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Wu J, Jiang Y, Zhang Q, Mao X, Wu T, Hao M, Zhang S, Meng Y, Wan X, Qiu L, Han J. KDM6A-SND1 interaction maintains genomic stability by protecting the nascent DNA and contributes to cancer chemoresistance. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:7665-7686. [PMID: 38850159 PMCID: PMC11260493 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Genomic instability is one of the hallmarks of cancer. While loss of histone demethylase KDM6A increases the risk of tumorigenesis, its specific role in maintaining genomic stability remains poorly understood. Here, we propose a mechanism in which KDM6A maintains genomic stability independently on its demethylase activity. This occurs through its interaction with SND1, resulting in the establishment of a protective chromatin state that prevents replication fork collapse by recruiting of RPA and Ku70 to nascent DNA strand. Notably, KDM6A-SND1 interaction is up-regulated by KDM6A SUMOylation, while KDM6AK90A mutation almost abolish the interaction. Loss of KDM6A or SND1 leads to increased enrichment of H3K9ac and H4K8ac but attenuates the enrichment of Ku70 and H3K4me3 at nascent DNA strand. This subsequently results in enhanced cellular sensitivity to genotoxins and genomic instability. Consistent with these findings, knockdown of KDM6A and SND1 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cells increases genotoxin sensitivity. Intriguingly, KDM6A H101D & P110S, N1156T and D1216N mutations identified in ESCC patients promote genotoxin resistance via increased SND1 association. Our finding provides novel insights into the pivotal role of KDM6A-SND1 in genomic stability and chemoresistance, implying that targeting KDM6A and/or its interaction with SND1 may be a promising strategy to overcome the chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yixin Jiang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaobing Mao
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Tong Wu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Mengqiu Hao
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Su Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yang Meng
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaowen Wan
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lei Qiu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Junhong Han
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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2
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Silva-Carvalho AÉ, Filiú-Braga LDC, Bogéa GMR, de Assis AJB, Pittella-Silva F, Saldanha-Araujo F. GLP and G9a histone methyltransferases as potential therapeutic targets for lymphoid neoplasms. Cancer Cell Int 2024; 24:243. [PMID: 38997742 PMCID: PMC11249034 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-024-03441-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Histone methyltransferases (HMTs) are enzymes that regulate histone methylation and play an important role in controlling transcription by altering the chromatin structure. Aberrant activation of HMTs has been widely reported in certain types of neoplastic cells. Among them, G9a/EHMT2 and GLP/EHMT1 are crucial for H3K9 methylation, and their dysregulation has been associated with tumor initiation and progression in different types of cancer. More recently, it has been shown that G9a and GLP appear to play a critical role in several lymphoid hematologic malignancies. Importantly, the key roles played by both enzymes in various diseases made them attractive targets for drug development. In fact, in recent years, several groups have tried to develop small molecule inhibitors targeting their epigenetic activities as potential anticancer therapeutic tools. In this review, we discuss the physiological role of GLP and G9a, their oncogenic functions in hematologic malignancies of the lymphoid lineage, and the therapeutic potential of epigenetic drugs targeting G9a/GLP for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alan Jhones Barbosa de Assis
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology of Cancer, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Fábio Pittella-Silva
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology of Cancer, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Felipe Saldanha-Araujo
- Hematology and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil.
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3
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Bachiri K, Kantar D, Laurent EMN, Gaboriaud P, Durand L, Drouin A, Chollot M, Schrama D, Houben R, Kervarrec T, Trapp-Fragnet L, Touzé A, Coyaud E. DNA Damage Stress Control Is a Truncated Large T Antigen and Euchromatic Histone Lysine Methyltransferase 2-Dependent Central Feature of Merkel Cell Carcinoma. J Invest Dermatol 2024:S0022-202X(24)01860-8. [PMID: 38908781 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2024.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an aggressive skin cancer with a high mortality rate. Merkel cell polyomavirus causes 80% of MCCs, encoding the viral oncogenes small T and truncated large T (tLT) antigens. These proteins impair the RB1-dependent G1/S checkpoint blockade and subvert the host cell epigenome to promote cancer. Whole-proteome analysis and proximal interactomics identified a tLT-dependent deregulation of DNA damage response (DDR). Our investigation revealed, to our knowledge, a previously unreported interaction between tLT and the histone methyltransferase EHMT2. T antigen knockdown reduced DDR protein levels and increased the levels of the DNA damage marker γH2Ax. EHMT2 normally promotes H3K9 methylation and DDR signaling. Given that inhibition of EHMT2 did not significantly change the MCC cell proteome, tLT-EHMT2 interaction could affect the DDR. With tLT, we report that EHMT2 gained DNA damage repair proximal interactors. EHMT2 inhibition rescued proliferation in MCC cells depleted for their T antigens, suggesting impaired DDR and/or lack of checkpoint efficiency. Combined tLT and EHMT2 inhibition led to altered DDR, evidenced by multiple signaling alterations. In this study, we show that tLT hijacks multiple components of the DNA damage machinery to enhance tolerance to DNA damage in MCC cells, which could explain the genetic stability of these cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamel Bachiri
- Univ.Lille, CHU Lille, Inserm U1192, Protéomique Réponse Inflammatoire Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), Lille, France
| | - Diala Kantar
- Univ.Lille, CHU Lille, Inserm U1192, Protéomique Réponse Inflammatoire Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), Lille, France
| | - Estelle M N Laurent
- Univ.Lille, CHU Lille, Inserm U1192, Protéomique Réponse Inflammatoire Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), Lille, France
| | - Pauline Gaboriaud
- "Biologie des infections à Polyomavirus" team, UMR INRA ISP1282, University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Laurine Durand
- "Biologie des infections à Polyomavirus" team, UMR INRA ISP1282, University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Aurélie Drouin
- "Biologie des infections à Polyomavirus" team, UMR INRA ISP1282, University of Tours, Tours, France
| | | | - David Schrama
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology und Allergology, University Hospital, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Roland Houben
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology und Allergology, University Hospital, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thibault Kervarrec
- "Biologie des infections à Polyomavirus" team, UMR INRA ISP1282, University of Tours, Tours, France; Department of Pathology, University Hospital Center of Tours, Tours, France
| | | | - Antoine Touzé
- "Biologie des infections à Polyomavirus" team, UMR INRA ISP1282, University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Etienne Coyaud
- Univ.Lille, CHU Lille, Inserm U1192, Protéomique Réponse Inflammatoire Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), Lille, France.
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4
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Kawaf RR, Ramadan WS, El-Awady R. Deciphering the interplay of histone post-translational modifications in cancer: Co-targeting histone modulators for precision therapy. Life Sci 2024; 346:122639. [PMID: 38615747 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Chromatin undergoes dynamic regulation through reversible histone post-translational modifications (PTMs), orchestrated by "writers," "erasers," and "readers" enzymes. Dysregulation of these histone modulators is well implicated in shaping the cancer epigenome and providing avenues for precision therapies. The approval of six drugs for cancer therapy targeting histone modulators, along with the ongoing clinical trials of numerous candidates, represents a significant advancement in the field of precision medicine. Recently, it became apparent that histone PTMs act together in a coordinated manner to control gene expression. The intricate crosstalk of histone PTMs has been reported to be dysregulated in cancer, thus emerging as a critical factor in the complex landscape of cancer development. This formed the foundation of the swift emergence of co-targeting different histone modulators as a new strategy in cancer therapy. This review dissects how histone PTMs, encompassing acetylation, phosphorylation, methylation, SUMOylation and ubiquitination, collaboratively influence the chromatin states and impact cellular processes. Furthermore, we explore the significance of histone modification crosstalk in cancer and discuss the potential of targeting histone modification crosstalk in cancer management. Moreover, we underscore the significant strides made in developing dual epigenetic inhibitors, which hold promise as emerging candidates for effective cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawan R Kawaf
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Wafaa S Ramadan
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Raafat El-Awady
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates.
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5
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Liu Z, Ajit K, Wu Y, Zhu WG, Gullerova M. The GATAD2B-NuRD complex drives DNA:RNA hybrid-dependent chromatin boundary formation upon DNA damage. EMBO J 2024; 43:2453-2485. [PMID: 38719994 PMCID: PMC11183058 DOI: 10.1038/s44318-024-00111-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Double-strand breaks (DSBs) are the most lethal form of DNA damage. Transcriptional activity at DSBs, as well as transcriptional repression around DSBs, are both required for efficient DNA repair. The chromatin landscape defines and coordinates these two opposing events. However, how the open and condensed chromatin architecture is regulated remains unclear. Here, we show that the GATAD2B-NuRD complex associates with DSBs in a transcription- and DNA:RNA hybrid-dependent manner, to promote histone deacetylation and chromatin condensation. This activity establishes a spatio-temporal boundary between open and closed chromatin, which is necessary for the correct termination of DNA end resection. The lack of the GATAD2B-NuRD complex leads to chromatin hyperrelaxation and extended DNA end resection, resulting in homologous recombination (HR) repair failure. Our results suggest that the GATAD2B-NuRD complex is a key coordinator of the dynamic interplay between transcription and the chromatin landscape, underscoring its biological significance in the RNA-dependent DNA damage response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Liu
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Kamal Ajit
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Yupei Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University International Cancer Center, Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei-Guo Zhu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University International Cancer Center, Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Monika Gullerova
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, United Kingdom.
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Pangeni S, Biswas G, Kaushik V, Kuppa S, Yang O, Lin CT, Mishra G, Levy Y, Antony E, Ha T. Rapid Long-distance Migration of RPA on Single Stranded DNA Occurs Through Intersegmental Transfer Utilizing Multivalent Interactions. J Mol Biol 2024; 436:168491. [PMID: 38360091 PMCID: PMC10949852 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2024.168491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Replication Protein A (RPA) is asingle strandedDNA(ssDNA)binding protein that coordinates diverse DNA metabolic processes including DNA replication, repair, and recombination. RPA is a heterotrimeric protein with six functional oligosaccharide/oligonucleotide (OB) domains and flexible linkers. Flexibility enables RPA to adopt multiple configurations andis thought to modulate its function. Here, usingsingle moleculeconfocal fluorescencemicroscopy combinedwith optical tweezers and coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations, we investigated the diffusional migration of single RPA molecules on ssDNA undertension.The diffusioncoefficientDis the highest (20,000nucleotides2/s) at 3pNtension and in 100 mMKCl and markedly decreases whentensionor salt concentrationincreases. We attribute the tension effect to intersegmental transfer which is hindered by DNA stretching and the salt effect to an increase in binding site size and interaction energy of RPA-ssDNA. Our integrative study allowed us to estimate the size and frequency of intersegmental transfer events that occur through transient bridging of distant sites on DNA by multiple binding sites on RPA. Interestingly, deletion of RPA trimeric core still allowed significant ssDNA binding although the reduced contact area made RPA 15-fold more mobile. Finally, we characterized the effect of RPA crowding on RPA migration. These findings reveal how the high affinity RPA-ssDNA interactions are remodeled to yield access, a key step in several DNA metabolic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushil Pangeni
- TC Jenkins Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gargi Biswas
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Vikas Kaushik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sahiti Kuppa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Olivia Yang
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chang-Ting Lin
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Garima Mishra
- Department of Physics, Ashoka University, Sonepet, Haryana, India
| | - Yaakov Levy
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Edwin Antony
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Taekjip Ha
- TC Jenkins Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
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7
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He J, Huang C, Guo Y, Deng R, Li L, Chen R, Wang Y, Huang J, Zheng J, Zhao X, Yu J. PTEN-mediated dephosphorylation of 53BP1 confers cellular resistance to DNA damage in cancer cells. Mol Oncol 2024; 18:580-605. [PMID: 38060346 PMCID: PMC10920079 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Homologous recombination (HR) repair for DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) is critical for maintaining genome stability and conferring the resistance of tumor cells to chemotherapy. Nuclear PTEN which contains both phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate 3-phosphatase and protein phosphatase plays a key role in HR repair, but the underlying mechanism remains largely elusive. We find that SUMOylated PTEN promotes HR repair but represses nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) repair by directly dephosphorylating TP53-binding protein 1 (53BP1). During DNA damage responses (DDR), tumor suppressor ARF (p14ARF) was phosphorylated and then interacted efficiently with PTEN, thus promoting PTEN SUMOylation as an atypical SUMO E3 ligase. Interestingly, SUMOylated PTEN was subsequently recruited to the chromatin at DSB sites. This was because SUMO1 that was conjugated to PTEN was recognized and bound by the SUMO-interacting motif (SIM) of breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein (BRCA1), which has been located to the core of 53BP1 foci on chromatin during S/G2 stage. Furthermore, these chromatin-loaded PTEN directly and specifically dephosphorylated phosphothreonine-543 (pT543) of 53BP1, resulting in the dissociation of the 53BP1 complex, which facilitated DNA end resection and ongoing HR repair. SUMOylation-site-mutated PTENK254R mice also showed decreased DNA damage repair in vivo. Blocking the PTEN SUMOylation pathway with either a SUMOylation inhibitor or a p14ARF(2-13) peptide sensitized tumor cells to chemotherapy. Our study therefore provides a new mechanistic understanding of PTEN in HR repair and clinical intervention of chemoresistant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and InflammationShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineChina
| | - Caihu Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and InflammationShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineChina
| | - Yanmin Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and InflammationShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineChina
| | - Rong Deng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and InflammationShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineChina
| | - Lian Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and InflammationShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineChina
| | - Ran Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and InflammationShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineChina
| | - Yanli Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and InflammationShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineChina
| | - Jian Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and InflammationShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineChina
| | - Junke Zheng
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of EducationShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineChina
| | - Xian Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and InflammationShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineChina
| | - Jianxiu Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and InflammationShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineChina
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8
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Espinosa-Martínez M, Alcázar-Fabra M, Landeira D. The molecular basis of cell memory in mammals: The epigenetic cycle. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadl3188. [PMID: 38416817 PMCID: PMC10901381 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adl3188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Cell memory refers to the capacity of cells to maintain their gene expression program once the initiating environmental signal has ceased. This exceptional feature is key during the formation of mammalian organisms, and it is believed to be in part mediated by epigenetic factors that can endorse cells with the landmarks required to maintain transcriptional programs upon cell duplication. Here, we review current literature analyzing the molecular basis of epigenetic memory in mammals, with a focus on the mechanisms by which transcriptionally repressive chromatin modifications such as methylation of DNA and histone H3 are propagated through mitotic cell divisions. The emerging picture suggests that cellular memory is supported by an epigenetic cycle in which reversible activities carried out by epigenetic regulators in coordination with cell cycle transition create a multiphasic system that can accommodate both maintenance of cell identity and cell differentiation in proliferating stem cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mencía Espinosa-Martínez
- Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research (GENYO), Avenue de la Ilustración 114, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - María Alcázar-Fabra
- Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research (GENYO), Avenue de la Ilustración 114, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - David Landeira
- Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research (GENYO), Avenue de la Ilustración 114, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
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9
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Guo M, Li X, Li T, Liu R, Pang W, Luo J, Zeng W, Zheng Y. YTHDF2 promotes DNA damage repair by positively regulating the histone methyltransferase SETDB1 in spermatogonia†. Biol Reprod 2024; 110:48-62. [PMID: 37812443 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioad136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomic integrity is critical for sexual reproduction, ensuring correct transmission of parental genetic information to the descendant. To preserve genomic integrity, germ cells have evolved multiple DNA repair mechanisms, together termed as DNA damage response. The RNA N6-methyladenosine is the most abundant mRNA modification in eukaryotic cells, which plays important roles in DNA damage response, and YTH N6-methyladenosine RNA binding protein 2 (YTHDF2) is a well-acknowledged N6-methyladenosine reader protein regulating the mRNA decay and stress response. Despite this, the correlation between YTHDF2 and DNA damage response in germ cells, if any, remains enigmatic. Here, by employing a Ythdf2-conditional knockout mouse model as well as a Ythdf2-null GC-1 mouse spermatogonial cell line, we explored the role and the underlying mechanism for YTHDF2 in spermatogonial DNA damage response. We identified that, despite no evident testicular morphological abnormalities under the normal circumstance, conditional mutation of Ythdf2 in adult male mice sensitized germ cells, including spermatogonia, to etoposide-induced DNA damage. Consistently, Ythdf2-KO GC-1 cells displayed increased sensitivity and apoptosis in response to DNA damage, accompanied by the decreased SET domain bifurcated 1 (SETDB1, a histone methyltransferase) and H3K9me3 levels. The Setdb1 knockdown in GC-1 cells generated a similar phenotype, but its overexpression in Ythdf2-null GC-1 cells alleviated the sensitivity and apoptosis in response to DNA damage. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the N6-methyladenosine reader YTHDF2 promotes DNA damage repair by positively regulating the histone methyltransferase SETDB1 in spermatogonia, which provides novel insights into the mechanisms underlying spermatogonial genome integrity maintenance and therefore contributes to safe reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Guo
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xueliang Li
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Tianjiao Li
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ruifang Liu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Weijun Pang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jun Luo
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Wenxian Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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10
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De Marco K, Sanese P, Simone C, Grossi V. Histone and DNA Methylation as Epigenetic Regulators of DNA Damage Repair in Gastric Cancer and Emerging Therapeutic Opportunities. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4976. [PMID: 37894343 PMCID: PMC10605360 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15204976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC), one of the most common malignancies worldwide, is a heterogeneous disease developing from the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic changes. One of the most critical epigenetic alterations in GC is DNA and histone methylation, which affects multiple processes in the cell nucleus, including gene expression and DNA damage repair (DDR). Indeed, the aberrant expression of histone methyltransferases and demethylases influences chromatin accessibility to the DNA repair machinery; moreover, overexpression of DNA methyltransferases results in promoter hypermethylation, which can suppress the transcription of genes involved in DNA repair. Several DDR mechanisms have been recognized so far, with homologous recombination (HR) being the main pathway involved in the repair of double-strand breaks. An increasing number of defective HR genes are emerging in GC, resulting in the identification of important determinants of therapeutic response to DDR inhibitors. This review describes how both histone and DNA methylation affect DDR in the context of GC and discusses how alterations in DDR can help identify new molecular targets to devise more effective therapeutic strategies for GC, with a particular focus on HR-deficient tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia De Marco
- Medical Genetics, National Institute of Gastroenterology—IRCCS “Saverio de Bellis” Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy; (K.D.M.); (P.S.)
| | - Paola Sanese
- Medical Genetics, National Institute of Gastroenterology—IRCCS “Saverio de Bellis” Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy; (K.D.M.); (P.S.)
| | - Cristiano Simone
- Medical Genetics, National Institute of Gastroenterology—IRCCS “Saverio de Bellis” Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy; (K.D.M.); (P.S.)
- Medical Genetics, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Jonic Area (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Valentina Grossi
- Medical Genetics, National Institute of Gastroenterology—IRCCS “Saverio de Bellis” Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy; (K.D.M.); (P.S.)
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11
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Kang Z, Fu P, Ma H, Li T, Lu K, Liu J, Ginjala V, Romanienko P, Feng Z, Guan M, Ganesan S, Xia B. Distinct functions of EHMT1 and EHMT2 in cancer chemotherapy and immunotherapy. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.03.560719. [PMID: 37873068 PMCID: PMC10592889 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.03.560719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
EHTM1 (GLP) and EHMT2 (G9a) are closely related protein lysine methyltransferases often thought to function together as a heterodimer to methylate histone H3 and non-histone substrates in diverse cellular processes including transcriptional regulation, genome methylation, and DNA repair. Here we show that EHMT1/2 inhibitors cause ATM-mediated slowdown of replication fork progression, accumulation of single-stranded replication gaps, emergence of cytosolic DNA, and increased expression of STING. EHMT1/2 inhibition strongly potentiates the efficacy of alkylating chemotherapy and anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in mouse models of tripe negative breast cancer. The effects on DNA replication and alkylating agent sensitivity are largely caused by the loss of EHMT1-mediated methylation of LIG1, whereas the elevated STING expression and remarkable response to immunotherapy appear mainly elicited by the loss of EHMT2 activity. Depletion of UHRF1, a protein known to be associated with EHMT1/2 and LIG1, also induces STING expression, and depletion of either EHMT2 or UHRF1 leads to demethylation of specific CpG sites in the STING1 promoter, suggestive of a distinct EHMT2-UHRF1 axis that regulates DNA methylation and gene transcription. These results highlight distinct functions of the two EHMT paralogs and provide enlightening paradigms and corresponding molecular basis for combination therapies involving alkylating agents and immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Kang
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Pan Fu
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Ma
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Li
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Kevin Lu
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Juan Liu
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Vasudeva Ginjala
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | | | - Zhaohui Feng
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Ming Guan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shridar Ganesan
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Bing Xia
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Lead contact
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Geng Q, Kong Y, Li W, Zhang J, Ma H, Zhang Y, Da L, Zhao Y, Du H. Dynamic Phosphorylation of G9a Regulates its Repressive Activity on Chromatin Accessibility and Mitotic Progression. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2303224. [PMID: 37661576 PMCID: PMC10602519 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202303224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorylation of Ser10 of histone H3 (H3S10p), together with the adjacent methylation of Lys9 (H3K9me), has been proposed to function as a 'phospho-methyl switch' to regulate mitotic chromatin architecture. Despite of immense understanding of the roles of H3S10 phosphorylation, how H3K9me2 are dynamically regulated during mitosis is poorly understood. Here, it is identified that Plk1 kinase phosphorylates the H3K9me1/2 methyltransferase G9a/EHMT2 at Thr1045 (pT1045) during early mitosis, which attenuates its catalytic activity toward H3K9me2. Cells bearing Thr1045 phosphomimic mutant of G9a (T1045E) show decreased H3K9me2 levels, increased chromatin accessibility, and delayed mitotic progression. By contrast, dephosphorylation of pT1045 during late mitosis by the protein phosphatase PPP2CB reactivates G9a activity and upregulates H3K9me2 levels, correlated with decreased levels of H3S10p. Therefore, the results provide a mechanistic explanation of the essential of a 'phospho-methyl switch' and highlight the importance of Plk1 and PPP2CB-mediated dynamic regulation of G9a activity in chromatin organization and mitotic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qizhi Geng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell HomeostasisCollege of Life SciencesHubei Clinical Research Center of Emergency and ResuscitationEmergency Center of Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityFrontier Science Center for Immunology and MetabolismRNA InstituteWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
| | - Yue‐Yu Kong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell HomeostasisCollege of Life SciencesHubei Clinical Research Center of Emergency and ResuscitationEmergency Center of Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityFrontier Science Center for Immunology and MetabolismRNA InstituteWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
| | - Weizhe Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell HomeostasisCollege of Life SciencesHubei Clinical Research Center of Emergency and ResuscitationEmergency Center of Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityFrontier Science Center for Immunology and MetabolismRNA InstituteWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
| | - Jianhao Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and BiotechnologyShanghai JiaoTong UniversityShanghai200240China
| | - Haoli Ma
- Hubei Clinical Research Center of Emergency and ResuscitationEmergency Center of Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
| | - Yuhang Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and BiotechnologyShanghai JiaoTong UniversityShanghai200240China
| | - Lin‐Tai Da
- Shanghai Center for Systems BiomedicineShanghai JiaoTong UniversityShanghai200240China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Hubei Clinical Research Center of Emergency and ResuscitationEmergency Center of Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhan UniversityWuhan430071China
| | - Hai‐Ning Du
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell HomeostasisCollege of Life SciencesHubei Clinical Research Center of Emergency and ResuscitationEmergency Center of Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityFrontier Science Center for Immunology and MetabolismRNA InstituteWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
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Mereu E, Abbo D, Paradzik T, Cumerlato M, Bandini C, Labrador M, Maccagno M, Ronchetti D, Manicardi V, Neri A, Piva R. Euchromatic Histone Lysine Methyltransferase 2 Inhibition Enhances Carfilzomib Sensitivity and Overcomes Drug Resistance in Multiple Myeloma Cell Lines. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15082199. [PMID: 37190128 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15082199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteasome inhibitors (PIs) are extensively used for the therapy of multiple myeloma. However, patients continuously relapse or are intrinsically resistant to this class of drugs. In addition, adverse toxic effects such as peripheral neuropathy and cardiotoxicity could arise. Here, to identify compounds that can increase the efficacy of PIs, we performed a functional screening using a library of small-molecule inhibitors covering key signaling pathways. Among the best synthetic lethal interactions, the euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2 (EHMT2) inhibitor UNC0642 displayed a cooperative effect with carfilzomib (CFZ) in numerous multiple myeloma (MM) cell lines, including drug-resistant models. In MM patients, EHMT2 expression correlated to worse overall and progression-free survival. Moreover, EHMT2 levels were significantly increased in bortezomib-resistant patients. We demonstrated that CFZ/UNC0642 combination exhibited a favorable cytotoxicity profile toward peripheral blood mononuclear cells and bone-marrow-derived stromal cells. To exclude off-target effects, we proved that UNC0642 treatment reduces EHMT2-related molecular markers and that an alternative EHMT2 inhibitor recapitulated the synergistic activity with CFZ. Finally, we showed that the combinatorial treatment significantly perturbs autophagy and the DNA damage repair pathways, suggesting a multi-layered mechanism of action. Overall, the present study demonstrates that EHMT2 inhibition could provide a valuable strategy to enhance PI sensitivity and overcome drug resistance in MM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Mereu
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Damiano Abbo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Tina Paradzik
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Rudjer Boskovic Insitute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Michela Cumerlato
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Cecilia Bandini
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Maria Labrador
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Monica Maccagno
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Domenica Ronchetti
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Manicardi
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Antonino Neri
- Scientific Directorate, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Roberto Piva
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
- Medical Genetics Unit, Città della Salute e della Scienza University Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy
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Sigismondo G, Arseni L, Palacio-Escat N, Hofmann TG, Seiffert M, Krijgsveld J. Multi-layered chromatin proteomics identifies cell vulnerabilities in DNA repair. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:687-711. [PMID: 36629267 PMCID: PMC9881138 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac1264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) is essential to maintain genome stability, and its deregulation predisposes to carcinogenesis while encompassing attractive targets for cancer therapy. Chromatin governs the DDR via the concerted interplay among different layers, including DNA, histone post-translational modifications (hPTMs) and chromatin-associated proteins. Here, we employ multi-layered proteomics to characterize chromatin-mediated functional interactions of repair proteins, signatures of hPTMs and the DNA-bound proteome during DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair at high temporal resolution. Our data illuminate the dynamics of known and novel DDR-associated factors both at chromatin and at DSBs. We functionally attribute novel chromatin-associated proteins to repair by non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ), homologous recombination (HR) and DSB repair pathway choice. We reveal histone reader ATAD2, microtubule organizer TPX2 and histone methyltransferase G9A as regulators of HR and involved in poly-ADP-ribose polymerase-inhibitor sensitivity. Furthermore, we distinguish hPTMs that are globally induced by DNA damage from those specifically acquired at sites flanking DSBs (γH2AX foci-specific) and profiled their dynamics during the DDR. Integration of complementary chromatin layers implicates G9A-mediated monomethylation of H3K56 in DSBs repair via HR. Our data provide a dynamic chromatin-centered view of the DDR that can be further mined to identify novel mechanistic links and cell vulnerabilities in DSB repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Sigismondo
- Division of Proteomics of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lavinia Arseni
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicolàs Palacio-Escat
- Division of Proteomics of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas G Hofmann
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Martina Seiffert
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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15
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Zhao J, Huai J. Role of primary aging hallmarks in Alzheimer´s disease. Theranostics 2023; 13:197-230. [PMID: 36593969 PMCID: PMC9800733 DOI: 10.7150/thno.79535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease, which severely threatens the health of the elderly and causes significant economic and social burdens. The causes of AD are complex and include heritable but mostly aging-related factors. The primary aging hallmarks include genomic instability, telomere wear, epigenetic changes, and loss of protein stability, which play a dominant role in the aging process. Although AD is closely associated with the aging process, the underlying mechanisms involved in AD pathogenesis have not been well characterized. This review summarizes the available literature about primary aging hallmarks and their roles in AD pathogenesis. By analyzing published literature, we attempted to uncover the possible mechanisms of aberrant epigenetic markers with related enzymes, transcription factors, and loss of proteostasis in AD. In particular, the importance of oxidative stress-induced DNA methylation and DNA methylation-directed histone modifications and proteostasis are highlighted. A molecular network of gene regulatory elements that undergoes a dynamic change with age may underlie age-dependent AD pathogenesis, and can be used as a new drug target to treat AD.
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16
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Zhao P, Malik S. The phosphorylation to acetylation/methylation cascade in transcriptional regulation: how kinases regulate transcriptional activities of DNA/histone-modifying enzymes. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:83. [PMID: 35659740 PMCID: PMC9164400 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00821-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors directly regulate gene expression by recognizing and binding to specific DNA sequences, involving the dynamic alterations of chromatin structure and the formation of a complex with different kinds of cofactors, like DNA/histone modifying-enzymes, chromatin remodeling factors, and cell cycle factors. Despite the significance of transcription factors, it remains unclear to determine how these cofactors are regulated to cooperate with transcription factors, especially DNA/histone modifying-enzymes. It has been known that DNA/histone modifying-enzymes are regulated by post-translational modifications. And the most common and important modification is phosphorylation. Even though various DNA/histone modifying-enzymes have been classified and partly explained how phosphorylated sites of these enzymes function characteristically in recent studies. It still needs to find out the relationship between phosphorylation of these enzymes and the diseases-associated transcriptional regulation. Here this review describes how phosphorylation affects the transcription activity of these enzymes and other functions, including protein stability, subcellular localization, binding to chromatin, and interaction with other proteins.
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17
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Huang TT, Burkett SS, Tandon M, Yamamoto TM, Gupta N, Bitler BG, Lee JM, Nair JR. Distinct roles of treatment schemes and BRCA2 on the restoration of homologous recombination DNA repair and PARP inhibitor resistance in ovarian cancer. Oncogene 2022; 41:5020-5031. [PMID: 36224341 PMCID: PMC9669252 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02491-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPis) represent a major advance in ovarian cancer, now as a treatment and as a maintenance therapy in the upfront and recurrent settings. However, patients often develop resistance to PARPis, underlining the importance of dissecting resistance mechanisms. Here, we report different dosing/timing schemes of PARPi treatment in BRCA2-mutant PEO1 cells, resulting in the simultaneous development of distinct resistance mechanisms. PARPi-resistant variants PEO1/OlaJR, established by higher initial doses and short-term PARPi treatment, develops PARPi resistance by rapidly restoring functional BRCA2 and promoting drug efflux activity. In contrast, PEO1/OlaR, developed by lower initial doses with long-term PARPi exposure, shows no regained BRCA2 function but a mesenchymal-like phenotype with greater invasion ability, and exhibits activated ATR/CHK1 and suppressed EZH2/MUS81 signaling cascades to regain HR repair and fork stabilization, respectively. Our study suggests that PARPi resistance mechanisms can be governed by treatment strategies and have a molecular basis on BRCA2 functionality. Further, we define different mechanisms that may serve as useful biomarkers to assess subsequent treatment strategies in PARPi-resistant ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Ting Huang
- Women's Malignancies Branch (WMB), Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Mayank Tandon
- Center for Cancer Research Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tomomi M Yamamoto
- Department of OB/GYN, Division of Reproductive Sciences, The University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Nitasha Gupta
- Women's Malignancies Branch (WMB), Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Benjamin G Bitler
- Department of OB/GYN, Division of Reproductive Sciences, The University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jung-Min Lee
- Women's Malignancies Branch (WMB), Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Jayakumar R Nair
- Women's Malignancies Branch (WMB), Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
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PARP3 supervises G9a-mediated repression of adhesion and hypoxia-responsive genes in glioblastoma cells. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15534. [PMID: 36109561 PMCID: PMC9478127 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19525-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractIn breast cancer, Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 3 (PARP3) has been identified as a key driver of tumor aggressiveness exemplifying its selective inhibition as a promising surrogate for clinical activity onto difficult-to-treat cancers. Here we explored the role of PARP3 in the oncogenicity of glioblastoma, the most aggressive type of brain cancer. The absence of PARP3 did not alter cell proliferation nor the in vivo tumorigenic potential of glioblastoma cells. We identified a physical and functional interaction of PARP3 with the histone H3 lysine 9 methyltransferase G9a. We show that PARP3 helps to adjust G9a-dependent repression of the adhesion genes Nfasc and Parvb and the hypoxia-responsive genes Hif-2α, Runx3, Mlh1, Ndrg1, Ndrg2 and Ndrg4. Specifically for Nfasc, Parvb and Ndrg4, PARP3/G9a cooperate for an adjusted establishment of the repressive mark H3K9me2. While examining the functional consequence in cell response to hypoxia, we discovered that PARP3 acts to maintain the cytoskeletal microtubule stability. As a result, the absence of PARP3 markedly increases the sensitivity of glioblastoma cells to microtubule-destabilizing agents providing a new therapeutic avenue for PARP3 inhibition in brain cancer therapy.
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Ang GCK, Gupta A, Surana U, Yap SXL, Taneja R. Potential Therapeutics Targeting Upstream Regulators and Interactors of EHMT1/2. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:2855. [PMID: 35740522 PMCID: PMC9221123 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14122855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Euchromatin histone lysine methyltransferases (EHMTs) are epigenetic regulators responsible for silencing gene transcription by catalyzing H3K9 dimethylation. Dysregulation of EHMT1/2 has been reported in multiple cancers and is associated with poor clinical outcomes. Although substantial insights have been gleaned into the downstream targets and pathways regulated by EHMT1/2, few studies have uncovered mechanisms responsible for their dysregulated expression. Moreover, EHMT1/2 interacting partners, which can influence their function and, therefore, the expression of target genes, have not been extensively explored. As none of the currently available EHMT inhibitors have made it past clinical trials, understanding upstream regulators and EHMT protein complexes may provide unique insights into novel therapeutic avenues in EHMT-overexpressing cancers. Here, we review our current understanding of the regulators and interacting partners of EHMTs. We also discuss available therapeutic drugs that target the upstream regulators and binding partners of EHMTs and could potentially modulate EHMT function in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Chin Khye Ang
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore; (G.C.K.A.); (A.G.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore;
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research A*STAR, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Amogh Gupta
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore; (G.C.K.A.); (A.G.)
| | - Uttam Surana
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore;
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research A*STAR, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Shirlyn Xue Ling Yap
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore;
| | - Reshma Taneja
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore; (G.C.K.A.); (A.G.)
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20
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Tang J, Li Z, Wu Q, Irfan M, Li W, Liu X. Role of Paralogue of XRCC4 and XLF in DNA Damage Repair and Cancer Development. Front Immunol 2022; 13:852453. [PMID: 35309348 PMCID: PMC8926060 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.852453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-homologous end joining (cNHEJ) is a major pathway to repair double-strand breaks (DSBs) in DNA. Several core cNHEJ are involved in the progress of the repair such as KU70 and 80, DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs), Artemis, X-ray repair cross-complementing protein 4 (XRCC4), DNA ligase IV, and XRCC4-like factor (XLF). Recent studies have added a number of new proteins during cNHEJ. One of the newly identified proteins is Paralogue of XRCC4 and XLF (PAXX), which acts as a scaffold that is required to stabilize the KU70/80 heterodimer at DSBs sites and promotes the assembly and/or stability of the cNHEJ machinery. PAXX plays an essential role in lymphocyte development in XLF-deficient background, while XLF/PAXX double-deficient mouse embryo died before birth. Emerging evidence also shows a connection between the expression levels of PAXX and cancer development in human patients, indicating a prognosis role of the protein. This review will summarize and discuss the function of PAXX in DSBs repair and its potential role in cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Tang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhongxia Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Muhammad Irfan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weili Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiangyu Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Hematology, The Second People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
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Garner IM, Brown R. Is There a Role for Epigenetic Therapies in Modulating DNA Damage Repair Pathways to Enhance Chemotherapy and Overcome Drug Resistance? Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14061533. [PMID: 35326684 PMCID: PMC8946236 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14061533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic therapies describe drug molecules such as DNA methyltransferase, histone methyltransferase and histone acetylase/deacetylase inhibitors, which target epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation and histone modifications. Many DNA damage response (DDR) genes are epigenetically regulated in cancer leading to transcriptional silencing and the loss of DNA repair capacity. Epigenetic marks at DDR genes, such as DNA methylation at gene promoters, have the potential to be used as stratification biomarkers, identifying which patients may benefit from particular chemotherapy treatments. For genes such as MGMT and BRCA1, promoter DNA methylation is associated with chemosensitivity to alkylating agents and platinum coordination complexes, respectively, and they have use as biomarkers directing patient treatment options. In contrast to epigenetic change leading to chemosensitivity, DNA methylation of DDR genes involved in engaging cell death responses, such as MLH1, are associated with chemoresistance. This contrasting functional effect of epigenetic modification on chemosensitivity raises challenges in using DNA-demethylating agents, and other epigenetic approaches, to sensitise tumours to DNA-damaging chemotherapies and molecularly targeted agents. Demethylation of MGMT/BRCA1 could lead to drug resistance whereas demethylation of MLH1 could sensitise cells to chemotherapy. Patient selection based on a solid understanding of the disease pathway will be one means to tackle these challenges. The role of epigenetic modification of DDR genes during tumour development, such as causing a mutator phenotype, has different selective pressures and outcomes compared to epigenetic adaptation during treatment. The prevention of epigenetic adaptation during the acquisition of drug resistance will be a potential strategy to improve the treatment of patients using epigenetic therapies.
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22
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Bao K, Zhang Q, Liu S, Song N, Guo Q, Liu L, Tian S, Hao J, Zhu Y, Zhang K, Ai D, Yang J, Yao Z, Foisner R, Shi L. LAP2α preserves genome integrity through assisting RPA deposition on damaged chromatin. Genome Biol 2022; 23:64. [PMID: 35227284 PMCID: PMC8883701 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-022-02638-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) coated with replication protein A (RPA) acts as a key platform for the recruitment and exchange of genome maintenance factors in DNA damage response. Yet, how the formation of the ssDNA-RPA intermediate is regulated remains elusive. RESULTS Here, we report that the lamin-associated protein LAP2α is physically associated with RPA, and LAP2α preferentially facilitates RPA deposition on damaged chromatin via physical contacts between LAP2α and RPA1. Importantly, LAP2α-promoted RPA binding to ssDNA plays a critical role in protection of replication forks, activation of ATR, and repair of damaged DNA. We further demonstrate that the preference of LAP2α-promoted RPA loading on damaged chromatin depends on poly ADP-ribose polymerase PARP1, but not poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides mechanistic insight into RPA deposition in response to DNA damage and reveals a genome protection role of LAP2α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiwen Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Nan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Qiushi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Ling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Shanshan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Jihui Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Yi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Ding Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Jie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Zhi Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Roland Foisner
- Max Perutz Laboratories, Center of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Lei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Tianjin, 300070, China.
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23
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Chen B, Xu F, Gao Y, Hu G, Zhu K, Lu H, Xu A, Chen S, Wu L, Zhao G. DNA damage-induced translocation of mitochondrial factor HIGD1A into the nucleus regulates homologous recombination and radio/chemo-sensitivity. Oncogene 2022; 41:1918-1930. [DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02226-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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24
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Separovich RJ, Wong MW, Bartolec TK, Hamey JJ, Wilkins MR. Site-specific phosphorylation of histone H3K36 methyltransferase Set2p and demethylase Jhd1p is required for stress responses in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167500. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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25
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PPIP5K2 promotes colorectal carcinoma pathogenesis through facilitating DNA homologous recombination repair. Oncogene 2021; 40:6680-6691. [PMID: 34645979 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-02052-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is the second most deadly cancer worldwide. Therapies that take advantage of DNA repair defects have been explored in various tumors but not yet systematically in CRC. Here, we found that Diphosphoinositol Pentakisphosphate Kinase 2 (PPIP5K2), an inositol pyrophosphate kinase, was highly expressed in CRC and associated with a poor prognosis of CRC patients. In vitro and in vivo functional studies demonstrated that PPIP5K2 could promote the proliferation and migration ability of CRC cells independent of its inositol pyrophosphate kinase activity. Mechanically, S1006 dephosphorylation of PPIP5K2 could accelerate its dissociation with 14-3-3 in the cytoplasm, resulting in more nuclear distribution. Moreover, DNA damage treatments such as doxorubicin (DOX) or irradiation (IR) could induce nuclear translocation of PPIP5K2, which subsequently promoted homologous recombination (HR) repair by binding and recruiting RPA70 to the DNA damage site as a novel scaffold protein. Importantly, we verified that S1006 dephosphorylation of PPIP5K2 could significantly enhance the DNA repair ability of CRC cells through a series of DNA repair phenotype assays. In conclusion, PPIP5K2 is critical for enhancing the survival of CRC cells via facilitating DNA HR repair. Our findings revealed an unrecognized biological function and mechanism model of PPIP5K2 dependent on S1006 phosphorylation and provided a potential therapeutic target for CRC patients.
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26
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Chen YA, Ho CL, Ku MT, Hwu L, Lu CH, Chiu SJ, Chang WY, Liu RS. Detection of cancer stem cells by EMT-specific biomarker-based peptide ligands. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22430. [PMID: 34789743 PMCID: PMC8599855 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01138-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) within tumors, which enables invasion and metastasis, is linked to cancer stem cells (CSCs) with drug and radiation resistance. We used two specific peptides, F7 and SP peptides, to detect EMT derived cells or CSCs. Human tongue squamous carcinoma cell line-SAS transfected with reporter genes was generated and followed by spheroid culture. A small molecule inhibitor-Unc0642 and low-dose ionizing radiation (IR) were used for induction of EMT. Confocal microscopic imaging and fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis were performed to evaluate the binding ability and specificity of peptides. A SAS xenograft mouse model with EMT induction was established for assessing the binding affinity of peptides. The results showed that F7 and SP peptides not only specifically penetrated into cytoplasm of SAS cells but also bound to EMT derived cells and CSCs with high nucleolin and vimentin expression. In addition, the expression of CSC marker and the binding of peptides were increased in tumors isolated from Unc0642/IR-treated groups. Our study demonstrates the potential of these peptides for detecting EMT derived cells or CSCs and might provide an alternative isolation method for these subpopulations within the tumor in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-An Chen
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan.,Molecular and Genetic Imaging Core/Taiwan Mouse Clinic, National Comprehensive Mouse Phenotyping and Drug Testing Center, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Cheau-Ling Ho
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Min-Tzu Ku
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan.,PET center, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Luen Hwu
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan.,Molecular and Genetic Imaging Core/Taiwan Mouse Clinic, National Comprehensive Mouse Phenotyping and Drug Testing Center, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsiu Lu
- Core Laboratory for Phenomics and Diagnostics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, 833, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, 833, Taiwan
| | - Sain-Jhih Chiu
- Molecular and Genetic Imaging Core/Taiwan Mouse Clinic, National Comprehensive Mouse Phenotyping and Drug Testing Center, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yi Chang
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan.,PET center, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Ren-Shyan Liu
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan. .,PET center, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, 112, Taiwan. .,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, 112, Taiwan.
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27
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He L, Lomberk G. Collateral Victim or Rescue Worker?-The Role of Histone Methyltransferases in DNA Damage Repair and Their Targeting for Therapeutic Opportunities in Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:735107. [PMID: 34869318 PMCID: PMC8636273 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.735107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Disrupted DNA damage signaling greatly threatens cell integrity and plays significant roles in cancer. With recent advances in understanding the human genome and gene regulation in the context of DNA damage, chromatin biology, specifically biology of histone post-translational modifications (PTMs), has emerged as a popular field of study with great promise for cancer therapeutics. Here, we discuss how key histone methylation pathways contribute to DNA damage repair and impact tumorigenesis within this context, as well as the potential for their targeting as part of therapeutic strategies in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lishu He
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States,Division of Research, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States,Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Gwen Lomberk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States,Division of Research, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States,Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States,LaBahn Pancreatic Cancer Program, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States,*Correspondence: Gwen Lomberk,
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28
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Zhang J, Lu X, MoghaddamKohi S, Shi L, Xu X, Zhu WG. Histone lysine modifying enzymes and their critical roles in DNA double-strand break repair. DNA Repair (Amst) 2021; 107:103206. [PMID: 34411909 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2021.103206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cells protect the integrity of the genome against DNA double-strand breaks through several well-characterized mechanisms including nonhomologous end-joining repair, homologous recombination repair, microhomology-mediated end-joining and single-strand annealing. However, aberrant DNA damage responses (DDRs) lead to genome instability and tumorigenesis. Clarification of the mechanisms underlying the DDR following lethal damage will facilitate the identification of therapeutic targets for cancer. Histones are small proteins that play a major role in condensing DNA into chromatin and regulating gene function. Histone modifications commonly occur in several residues including lysine, arginine, serine, threonine and tyrosine, which can be acetylated, methylated, ubiquitinated and phosphorylated. Of these, lysine modifications have been extensively explored during DDRs. Here, we focus on discussing the roles of lysine modifying enzymes involved in acetylation, methylation, and ubiquitination during the DDR. We provide a comprehensive understanding of the basis of potential epigenetic therapies driven by histone lysine modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiaopeng Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Sara MoghaddamKohi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
| | - Xingzhi Xu
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Wei-Guo Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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29
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Poulard C, Noureddine LM, Pruvost L, Le Romancer M. Structure, Activity, and Function of the Protein Lysine Methyltransferase G9a. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11101082. [PMID: 34685453 PMCID: PMC8541646 DOI: 10.3390/life11101082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
G9a is a lysine methyltransferase catalyzing the majority of histone H3 mono- and dimethylation at Lys-9 (H3K9), responsible for transcriptional repression events in euchromatin. G9a has been shown to methylate various lysine residues of non-histone proteins and acts as a coactivator for several transcription factors. This review will provide an overview of the structural features of G9a and its paralog called G9a-like protein (GLP), explore the biochemical features of G9a, and describe its post-translational modifications and the specific inhibitors available to target its catalytic activity. Aside from its role on histone substrates, the review will highlight some non-histone targets of G9a, in order gain insight into their role in specific cellular mechanisms. Indeed, G9a was largely described to be involved in embryonic development, hypoxia, and DNA repair. Finally, the involvement of G9a in cancer biology will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Poulard
- Cancer Research Cancer of Lyon, Université de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France; (L.M.N.); (L.P.); (M.L.R.)
- Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France
- CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Lara M. Noureddine
- Cancer Research Cancer of Lyon, Université de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France; (L.M.N.); (L.P.); (M.L.R.)
- Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France
- CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Hadat-Beirut 90565, Lebanon
| | - Ludivine Pruvost
- Cancer Research Cancer of Lyon, Université de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France; (L.M.N.); (L.P.); (M.L.R.)
- Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France
- CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France
| | - Muriel Le Romancer
- Cancer Research Cancer of Lyon, Université de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France; (L.M.N.); (L.P.); (M.L.R.)
- Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France
- CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France
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30
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Imgruet MK, Lutze J, An N, Hu B, Khan S, Kurkewich J, Martinez TC, Wolfgeher D, Gurbuxani SK, Kron SJ, McNerney ME. Loss of a 7q gene, CUX1, disrupts epigenetically driven DNA repair and drives therapy-related myeloid neoplasms. Blood 2021; 138:790-805. [PMID: 34473231 PMCID: PMC8414261 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020009195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapy-related myeloid neoplasms (t-MNs) are high-risk late effects with poorly understood pathogenesis in cancer survivors. It has been postulated that, in some cases, hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) harboring mutations are selected for by cytotoxic exposures and transform. Here, we evaluate this model in the context of deficiency of CUX1, a transcription factor encoded on chromosome 7q and deleted in half of t-MN cases. We report that CUX1 has a critical early role in the DNA repair process in HSPCs. Mechanistically, CUX1 recruits the histone methyltransferase EHMT2 to DNA breaks to promote downstream H3K9 and H3K27 methylation, phosphorylated ATM retention, subsequent γH2AX focus formation and propagation, and, ultimately, 53BP1 recruitment. Despite significant unrepaired DNA damage sustained in CUX1-deficient murine HSPCs after cytotoxic exposures, they continue to proliferate and expand, mimicking clonal hematopoiesis in patients postchemotherapy. As a consequence, preexisting CUX1 deficiency predisposes mice to highly penetrant and rapidly fatal therapy-related erythroleukemias. These findings establish the importance of epigenetic regulation of HSPC DNA repair and position CUX1 as a gatekeeper in myeloid transformation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Chromosomes, Mammalian/genetics
- Chromosomes, Mammalian/metabolism
- Clonal Hematopoiesis
- DNA Repair
- Epigenesis, Genetic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Second Primary/genetics
- Neoplasms, Second Primary/metabolism
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Repressor Proteins/genetics
- Repressor Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julian Lutze
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology
- Committee on Cancer Biology
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sandeep K Gurbuxani
- Department of Pathology
- The University of Chicago Medicine Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | - Stephen J Kron
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology
- Committee on Cancer Biology
- The University of Chicago Medicine Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | - Megan E McNerney
- Department of Pathology
- Committee on Cancer Biology
- The University of Chicago Medicine Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
- Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
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31
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Pacholewska A, Grimm C, Herling CD, Lienhard M, Königs A, Timmermann B, Altmüller J, Mücke O, Reinhardt HC, Plass C, Herwig R, Hallek M, Schweiger MR. Altered DNA Methylation Profiles in SF3B1 Mutated CLL Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179337. [PMID: 34502260 PMCID: PMC8431484 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in splicing factor genes have a severe impact on the survival of cancer patients. Splicing factor 3b subunit 1 (SF3B1) is one of the most frequently mutated genes in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); patients carrying these mutations have a poor prognosis. Since the splicing machinery and the epigenome are closely interconnected, we investigated whether these alterations may affect the epigenomes of CLL patients. While an overall hypomethylation during CLL carcinogenesis has been observed, the interplay between the epigenetic stage of the originating B cells and SF3B1 mutations, and the subsequent effect of the mutations on methylation alterations in CLL, have not been investigated. We profiled the genome-wide DNA methylation patterns of 27 CLL patients with and without SF3B1 mutations and identified local decreases in methylation levels in SF3B1mut CLL patients at 67 genomic regions, mostly in proximity to telomeric regions. These differentially methylated regions (DMRs) were enriched in gene bodies of cancer-related signaling genes, e.g., NOTCH1, HTRA3, and BCL9L. In our study, SF3B1 mutations exclusively emerged in two out of three epigenetic stages of the originating B cells. However, not all the DMRs could be associated with the methylation programming of B cells during development, suggesting that mutations in SF3B1 cause additional epigenetic aberrations during carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Pacholewska
- Institute for Translational Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (A.P.); (C.G.); (A.K.)
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Christina Grimm
- Institute for Translational Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (A.P.); (C.G.); (A.K.)
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Carmen D. Herling
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, German CLL Study Group, Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (C.D.H.); (H.C.R.); (M.H.)
| | - Matthias Lienhard
- Department of Computational Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (M.L.); (R.H.)
| | - Anja Königs
- Institute for Translational Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (A.P.); (C.G.); (A.K.)
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Bernd Timmermann
- Sequencing Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Janine Altmüller
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Oliver Mücke
- German Cancer Research Center, Cancer Epigenomics, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (O.M.); (C.P.)
| | - Hans Christian Reinhardt
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, German CLL Study Group, Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (C.D.H.); (H.C.R.); (M.H.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- West German Cancer Center Essen, Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Christoph Plass
- German Cancer Research Center, Cancer Epigenomics, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (O.M.); (C.P.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ralf Herwig
- Department of Computational Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (M.L.); (R.H.)
| | - Michael Hallek
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, German CLL Study Group, Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (C.D.H.); (H.C.R.); (M.H.)
| | - Michal R. Schweiger
- Institute for Translational Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (A.P.); (C.G.); (A.K.)
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Urrutia G, de Assuncao TM, Mathison AJ, Salmonson A, Kerketta R, Zeighami A, Stodola TJ, Adsay V, Pehlivanoglu B, Dwinell MB, Zimmermann MT, Iovanna JL, Urrutia R, Lomberk G. Inactivation of the Euchromatic Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase 2 Pathway in Pancreatic Epithelial Cells Antagonizes Cancer Initiation and Pancreatitis-Associated Promotion by Altering Growth and Immune Gene Expression Networks. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:681153. [PMID: 34249932 PMCID: PMC8261250 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.681153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive, painful disease with a 5-year survival rate of only 9%. Recent evidence indicates that distinct epigenomic landscapes underlie PDAC progression, identifying the H3K9me pathway as important to its pathobiology. Here, we delineate the role of Euchromatic Histone-lysine N-Methyltransferase 2 (EHMT2), the enzyme that generates H3K9me, as a downstream effector of oncogenic KRAS during PDAC initiation and pancreatitis-associated promotion. EHMT2 inactivation in pancreatic cells reduces H3K9me2 and antagonizes Kras G12D -mediated acinar-to-ductal metaplasia (ADM) and Pancreatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia (PanIN) formation in both the Pdx1-Cre and P48 Cre/+ Kras G12D mouse models. Ex vivo acinar explants also show impaired EGFR-KRAS-MAPK pathway-mediated ADM upon EHMT2 deletion. Notably, Kras G12D increases EHMT2 protein levels and EHMT2-EHMT1-WIZ complex formation. Transcriptome analysis reveals that EHMT2 inactivation upregulates a cell cycle inhibitory gene expression network that converges on the Cdkn1a/p21-Chek2 pathway. Congruently, pancreas tissue from Kras G12D animals with EHMT2 inactivation have increased P21 protein levels and enhanced senescence. Furthermore, loss of EHMT2 reduces inflammatory cell infiltration typically induced during Kras G12D -mediated initiation. The inhibitory effect on Kras G12D -induced growth is maintained in the pancreatitis-accelerated model, while simultaneously modifying immunoregulatory gene networks that also contribute to carcinogenesis. This study outlines the existence of a novel KRAS-EHMT2 pathway that is critical for mediating the growth-promoting and immunoregulatory effects of this oncogene in vivo, extending human observations to support a pathophysiological role for the H3K9me pathway in PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Urrutia
- Division of Research, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Thiago Milech de Assuncao
- Division of Research, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Angela J. Mathison
- Division of Research, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Ann Salmonson
- Division of Research, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Romica Kerketta
- Division of Research, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Atefeh Zeighami
- Division of Research, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Timothy J. Stodola
- Division of Research, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Volkan Adsay
- Department of Pathology, Koç University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Burcin Pehlivanoglu
- Department of Pathology, Adiyaman University Training and Research Hospital, Adiyaman, Turkey
| | - Michael B. Dwinell
- Division of Research, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Center for Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- LaBahn Pancreatic Cancer Program, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Michael T. Zimmermann
- Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Juan L. Iovanna
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), INSERM U1068, CNRS UMR 7258, Aix-Marseille Université and Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Raul Urrutia
- Division of Research, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- LaBahn Pancreatic Cancer Program, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Gwen Lomberk
- Division of Research, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- LaBahn Pancreatic Cancer Program, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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33
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Duan YC, Zhang SJ, Shi XJ, Jin LF, Yu T, Song Y, Guan YY. Research progress of dual inhibitors targeting crosstalk between histone epigenetic modulators for cancer therapy. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 222:113588. [PMID: 34107385 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal epigenetics is a critical hallmark of human cancers. Anticancer drug discovery directed at histone epigenetic modulators has gained impressive advances with six drugs available for cancer therapy and numerous other candidates undergoing clinical trials. However, limited therapeutic profile, drug resistance, narrow safety margin, and dose-limiting toxicities pose intractable challenges for their clinical utility. Because histone epigenetic modulators undergo intricate crosstalk and act cooperatively to shape an aberrant epigenetic profile, co-targeting histone epigenetic modulators with a different mechanism of action has rapidly emerged as an attractive strategy to overcome the limitations faced by the single-target epigenetic inhibitors. In this review, we summarize in detail the crosstalk of histone epigenetic modulators in regulating gene transcription and the progress of dual epigenetic inhibitors targeting this crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chao Duan
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, 453003, Xinxiang, Henan Province, PR China.
| | - Shao-Jie Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, 453003, Xinxiang, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Xiao-Jing Shi
- Laboratory Animal Center, Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Lin-Feng Jin
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, 453003, Xinxiang, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Tong Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, 453003, Xinxiang, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Yu Song
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, 453003, Xinxiang, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Guan
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, 453003, Xinxiang, Henan Province, PR China.
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34
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SETD2-mediated H3K14 trimethylation promotes ATR activation and stalled replication fork restart in response to DNA replication stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2011278118. [PMID: 34074749 PMCID: PMC8201831 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2011278118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related (ATR) activation after replication stress involves a cascade of reactions, including replication protein A (RPA) complex loading onto single-stranded DNA and ATR activator loading onto chromatin. The contribution of histone modifications to ATR activation, however, is unclear. Here, we report that H3K14 trimethylation responds to replication stress by enhancing ATR activation. First, we confirmed that H3K14 monomethylation, dimethylation, and trimethylation all exist in mammalian cells, and that both SUV39H1 and SETD2 methyltransferases can catalyze H3K14 trimethylation in vivo and in vitro. Interestingly, SETD2-mediated H3K14 trimethylation markedly increases in response to replication stress induced with hydroxyurea, a replication stress inducer. Under these conditions, SETD2-mediated H3K14me3 recruited the RPA complex to chromatin via a direct interaction with RPA70. The increase in H3K14me3 levels was abolished, and RPA loading was attenuated when SETD2 was depleted or H3K14 was mutated. Rather, the cells were sensitive to replication stress such that the replication forks failed to restart, and cell-cycle progression was delayed. These findings help us understand how H3K14 trimethylation links replication stress with ATR activation.
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35
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Gao M, Guo G, Huang J, Hou X, Ham H, Kim W, Zhao F, Tu X, Zhou Q, Zhang C, Zhu Q, Liu J, Yan Y, Xu Z, Yin P, Luo K, Weroha J, Deng M, Billadeau DD, Lou Z. DOCK7 protects against replication stress by promoting RPA stability on chromatin. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:3322-3337. [PMID: 33704464 PMCID: PMC8034614 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
RPA is a critical factor for DNA replication and replication stress response. Surprisingly, we found that chromatin RPA stability is tightly regulated. We report that the GDP/GTP exchange factor DOCK7 acts as a critical replication stress regulator to promote RPA stability on chromatin. DOCK7 is phosphorylated by ATR and then recruited by MDC1 to the chromatin and replication fork during replication stress. DOCK7-mediated Rac1/Cdc42 activation leads to the activation of PAK1, which subsequently phosphorylates RPA1 at S135 and T180 to stabilize chromatin-loaded RPA1 and ensure proper replication stress response. Moreover, DOCK7 is overexpressed in ovarian cancer and depleting DOCK7 sensitizes cancer cells to camptothecin. Taken together, our results highlight a novel role for DOCK7 in regulation of the replication stress response and highlight potential therapeutic targets to overcome chemoresistance in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Gao
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Guijie Guo
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jinzhou Huang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Xiaonan Hou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Hyoungjun Ham
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Wootae Kim
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Fei Zhao
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Xinyi Tu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Qin Zhou
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Qian Zhu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Yuanliang Yan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Zhijie Xu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Ping Yin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Kuntian Luo
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - John Weroha
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Min Deng
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Daniel D Billadeau
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Zhenkun Lou
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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36
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R-loops as Janus-faced modulators of DNA repair. Nat Cell Biol 2021; 23:305-313. [PMID: 33837288 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-021-00663-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
R-loops are non-B DNA structures with intriguing dual consequences for gene expression and genome stability. In addition to their recognized roles in triggering DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), R-loops have recently been demonstrated to accumulate in cis to DSBs, especially those induced in transcriptionally active loci. In this Review, we discuss whether R-loops actively participate in DSB repair or are detrimental by-products that must be removed to avoid genome instability.
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37
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Wang G, Chen X, Wang N, Xiao Y, Shu S, Alsayed AMM, Liu L, Ma Y, Liu P, Zhang Q, Chen X, Liu Z, Zheng X. The discovery of novel sanjuanolide derivatives as chemotherapeutic agents targeting castration-resistant prostate cancer. Bioorg Chem 2021; 111:104880. [PMID: 33839585 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
There remains a critical need for more effective therapies for the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), which is the leading cause of death in patients with prostate cancer. In this study, a series of sanjuanolide derivatives were designed, synthesized and evaluated as potential anti-CRPC agents. Most of the compounds had excellent selectivity for CRPC cells with IC50 values < 20 µM. Moreover, minimal side effects on human normal hepatic MIHA cells and normal prostatic stromal myofibroblast WPMY-1 cells were observed, with IC50 > 100 µM. The representative compound S07 slowed down the proliferative rate of CRPC cells, promoted cell apoptosis and caused G2/M phase accumulation, as well as G1/G0 phase reduction. Further mechanistic studies showed that S07 treatment triggered intense DNA damage and provoked strong DNA damage response in a dose-dependent manner. These findings suggested that sanjuanolide derivatives, especially S07, selectively induced CRPC cell death by triggering intense DNA damage and DNA damage response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangbao Wang
- Chemical Biology Research Center at School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 1210 University Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Xiaojing Chen
- Chemical Biology Research Center at School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 1210 University Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Chemical Biology Research Center at School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 1210 University Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Yunbei Xiao
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sheng Shu
- Chemical Biology Research Center at School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 1210 University Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Ali Mohammed Mohammed Alsayed
- Chemical Biology Research Center at School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 1210 University Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Chemical Biology Research Center at School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 1210 University Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Yue Ma
- Chemical Biology Research Center at School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 1210 University Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Chemical Biology Research Center at School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 1210 University Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Qianwen Zhang
- Chemical Biology Research Center at School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 1210 University Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Xiangjuan Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China.
| | - Zhiguo Liu
- Chemical Biology Research Center at School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 1210 University Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
| | - Xiaohui Zheng
- Chemical Biology Research Center at School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 1210 University Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
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38
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Nakatsuka T, Tateishi K, Kato H, Fujiwara H, Yamamoto K, Kudo Y, Nakagawa H, Tanaka Y, Ijichi H, Ikenoue T, Ishizawa T, Hasegawa K, Tachibana M, Shinkai Y, Koike K. Inhibition of histone methyltransferase G9a attenuates liver cancer initiation by sensitizing DNA-damaged hepatocytes to p53-induced apoptosis. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:99. [PMID: 33468997 PMCID: PMC7815717 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03381-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
While the significance of acquired genetic abnormalities in the initiation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been established, the role of epigenetic modification remains unknown. Here we identified the pivotal role of histone methyltransferase G9a in the DNA damage-triggered initiation of HCC. Using liver-specific G9a-deficient (G9aΔHep) mice, we revealed that loss of G9a significantly attenuated liver tumor initiation caused by diethylnitrosamine (DEN). In addition, pharmacological inhibition of G9a attenuated the DEN-induced initiation of HCC. After treatment with DEN, while the induction of γH2AX and p53 were comparable in the G9aΔHep and wild-type livers, more apoptotic hepatocytes were detected in the G9aΔHep liver. Transcriptome analysis identified Bcl-G, a pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member, to be markedly upregulated in the G9aΔHep liver. In human cultured hepatoma cells, a G9a inhibitor, UNC0638, upregulated BCL-G expression and enhanced the apoptotic response after treatment with hydrogen peroxide or irradiation, suggesting an essential role of the G9a-Bcl-G axis in DNA damage response in hepatocytes. The proposed mechanism was that DNA damage stimuli recruited G9a to the p53-responsive element of the Bcl-G gene, resulting in the impaired enrichment of p53 to the region and the attenuation of Bcl-G expression. G9a deletion allowed the recruitment of p53 and upregulated Bcl-G expression. These results demonstrate that G9a allows DNA-damaged hepatocytes to escape p53-induced apoptosis by silencing Bcl-G, which may contribute to the tumor initiation. Therefore, G9a inhibition can be a novel preventive strategy for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Nakatsuka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Keisuke Tateishi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Kato
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Fujiwara
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.,Division of Gastroenterology, The Institute for Adult Diseases, Asahi Life Foundation, 2-2-6 Bakurocho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 103-0002, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yamamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yotaro Kudo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Hayato Nakagawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yasuo Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Hideaki Ijichi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Tsuneo Ikenoue
- Division of Clinical Genome Research, Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Takeaki Ishizawa
- Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Hasegawa
- Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Makoto Tachibana
- Laboratory of Epigenome Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoichi Shinkai
- Cellular Memory Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Koike
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
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Saha N, Muntean AG. Insight into the multi-faceted role of the SUV family of H3K9 methyltransferases in carcinogenesis and cancer progression. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1875:188498. [PMID: 33373647 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence implicates histone H3 lysine 9 methylation in tumorigenesis. The SUV family of H3K9 methyltransferases, which include G9a, GLP, SETDB1, SETDB2, SUV39H1 and SUV39H2 deposit H3K9me1/2/3 marks at euchromatic and heterochromatic regions, catalyzed by their conserved SET domain. In cancer, this family of enzymes can be deregulated by genomic alterations and transcriptional mis-expression leading to alteration of transcriptional programs. In solid and hematological malignancies, studies have uncovered pro-oncogenic roles for several H3K9 methyltransferases and accordingly, small molecule inhibitors are being tested as potential therapies. However, emerging evidence demonstrate onco-suppressive roles for these enzymes in cancer development as well. Here, we review the role H3K9 methyltransferases play in tumorigenesis focusing on gene targets and biological pathways affected due to misregulation of these enzymes. We also discuss molecular mechanisms regulating H3K9 methyltransferases and their influence on cancer. Finally, we describe the impact of H3K9 methylation on therapy induced resistance in carcinoma. Converging evidence point to multi-faceted roles for H3K9 methyltransferases in development and cancer that encourages a deeper understanding of these enzymes to inform novel therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmalya Saha
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States of America
| | - Andrew G Muntean
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States of America.
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40
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Jan S, Dar MI, Wani R, Sandey J, Mushtaq I, Lateef S, Syed SH. Targeting EHMT2/ G9a for cancer therapy: Progress and perspective. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 893:173827. [PMID: 33347828 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Euchromatic histone lysine methyltransferase-2, also known as G9a, is a ubiquitously expressed SET domain-containing histone lysine methyltransferase linked with both facultative and constitutive heterochromatin formation and transcriptional repression. It is an essential developmental gene and reported to play role in embryonic development, establishment of proviral silencing in ES cells, tumor cell growth, metastasis, T-cell immune response, cocaine induced neural plasticity and cognition and adaptive behavior. It is mainly responsible for carrying out mono, di and tri methylation of histone H3K9 in euchromatin. G9a levels are elevated in many cancers and its selective inhibition is known to reduce the cell growth and induce autophagy, apoptosis and senescence. We carried out a thorough search of online literature databases including Pubmed, Scopus, Journal websites, Clinical trials etc to gather the maximum possible information related to the G9a. The main messages from the cited papers are presented in a systematic manner. Chemical structures were drawn by Chemdraw software. In this review, we shed light on current understanding of structure and biological activity of G9a, the molecular events directing its targeting to genomic regions and its post-translational modification. Finally, we discuss the current strategies to target G9a in different cancers and evaluate the available compounds and agents used to inhibit G9a functions. The review provides the present status and future directions of research in targeting G9a and provides the basis to persuade the development of novel strategies to target G9a -related effects in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraya Jan
- CSIR, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanatnagar, 190005, Srinagar, Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Mohd Ishaq Dar
- CSIR, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanatnagar, 190005, Srinagar, Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Rubiada Wani
- CSIR, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanatnagar, 190005, Srinagar, Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Jagjeet Sandey
- CSIR, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanatnagar, 190005, Srinagar, Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Iqra Mushtaq
- CSIR, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanatnagar, 190005, Srinagar, Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sammar Lateef
- CSIR, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanatnagar, 190005, Srinagar, Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sajad Hussain Syed
- CSIR, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanatnagar, 190005, Srinagar, Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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41
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Controlling the Controllers: Regulation of Histone Methylation by Phosphosignalling. Trends Biochem Sci 2020; 45:1035-1048. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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42
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Dueva R, Iliakis G. Replication protein A: a multifunctional protein with roles in DNA replication, repair and beyond. NAR Cancer 2020; 2:zcaa022. [PMID: 34316690 PMCID: PMC8210275 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcaa022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) forms continuously during DNA replication and is an important intermediate during recombination-mediated repair of damaged DNA. Replication protein A (RPA) is the major eukaryotic ssDNA-binding protein. As such, RPA protects the transiently formed ssDNA from nucleolytic degradation and serves as a physical platform for the recruitment of DNA damage response factors. Prominent and well-studied RPA-interacting partners are the tumor suppressor protein p53, the RAD51 recombinase and the ATR-interacting proteins ATRIP and ETAA1. RPA interactions are also documented with the helicases BLM, WRN and SMARCAL1/HARP, as well as the nucleotide excision repair proteins XPA, XPG and XPF–ERCC1. Besides its well-studied roles in DNA replication (restart) and repair, accumulating evidence shows that RPA is engaged in DNA activities in a broader biological context, including nucleosome assembly on nascent chromatin, regulation of gene expression, telomere maintenance and numerous other aspects of nucleic acid metabolism. In addition, novel RPA inhibitors show promising effects in cancer treatment, as single agents or in combination with chemotherapeutics. Since the biochemical properties of RPA and its roles in DNA repair have been extensively reviewed, here we focus on recent discoveries describing several non-canonical functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rositsa Dueva
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - George Iliakis
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, 45122 Essen, Germany
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43
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Sriramkumar S, Matthews TD, Ghobashi AH, Miller SA, VanderVere-Carozza PS, Pawelczak KS, Nephew KP, Turchi JJ, O'Hagan HM. Platinum-Induced Ubiquitination of Phosphorylated H2AX by RING1A Is Mediated by Replication Protein A in Ovarian Cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2020; 18:1699-1710. [PMID: 32801161 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-20-0396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Platinum resistance is a common occurrence in high-grade serous ovarian cancer and a major cause of ovarian cancer deaths. Platinum agents form DNA cross-links, which activate nucleotide excision repair (NER), Fanconi anemia, and homologous recombination repair (HRR) pathways. Chromatin modifications occur in the vicinity of DNA damage and play an integral role in the DNA damage response (DDR). Chromatin modifiers, including polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1) members, and chromatin structure are frequently dysregulated in ovarian cancer and can potentially contribute to platinum resistance. However, the role of chromatin modifiers in the repair of platinum DNA damage in ovarian cancer is not well understood. We demonstrate that the PRC1 complex member RING1A mediates monoubiquitination of lysine 119 of phosphorylated H2AX (γH2AXub1) at sites of platinum DNA damage in ovarian cancer cells. After platinum treatment, our results reveal that NER and HRR both contribute to RING1A localization and γH2AX monoubiquitination. Importantly, replication protein A, involved in both NER and HRR, mediates RING1A localization to sites of damage. Furthermore, RING1A deficiency impairs the activation of the G2-M DNA damage checkpoint, reduces the ability of ovarian cancer cells to repair platinum DNA damage, and increases sensitivity to platinum. IMPLICATIONS: Elucidating the role of RING1A in the DDR to platinum agents will allow for the identification of therapeutic targets to improve the response of ovarian cancer to standard chemotherapy regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruthi Sriramkumar
- Cell, Molecular and Cancer Biology Graduate Program and Medical Sciences Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Timothy D Matthews
- Cell, Molecular and Cancer Biology Graduate Program and Medical Sciences Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Ahmed H Ghobashi
- Genome, Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Samuel A Miller
- Genome, Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Pamela S VanderVere-Carozza
- Department of Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | | | - Kenneth P Nephew
- Cell, Molecular and Cancer Biology Graduate Program and Medical Sciences Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, Indiana.,Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - John J Turchi
- Department of Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Heather M O'Hagan
- Cell, Molecular and Cancer Biology Graduate Program and Medical Sciences Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, Indiana. .,Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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44
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Lee EK, Matulonis UA. PARP Inhibitor Resistance Mechanisms and Implications for Post-Progression Combination Therapies. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2054. [PMID: 32722408 PMCID: PMC7465003 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of PARP inhibitors (PARPi) is growing widely as FDA approvals have shifted its use from the recurrence setting to the frontline setting. In parallel, the population developing PARPi resistance is increasing. Here we review the role of PARP, DNA damage repair, and synthetic lethality. We discuss mechanisms of resistance to PARP inhibition and how this informs on novel combinations to re-sensitize cancer cells to PARPi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth K. Lee
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215-5450, USA;
| | - Ursula A. Matulonis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215-5450, USA;
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215-5450, USA
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45
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Dong C, West KL, Tan XY, Li J, Ishibashi T, Yu CH, Sy SMH, Leung JWC, Huen MSY. Screen identifies DYRK1B network as mediator of transcription repression on damaged chromatin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:17019-17030. [PMID: 32611815 PMCID: PMC7382216 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2002193117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) trigger transient pausing of nearby transcription, an emerging ATM-dependent response that suppresses chromosomal instability. We screened a chemical library designed to target the human kinome for new activities that mediate gene silencing on DSB-flanking chromatin, and have uncovered the DYRK1B kinase as an early respondent to DNA damage. We showed that DYRK1B is swiftly and transiently recruited to laser-microirradiated sites, and that genetic inactivation of DYRK1B or its kinase activity attenuated DSB-induced gene silencing and led to compromised DNA repair. Notably, global transcription shutdown alleviated DNA repair defects associated with DYRK1B loss, suggesting that DYRK1B is strictly required for DSB repair on active chromatin. We also found that DYRK1B mediates transcription silencing in part via phosphorylating and enforcing DSB accumulation of the histone methyltransferase EHMT2. Together, our findings unveil the DYRK1B signaling network as a key branch of mammalian DNA damage response circuitries, and establish the DYRK1B-EHMT2 axis as an effector that coordinates DSB repair on transcribed chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Dong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kirk L West
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205
| | - Xin Yi Tan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Junshi Li
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Toyotaka Ishibashi
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Cheng-Han Yu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shirley M H Sy
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Justin W C Leung
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205;
| | - Michael S Y Huen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
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46
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Ciechomska IA, Jayaprakash C, Maleszewska M, Kaminska B. Histone Modifying Enzymes and Chromatin Modifiers in Glioma Pathobiology and Therapy Responses. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1202:259-279. [PMID: 32034718 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-30651-9_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Signal transduction pathways directly communicate and transform chromatin to change the epigenetic landscape and regulate gene expression. Chromatin acts as a dynamic platform of signal integration and storage. Histone modifications and alteration of chromatin structure play the main role in chromatin-based gene expression regulation. Alterations in genes coding for histone modifying enzymes and chromatin modifiers result in malfunction of proteins that regulate chromatin modification and remodeling. Such dysregulations culminate in profound changes in chromatin structure and distorted patterns of gene expression. Gliomagenesis is a multistep process, involving both genetic and epigenetic alterations. Recent applications of next generation sequencing have revealed that many chromatin regulation-related genes, including ATRX, ARID1A, SMARCA4, SMARCA2, SMARCC2, BAF155 and hSNF5 are mutated in gliomas. In this review we summarize newly identified mechanisms affecting expression or functions of selected histone modifying enzymes and chromatin modifiers in gliomas. We focus on selected examples of pathogenic mechanisms involving ATRX, histone methyltransferase G9a, histone acetylases/deacetylases and chromatin remodeling complexes SMARCA2/4. We discuss the impact of selected epigenetics alterations on glioma pathobiology, signaling and therapeutic responses. We assess the attempts of targeting defective pathways with new inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona A Ciechomska
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Chinchu Jayaprakash
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Maleszewska
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bozena Kaminska
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland.
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47
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Urrutia G, Salmonson A, Toro-Zapata J, de Assuncao TM, Mathison A, Dusetti N, Iovanna J, Urrutia R, Lomberk G. Combined Targeting of G9a and Checkpoint Kinase 1 Synergistically Inhibits Pancreatic Cancer Cell Growth by Replication Fork Collapse. Mol Cancer Res 2019; 18:448-462. [PMID: 31822519 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-19-0490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Because of its dismal outcome, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains a therapeutic challenge making the testing of new pharmacologic tools a goal of paramount importance. Here, we developed a rational approach for inhibiting PDAC growth based on leveraging cell-cycle arrest of malignant cells at a phase that shows increased sensitivity to distinct epigenomic inhibitors. Specifically, we simultaneously inhibited checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) by prexasertib and the G9a histone methyltransferase with BRD4770, thereby targeting two key pathways for replication fork stability. Methodologically, the antitumor effects and molecular mechanisms of the combination were assessed by an extensive battery of assays, utilizing cell lines and patient-derived cells as well as 3D spheroids and xenografts. We find that the prexasertib-BRD4770 combination displays a synergistic effect on replication-associated phenomena, including cell growth, DNA synthesis, cell-cycle progression at S phase, and DNA damage signaling, ultimately leading to a highly efficient induction of cell death. Moreover, cellular and molecular data reveal that the synergistic effect of these pathways can be explained, at least in large part, by the convergence of both Chk1 and G9a functions at the level of the ATR-RPA-checkpoint pathway, which is operational during replication stress. Thus, targeting the epigenetic regulator G9a, which is necessary for replication fork stability, combined with inhibition of the DNA damage checkpoint, offers a novel approach for controlling PDAC growth through replication catastrophe. IMPLICATIONS: This study offers an improved, context-dependent, paradigm for the use of epigenomic inhibitors and provides mechanistic insight into their potential therapeutic use against PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Urrutia
- Division of Research, Department of Surgery; Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Ann Salmonson
- Division of Research, Department of Surgery; Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Jorge Toro-Zapata
- Division of Research, Department of Surgery; Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Thiago M de Assuncao
- Division of Research, Department of Surgery; Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine Center (GSPMC), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Angela Mathison
- Division of Research, Department of Surgery; Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine Center (GSPMC), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Nelson Dusetti
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), INSERM U1068, CNRS UMR 7258, Aix-Marseille Université and Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Juan Iovanna
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), INSERM U1068, CNRS UMR 7258, Aix-Marseille Université and Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Raul Urrutia
- Division of Research, Department of Surgery; Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine Center (GSPMC), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Gwen Lomberk
- Division of Research, Department of Surgery; Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. .,Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine Center (GSPMC), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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48
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Srivastava M, Chen Z, Zhang H, Tang M, Wang C, Jung SY, Chen J. Replisome Dynamics and Their Functional Relevance upon DNA Damage through the PCNA Interactome. Cell Rep 2019; 25:3869-3883.e4. [PMID: 30590055 PMCID: PMC6364303 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.11.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells use copious measures to ensure accurate duplication of the genome. Various genotoxic agents pose threats to the ongoing replication fork that, if not efficiently dealt with, can result in replication fork collapse. It is unknown how replication fork is precisely controlled and regulated under different conditions. Here, we examined the complexity of replication fork composition upon DNA damage by using a PCNA-based proteomic screen to uncover known and unexplored players involved in replication and replication stress response. We used camptothecin or UV radiation, which lead to fork-blocking lesions, to establish a comprehensive proteomics map of the replisome under such replication stress conditions. We identified and examined two potential candidate proteins WIZ and SALL1 for their roles in DNA replication and replication stress response. In addition, our unbiased screen uncovered many prospective candidate proteins that help fill the knowledge gap in understanding chromosomal DNA replication and DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrinal Srivastava
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhen Chen
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mengfan Tang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sung Yun Jung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Junjie Chen
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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49
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Lu X, Tang M, Zhu Q, Yang Q, Li Z, Bao Y, Liu G, Hou T, Lv Y, Zhao Y, Wang H, Yang Y, Cheng Z, Wen H, Liu B, Xu X, Gu L, Zhu WG. GLP-catalyzed H4K16me1 promotes 53BP1 recruitment to permit DNA damage repair and cell survival. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:10977-10993. [PMID: 31612207 PMCID: PMC6868394 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The binding of p53-binding protein 1 (53BP1) to damaged chromatin is a critical event in non-homologous DNA end joining (NHEJ)-mediated DNA damage repair. Although several molecular pathways explaining how 53BP1 binds damaged chromatin have been described, the precise underlying mechanisms are still unclear. Here we report that a newly identified H4K16 monomethylation (H4K16me1) mark is involved in 53BP1 binding activity in the DNA damage response (DDR). During the DDR, H4K16me1 rapidly increases as a result of catalyzation by the histone methyltransferase G9a-like protein (GLP). H4K16me1 shows an increased interaction level with 53BP1, which is important for the timely recruitment of 53BP1 to DNA double-strand breaks. Differing from H4K16 acetylation, H4K16me1 enhances the 53BP1-H4K20me2 interaction at damaged chromatin. Consistently, GLP knockdown markedly attenuates 53BP1 foci formation, leading to impaired NHEJ-mediated repair and decreased cell survival. Together, these data support a novel axis of the DNA damage repair pathway based on H4K16me1 catalysis by GLP, which promotes 53BP1 recruitment to permit NHEJ-mediated DNA damage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Lu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ming Tang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518055, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qian Zhu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qiaoyan Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhiming Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yantao Bao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ge Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Tianyun Hou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yafei Lv
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Haiying Wang
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhongyi Cheng
- Jingjie PTM BioLab Co. Ltd., Hangzhou Economic and Technological Development Area, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - He Wen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Baohua Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xingzhi Xu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Luo Gu
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Wei-Guo Zhu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
- International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518055, China
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50
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Watson ZL, Yamamoto TM, McMellen A, Kim H, Hughes CJ, Wheeler LJ, Post MD, Behbakht K, Bitler BG. Histone methyltransferases EHMT1 and EHMT2 (GLP/G9A) maintain PARP inhibitor resistance in high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma. Clin Epigenetics 2019; 11:165. [PMID: 31775874 PMCID: PMC6882350 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-019-0758-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Euchromatic histone-lysine-N-methyltransferases 1 and 2 (EHMT1/2, aka GLP/G9A) catalyze dimethylation of histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9me2) and have roles in epigenetic silencing of gene expression. EHMT1/2 also have direct roles in DNA repair and are implicated in chemoresistance in several cancers. Resistance to chemotherapy and PARP inhibitors (PARPi) is a major cause of mortality in high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC), but the contribution of the epigenetic landscape is unknown. RESULTS To identify epigenetic mechanisms of PARPi resistance in HGSOC, we utilized unbiased exploratory techniques, including RNA-Seq and mass spectrometry profiling of histone modifications. Compared to sensitive cells, PARPi-resistant HGSOC cells display a global increase of H3K9me2 accompanied by overexpression of EHMT1/2. EHMT1/2 overexpression was also observed in a PARPi-resistant in vivo patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model. Genetic or pharmacologic disruption of EHMT1/2 sensitizes HGSOC cells to PARPi. Cell death assays demonstrate that EHMT1/2 disruption does not increase PARPi-induced apoptosis. Functional DNA repair assays show that disruption of EHMT1/2 ablates homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), while immunofluorescent staining of phosphorylated histone H2AX shows large increases in DNA damage. Propidium iodide staining and flow cytometry analysis of cell cycle show that PARPi treatment increases the proportion of PARPi-resistant cells in S and G2 phases, while cells treated with an EHMT1/2 inhibitor remain in G1. Co-treatment with PARPi and EHMT1/2 inhibitor produces an intermediate phenotype. Immunoblot of cell cycle regulators shows that combined EHMT1/2 and PARP inhibition reduces expression of specific cyclins and phosphorylation of mitotic markers. These data suggest DNA damage and altered cell cycle regulation as mechanisms of sensitization. RNA-Seq of PARPi-resistant cells treated with EHMT1/2 inhibitor showed significant gene expression changes enriched in pro-survival pathways that remain unexplored in the context of PARPi resistance, including PI3K, AKT, and mTOR. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that disrupting EHMT1/2 sensitizes HGSOC cells to PARPi, and suggests a potential mechanism through DNA damage and cell cycle dysregulation. RNA-Seq identifies several unexplored pathways that may alter PARPi resistance. Further study of EHMT1/2 and regulated genes will facilitate development of novel therapeutic strategies to successfully treat HGSOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary L Watson
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Tomomi M Yamamoto
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Alexandra McMellen
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Hyunmin Kim
- Translational Bioinformatics and Cancer Systems Biology Laboratory, Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Connor J Hughes
- Medical Student Training Graduate Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Lindsay J Wheeler
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Miriam D Post
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Kian Behbakht
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Benjamin G Bitler
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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