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Malakhova V, Scherbakov A, Sorokin D, Leanavets H, Dzichenka Y, Zavarzin I, Volkova Y. Exploration and biological evaluation of 20-vinyl pregnenes: A step forward toward selective modulators of the estrogen receptor α signaling for breast cancer treatment. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2024; 357:e2300651. [PMID: 38570819 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202300651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
A series of D-ring modified steroids bearing a vinyl ketone pendant were synthesized and evaluated for antiproliferative activity against breast cancer cell line and cytochromes P450. The lead compound, 21-vinyl 20-keto-pregnene (2f) (IC50 = 2.4 µM), was shown to be a promising candidate for future anticancer drug design, particularly against estrogen receptor α (ERα)-positive breast cancer. The lead compound was found to have a significant effect on the signaling pathways in parental and 4-hydroxytamoxifen-resistant cells. Compound 2f modulated the ERK, cyclin D1, and CDK4 pathways and blocked the expression of ERα, the main driver of breast cancer growth. Compound 2f significantly reduced 17β-estradiol-induced progesterone receptor expression. Accumulation of cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase in cells treated with compound 2f indicated induction of apoptosis. The selectivity analysis showed that lead compound 2f produces no significant effects on cytochromes P450, CYP19A1, CYP21A2, and CYP7B1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Malakhova
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Scherbakov
- N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Moscow, Russia
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Danila Sorokin
- N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Hanna Leanavets
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Yaraslau Dzichenka
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Igor Zavarzin
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia Volkova
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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2
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Russo GI, Durukan E, Asmundo MG, Lo Giudice A, Salzano S, Cimino S, Rescifina A, Fode M, Abdelhameed AS, Caltabiano R, Broggi G. CYP7B1 as a Biomarker for Prostate Cancer Risk and Progression: Metabolic and Oncogenic Signatures (Diagnostic Immunohistochemistry Analysis by Tissue Microarray in Prostate Cancer Patients-Diamond Study). Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4762. [PMID: 38731981 PMCID: PMC11083792 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
We aimed to analyze the association between CYP7B1 and prostate cancer, along with its association with proteins involved in cancer and metabolic processes. A retrospective analysis was performed on 390 patients with prostate cancer (PC) or benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). We investigated the interactions between CYP7B1 expression and proteins associated with PC and metabolic processes, followed by an analysis of the risk of biochemical recurrence based on CYP7B1 expression. Of the 139 patients with elevated CYP7B1 expression, 92.8% had prostate cancer. Overall, no increased risk of biochemical recurrence was associated with CYP7B1 expression. However, in a non-diabetic subgroup analysis, higher CYP7B1 expression indicated a higher risk of biochemical recurrence, with an HR of 1.78 (CI: 1.0-3.2, p = 0.05). PC is associated with elevated CYP7B1 expression. In a subgroup analysis of non-diabetic patients, elevated CYP7B1 expression was associated with an increased risk of biochemical recurrence, suggesting increased cancer aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Ivan Russo
- Urology Section, Department of Surgery, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.G.A.); (A.L.G.); (S.C.)
| | - Emil Durukan
- Department of Urology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev Hospital, 2730 Copenhagen, Denmark; (E.D.); (M.F.)
| | - Maria Giovanna Asmundo
- Urology Section, Department of Surgery, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.G.A.); (A.L.G.); (S.C.)
| | - Arturo Lo Giudice
- Urology Section, Department of Surgery, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.G.A.); (A.L.G.); (S.C.)
| | - Serena Salzano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G. F. Ingrassia”, Anatomic Pathology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (S.S.); (R.C.); (G.B.)
| | - Sebastiano Cimino
- Urology Section, Department of Surgery, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.G.A.); (A.L.G.); (S.C.)
| | - Antonio Rescifina
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy;
| | - Mikkel Fode
- Department of Urology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev Hospital, 2730 Copenhagen, Denmark; (E.D.); (M.F.)
| | - Ali Saber Abdelhameed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Rosario Caltabiano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G. F. Ingrassia”, Anatomic Pathology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (S.S.); (R.C.); (G.B.)
| | - Giuseppe Broggi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G. F. Ingrassia”, Anatomic Pathology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (S.S.); (R.C.); (G.B.)
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Kim S, Kubelka NK, LaPorte HM, Krishnamoorthy VR, Singh M. Estradiol and 3β-diol protect female cortical astrocytes by regulating connexin 43 Gap Junctions. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2023; 578:112045. [PMID: 37595662 PMCID: PMC10592012 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2023.112045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
While estrogens have been described to protect or preserve neuronal function in the face of insults such as oxidative stress, the prevailing mechanistic model would suggest that these steroids exert direct effects on the neurons. However, there is growing evidence that glial cells, such as astrocytes, are key cellular mediators of protection. Noting that connexin 43 (Cx43), a protein highly expressed in astrocytes, plays a key role in mediating inter-cellular communication, we hypothesized that Cx43 is a target of estradiol (E2), and the estrogenic metabolite of DHT, 3β-diol. Additionally, we sought to determine if either or both of these hormones attenuate oxidative stress-induced cytotoxicity by eliciting a reduction in Cx43 expression or inhibition of Cx43 channel permeability. Using primary cortical astrocytes, we found that E2 and 3β-diol were each protective against the mixed metabolic/oxidative insult, iodoacetic acid (IAA). Moreover, these effects were blocked by estrogen receptor antagonists. However, E2 and 3β-diol did not alter Cx43 mRNA levels in astrocytes but did inhibit IAA-induced Cx43 gap junction opening/permeability. Taken together, these data implicate astrocyte Cx43 gap junction as an understudied mediator of the cytoprotective effects of estrogens in the brain. Given the wide breadth of disease states associated with Cx43 function/dysfunction, further understanding the relationship between gonadal steroids and Cx43 channels may contribute to a better understanding of the biological basis for sex differences in various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongcheol Kim
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, United States
| | - Nicholas Knesek Kubelka
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, United States
| | - Heather M LaPorte
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, United States
| | - Vignesh R Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, United States
| | - Meharvan Singh
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, United States.
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Steadman K, You S, Srinivas DV, Mouakkad L, Yan Y, Kim M, Venugopal SV, Tanaka H, Freeman MR. Autonomous action and cooperativity between the ONECUT2 transcription factor and its 3' untranslated region. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1206259. [PMID: 37484909 PMCID: PMC10356556 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1206259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor ONECUT2 (OC2) is a master transcriptional regulator operating in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer that suppresses androgen receptor activity and promotes neural differentiation and tumor cell survival. OC2 mRNA possesses an unusually long (14,575 nt), evolutionarily conserved 3' untranslated region (3' UTR) with many microRNA binding sites, including up to 26 miR-9 sites. This is notable because miR-9 targets many of the same genes regulated by the OC2 protein. Paradoxically, OC2 expression is high in tissues with high miR-9 expression. The length and complex secondary structure of OC2 mRNA suggests that it is a potent master competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) capable of sequestering miRNAs. Here, we describe a novel role for OC2 3' UTR in lethal prostate cancer consistent with a function as a ceRNA. A plausible ceRNA network in OC2-driven tumors was constructed computationally and then confirmed in prostate cancer cell lines. Genes regulated by OC2 3' UTR exhibited high overlap (up to 45%) with genes driven by the overexpression of the OC2 protein in the absence of 3' UTR, indicating a cooperative functional relationship between the OC2 protein and its 3' UTR. These overlapping networks suggest an evolutionarily conserved mechanism to reinforce OC2 transcription by protection of OC2-regulated mRNAs from miRNA suppression. Both the protein and 3' UTR showed increased polycomb-repressive complex activity. The expression of OC2 3' UTR mRNA alone (without protein) dramatically increased the metastatic potential by in vitro assays. Additionally, OC2 3' UTR increased the expression of Aldo-Keto reductase and UDP-glucuronyl transferase family genes responsible for altering the androgen synthesis pathway. ONECUT2 represents the first-described dual-modality transcript that operates as both a key transcription factor driving castration-resistant prostate cancer and a master ceRNA that promotes and protects the same transcriptional network.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Michael R. Freeman
- Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Biomedical Sciences and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Urology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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5
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Anguiano B, Álvarez L, Delgado-González E, Ortiz-Martínez Z, Montes de Oca C, Morales G, Aceves C. Protective effects of iodine on rat prostate inflammation induced by sex hormones and on the DU145 prostate cancer cell line treated with TNF. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2023; 572:111957. [PMID: 37192707 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2023.111957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Molecular iodine (I2) prevents oxidative stress and prostate hyperplasia induced by hyperandrogenism and reduces cell viability in prostate cancer cell lines. Here, we aimed to evaluate the protective effect of I2 and testosterone (T) on hyperestrogenism-induced prostate inflammation. Additionally, the effects of I2 and/or tumor necrosis factor (TNF) on cell viability and interleukin 6 (IL6) secretion were evaluated in a prostate cancer cell line (DU145). We also investigated whether the effects of I2 on viability are peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG)-dependent. Castrated (Cx) rats received pellets of either 17β estradiol (E2) or E2 and T and were treated with I2 (0.05%) in the drinking water for four weeks. The experimental groups were sham, Cx, Cx + E2, Cx + E2+I2, Cx + E2+T, and Cx + E2+T + I2. As expected, inflammation was triggered in the Cx + E2 group (high inflammation score; increase in TNF and transcriptional activity of RELA [nuclear factor-kappa B p65 subunit]), and this effect was diminished in the Cx + E2+T group (medium inflammation score and decrease in TNF). The lowest inflammation score (decrease of TNF and RELA and increase of PPARG) was obtained in the Cx + E2+T + I2 group. In DU145 cells, I2 (400 μM) and TNF (10 ng/ml) additively reduced cell viability, and I2 reduced the production of TNF-stimulated IL6. The PPARG antagonist (GW9662) did not inhibit the effects of I2 on the loss of cell viability. In summary, our data suggest that I2 and T exert a synergistic anti-inflammatory action on the normal prostate, and the interrelationship between I2 and TNF leads to anti-proliferative effects in DU145 cells. PPARG does not seem to participate in the I2-induced cell viability loss in the prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Anguiano
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular. Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, 76230, Querétaro, Mexico.
| | - Lourdes Álvarez
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular. Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, 76230, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Evangelina Delgado-González
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular. Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, 76230, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Zamira Ortiz-Martínez
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular. Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, 76230, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Carlos Montes de Oca
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular. Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, 76230, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Giapsy Morales
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular. Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, 76230, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Carmen Aceves
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular. Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, 76230, Querétaro, Mexico
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Santiano FE, Fernández MDLÁ, Espino M, Zyla LE, Rey L, Gómez SE, Bruna FA, Pistone-Creydt V, Pietrobon E, Pérez Elizalde R, Silva MF, Carón RW, López Fontana CM. Protective effects of Yerba mate (IIex paraguariensis) on prostate cancer development. Nutrition 2023; 108:111957. [PMID: 36696705 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2022.111957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common adenocarcinoma in men >50 y of age. It has a long latency period, which provides time for preventive strategies like incorporating healthy eating habits. Yerba mate (YM) intake has been associated with numerous health benefits. Since YM is one of the most popular infusions in Argentina, the of this study was to examine the influence of YM on PCa development. METHODS We carried out an in vivo model of PCa through subcutaneous inoculation of transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate-C1 cells in C57BL/6 mice. Subsequently, the animals were divided into two groups: mate (25 mg/mL of YM in drinking water, n = 15), and control (only drinking water, n = 15). We also developed an in vitro model to study the direct effects of YM on three human PCa cell lines: lymph node carcinoma of the prostate (LNCaP), PC-3, and DU-145. RESULTS Our in vivo model showed that YM intake slightly reduced body weight, increased the latency of tumor appearance (P <0.01), and diminished the tumor volume (P <0.05) compared with the control group. In agreement, the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and nuclear estrogen receptor α were lower in the tumors of the mate animals (P <0.05). In vitro, YM decreased the viability, proliferation, and adhesion of the three tumor cell lines (P < 0.001) and retarded the migration of LNCaP (P <0.05) and DU-145 (P <0.005), without modifying the migration of PC-3 cells. CONCLUSIONS YM showed anticancer effects in vitro and in vivo and were more effective on the androgen-sensitive cell line (LNCaP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia E Santiano
- Laboratory of Hormones and Cancer Biology, Institute of Medicine and Experimental Biology of Cuyo (IMBECU), National University of Cuyo (UNCuyo), National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina.
| | - María de Los Ángeles Fernández
- Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza (IBAM-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Magdalena Espino
- Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza (IBAM-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Leila E Zyla
- Laboratory of Hormones and Cancer Biology, Institute of Medicine and Experimental Biology of Cuyo (IMBECU), National University of Cuyo (UNCuyo), National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Lara Rey
- Laboratory of Hormones and Cancer Biology, Institute of Medicine and Experimental Biology of Cuyo (IMBECU), National University of Cuyo (UNCuyo), National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Silvina E Gómez
- Laboratory of Hormones and Cancer Biology, Institute of Medicine and Experimental Biology of Cuyo (IMBECU), National University of Cuyo (UNCuyo), National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Flavia A Bruna
- Laboratory of Hormones and Cancer Biology, Institute of Medicine and Experimental Biology of Cuyo (IMBECU), National University of Cuyo (UNCuyo), National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Virginia Pistone-Creydt
- Laboratory of Hormones and Cancer Biology, Institute of Medicine and Experimental Biology of Cuyo (IMBECU), National University of Cuyo (UNCuyo), National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Elisa Pietrobon
- Laboratory of Hormones and Cancer Biology, Institute of Medicine and Experimental Biology of Cuyo (IMBECU), National University of Cuyo (UNCuyo), National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
| | | | - María F Silva
- Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza (IBAM-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Rubén W Carón
- Laboratory of Hormones and Cancer Biology, Institute of Medicine and Experimental Biology of Cuyo (IMBECU), National University of Cuyo (UNCuyo), National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Constanza M López Fontana
- Laboratory of Hormones and Cancer Biology, Institute of Medicine and Experimental Biology of Cuyo (IMBECU), National University of Cuyo (UNCuyo), National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
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Ahlin R, Nybacka S, Josefsson A, Stranne J, Steineck G, Hedelin M. The effect of a phytoestrogen intervention and impact of genetic factors on tumor proliferation markers among Swedish patients with prostate cancer: study protocol for the randomized controlled PRODICA trial. Trials 2022; 23:1041. [PMID: 36544211 PMCID: PMC9768998 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-022-06995-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A high intake of phytoestrogens, found in soy, rye, and seeds, is associated with a reduced risk of a prostate cancer diagnosis. Previously, we found that the overall decreased risk of prostate cancer diagnosis in males with a high intake of phytoestrogens was strongly modified by a nucleotide sequence variant in the estrogen receptor-beta (ERβ) gene. However, we do not know if phytoestrogens can inhibit the growth of prostate cancer in males with established diseases. If there is an inhibition or a delay, there is reason to believe that different variants of the ERβ gene will modify the effect. Therefore, we designed an intervention study to investigate the effect of the addition of foods high in phytoestrogens and their interaction with the ERβ genotype on prostate tumor proliferation in patients with prostate cancer. METHOD The PRODICA trial is a randomized ongoing intervention study in patients with low- and intermediate-risk prostate cancer with a Gleason score < 8, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) < 20, and scheduled for radical prostatectomy. The study is conducted at Sahlgrenska University Hospital in Gothenburg, Sweden. The intervention consists of a daily intake of soybeans and flaxseeds (~ 200 mg of phytoestrogens) until the surgery, approximately 6 weeks. The aim is to recruit 200 participants. The primary outcome is the difference in the proliferation marker Ki-67 between the intervention and the control groups. The genotype of ERβ will be investigated as an effect-modifying factor. Secondary outcomes include, e.g., concentrations of PSA and steroid hormones in the blood. DISCUSSION The results of the PRODICA trial will contribute important information on the relevance of increasing the intake of phytoestrogens in patients with prostate cancer who want to make dietary changes to improve the prognosis of their cancer. If genetic factors turn out to influence the effect of the intervention diet, dietary advice can be given to patients who most likely benefit from it. Dietary interventions are cost-effective, non-invasive, and result in few mild side effects. Lastly, the project will provide basic pathophysiological insights which could be relevant to the development of treatment strategies for patients with prostate cancer. TRIAL REGISTRATION CLINICALTRIALS gov NCT02759380. Registered on 3 May 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Ahlin
- Department of Oncology, Division of Clinical Cancer Epidemiology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Box 423, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sanna Nybacka
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andreas Josefsson
- Department of Urology, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Urology and Andrology, Institute of Surgery and Perioperative Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Johan Stranne
- Department of Urology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Urology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Steineck
- Department of Oncology, Division of Clinical Cancer Epidemiology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Box 423, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria Hedelin
- Department of Oncology, Division of Clinical Cancer Epidemiology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Box 423, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Regional Cancer Center West, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Endo S, Morikawa Y, Matsunaga T, Hara A, Nishinaka T. Porcine aldo-keto reductase 1C subfamily members AKR1C1 and AKR1C4: Substrate specificity, inhibitor sensitivity and activators. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 221:106113. [PMID: 35398259 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2022.106113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Most members of the aldo-keto reductase (AKR) 1 C subfamily are hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDs). Similarly to humans, four genes for AKR1C proteins (AKR1C1-AKR1C4) have been identified in the pig, which is a suitable species for biomedical research model of human diseases and optimal organ donor for xenotransplantation. Previous study suggested that, among the porcine AKR1Cs, AKR1C1 and AKR1C4 play important roles in steroid hormone metabolism in the reproductive tissues; however, their biological functions are still unknown. Herein, we report the biochemical properties of the two recombinant enzymes. Kinetic and product analyses of steroid specificity indicated that AKR1C1 is a multi-specific reductase, which acts as 3α-HSD for 3-keto-5β-dihydro-C19/C21-steroids, 3β-HSD for 3-keto-5α-dihydro-C19-steroids including androstenone, 17β-HSD for 17-keto-C19-steroids including estrone, and 20α-HSD for progesterone, showing Km values of 0.5-11 µM. By contrast, AKR1C4 exhibited only 3α-HSD activity for 3-keto groups of 5α/β-dihydro-C19-steroids, 5β-dihydro-C21-steroids and bile acids (Km: 1.0-1.9 µM). AKR1C1 and AKR1C4 also showed broad substrate specificity for nonsteroidal carbonyl compounds including endogenous 4-oxo-2-nonenal, 4-hydroxy-nonenal, acrolein, isocaproaldehyde, farnesal, isatin and methylglyoxal, of which 4-oxo-2-nonenal was reduced with the lowest Km value of 0.9 µM. Moreover, AKR1C1 had the characteristic of reducing aliphatic ketones and all-trans-retinal. The enzymes were inhibited by flavonoids, synthetic estrogens, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, triterpenoids and phenolphthalein, whereas only AKR1C4 was activated by bromosulfophthalein. These results suggest that AKR1C1 and AKR1C4 function as 3α/3β/17β/20α-HSD and 3α-HSD, respectively, in metabolism of steroid hormones and a sex pheromone androstenone, both of which also play roles in metabolism of nonsteroidal carbonyl compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Endo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196, Japan.
| | - Yoshifumi Morikawa
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Gifu Prefectural Police Headquarters, Gifu 500-8501, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Matsunaga
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 502-8585, Japan
| | - Akira Hara
- Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Toru Nishinaka
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka-Ohtani University, Osaka 584-8540, Japan
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Shin MJ, Im SH, Kim W, Ahn H, Shin TJ, Chung HJ, Yoon DK. Recyclable Periodic Nanostructure Formed by Sublimable Liquid Crystals for Robust Cell Alignment. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:3765-3774. [PMID: 35302783 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c03359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a facile method to fabricate a recyclable cell-alignment scaffold using nanogrooves based on sublimable liquid crystal (LC) material. Randomly and uniaxially arranged smectic LC structures are obtained, followed by sublimation and recondensation processes, which directly produce periodic nanogrooves with dimensions of a couple of hundreds of nanometers. After treatment with osmium tetroxide (OsO4), the nanogroove can serve as a scaffold to efficiently induce directed cell growth without causing cytotoxicity, and it can be used repeatedly. Together, various cell types are applied to the nanogroove, proving the scaffold's broad applicability. Depending on the nanotopography of the LC structures, cells exhibit different morphologies and gene expression patterns, compared to cells on standard glass substrates, according to microscopic observation and qPCR. Furthermore, cell sheets can be formed, which consist of oriented cells that can be repeatedly formed and transferred to other substrates, while maintaining its organization. We believe that our cell-aligning scaffold may pave the way for the soft material field to bioengineering, which can involve fundamentals in cell behavior and function, as well as applications for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jeong Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - San Hae Im
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Wantae Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungju Ahn
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Joo Shin
- Graduate School of Semiconductor Materials and Devices Engineering, UNIST, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, orea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Ki Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, orea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
Estrogen receptors (ERs) are known to play an important role in the proper development of estrogen-sensitive organs, as well as in the development and progression of various types of cancer. ERα, the first ER to be discovered, has been the focus of most cancer research, especially in the context of breast cancer. However, ERβ expression also plays a significant role in cancer pathophysiology, notably its seemingly protective nature and loss of expression with oncogenesis and progression. Although ERβ exhibits antitumor activity in breast, ovarian, and prostate cancer, its expression is associated with disease progression and worse prognosis in lung cancer. The function of ERβ is complicated by the presence of multiple isoforms and single nucleotide polymorphisms, in addition to tissue-specific functions. This mini-review explores current literature on ERβ and its mechanism of action and clinical implications in breast, ovarian, prostate, and lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Hwang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - Laura P Stabile
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
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11
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Deficient H2A.Z deposition is associated with genesis of uterine leiomyoma. Nature 2021; 596:398-403. [PMID: 34349258 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03747-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
One in four women suffers from uterine leiomyomas (ULs)-benign tumours of the uterine wall, also known as uterine fibroids-at some point in premenopausal life. ULs can cause excessive bleeding, pain and infertility1, and are a common cause of hysterectomy2. They emerge through at least three distinct genetic drivers: mutations in MED12 or FH, or genomic rearrangement of HMGA23. Here we created genome-wide datasets, using DNA, RNA, assay for transposase-accessible chromatin (ATAC), chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and HiC chromatin immunoprecipitation (HiChIP) sequencing of primary tissues to profoundly understand the genesis of UL. We identified somatic mutations in genes encoding six members of the SRCAP histone-loading complex4, and found that germline mutations in the SRCAP members YEATS4 and ZNHIT1 predispose women to UL. Tumours bearing these mutations showed defective deposition of the histone variant H2A.Z. In ULs, H2A.Z occupancy correlated positively with chromatin accessibility and gene expression, and negatively with DNA methylation, but these correlations were weak in tumours bearing SRCAP complex mutations. In these tumours, open chromatin emerged at transcription start sites where H2A.Z was lost, which was associated with upregulation of genes. Furthermore, YEATS4 defects were associated with abnormal upregulation of bivalent embryonic stem cell genes, as previously shown in mice5. Our work describes a potential mechanism of tumorigenesis-epigenetic instability caused by deficient H2A.Z deposition-and suggests that ULs arise through an aberrant differentiation program driven by deranged chromatin, emanating from a small number of mutually exclusive driver mutations.
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12
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Estrogen receptor β and treatment with a phytoestrogen are associated with inhibition of nuclear translocation of EGFR in the prostate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2011269118. [PMID: 33771918 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2011269118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Knockout of ERβ in the mouse leads to nuclear expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in the prostate. To examine whether ERβ plays a similar role in the human prostate, we used four cohorts of men: 1) a Swedish cohort of normal prostates and PCa (prostate cancer) of different Gleason grades; 2) men with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) treated with the 5α-reductase inhibitor, finasteride, and finasteride together with the ERβ agonists, soy isoflavones; 3) men with PCa above Gleason grade 4 (GG4), treated with ADT (androgen deprivation therapy) and abiraterone (AA), the blocker of androgen synthesis for different durations; and 4) men with GG4 PCa on ADT or ADT with the AR (androgen receptor) blocker, enzalutamide, for 4 mo to 6 mo. In men with BPH, finasteride treatment induced EGFR nuclear expression, but, when finasteride was combined with isoflavones, EGFR remained on the cell membrane. In GG4 patients, blocking of AR for 4 mo to 6 mo resulted in loss of ERβ and PTEN expression and increase in patients with nuclear EGFR from 10 to 40%. In the men with GG4 PCa, blocking of adrenal synthesis of testosterone for 2 mo to 7 mo had the beneficial effect of increasing ERβ expression, but, on treatment longer than 8 mo, ERβ was lost and EGFR moved to the nucleus. Since nuclear EGFR is a predictor of poor outcome in PCa, addition of ERβ agonists together with abiraterone should be considered as a treatment that might sustain expression of ERβ and offer some benefit to patients.
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Estrogen Disrupting Pesticides in Nebraska Groundwater: Trends between Pesticide-contaminated Water and Estrogen-related Cancers in An Ecological Observational Study. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13060790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen disrupting pesticides (EDP) are pesticides that modify estrogen activities in estrogen-producing vertebrates. A substantial amount of these pesticides has been detected in human tissues, and they function directly to disrupt estrogen synthesis or effector cells. This study examines EDP’s ecological distribution across Nebraska counties and its association with estrogen-related cancers (ERC). To determine the ecological distribution of selected EDP, county-level choropleth maps were created. Moreover, EDP was tested in separate linear models with different ERC to determine the association between ERC and EDP across Nebraska counties. Exposure data for this county-level study was obtained from the quality assessed agrichemical contaminant Nebraska groundwater database between 1 January 1974 and 31 December 2012. Acetochlor, atrazine, and its metabolites, deethylatrazine (DEA), and de-isopropyl atrazine (DIA) were the most frequently detected EDP in Nebraska groundwater. Moreover, Nebraska county-level potential confounder for ERC such as physically unhealthy days, % adult smoking, % obese adult, % uninsured, and % binge drinking were obtained from County Health Rankings 2010. ERC, which is the outcome variable (breast cancer, uterine cancer, and prostate cancer), were obtained from the Nebraska State profile of the National Cancer Institute. This was expressed as county-level age-standardized incidence cancer rates between 1 January 2013 and 31 December 2017. Data characteristics were determined using percentages, mean, median, 25th and 75th percentile, minimum and maximum values. The relationship between county-level cancer rates and % wells positive for pesticides after adjusting for the county level potential confounders were analyzed in a linear regression model. Water supply wells positive for atrazine and DEA were observed to cluster in the South and South East counties of Nebraska. Furthermore, breast cancer and prostate cancer incidence rates were higher in the southeast of Nebraska with more atrazine and DEA. However, breast cancer and prostate cancer were not significantly associated in a linear regression model with any of the observed EDP. In contrast, uterine cancer was statistically associated with % water supply wells positive for acetochlor (β = 4.01, p = 0.04). While consistent associations were not observed between ERC and EDP from the GIS and the linear regression model, this study’s results can drive future conversation concerning the potential estrogenic effects of acetochlor, atrazine, and its metabolites on the incidence of breast, uterine and prostate cancer in the State of Nebraska.
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Hess RA, Sharpe RM, Hinton BT. Estrogens and development of the rete testis, efferent ductules, epididymis and vas deferens. Differentiation 2021; 118:41-71. [PMID: 33441255 PMCID: PMC8026493 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen has always been considered the female hormone and testosterone the male hormone. However, estrogen's presence in the testis and deleterious effects of estrogen treatment during development have been known for nearly 90 years, long before estrogen receptors (ESRs) were discovered. Eventually it was learned that testes actually synthesize high levels of estradiol (E2) and sequester high concentrations in the reproductive tract lumen, which seems contradictory to the overwhelming number of studies showing reproductive pathology following exogenous estrogen exposures. For too long, the developmental pathology of estrogen has dominated our thinking, even resulting in the "estrogen hypothesis" as related to the testicular dysgenesis syndrome. However, these early studies and the development of an Esr1 knockout mouse led to a deluge of research into estrogen's potential role in and disruption of development and function of the male reproductive system. What is new is that estrogen action in the male cannot be divorced from that of androgen. This paper presents what is known about components of the estrogen pathway, including its synthesis and target receptors, and the need to achieve a balance between androgen- and estrogen-action in male reproductive tract differentiation and adult functions. The review focuses on what is known regarding development of the male reproductive tract, from the rete testis to the vas deferens, and examines the expression of estrogen receptors and presence of aromatase in the male reproductive system, traces the evidence provided by estrogen-associated knockout and transgenic animal models and discusses the effects of fetal and postnatal exposures to estrogens. Hopefully, there will be enough here to stimulate discussions and new investigations of the androgen:estrogen balance that seems to be essential for development of the male reproductive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rex A Hess
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL, 61802 USA and Epivara, Inc., Research Park, 60 Hazelwood Dr., Suite 230G, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA.
| | - Richard M Sharpe
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.
| | - Barry T Hinton
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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Lundgren PO, Kjellman A, Norming U, Gustafsson O. Association between dihydrotestosterone and long-term risk for prostate cancer mortality: A prospective cohort study. Prostate 2020; 80:777-781. [PMID: 32368817 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The androgen metabolism plays an important role in the progression of prostate cancer. Contradictory to what one might assume given the androgenic potency of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) there are indications that high DHT levels protect from prostate cancer. We want to determine whether there is a long-term association between baseline levels of DHT and death from prostate cancer. METHOD During the years 1988 and 1989, 1782 men out of 2400 invited were screened for prostate cancer. The invited men were randomly selected from a background population of more than 27 000 men. Serum levels of DHT were analyzed for all 65 men diagnosed in the trial and 130 controls from the same cohort without any signs of prostate cancer. In this study we evaluate outcomes for the whole cohort (n = 195), the men without clinical signs of prostate cancer at beginning of follow up (n = 130) and men with screening detected cancer (n = 65). The cohort was followed up after 30 years and data from the Swedish Cause of Death Registry and the Swedish Cancer Registry were extracted. Hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated using Cox regression models. RESULT High DHT levels were positively correlated to a lower risk for prostate cancer death in the entire cohort: HR = 0.44 (0.25-0.77 95% confidence interval [CI]). The positive correlation remained significant for the subgroup analysis. HR for the men enrolled in the study without any clinical signs of prostate cancer was 0.25 (0.07-0.88 95% CI) and for the men with a prostate cancer diagnosis at time of inclusion: HR = 0.50 (0.26-0.94 95% CI). CONCLUSION DHT is negatively associated with long-term prostate cancer death regardless of clinical presentation at time of inclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per-Olof Lundgren
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention, and Technology, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Kjellman
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention, and Technology, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulf Norming
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ove Gustafsson
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention, and Technology, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Chiang JY, Ferrell JM. Up to date on cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) in bile acid synthesis. LIVER RESEARCH 2020; 4:47-63. [PMID: 34290896 PMCID: PMC8291349 DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1, EC1.14) is the first and rate-limiting enzyme in the classic bile acid synthesis pathway. Much progress has been made in understanding the transcriptional regulation of CYP7A1 gene expression and the underlying molecular mechanisms of bile acid feedback regulation of CYP7A1 and bile acid synthesis in the last three decades. Discovery of bile acid-activated receptors and their roles in the regulation of lipid, glucose and energy metabolism have been translated to the development of bile acid-based drug therapies for the treatment of liver-related metabolic diseases such as alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases, liver cirrhosis, diabetes, obesity and hepatocellular carcinoma. This review will provide an update on the advances in our understanding of the molecular biology and mechanistic insights of the regulation of CYP7A1 in bile acid synthesis in the last 40 years.
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Yang T, Huang Y, Zhou Y, Chen S, Wang H, Hu Y, Liu J, Jiang Z, Lu Q, Yin X. Simultaneous quantification of oestrogens and androgens in the serum of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia by liquid chromatography-Tandem mass spectrometry. Andrologia 2020; 52:e13611. [PMID: 32441855 DOI: 10.1111/and.13611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) is a common disease in elderly men. It has been found that the occurrence of BPH was closely related to dysregulated steroid hormones. Here, a rapid, sensitive, accurate and specific method for the quantitative profiling of five androgens in man serum was developed and validated by the use of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Using this method, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), androstenedione (A4), testosterone (T), androsterone (A), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), oestrone (E1) and oestradiol (E2) were quantified in serum from man with and without BPH. BPH patients were characterised by the decreases in DHEA, A4 and T as well as increases in DHT, E2 and E1 in serum. Meanwhile, DHEA and DHT in serum were screened as sensitive biomarkers of BPH patients. This study will provide a new perspective of dysregulated steroid hormones for the diagnosis and prevention of BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yuhan Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Shangxiu Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yinlu Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Junjie Liu
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zhenzhou Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxing Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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Endo S, Morikawa Y, Kudo Y, Suenami K, Matsunaga T, Ikari A, Hara A. Human dehydrogenase/reductase SDR family member 11 (DHRS11) and aldo-keto reductase 1C isoforms in comparison: Substrate and reaction specificity in the reduction of 11-keto-C 19-steroids. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 199:105586. [PMID: 31926269 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that an adrenal steroid 11β-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione serves as the precursor to androgens, 11-ketotestosterone and 11-ketodihydrotestosterone (11KDHT). The biosynthetic pathways include the reduction of 3- and 17-keto groups of the androgen precursors 11-keto-C19-steroids, which has been reported to be mediated by three human enzymes; aldo-keto reductase (AKR)1C2, AKR1C3 and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) type-3. To explore the contribution of the enzymes in the reductive metabolism, we kinetically compared the substrate specificity for 11-keto-C19-steroids among purified recombinant preparations of four AKRs (1C1, 1C2,1C3 and 1C4) and DHRS11, which shows 17β-HSD activity. Although AKR1C1 did not reduce the 11-keto-C19-steroids, AKR1C3 and DHRS11 reduced 17-keto groups of 11-keto-4-androstene-3,17-dione, 11-keto-5α-androstane-3,17-dione (11K-Adione) and 11-ketoandrosterone with Km values of 5-28 μM. The 3-keto groups of 11KDHT and 11K-Adione were reduced by AKR1C4 (Km 1 μM) more efficiently than by AKR1C2 (Km 5 and 8 μM, respectively). GC/MS analysis of the products showed that DHRS11 acts as 17β-HSD, and that AKR1C2 and AKR1C4 are predominantly 3α-HSDs, but formed a minor 3β-metabolite from 11KDHT. Since DHRS11 was thus newly identified as 11-keto-C19-steroid reductase, we also investigated its substrate-binding mode by molecular docking and site-directed mutagenesis of Thr163 and Val200, and found the following structural features: 1). There is a space that accommodates the 11-keto group of the 11-keto-C19-steroids in the substrate-binding site. 2) Val200 is a critical determinant for exhibiting the strict 17β-HSD activity of the enzyme, because the Val200Leu mutation resulted in both significant impairment of the 17β-HSD activity and emergence of 3β-HSD activity towards 5α-androstanes including 11KDHT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Endo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan.
| | - Yoshifumi Morikawa
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Gifu Prefectural Police Headquarters, Gifu, 500-8501, Japan
| | - Yudai Kudo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Koichi Suenami
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Gifu Prefectural Police Headquarters, Gifu, 500-8501, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Matsunaga
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Akira Ikari
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Akira Hara
- Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
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Mohajeri M, Bianconi V, Ávila-Rodriguez MF, Barreto GE, Jamialahmadi T, Pirro M, Sahebkar A. Curcumin: a phytochemical modulator of estrogens and androgens in tumors of the reproductive system. Pharmacol Res 2020; 156:104765. [PMID: 32217147 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Curcumin (Cur) is an active derivative extracted from turmeric which exerts a wide range of interactions with biomolecules through complex signaling pathways. Cur has been extensively shown to possess potential antitumor properties. In addition, there is growing body of evidence suggesting that Cur may exert potential anti-estrogen and anti-androgen activity. In vitro and in vivo studies suggest that anticancer properties of Cur against tumors affecting the reproductive system in females and males may be underlied by the Cur-mediated inhibition of androgen and estrogen signaling pathways. In this review we examine various studies assessing the crosstalk between Cur and both androgen and estrogen hormonal activity. Also, we discuss the potential chemopreventive and antitumor role of Cur in the most prevalent cancers affecting the reproductive system in females and males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mohajeri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology & Nanotechnology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vanessa Bianconi
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Arteriosclerosis Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - George E Barreto
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Matteo Pirro
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Arteriosclerosis Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran; Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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20
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Amenyogbe E, Chen G, Wang Z, Lu X, Lin M, Lin AY. A Review on Sex Steroid Hormone Estrogen Receptors in Mammals and Fish. Int J Endocrinol 2020; 2020:5386193. [PMID: 32089683 PMCID: PMC7029290 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5386193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroid hormones play essential roles in the reproductive biology of vertebrates. Estrogen exercises its effect through estrogen receptors and is not only a female reproductive hormone but acts virtually in all vertebrates, including fish, and is involved in the physiological and pathological states in all males and females. Estrogen has been implicated in mandible conservation and circulatory and central nervous systems as well as the reproductive system. This review intended to understand the structure, function, binding affinities, and activations of estrogens and estrogen receptors and to discuss the understanding of the role of sex steroid hormone estrogen receptors in mammals and fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Amenyogbe
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524025, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquaculture in the South China Sea for Aquatic Economic Animal of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Laboratory of Fish Aquaculture, Zhanjiang 524025, China
| | - Gang Chen
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524025, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquaculture in the South China Sea for Aquatic Economic Animal of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Laboratory of Fish Aquaculture, Zhanjiang 524025, China
| | - Zhongliang Wang
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524025, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquaculture in the South China Sea for Aquatic Economic Animal of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Laboratory of Fish Aquaculture, Zhanjiang 524025, China
| | - Xiaoying Lu
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524025, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquaculture in the South China Sea for Aquatic Economic Animal of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Laboratory of Fish Aquaculture, Zhanjiang 524025, China
| | - Mingde Lin
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524025, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquaculture in the South China Sea for Aquatic Economic Animal of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Laboratory of Fish Aquaculture, Zhanjiang 524025, China
| | - Ai Ying Lin
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524025, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquaculture in the South China Sea for Aquatic Economic Animal of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Laboratory of Fish Aquaculture, Zhanjiang 524025, China
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21
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Hess RA, Cooke PS. Estrogen in the male: a historical perspective. Biol Reprod 2019; 99:27-44. [PMID: 29438493 PMCID: PMC6044326 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioy043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogens have traditionally been considered female hormones. Nevertheless, the presence of estrogen in males has been known for over 90 years. Initial studies suggested that estrogen was deleterious to male reproduction because exogenous treatments induced developmental abnormalities. However, demonstrations of estrogen synthesis in the testis and high concentrations of 17β-estradiol in rete testis fluid suggested that the female hormone might have a function in normal male reproduction. Identification of estrogen receptors and development of biological radioisotope methods to assess estradiol binding revealed that the male reproductive tract expresses estrogen receptor extensively from the neonatal period to adulthood. This indicated a role for estrogens in normal development, especially in efferent ductules, whose epithelium is the first in the male reproductive tract to express estrogen receptor during development and a site of exceedingly high expression. In the 1990s, a paradigm shift occurred in our understanding of estrogen function in the male, ushered in by knockout mouse models where estrogen production or expression of its receptors was not present. These knockout animals revealed that estrogen's main receptor (estrogen receptor 1 [ESR1]) is essential for male fertility and development of efferent ductules, epididymis, and prostate, and that loss of only the membrane fraction of ESR1 was sufficient to induce extensive male reproductive abnormalities and infertility. This review provides perspectives on the major discoveries and developments that led to our current knowledge of estrogen's importance in the male reproductive tract and shaped our evolving concept of estrogen's physiological role in the male.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rex A Hess
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Paul S Cooke
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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22
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Gustafsson JA, Strom A, Warner M. Update on ERbeta. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 191:105312. [PMID: 30995525 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
ERbeta (ERβ) celebrated its 20th birthday in 2016 and although the overwhelming data in the literature indicate a role for this receptor in the control of epithelial proliferation, neurodegeneration and immune function, no ERβ agonists have yet made it to the clinics. This is the situation, despite the fact that very good safe ERβ agonists have been synthesized and at least one has been donated to the NIH for distribution to researchers, who want to study its possible clinical use. Clinical trials are ongoing for the use of ERβ agonists in prostate cancer and schizophrenia but even today reviewers of our grants still make comments like "The grant is excellent except that the focus of the grant is ERβ". There are multiple reasons for the non-acceptance of the value of ERβ and in this paper we will discuss issues raised by labs which do not support a role for ERβ in physiology or pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Ake Gustafsson
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States.
| | - Anders Strom
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Margaret Warner
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States
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23
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Kakiyama G, Marques D, Takei H, Nittono H, Erickson S, Fuchs M, Rodriguez-Agudo D, Gil G, Hylemon PB, Zhou H, Bajaj JS, Pandak WM. Mitochondrial oxysterol biosynthetic pathway gives evidence for CYP7B1 as controller of regulatory oxysterols. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 189:36-47. [PMID: 30710743 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this paper was to more completely study the mitochondrial CYP27A1 initiated acidic pathway of cholesterol metabolism. The mitochondrial CYP27A1 initiated pathway of cholesterol metabolism (acidic pathway) is known to synthesize two well-described vital regulators of cholesterol/lipid homeostasis, (25R)-26-hydroxycholesterol (26HC) and 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC). Both 26HC and 25HC have been shown to be subsequently 7α-hydroxylated by Cyp7b1; reducing their regulatory abilities and furthering their metabolism to chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA). Cholesterol delivery into the inner mitochondria membrane, where CYP27A1 is located, is considered the pathway's only rate-limiting step. To further explore the pathway, we increased cholesterol transport into mitochondrial CYP27A1 by selectively increased expression of the gene encoding the steroidogenic acute transport protein (StarD1). StarD1 overexpression led to an unanticipated marked down-regulation of oxysterol 7α-hydroxylase (Cyp7b1), a marked increase in 26HC, and the formation of a third vital regulatory oxysterol, 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol (24HC), in B6/129 mice livers. To explore the further metabolism of 24HC, as well as, 25HC and 26HC, characterizations of oxysterols and bile acids using three murine models (StarD1 overexpression, Cyp7b1-/-, Cyp27a1-/-) and human Hep G2 cells were conducted. This report describes the discovery of a new mitochondrial-initiated pathway of oxysterol/bile acid biosynthesis. Just as importantly, it provides evidence for CYP7B1 as a key regulator of three vital intracellular regulatory oxysterol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genta Kakiyama
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, United States.
| | - Dalila Marques
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Hajime Takei
- Junshin Clinic Bile Acid Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Sandra Erickson
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Michael Fuchs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Daniel Rodriguez-Agudo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Gregorio Gil
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States
| | - Phillip B Hylemon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Huiping Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Jasmohan S Bajaj
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - William M Pandak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, United States
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24
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Xiao L, Luo Y, Tai R, Zhang N. Estrogen receptor β suppresses inflammation and the progression of prostate cancer. Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:3555-3563. [PMID: 30864712 PMCID: PMC6472045 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated that estrogen receptor β (ERβ) signaling alleviates systemic inflammation in animal models, and suggested that ERβ-selective agonists may deactivate microglia and suppress T cell activity via downregulation of nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB). In the present study, the role of ERβ in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation and association with NF-κB activity were investigated in PC-3 and DU145 prostate cancer cell lines. Cells were treated with LPS to induce inflammation, and ELISA was performed to determine the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6. MTT and Transwell assays, and Annexin V/propidium iodide staining were conducted to measure cell viability, apoptosis and migration, respectively. Protein expression was determined via western blot analysis. LPS-induced inflammation resulted in elevated expression levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, MCP-1 and IL-6 compared with controls. ERβ overexpression significantly inhibited the LPS-induced production of TNF-α, IL-1β, MCP-1 and IL-6. In addition, the results indicated that ERβ suppressed viability and migration, and induced apoptosis in prostate cancer cells, which was further demonstrated by altered expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, B-cell lymphoma 2-associated X protein, caspase-3, E-cadherin and matrix metalloproteinase-2. These effects were reversed by treatment with the ERβ antagonist PHTPP or ERβ-specific short interfering RNA. ERβ overexpression reduced the expression levels of p65 and phosphorylated NF-κB inhibitor α (IκBα), but not total IκBα expression in LPS-treated cells. In conclusion, ERβ suppressed the viability and migration of the PC-3 and DU145 prostate cancer cell lines and induced apoptosis. Furthermore, it reduced inflammation and suppressed the activation of the NF-κB pathway, suggesting that ERβ may serve roles as an anti-inflammatory and anticancer agent in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Xiao
- Department of Urology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650041, P.R. China
| | - Yaohui Luo
- Department of Urology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650041, P.R. China
| | - Rongfen Tai
- Department of Urology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650041, P.R. China
| | - Ningnan Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650041, P.R. China
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25
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Liu XY, Liu X, Xu L, Gui B, Yang QY, Yan JY, Sun ZY. A mathematical model for predicting putative association between E2/T ratio and the development of benign prostate hyperplasia in rats. Biol Reprod 2019; 100:133-138. [PMID: 30052867 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioy170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) develops more likely with increasing age and changing serum concentrations of circulating estradiol (E2) and/or testosterone (T). In this study, we explored the relationship between serum E2/T ratio and BPH risk in rats by fitting a mathematical model. A total of 176 rats were randomized to one of the following treatment groups: normal control, castrated control, and 20 more groups of castrated animals treated with increasing dose combinations of T and E2, once daily for 30 days. Serial blood samples were obtained to determine serum T and E2 levels by magnetic bead enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Prostate tissue was taken to measure prostate volume. MATLAB software was used to simulate the relationship between prostate/body weight ratio (PBR) and E2/T ratio with a mathematical equation. The values of PBR, E2 and T in the treatment groups were significantly higher than those in the control groups. Stepwise regression showed that PBR was a function of E2 and T. PBR = -0.1782 + 0.0081 E2 + 0.063 T - 0.6 × 10-5 E22 - 0.28 × 10-3 T2. E2/T ratio change may be one of the risk factors for PBR, which is associated with the development of BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Liu
- College of Science, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Gui
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin-Yu Yang
- College of Science, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Yan Yan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Zu-Yue Sun
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Shanghai, China
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26
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Baker ME, Lathe R. The promiscuous estrogen receptor: Evolution of physiological estrogens and response to phytochemicals and endocrine disruptors. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 184:29-37. [PMID: 30009950 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Many actions of estradiol (E2), the principal physiological estrogen in vertebrates, are mediated by estrogen receptor-α (ERα) and ERβ. An important physiological feature of vertebrate ERs is their promiscuous response to several physiological steroids, including estradiol (E2), Δ5-androstenediol, 5α-androstanediol, and 27-hydroxycholesterol. A novel structural characteristic of Δ5-androstenediol, 5α-androstanediol, and 27-hydroxycholesterol is the presence of a C19 methyl group, which precludes the presence of an aromatic A ring with a C3 phenolic group that is a defining property of E2. The structural diversity of these estrogens can explain the response of the ER to synthetic chemicals such as bisphenol A and DDT, which disrupt estrogen physiology in vertebrates, and the estrogenic activity of a variety of plant-derived chemicals such as genistein, coumestrol, and resveratrol. Diversity in the A ring of physiological estrogens also expands potential structures of industrial chemicals that can act as endocrine disruptors. Compared to E2, synthesis of 27-hydroxycholesterol and Δ5-androstenediol is simpler, leading us, based on parsimony, to propose that one or both of these steroids or a related metabolite was a physiological estrogen early in the evolution of the ER, with E2 assuming this role later as the canonical estrogen. In addition to the well-studied role of the ER in reproductive physiology, the ER also is an important transcription factor in non-reproductive tissues such as the cardiovascular system, kidney, bone, and brain. Some of these ER actions in non-reproductive tissues appeared early in vertebrate evolution, long before the emergence of mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Baker
- Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, Department of Medicine, 0693, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0693, USA.
| | - Richard Lathe
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Little France, Edinburgh, UK.
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27
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Weng W, He S, Song H, Li X, Cao L, Hu Y, Cui J, Zhou Q, Peng H, Su J. Aligned Carbon Nanotubes Reduce Hypertrophic Scar via Regulating Cell Behavior. ACS NANO 2018; 12:7601-7612. [PMID: 30040897 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b07439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Hypertrophic scars, characterized by excessive cell proliferation, disordered cell growth, and aberrant deposition of collagens, could cause significant clinical problems. Herein, aligned carbon nanotubes (ACNTs) were synthesized via chemical vapor deposition, and bulk ACNTs were pulled out from the arrays. The capacity of the ACNTs to reduce hypertrophic scar formation was evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. The results demonstrated that the ACNTs suppressed the overproliferation of fibroblast cells, directed their growth, and inhibited collagen expression in vitro without cell cytotoxicity. Moreover, in vivo evaluation in a rabbit ear model indicated relieved scar hypertrophy after the ACNTs treatment. The gene expression microarray was further used to understand the mechanism, which showed that ACNTs could inhibit the TGFβ pathway to alter the components in the extracellular matrix, cell proliferation, cell cytoskeleton, and cell motility. These findings may provide a potent strategy of using carbon nanotubes in the bioengineering field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sisi He
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science and Laboratory of Advanced Materials , Fudan University , Shanghai 200438 , China
| | | | | | | | - Yajie Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science and Laboratory of Advanced Materials , Fudan University , Shanghai 200438 , China
| | | | | | - Huisheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science and Laboratory of Advanced Materials , Fudan University , Shanghai 200438 , China
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28
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Zhou JN, Fang H. Transcriptional regulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone gene in stress response. IBRO Rep 2018; 5:137-146. [PMID: 30591954 PMCID: PMC6303479 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibror.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
As a central player of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the corticotropin -releasing hormone (CRH) neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) determine the state of HPA axis and play a key role in stress response. Evidence supports that during stress response the transcription and expression of CRH was finely tuned, which involved cis-element-transcriptional factor (TF) interactions and epigenetic mechanisms. Here we reviewed recent progress in CRH transcription regulation from DNA methylation to classic TFs regulation, in which a number of paired receptors were involved. The imbalance of multiple paired receptors in regulating the activity of CRH neurons indicates a possible molecular network mechanisms underlying depression etiology and directs novel therapeutic strategies of depression in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Ning Zhou
- Corresponding author at: School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, PR China.
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29
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Zhou C, Yu C, Guo L, Wang X, Li H, Cao Q, Li F. In Vivo Study of the Effects of ER β on Apoptosis and Proliferation of Hormone-Independent Prostate Cancer Cell Lines PC-3M. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:1439712. [PMID: 30018975 PMCID: PMC6029510 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1439712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the in vivo therapeutic effects of attenuated Salmonella carrying PCDNA3.1-ERβ plasmid in hormone-independent prostatic cancer in nude mice and to clarify the mechanism by which estrogen receptor β (ERβ) induces apoptosis and proliferation in prostatic cancer cells in mice. METHODS The orthotopic prostatic cancer models of mice were randomly divided as follows: MOCK group, treated with PBS, PQ group, treated with attenuated Salmonella alone, PQ-PCDNA3.1 group, treated with attenuated Salmonella carrying PCDNA3.1 plasmid, and PQ-PCDNA3.1-ERβ group, treated with the attenuated Salmonella carrying PCDNA3.1-ERβ plasmid. Then, 10 μl of the plasmid-containing solution, comprising 1 × 107 cfu of the bacteria, was administered via intranasal delivery to each group except the MOCK group. The experimental methods included flow cytometry and terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-digoxigenin nick end-labelling (TUNEL) assay, immunohistochemistry, and western blotting. RESULTS Compared with the MOCK, PQ, and PQ-PCDNA3.1 groups, the weights of tumors in the PQ-PCDNA3.1-ERβ group were significantly reduced. The results of flow cytometry and TUNEL assay revealed that the number of apoptotic cells in the PQ-PCDNA3.1-ERβ group significantly increased. Compared with PQ-PCDNA3.1 group, the protein expression levels of ERβ, Bad, p-caspase 9, p-caspase 3, and cleaved PARP in the PQ-PCDNA3.1-ERβ group were significantly increased, while the expression levels of Akt, p-Akt, and Bcl-xl were decreased (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The attenuated Salmonella carrying PCDNA3.1-ERβ plasmid could inhibit the growth of orthotopic prostatic cancer in mice by increasing the expression of ERβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changli Zhou
- School of Nursing, Jilin University, 965 Xinjiang Street, Changchun, Jilin 130020, China
| | - Chunyu Yu
- Basic Medical School, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, Jilin 130020, China
| | - Lirong Guo
- School of Nursing, Jilin University, 965 Xinjiang Street, Changchun, Jilin 130020, China
| | - Xige Wang
- School of Nursing, Jilin University, 965 Xinjiang Street, Changchun, Jilin 130020, China
| | - Huimin Li
- School of Nursing, Jilin University, 965 Xinjiang Street, Changchun, Jilin 130020, China
| | - Qinqin Cao
- School of Nursing, Jilin University, 965 Xinjiang Street, Changchun, Jilin 130020, China
| | - Feng Li
- School of Nursing, Jilin University, 965 Xinjiang Street, Changchun, Jilin 130020, China
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30
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McNamara KM, Guestini F, Sauer T, Touma J, Bukholm IR, Lindstrøm JC, Sasano H, Geisler J. In breast cancer subtypes steroid sulfatase (STS) is associated with less aggressive tumour characteristics. Br J Cancer 2018; 118:1208-1216. [PMID: 29563635 PMCID: PMC5943586 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-018-0034-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The majority of breast cancer cases are steroid dependent neoplasms, with hormonal manipulation of either CYP19/aromatase or oestrogen receptor alpha axis being the most common therapy. Alternate pathways of steroid actions are documented, but their interconnections and correlations to BC subtypes and clinical outcome could be further explored. METHODS We evaluated selected steroid receptors (Androgen Receptor, Oestrogen Receptor alpha and Beta, Glucocorticoid Receptor) and oestrogen pathways (steroid sulfatase (STS), 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 (17βHSD2) and aromatase) in a cohort of 139 BC cases from Norway. Using logistic and cox regression analysis, we examined interactions between these and clinical outcomes such as distant metastasis, local relapse and survival. RESULTS Our principal finding is an impact of STS expression on the risk for distant metastasis (p<0.001) and local relapses (p <0.001), HER2 subtype (p<0.015), and survival (p<0.001). The suggestion of a beneficial effect of alternative oestrogen synthesis pathways was strengthened by inverted, but non-significant findings for 17βHSD2. CONCLUSIONS Increased intratumoural metabolism of oestrogens through STS is associated with significantly lower incidence of relapse and/or distant metastasis and correspondingly improved prognosis. The enrichment of STS in the HER2 overexpressing subtype is intriguing, especially given the possible role of HER-2 over-expression in endocrine resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keely M McNamara
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, School of Graduate Medicine, Tohoku University Japan, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Fouzia Guestini
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, School of Graduate Medicine, Tohoku University Japan, Sendai, Japan
| | - Torill Sauer
- Department of Pathology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Joel Touma
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Breast- and Endocrine Surgery, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Ida Rashida Bukholm
- Department of Breast- and Endocrine Surgery, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Jonas C Lindstrøm
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Helse Sør-Øst Health Services Research Centre, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, School of Graduate Medicine, Tohoku University Japan, Sendai, Japan
| | - Jürgen Geisler
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Oncology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
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31
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Bremmer F, Jarry H, Unterkircher V, Kaulfuss S, Burfeind P, Radzun HJ, Ströbel P, Thelen P. Testosterone metabolites inhibit proliferation of castration- and therapy-resistant prostate cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 9:16951-16961. [PMID: 29682196 PMCID: PMC5908297 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel treatments for castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) such as abiraterone acetate (AA) or enzalutamide effectively target the androgen pathway to arrest aberrant signalling and cell proliferation. Testosterone is able to inhibit tumour cell growth in CRPC. Estrogen receptor-beta (ERβ) binds the testosterone-metabolites 3β-androstanediol and 3α-androstanediol in parallel to the canonical estradiol. In the prostate it is widely accepted that ERβ regulates estrogen signalling, mediating anti-proliferative effects. We used the prostate cancer cell lines LNCaP, PC-3, VCaP, and the non-neoplastic BPH-1. VCaP cells were treated with 1 nmol/L testosterone over 20 passages, yielding the cell line VCaPrev, sensitive to hormone therapies. In contrast, LNCaP cells were grown for more than 100 passages yielding a high passage therapy resistant cell line (hiPLNCaP). VCaP and hiPLNCaP cell lines were treated with 5 μmol/L AA for more than 20 passages, respectively, generating the AA-tolerant-subtypes VCaPAA and hiPLNCaPAA. Cell lines were treated with testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), R1881, and the androgen-metabolites 3β-androstanediol and 3α-androstanediol. 3β-androstanediol or 3α-androstanediol significantly reduced proliferation in all cell lines except the BPH-1 and androgen receptor-negative PC-3 and markedly downregulated AR and estrogen receptor alpha (ERα). Whereas ERβ expression was increased in all cell lines except BPH-1 or PC-3. In summary, 3β-adiol or 3α-adiol, as well as DHT and R1881, significantly reduced tumour cell growth in CRPC cells. Thus, these compounds represent novel potential therapeutic approaches to overcome drug-resistance in CRPC, especially with regard to AR-V7 function in therapy resistance. Furthermore, these data confirm the tumour suppressor properties of ERβ in CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Bremmer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - Hubertus Jarry
- Department of Experimental Endocrinology, University Medical Center, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | | | - Silke Kaulfuss
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Göttingen 37073, Germany
| | - Peter Burfeind
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Göttingen 37073, Germany
| | | | - Philipp Ströbel
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - Paul Thelen
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center, Göttingen 37075, Germany
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32
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Piccolella M, Crippa V, Cristofani R, Rusmini P, Galbiati M, Cicardi ME, Meroni M, Ferri N, Morelli FF, Carra S, Messi E, Poletti A. The small heat shock protein B8 (HSPB8) modulates proliferation and migration of breast cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 8:10400-10415. [PMID: 28060751 PMCID: PMC5354667 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is one of the major causes of cancer death in women and is closely related to hormonal dysregulation. Estrogen receptor (ER)-positive BCs are generally treated with anti hormone therapy using antiestrogens or aromatase inhibitors. However, BC cells may become resistant to endocrine therapy, a process facilitated by autophagy, which may either promote or suppress tumor expansion. The autophagy facilitator HSPB8 has been found overexpressed in some BC. Here we found that HSPB8 is highly expressed and differentially modulated by natural or synthetic selective ER modulators (SERMs), in the triple-positive hormone-sensitive BC (MCF-7) cells, but not in triple-negative MDA-MB-231 BC cells. Specific SERMs induced MCF-7 cells proliferation in a HSPB8 dependent manner whereas, did not modify MDA-MB-231 cell growth. ER expression was unaffected in HSPB8-depleted MCF-7 cells. HSPB8 over-expression did not alter the distribution of MCF-7 cells in the various phases of the cell cycle. Conversely and intriguingly, HSPB8 downregulation resulted in an increased number of cells resting in the G0/G1 phase, thus possibly reducing the ability of the cells to pass through the restriction point. In addition, HSPB8 downregulation reduced the migratory ability of MCF-7 cells. None of these modifications were observed, when another small HSP (HSPB1), also expressed in MCF-7 cells, was downregulated. In conclusion, our data suggest that HSPB8 is involved in the mechanisms that regulate cell cycle and cell migration in MCF-7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Piccolella
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DiSFeB), Centro di Eccellenza sulle Malattie Neurodegenerative, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Valeria Crippa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DiSFeB), Centro di Eccellenza sulle Malattie Neurodegenerative, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.,C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
| | - Riccardo Cristofani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DiSFeB), Centro di Eccellenza sulle Malattie Neurodegenerative, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Rusmini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DiSFeB), Centro di Eccellenza sulle Malattie Neurodegenerative, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Mariarita Galbiati
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DiSFeB), Centro di Eccellenza sulle Malattie Neurodegenerative, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Maria Elena Cicardi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DiSFeB), Centro di Eccellenza sulle Malattie Neurodegenerative, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Meroni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DiSFeB), Centro di Eccellenza sulle Malattie Neurodegenerative, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Nicola Ferri
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Federica F Morelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Metaboliche e Neuroscienze, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Serena Carra
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Metaboliche e Neuroscienze, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Elio Messi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DiSFeB), Centro di Eccellenza sulle Malattie Neurodegenerative, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Angelo Poletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DiSFeB), Centro di Eccellenza sulle Malattie Neurodegenerative, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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Di Zazzo E, Galasso G, Giovannelli P, Di Donato M, Castoria G. Estrogens and Their Receptors in Prostate Cancer: Therapeutic Implications. Front Oncol 2018; 8:2. [PMID: 29404276 PMCID: PMC5778111 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A major challenge in clinical management of prostate cancer (PC) is to limit tumor growth and prevent metastatic spreading. Considerable efforts have been made to discover new compounds for PC therapy and recent years have seen promising progress in this field. Pharmacological approaches have been designed to achieve benefits in PC treatment and avoid the negative side effects resulting from administration of antagonists or agonists or new drugs. Nonetheless, the currently available therapies frequently induce resistance and PC progresses toward castration-resistant forms that can be caused by the androgen receptor reactivation and/or mutations, or derangement of signaling pathways. Preclinical and clinical findings have also shown that other nuclear receptors are frequently altered in PC. In this review, we focus on the role of estradiol/estradiol receptor (ER) axis, which controls PC growth and progression. Selective targeting of ER subtypes (α or β) may be an attractive way to limit the growth and spreading of prostatic cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Di Zazzo
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Galasso
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Pia Giovannelli
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Marzia Di Donato
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriella Castoria
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
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Zhang X, Carlisle SM, Doll MA, Martin RCG, States JC, Klinge CM, Hein DW. High N-Acetyltransferase 1 Expression Is Associated with Estrogen Receptor Expression in Breast Tumors, but Is not Under Direct Regulation by Estradiol, 5 α-androstane-3 β,17 β-Diol, or Dihydrotestosterone in Breast Cancer Cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 365:84-93. [PMID: 29339455 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.247031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
N-acetyltransferase 1 (NAT1) is an enzyme that metabolizes carcinogens, which suggests a potential role in breast carcinogenesis. High NAT1 expression in breast tumors is associated with estrogen receptor α (ERα+) and the luminal subtype. We report that NAT1 mRNA transcript, protein, and enzyme activity were higher in human breast tumors with high expression of ERα/ESR1 compared with normal breast tissue. There was a strong correlation between NATb promoter and NAT1 protein expression/enzyme activity. High NAT1 expression in tumors was not the result of adipocytes, as evidenced by low perilipin (PLIN) expression. ESR1, NAT1, and XBP1 expression were associated in tumor biopsies. Direct regulation of NAT1 transcription by estradiol (E2) was investigated in ERα (+) MCF-7 and T47D breast cancer cells. E2 did not increase NAT1 transcript expression but increased progesterone receptor expression in a dose-dependent manner. Likewise, NAT1 transcript levels were not increased by dihydrotestosterone (DHT) or 5α-androstane-3β, (3β-adiol) 17β-diol. Dithiothreitol increased levels of the activated, spliced XBP1 in ERα (+) MCF-7 and T47D breast cancer cells but did not affect NAT1 or ESR1 expression. We conclude that NAT1 expression is not directly regulated by E2, DHT, 3β-adiol, or dithiothreitol despite high NAT1 and ESR1 expression in luminal A breast cancer cells, suggesting that ESR1, XBP1, and NAT1 expression may share a common transcriptional network arising from the luminal epithelium associated with better survival in breast cancer. Clusters of high-expression genes, including NAT1, in breast tumors might serve as potential targets for novel therapeutic drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhang
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (X.Z., S.M.C., M.A.D., J.C.S., D.W.H.), Surgery (R.C.G.M.), Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (C.M.K.), and James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Samantha M Carlisle
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (X.Z., S.M.C., M.A.D., J.C.S., D.W.H.), Surgery (R.C.G.M.), Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (C.M.K.), and James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Mark A Doll
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (X.Z., S.M.C., M.A.D., J.C.S., D.W.H.), Surgery (R.C.G.M.), Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (C.M.K.), and James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Robert C G Martin
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (X.Z., S.M.C., M.A.D., J.C.S., D.W.H.), Surgery (R.C.G.M.), Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (C.M.K.), and James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - J Christopher States
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (X.Z., S.M.C., M.A.D., J.C.S., D.W.H.), Surgery (R.C.G.M.), Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (C.M.K.), and James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Carolyn M Klinge
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (X.Z., S.M.C., M.A.D., J.C.S., D.W.H.), Surgery (R.C.G.M.), Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (C.M.K.), and James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - David W Hein
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (X.Z., S.M.C., M.A.D., J.C.S., D.W.H.), Surgery (R.C.G.M.), Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (C.M.K.), and James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
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Lutz SZ, Hennenlotter J, Scharpf MO, Sailer C, Fritsche L, Schmid V, Kantartzis K, Wagner R, Lehmann R, Berti L, Peter A, Staiger H, Fritsche A, Fend F, Todenhöfer T, Stenzl A, Häring HU, Heni M. Androgen receptor overexpression in prostate cancer in type 2 diabetes. Mol Metab 2017; 8:158-166. [PMID: 29249638 PMCID: PMC5985051 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE While prostate cancer does not occur more often in men with diabetes, survival is markedly reduced in this patient group. Androgen signaling is a known and major driver for prostate cancer progression. Therefore, we analyzed major components of the androgen signaling chain and cell proliferation in relation to type 2 diabetes. METHODS Tumor content of 70 prostate tissue samples of men with type 2 diabetes and 59 samples of patients without diabetes was quantified by an experienced pathologist, and a subset of 51 samples was immunohistochemically stained for androgen receptor (AR). mRNA expression of AR, insulin receptor isoform A (IR-A) and B (IR-B), IGF-1 receptor (IGF1R), Cyp27A1 and Cyp7B1, PSA gene KLK3, PSMA gene FOLH1, Ki-67 gene MKI67, and estrogen receptor beta (ESR2) were analyzed by RT-qPCR. RESULTS AR mRNA and protein expression were associated with the tumor content only in men with diabetes. AR expression also correlated with downstream targets PSA (KLK3) and PSMA (FOLH1) and increased cell proliferation. Only in diabetes, AR expression was correlated to higher IR-A/IR-B ratio and lower IR-B/IGF1R ratio, thus, in favor of the mitogenic isoforms. Reduced Cyp27A1 and increased Cyp7B1 expressions in tumor suggest lower levels of protective estrogen receptor ligands in diabetes. CONCLUSIONS We report elevated androgen receptor signaling and activity presumably due to altered insulin/IGF-1 receptors and decreased levels of protective estrogen receptor ligands in prostate cancer in men with diabetes. Our results reveal new insights why these patients have a worse prognosis. These findings provide the basis for future clinical trials to investigate treatment response in patients with prostate cancer and diabetes.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antigens, Surface/genetics
- Antigens, Surface/metabolism
- Cholestanetriol 26-Monooxygenase/genetics
- Cholestanetriol 26-Monooxygenase/metabolism
- Cytochrome P450 Family 7/genetics
- Cytochrome P450 Family 7/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Estrogen Receptor beta/genetics
- Estrogen Receptor beta/metabolism
- Glutamate Carboxypeptidase II/genetics
- Glutamate Carboxypeptidase II/metabolism
- Humans
- Kallikreins/genetics
- Kallikreins/metabolism
- Ki-67 Antigen/genetics
- Ki-67 Antigen/metabolism
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Prostate/metabolism
- Prostate-Specific Antigen/genetics
- Prostate-Specific Antigen/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms/complications
- Prostatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Insulin/genetics
- Receptor, Insulin/metabolism
- Receptors, Androgen/genetics
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Steroid Hydroxylases/genetics
- Steroid Hydroxylases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Zoltán Lutz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Disease, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM), Helmholtz Center Munich, University of Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Corinna Sailer
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM), Helmholtz Center Munich, University of Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Louise Fritsche
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM), Helmholtz Center Munich, University of Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Vera Schmid
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Disease, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM), Helmholtz Center Munich, University of Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Konstantinos Kantartzis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Disease, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM), Helmholtz Center Munich, University of Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Robert Wagner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Disease, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM), Helmholtz Center Munich, University of Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Rainer Lehmann
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Disease, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM), Helmholtz Center Munich, University of Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lucia Berti
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM), Helmholtz Center Munich, University of Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Peter
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Disease, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM), Helmholtz Center Munich, University of Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Harald Staiger
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM), Helmholtz Center Munich, University of Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Fritsche
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Disease, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM), Helmholtz Center Munich, University of Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Falko Fend
- Institute of Pathology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Arnulf Stenzl
- Department of Urology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Disease, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM), Helmholtz Center Munich, University of Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Martin Heni
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Disease, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM), Helmholtz Center Munich, University of Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
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Shi X, Peng Y, Du X, Liu H, Klocker H, Lin Q, Shi J, Zhang J. Estradiol promotes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in human benign prostatic epithelial cells. Prostate 2017; 77:1424-1437. [PMID: 28850686 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is involved in pathogenesis of human benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Estrogenic signaling pathways may stimulate the induction of EMT. However, the details of estradiol (E2) and estrogen receptors (ERs) effects on EMT, as well as E2-induced modulation of benign prostatic epithelial cell phenotype in vitro have not been completely clarified. METHODS The effects of E2 on EMT markers and cytokeratins (CKs) expression were evaluated in benign epithelial cell lines BPH-1 and RWPE-1, which were cultured both in two-dimensional (2D) culture and three-dimensional (3D) culture model using hanging drop technique or 3D Matrigel model. ER antagonist, ICI182,780, was used to confirm the regulatory effects of E2 on EMT and phenotypic modulation. In 3D culture, immunohistochemical stainings were performed to detect the specific phenotype of cells that underwent EMT in acinar-like spheroids formed by RWPE-1. To illustrate the exact function of ERs in E2-induced EMT and phenotypic modulation, specific short interfering RNAs (siRNAs), and agonists were used to knockdown or activate individual ERs, respectively. RESULTS E2-induced EMT was observed both in 2D and 3D culture, with related regulation of EMT markers expression at both mRNA and protein level. In addition, E2 down-regulated luminal cell type markers CK18 and CK8 and up-regulated basal cell type markers CK5 and CK14. E2 also increased intermediate type markers CK15 and CK17, while it attenuated CK19 in 3D culture. ICI182,780 blocked E2-induced EMT and cell phenotypic switching. In 3D Matrigel culture, Vimentin was co-expressed with ERα and CK17, as well as with SMemb, which is related to cell status switching and proliferation. Knockdown of ERα but not GPR30 inhibited EMT, while ERβ knockdown facilitated EMT process. Knockdown of ERα blocked E2-induced EMT both in RWPE-1 and BPH-1. MRNA expression of EMT markers was stimulated by ERα-specific agonist PPT and inhibited by ERβ-specific agonist DPN. CONCLUSIONS Estrogenic effect mediated by ERα can promote EMT. E2 is also an inductive factor of cell phenotypic switching. Cell type modulation is associated with E2-induced EMT in benign prostatic epithelial cells. Taken together the results support a contribution of estrogens to the pathogenesis of BPH in elderly men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Shi
- Bioactive Materials Key Lab of Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yanfei Peng
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Xiaoling Du
- Bioactive Materials Key Lab of Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Haitao Liu
- Shanghai First People's Hospital Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Helmut Klocker
- Department of Urology, Division of Experimental Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Qimei Lin
- Bioactive Materials Key Lab of Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jiandang Shi
- Bioactive Materials Key Lab of Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Ju Zhang
- Bioactive Materials Key Lab of Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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Xiao L, Xiao M, Zou M, Xu W. Estrogen receptor β inhibits prostate cancer cell proliferation through downregulating TGF-β1/IGF-1 signaling. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2017; 10:8569-8576. [PMID: 31966711 PMCID: PMC6965446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Recently, estrogen receptor β (ERβ) appears to be anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic in normal prostate gland, but its role in androgen independent prostate cancer is limited. In this study, the expression of ERβ was overexpressed in two androgen-independent prostate cancer cell lines, PC-3 and DU145 after transfection with Ad-ERβ-EGFP virus particles. Overexpressed ERβ significantly inhibited cell proliferation in these two prostate cancer cell lines using MTT assay. Flow cytometry and Annexin V-APC/7-AAD double staining confirmed that upregulation of ERβ increased cell apoptotic rate. We found that upregulation of ERβ suppressed the expression of TGF-β1/IGF-1 expression, which could be reversed by ERβ-selective antagonist PHTPP. Consistently, TGF-β1 inhibitor LY2109761 treatment could weaken the effects of ERβ-selective antagonist PHTPP on the expression of IGF-1, survivin and bcl-2 in prostate cancer cells. In conclusion, these results suggest that estrogen may play an important role in androgen-independent prostate cancer cell proliferation through ERβ-mediated suppression of TGF-β1/IGF-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Xiao
- Department of Urology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming, Yunnan Province, P. R. China
| | - Minhui Xiao
- Department of Urology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming, Yunnan Province, P. R. China
| | - Min Zou
- Department of Urology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming, Yunnan Province, P. R. China
| | - Wanchao Xu
- Department of Urology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming, Yunnan Province, P. R. China
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Cisternas CD, Cabrera Zapata LE, Arevalo MA, Garcia-Segura LM, Cambiasso MJ. Regulation of aromatase expression in the anterior amygdala of the developing mouse brain depends on ERβ and sex chromosome complement. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5320. [PMID: 28706210 PMCID: PMC5509695 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05658-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During development sex differences in aromatase expression in limbic regions of mouse brain depend on sex chromosome factors. Genes on the sex chromosomes may affect the hormonal regulation of aromatase expression and this study was undertaken to explore that possibility. Male E15 anterior amygdala neuronal cultures expressed higher levels of aromatase (mRNA and protein) than female cultures. Furthermore, treatment with oestradiol (E2) or dihydrotestosterone (DHT) increased Cyp19a1 expression and aromatase protein levels only in female neuronal cultures. The effect of E2 on aromatase expression was not imitated by oestrogen receptor (ER) α agonist PPT or the GPER agonist G1, but it was fully reproduced by DPN, a specific ligand of ERβ. By contrast, the effect of DHT on aromatase expression was not blocked by the anti-androgen flutamide, but completely abrogated by the ERβ antagonist PHTPP. Experiments using the four core genotype model showed a sex chromosome effect in ERβ expression (XY > XX) and regulation by E2 or DHT (only XX respond) in amygdala neurons. In conclusion, sex chromosome complement governs the hormonal regulation of aromatase expression through activation of ERβ in developing mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Daniela Cisternas
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Departamento de Biología Bucal, Facultad de Odontología -Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Lucas Ezequiel Cabrera Zapata
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Angeles Arevalo
- Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.,Ciber de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Miguel Garcia-Segura
- Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.,Ciber de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Julia Cambiasso
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina. .,Departamento de Biología Bucal, Facultad de Odontología -Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
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Marwarha G, Raza S, Hammer K, Ghribi O. 27-hydroxycholesterol: A novel player in molecular carcinogenesis of breast and prostate cancer. Chem Phys Lipids 2017; 207:108-126. [PMID: 28583434 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2017.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have suggested an etiological role for hypercholesterolemia in the pathogenesis of breast cancer and prostate cancer (PCa). However, the molecular mechanisms that underlie and mediate the hypercholesterolemia-fostered increased risk for breast cancer and PCa are yet to be determined. The discovery that the most abundant cholesterol oxidized metabolite in the plasma, 27 hydroxycholesterol (27-OHC), is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) and an agonist of Liver X receptors (LXR) partially fills the void in our understanding and knowledge of the mechanisms that may link hypercholesterolemia to development and progression of breast cancer and PCa. The wide spectrum and repertoire of SERM and LXR-dependent effects of 27-OHC in the context of all facets and aspects of breast cancer and prostate cancer biology are reviewed in this manuscript in a very comprehensive manner. This review highlights recent findings pertaining to the role of 27-OHC in breast cancer and PCa and delineates the signaling mechanisms involved in the governing of different facets of tumor biology, that include tumor cell proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), as well as tumor cell invasion, migration, and metastasis. We also discuss the limitations of contemporary studies and lack of our comprehension of the entire gamut of effects exerted by 27-OHC that may be relevant to the pathogenesis of breast cancer and PCa. We unveil and propose potential future directions of research that may further our understanding of the role of 27-OHC in breast cancer and PCa and help design therapeutic interventions against endocrine therapy-resistant breast cancer and PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurdeep Marwarha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, 58202, USA
| | - Shaneabbas Raza
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, 58202, USA
| | - Kimberly Hammer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, 58202, USA; Department of Veteran Affairs, Fargo VA Health Care System, Fargo, North Dakota 58102, USA
| | - Othman Ghribi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, 58202, USA.
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Raza S, Meyer M, Goodyear C, Hammer KDP, Guo B, Ghribi O. The cholesterol metabolite 27-hydroxycholesterol stimulates cell proliferation via ERβ in prostate cancer cells. Cancer Cell Int 2017; 17:52. [PMID: 28503095 PMCID: PMC5425984 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-017-0422-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND For every six men, one will be diagnosed with prostate cancer (PCa) in their lifetime. Estrogen receptors (ERs) are known to play a role in prostate carcinogenesis. However, it is unclear whether the estrogenic effects are mediated by estrogen receptor α (ERα) or estrogen receptor β (ERβ). Although it is speculated that ERα is associated with harmful effects on PCa, the role of ERβ in PCa is still ill-defined. The cholesterol oxidized metabolite 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-OHC) has been found to bind to ERs and act as a selective ER modulator (SERM). Increased 27-OHC levels are found in individuals with hypercholesterolemia, a condition that is suggested to be a risk factor for PCa. METHODS In the present study, we determined the extent to which 27-OHC causes deleterious effects in the non-tumorigenic RWPE-1, the low tumorigenic LNCaP, and the highly tumorigenic PC3 prostate cancer cells. We conducted cell metabolic activity and proliferation assays using MTS and CyQUANT dyes, protein expression analyses via immunoblots and gene expression analyses via RT-PCR. Additionally, immunocytochemistry and invasion assays were performed to analyze intracellular protein distribution and quantify transepithelial cell motility. RESULTS We found that incubation of LNCaP and PC3 cells with 27-OHC significantly increased cell proliferation. We also demonstrate that the ER inhibitor ICI 182,780 (fulvestrant) significantly reduced 27-OH-induced cell proliferation, indicating the involvement of ERs in proliferation. Interestingly, ERβ levels, and to a lesser extent ERα, were significantly increased following incubation of PCa cells with 27-OHC. Furthermore, in the presence of the ERβ specific inhibitor, PHTPP, 27-OHC-induced proliferation is attenuated. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, our results show for the first time that 27-OHC, through ER activation, triggers deleterious effect in prostate cancer cell lines. We propose that dysregulated levels of 27-OHC may trigger or exacerbate prostate cancer via acting on ERβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaneabbas Raza
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 501 North Columbia Road, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA
| | - Megan Meyer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 501 North Columbia Road, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA
| | - Casey Goodyear
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 501 North Columbia Road, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA
| | - Kimberly D P Hammer
- Department of Veteran Affairs, Fargo VA Health Care System, Fargo, ND 58102 USA
| | - Bin Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108 USA
| | - Othman Ghribi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 501 North Columbia Road, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA
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Effect of estrogen receptor β agonists on proliferation and gene expression of ovarian cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:319. [PMID: 28482871 PMCID: PMC5422944 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3246-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Estrogen receptor (ER) β has been suggested to affect ovarian carcinogenesis. We examined the effects of four ERβ agonists on proliferation and gene expression of two ovarian cancer cell lines. Methods OVCAR-3 and OAW-42 ovarian cancer cells were treated with the ERβ agonists ERB-041, WAY200070, Liquiritigenin and 3β-Adiol and cell growth was measured by means of the Cell Titer Blue Assay (Promega). ERβ expression was knocked down by transfection with specific siRNA. Additionally, transcriptome analyses were performed by means of Affymetrix GeneChip arrays. To confirm the results of DNA microarray analysis, Western blot experiments were performed. Results All ERβ agonists tested significantly decreased proliferation of OVCAR-3 and OAW-42 cells at a concentration of 10 nM. Maximum antiproliferative effects were induced by flavonoid Liquiritigenin, which inhibited growth of OVCAR-3 cells by 31.2% after 5 days of treatment, and ERB-041 suppressing proliferation of the same cell line by 29.1%. In OAW-42 cells, maximum effects were observed after treatment with the ERβ agonist WAY200070, inhibiting cell growth by 26.8%, whereas ERB-041 decreased proliferation by 24.4%. In turn, knockdown of ERβ with specific siRNA increased cell growth of OAW-42 cells about 1.9-fold. Transcriptome analyses revealed a set of genes regulated by ERβ agonists including ND6, LCN1 and PTCH2, providing possible molecular mechanisms underlying the observed antiproliferative effects. Conclusion In conclusion, the observed growth-inhibitory effects of all ERβ agonists on ovarian cancer cell lines in vitro encourage further studies to test their possible use in the clinical setting.
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Shibata Y, Arai S, Miyazawa Y, Shuto T, Nomura M, Sekine Y, Koike H, Matsui H, Ito K, Suzuki K. Effects of Steroidal Antiandrogen or 5-alpha-reductase Inhibitor on Prostate Tissue Hormone Content. Prostate 2017; 77:672-680. [PMID: 28145028 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of a steroidal antiandrogen (AA) and 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor (5ARI) on prostate tissue hormone content and metabolism are not fully elucidated. The objective of this study is to investigate the hormone content and metabolism of the prostate tissues of patients treated with AA or 5ARI using the ultra-sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. METHODS Thirty-nine patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) undergoing transurethral surgery were included. Serum and prostate tissue hormone and prostate tissue hormone metabolism analyses were performed using LC-MS/MS after 1 month of treatment with chlormadinone acetate (CMA; steroidal AA, 50 mg/day) or dutasteride (DUTA; dual 5ARI, 0.5 mg/day). RESULTS Serum testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and adrenal androgen levels were lower in the CMA group than the control group. Prostate tissue T and DHT levels were also lower in the CMA group than the control group. In the DUTA group, only serum and prostate DHT concentrations were reduced compared to the control group; in contrast, those of other hormones, especially T and 4-androstene-3,17-dione in the prostate tissue, showed marked elevations up to 70.4- and 11.4-fold normal levels, respectively. Moreover, the hormone metabolism assay confirmed that the conversion of T to DHT was significantly suppressed while that of T to 4-androstene-3,17-dione was significantly accelerated in the prostate tissue of DUTA-treated patients. CONCLUSIONS Although treatment with AA and 5ARI show similar clinical outcomes, their effect on tissue hormone content and metabolism varied greatly. Prostate 77: 672-680, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Shibata
- Department of Urology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Seiji Arai
- Department of Urology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Miyazawa
- Department of Urology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Takahiro Shuto
- Department of Urology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Masashi Nomura
- Department of Urology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Sekine
- Department of Urology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Koike
- Department of Urology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Matsui
- Department of Urology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Kazuto Ito
- Department of Urology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Suzuki
- Department of Urology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
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Estrogen receptor β, a regulator of androgen receptor signaling in the mouse ventral prostate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E3816-E3822. [PMID: 28439009 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1702211114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
As estrogen receptor β-/- (ERβ-/-) mice age, the ventral prostate (VP) develops increased numbers of hyperplastic, fibroplastic lesions and inflammatory cells. To identify genes involved in these changes, we used RNA sequencing and immunohistochemistry to compare gene expression profiles in the VP of young (2-mo-old) and aging (18-mo-old) ERβ-/- mice and their WT littermates. We also treated young and old WT mice with an ERβ-selective agonist and evaluated protein expression. The most significant findings were that ERβ down-regulates androgen receptor (AR) signaling and up-regulates the tumor suppressor phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN). ERβ agonist increased expression of the AR corepressor dachshund family (DACH1/2), T-cadherin, stromal caveolin-1, and nuclear PTEN and decreased expression of RAR-related orphan receptor c, Bcl2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and IL-6. In the ERβ-/- mouse VP, RNA sequencing revealed that the following genes were up-regulated more than fivefold: Bcl2, clusterin, the cytokines CXCL16 and -17, and a marker of basal/intermediate cells (prostate stem cell antigen) and cytokeratins 4, 5, and 17. The most down-regulated genes were the following: the antioxidant gene glutathione peroxidase 3; protease inhibitors WAP four-disulfide core domain 3 (WFDC3); the tumor-suppressive genes T-cadherin and caveolin-1; the regulator of transforming growth factor β signaling SMAD7; and the PTEN ubiquitin ligase NEDD4. The role of ERβ in opposing AR signaling, proliferation, and inflammation suggests that ERβ-selective agonists may be used to prevent progression of prostate cancer, prevent fibrosis and development of benign prostatic hyperplasia, and treat prostatitis.
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Markov GV, Gutierrez-Mazariegos J, Pitrat D, Billas IML, Bonneton F, Moras D, Hasserodt J, Lecointre G, Laudet V. Origin of an ancient hormone/receptor couple revealed by resurrection of an ancestral estrogen. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1601778. [PMID: 28435861 PMCID: PMC5375646 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1601778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The origin of ancient ligand/receptor couples is often analyzed via reconstruction of ancient receptors and, when ligands are products of metabolic pathways, they are not supposed to evolve. However, because metabolic pathways are inherited by descent with modification, their structure can be compared using cladistic analysis. Using this approach, we studied the evolution of steroid hormones. We show that side-chain cleavage is common to most vertebrate steroids, whereas aromatization was co-opted for estrogen synthesis from a more ancient pathway. The ancestral products of aromatic activity were aromatized steroids with a side chain, which we named "paraestrols." We synthesized paraestrol A and show that it effectively binds and activates the ancestral steroid receptor. Our study opens the way to comparative studies of biologically active small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel V. Markov
- Molecular Zoology Team, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
- Evolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Département Régulations, Développement et Diversité Moléculaire, CNRS UMR 7221, Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN), Paris, France
| | - Juliana Gutierrez-Mazariegos
- Molecular Zoology Team, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Delphine Pitrat
- Laboratoire de Chimie, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5182, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Isabelle M. L. Billas
- Centre for Integrative Biology, Department of Integrated Structural Biology, Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Illkirch, France
- CNRS UMR 7104, Illkirch, France
- INSERM U964, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - François Bonneton
- Molecular Zoology Team, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Dino Moras
- Centre for Integrative Biology, Department of Integrated Structural Biology, Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Illkirch, France
- CNRS UMR 7104, Illkirch, France
- INSERM U964, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jens Hasserodt
- Laboratoire de Chimie, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5182, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Guillaume Lecointre
- Département Systématique et Evolution, Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, UMR 7205, CNRS–MNHN–Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC)–École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CP 30, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Vincent Laudet
- Molecular Zoology Team, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
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Holzer G, Markov GV, Laudet V. Evolution of Nuclear Receptors and Ligand Signaling. Curr Top Dev Biol 2017; 125:1-38. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Schüler-Toprak S, Häring J, Inwald EC, Moehle C, Ortmann O, Treeck O. Agonists and knockdown of estrogen receptor β differentially affect invasion of triple-negative breast cancer cells in vitro. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:951. [PMID: 28003019 PMCID: PMC5178087 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2973-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Estrogen receptor β (ERβ) is expressed in the majority of invasive breast cancer cases, irrespective of their subtype, including triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Thus, ERβ might be a potential target for therapy of this challenging cancer type. In this in vitro study, we examined the role of ERβ in invasion of two triple-negative breast cancer cell lines. Methods MDA-MB-231 and HS578T breast cancer cells were treated with the specific ERβ agonists ERB-041, WAY200070, Liquiritigenin and 3β-Adiol. Knockdown of ERβ expression was performed by means of siRNA transfection. Effects on cellular invasion were assessed in vitro by means of a modified Boyden chamber assay. Transcriptome analyses were performed using Affymetrix Human Gene 1.0 ST microarrays. Pathway and gene network analyses were performed by means of Genomatix and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software. Results Invasiveness of MBA-MB-231 and HS578T breast cancer cells decreased after treatment with ERβ agonists ERB-041 and WAY200070. Agonists Liquiritigenin and 3β-Adiol only reduced invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells. Knockdown of ERβ expression increased invasiveness of MDA-MB-231 cells about 3-fold. Transcriptome and pathway analyses revealed that ERβ knockdown led to activation of TGFβ signalling and induced expression of a network of genes with functions in extracellular matrix, tumor cell invasion and vitamin D3 metabolism. Conclusions Our data suggest that ERβ suppresses invasiveness of triple-negative breast cancer cells in vitro. Whether ERβ agonists might be useful drugs in the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer, has to be evaluated in further animal and clinical studies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2973-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Schüler-Toprak
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, Caritas-Hospital St. Josef, Landshuter Str. 65, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Julia Häring
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, Caritas-Hospital St. Josef, Landshuter Str. 65, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth C Inwald
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, Caritas-Hospital St. Josef, Landshuter Str. 65, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Moehle
- Center of Excellence for Fluorescent Bioanalytics (KFB), Am BioPark 9, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Olaf Ortmann
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, Caritas-Hospital St. Josef, Landshuter Str. 65, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Treeck
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, Caritas-Hospital St. Josef, Landshuter Str. 65, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
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Warner M, Huang B, Gustafsson JA. Estrogen Receptor β as a Pharmaceutical Target. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2016; 38:92-99. [PMID: 27979317 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A major issue in clinical endocrinology today is how to use hormones to achieve the health benefits that they clearly can provide but avoid the negative side effects, that is, how to develop more precise medicines. This problem of how to use hormones is pervasive in clinical endocrinology. It is true for estrogen, progesterone, androgen, vitamin D, and thyroid hormone, and the problem is amplified in the case of new ligands for the more recently discovered nuclear receptors. Selective targeting of hormone receptor subtypes is one attractive way to harness the beneficial effects of hormones while reducing unwanted side effects. Here, we focus on estrogen receptor (ER)β, which has promise as a selective target in hormone replacement therapy, and in breast and prostate cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Warner
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Bo Huang
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jan-Ake Gustafsson
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Texas, USA; Center for Innovative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Novum, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.
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Miao YF, Su W, Dai YB, Wu WF, Huang B, Barros RPA, Nguyen H, Maneix L, Guan YF, Warner M, Gustafsson JÅ. An ERβ agonist induces browning of subcutaneous abdominal fat pad in obese female mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38579. [PMID: 27922125 PMCID: PMC5138613 DOI: 10.1038/srep38579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogen, via estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), exerts several beneficial effects on metabolism and energy homeostasis by controlling size, enzymatic activity and hormonal content of adipose tissue. The actions of estrogen on sympathetic ganglia, which are key players in the browning process, are less well known. In the present study we show that ERβ influences browning of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) via its actions both on sympathetic ganglia and on the SAT itself. A 3-day-treatment with a selective ERβ agonist, LY3201, induced browning of SAT in 1-year-old obese WT and ERα−/− female mice. Browning was associated with increased expression of ERβ in the nuclei of neurons in the sympathetic ganglia, increase in tyrosine hydroxylase in both nerve terminals in the SAT and sympathetic ganglia neurons and an increase of β3-adrenoceptor in the SAT. LY3201 had no effect on browning in young female or male mice. In the case of young females browning was already maximal while in males there was very little expression of ERβ in the SAT and very little expression of the β3-adrenoceptor. The increase in both sympathetic tone and responsiveness of adipocytes to catecholamines reveals a novel role for ERβ in controlling browning of adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fei Miao
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Wen Su
- Center for Nephrology and Urology, Department of Physiology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Yu-Bing Dai
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Wan-Fu Wu
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Bo Huang
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Rodrigo P A Barros
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Hao Nguyen
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Laure Maneix
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - You-Fei Guan
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.,Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Margaret Warner
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Jan-Åke Gustafsson
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.,Center for Innovative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Novum, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
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McNamara KM, Oguro S, Omata F, Kikuchi K, Guestini F, Suzuki K, Yang Y, Abe E, Hirakawa H, Brown KA, Takanori I, Ohuchi N, Sasano H. The presence and impact of estrogen metabolism on the biology of triple-negative breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2016; 161:213-227. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-016-4050-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Borrow AP, Handa RJ. Estrogen Receptors Modulation of Anxiety-Like Behavior. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2016; 103:27-52. [PMID: 28061972 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Estrogens exert profound effects on the expression of anxiety in humans and rodents; however, the directionality of these effects varies considerably within both clinical and preclinical literature. It is believed that discrepancies regarding the nature of estrogens' effects on anxiety are attributable to the differential effects of specific estrogen receptor (ER) subtypes. In this chapter we will discuss the relative impact on anxiety and anxiety-like behavior of each of the three main ERs: ERα, which has a generally anxiogenic effect, ERβ, which has a generally anxiolytic effect, and the G-protein-coupled ER known as GPR30, which has been found to both increase and decrease anxiety-like behavior. In addition, we will describe the known mechanisms by which these receptor subtypes exert their influence on emotional responses, focusing on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the oxytocinergic and serotonergic systems. The impact of estrogens on the expression of anxiety is likely the result of their combined effects on all of these neurobiological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Borrow
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - R J Handa
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States.
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