor population at individual amplicons. CONCLUSIONS This novel method for estimating outcrossing rates will allow determining this key population-genetic parameter with high-throughput across many genotypes in a population, enabling studies into the genetic determinants of successful pollinator attraction and outcrossing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Jantzen
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, House 26, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Natalia Wozniak
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, House 26, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Present Address: Molecular Genetics and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, Building ND North, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Christian Kappel
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, House 26, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Adrien Sicard
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, House 26, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Present Address: Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural, Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michael Lenhard
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, House 26, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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26
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Nikolov LA. Brassicaceae flowers: diversity amid uniformity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:2623-2635. [PMID: 30824938 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The mustard family Brassicaceae, which includes the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, exhibits morphological stasis and significant uniformity of floral plan. Nonetheless, there is untapped diversity in almost every aspect of floral morphology in the family that lends itself to comparative study, including organ number, shape, form, and color. Studies on the genetic basis of morphological diversity, enabled by extensive genetic tools and genomic resources and the close phylogenetic distance among mustards, have revealed a mosaic of conservation and divergence in numerous floral traits. Here I review the morphological diversity of the flowers of Brassicaceae and discuss studies addressing the underlying genetic and developmental mechanisms shaping floral diversity. To put flowers in the context of the floral display, I describe diversity in inflorescence morphology and the variation that exists in the structures preceding the floral organs. Reconstructing the floral morphospace in Brassicaceae coupled with next-generation sequencing data and unbiased approaches to interrogate gene function in species throughout the mustard phylogeny offers promising ways to understand how developmental mechanisms originate and diversify.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachezar A Nikolov
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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27
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Hajheidari M, Koncz C, Bucher M. Chromatin Evolution-Key Innovations Underpinning Morphological Complexity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:454. [PMID: 31031789 PMCID: PMC6474313 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The history of life consists of a series of major evolutionary transitions, including emergence and radiation of complex multicellular eukaryotes from unicellular ancestors. The cells of multicellular organisms, with few exceptions, contain the same genome, however, their organs are composed of a variety of cell types that differ in both structure and function. This variation is largely due to the transcriptional activity of different sets of genes in different cell types. This indicates that complex transcriptional regulation played a key role in the evolution of complexity in eukaryotes. In this review, we summarize how gene duplication and subsequent evolutionary innovations, including the structural evolution of nucleosomes and chromatin-related factors, contributed to the complexity of the transcriptional system and provided a basis for morphological diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Hajheidari
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Csaba Koncz
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- Biological Research Center, Institute of Plant Biology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Marcel Bucher
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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28
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Ramos SE, Schiestl FP. Rapid plant evolution driven by the interaction of pollination and herbivory. Science 2019; 364:193-196. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aav6962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Pollination and herbivory are both key drivers of plant diversity but are traditionally studied in isolation from each other. We investigated real-time evolutionary changes in plant traits over six generations by using fast-cycling Brassica rapa plants and manipulating the presence and absence of bumble bee pollinators and leaf herbivores. We found that plants under selection by bee pollinators evolved increased floral attractiveness, but this process was compromised by the presence of herbivores. Plants under selection from both bee pollinators and herbivores evolved higher degrees of self-compatibility and autonomous selfing, as well as reduced spatial separation of sexual organs (herkogamy). Overall, the evolution of most traits was affected by the interaction of bee pollination and herbivory, emphasizing the importance of the cross-talk between both types of interactions for plant evolution.
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29
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Plus ça change, plus c'est la même chose: The developmental evolution of flowers. Curr Top Dev Biol 2019; 131:211-238. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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30
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Abstract
The angiosperm flower develops through a modular programme which, although ancient and conserved, provides the flexibility that has allowed an almost infinite variety of floral forms to emerge. In this review, we explore the evolution of floral diversity, focusing on our recent understanding of the mechanistic basis of evolutionary change. We discuss the various ways in which flower size and floral organ size can be modified, the means by which flower shape and symmetry can change, and the ways in which floral organ position can be varied. We conclude that many challenges remain before we fully understand the ecological and molecular processes that facilitate the diversification of flower structure.
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31
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Woźniak NJ, Sicard A. Evolvability of flower geometry: Convergence in pollinator-driven morphological evolution of flowers. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 79:3-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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32
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Yang L, Liu H, Zhao J, Pan Y, Cheng S, Lietzow CD, Wen C, Zhang X, Weng Y. LITTLELEAF (LL) encodes a WD40 repeat domain-containing protein associated with organ size variation in cucumber. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 95:834-847. [PMID: 29901823 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants employ tight genetic control to integrate intrinsic growth signals and environmental cues to enable organs to grow to a defined size. Many genes contributing to cell proliferation and/or cell expansion, and consequently organ size control, have been identified, but the regulatory pathways are poorly understood. Here we have characterized a cucumber littleleaf (ll) mutant which exhibits smaller organ sizes but more lateral branches than the wild type. The small organ size in ll was due to a reduction of both cell number and cell size. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analyses revealed co-localization of major-effect QTLs for fruit size, fruit and seed weight, as well as number of lateral branches, with the LL locus indicating pleiotropic effects of the ll mutation. We demonstrate that LL is an ortholog of Arabidopsis STERILE APETALA (SAP) encoding a WD40 repeat domain-containing protein; the mutant protein differed from the wild type by a single amino acid substitution (W264G) in the second WD40 repeat. W264 was conserved in 34 vascular plant genomes examined. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that LL originated before the emergence of flowering plants but was lost in the grass genome lineage. The function of LL in organ size control was confirmed by its overexpression in transgenic cucumbers and ectopic expression in Arabidopsis. Transcriptome profiling in LL and ll bulks revealed a complex regulatory network for LL-mediated organ size variation that involves several known organ size regulators and associated pathways. The data support LL as an important player in organ size control and lateral branch development in cucumber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luming Yang
- Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Hanqiang Liu
- Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Jianyu Zhao
- Department of Vegetable Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yupeng Pan
- Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Siyuan Cheng
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Calvin D Lietzow
- Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Changlong Wen
- Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center and National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Xiaolan Zhang
- Department of Vegetable Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yiqun Weng
- Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- USDA-ARS, Vegetable Crops Research Unit, 1575 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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33
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Petrone Mendoza S, Lascoux M, Glémin S. Competitive ability of Capsella species with different mating systems and ploidy levels. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 121:1257-1264. [PMID: 29471370 PMCID: PMC5946883 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Capsella is a model genus for studying the transition from outcrossing to selfing, with or without change in ploidy levels. The genomic consequences and changes in reproductive traits (selfing syndrome) associated with these shifts have been studied in depth. However, potential ecological divergence among species of the genus has not been determined. Among ecological traits, competitive ability could be relevant for selfing evolution, as selfing has been shown to be statistically associated with reduced competitiveness in a recent meta-analysis. METHODS We assessed the effect of competition on three Capsella species differing in their mating system and ploidy level. We used an experimental design where fitness related traits were measured in focal individuals with and without competitors. KEY RESULTS The diploid selfer (C. rubella) was most sensitive to competition, whereas the tetraploid selfer (C. bursa-pastoris) performed the best, with the diploid outcrosser (C. grandiflora) being intermediate. CONCLUSIONS These results add to the detailed characterization of Capsella species and highlight the possible roles of ecological context and ploidy in the evolutionary trajectories of selfing species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Petrone Mendoza
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Center and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin Lascoux
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Center and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sylvain Glémin
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Center and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution (ISEM - UMR 5554 Université de Montpellier-CNRS-IRD-EPHE), France
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34
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STERILE APETALA modulates the stability of a repressor protein complex to control organ size in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007218. [PMID: 29401459 PMCID: PMC5814100 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ size control is of particular importance for developmental biology and agriculture, but the mechanisms underlying organ size regulation remain elusive in plants. Meristemoids, which possess stem cell-like properties, have been recognized to play important roles in leaf growth. We have recently reported that the Arabidopsis F-box protein STERILE APETALA (SAP)/SUPPRESSOR OF DA1 (SOD3) promotes meristemoid proliferation and regulates organ size by influencing the stability of the transcriptional regulators PEAPODs (PPDs). Here we demonstrate that KIX8 and KIX9, which function as adaptors for the corepressor TOPLESS and PPD, are novel substrates of SAP. SAP interacts with KIX8/9 and modulates their protein stability. Further results show that SAP acts in a common pathway with KIX8/9 and PPD to control organ growth by regulating meristemoid cell proliferation. Thus, these findings reveal a molecular mechanism by which SAP targets the KIX-PPD repressor complex for degradation to regulate meristemoid cell proliferation and organ size. Organ size is coordinately regulated by cell proliferation and cell expansion; however, the mechanisms of organ size control are still poorly understood. We have previously demonstrated that the Arabidopsis F-box protein STERILE APETALA (SAP)/SUPPRESSOR OF DA1 (SOD3) controls organ size by promoting meristemoid proliferation. SAP functions as part of a SKP1/Cullin/F-box (SCF) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex and modulates the stability of the transcriptional regulators PEAPODs (PPDs) to control organ growth. Here we show that KIX8 and KIX9 are novel substrates of SAP. KIX8 and KIX9 have been shown to form a transcriptional repressor complex with PPD and TOPLESS (TPL) to regulate leaf growth. We found that SAP interacts with KIX8/9 in vitro and in vivo, and modulates their protein stability. Further analyses indicate that SAP acts in a common pathway with KIX8/9 and PPD to control meristemoid proliferation and organ growth. These findings reveal that SAP regulates organ size by targeting the KIX-PPD repressor complex for degradation.
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35
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Jiménez-Lobato V, Martínez-Borda E, Núñez-Farfán J, Valverde PL, Cruz LL, López-Velázquez A, Santos-Gally R, Arroyo J. Changes in floral biology and inbreeding depression in native and invaded regions of Datura stramonium. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2018; 20 Suppl 1:214-223. [PMID: 29106048 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant populations invading new environments might compromise their fitness contribution to the next generation, because of the lack of native specialist pollinators and/or potential mates. Thus, changes in plant mating system and traits linked to it are expected in populations colonising new environments where selection would favour selfing and floral traits that maximise reproductive output. To test this, we studied native (Mexico) and non-native (Spain) populations of the obligate sexual reproducing annual weed Datura stramonium. Flower size, herkogamy, total number of seeds per plant, number of visits by and type of pollinators, and inbreeding depression were assessed in native and non-native populations. Finally, we measured phenotypic selection on corolla size and herkogamy in each population. Flower size and herkogamy showed wide and similar variation in both ranges. However, the largest average flower size was found in one non-native population whereas the highest average positive herkogamy was detected in one native population. On average, flowers in the native range received more visits by pollinators. Hawkmoths were the main visitors in the native populations while only bees were observed visiting flowers in Spain's populations. Only in the native range was inbreeding depression detected. Selection to reduce herkogamy was found only in one native population. Absence of both inbreeding depression and selection on floral traits suggest a change in mating system of D. stramonium in a new range where generalist pollinators may be promoting high reproductive success. Selection against deleterious alleles might explain the reduction of inbreeding depression, promoting the evolution of selfing.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Jiménez-Lobato
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - E Martínez-Borda
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - J Núñez-Farfán
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - P L Valverde
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México, México
| | - L L Cruz
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - A López-Velázquez
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - R Santos-Gally
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, CONACyT, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - J Arroyo
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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36
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Fujikura U, Jing R, Hanada A, Takebayashi Y, Sakakibara H, Yamaguchi S, Kappel C, Lenhard M. Variation in Splicing Efficiency Underlies Morphological Evolution in Capsella. Dev Cell 2018; 44:192-203.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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37
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Fattorini R, Glover BJ. Joining the dots. NATURE PLANTS 2018; 4:10-11. [PMID: 29292375 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-017-0086-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Róisín Fattorini
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Beverley J Glover
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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38
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Jiang P, Rausher M. Two genetic changes in cis-regulatory elements caused evolution of petal spot position in Clarkia. NATURE PLANTS 2018; 4:14-22. [PMID: 29298993 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-017-0085-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A major premise in evolutionary developmental biology is that regulatory changes, often involving cis-regulatory elements, are responsible for much morphological evolution. This premise is supported by recent investigations of animal development, but information is just beginning to accumulate regarding whether it also applies to the evolution of plant morphology1-4. Here, we identify the genetic differences between species in the genus Clarkia that are responsible for evolutionary change in an ecologically important element of floral colour patterns: spot position. The evolutionary shift in spot position was due to two simple genetic changes that resulted in the appearance of a transcription factor binding site mutation in the R2R3 Myb gene that changes spot formation. These genetic changes caused R2R3 Myb to be activated by a different transcription factor that is expressed in a different position in the petal. These results suggest that the regulatory rewiring paradigm is as applicable to plants as it is to animals, and support the hypothesis that cis-regulatory changes may often play a role in plant morphological evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Jiang
- Biology Department, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Mark Rausher
- Biology Department, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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Yordanov YS, Ma C, Yordanova E, Meilan R, Strauss SH, Busov VB. BIG LEAF is a regulator of organ size and adventitious root formation in poplar. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180527. [PMID: 28686626 PMCID: PMC5501567 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we report the discovery through activation tagging and subsequent characterization of the BIG LEAF (BL) gene from poplar. In poplar, BL regulates leaf size via positively affecting cell proliferation. Up and downregulation of the gene led to increased and decreased leaf size, respectively, and these phenotypes corresponded to increased and decreased cell numbers. BL function encompasses the early stages of leaf development as native BL expression was specific to the shoot apical meristem and leaf primordia and was absent from the later stages of leaf development and other organs. Consistently, BL downregulation reduced leaf size at the earliest stages of leaf development. Ectopic expression in mature leaves resulted in continued growth most probably via sustained cell proliferation and thus the increased leaf size. In contrast to the positive effect on leaf growth, ectopic BL expression in stems interfered with and significantly reduced stem thickening, suggesting that BL is a highly specific activator of growth. In addition, stem cuttings from BL overexpressing plants developed roots, whereas the wild type was difficult to root, demonstrating that BL is a positive regulator of adventitious rooting. Large transcriptomic changes in plants that overexpressed BL indicated that BL may have a broad integrative role, encompassing many genes linked to organ growth. We conclude that BL plays a fundamental role in control of leaf size and thus may be a useful tool for modifying plant biomass productivity and adventitious rooting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yordan S. Yordanov
- School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Cathleen Ma
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Elena Yordanova
- School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Richard Meilan
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Steven H. Strauss
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Victor B. Busov
- School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, United States of America
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Fernández-Mazuecos M, Glover BJ. The evo-devo of plant speciation. Nat Ecol Evol 2017; 1:110. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-017-0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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