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Mu W, Han X, Tong M, Ben S, Yao M, Zhao Y, Xia J, Ren L, Huang C, Li D, Li X, Jiang Q, Yan B. Identification of the Metabolic Signature of Aging Retina. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2024; 13:8. [PMID: 39102240 PMCID: PMC11309042 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.13.8.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aims to explore the metabolic signature of aging retina and identify the potential metabolic biomarkers for the diagnosis of retinal aging. Methods Retinal samples were collected from both young (two months) and aging (14 months) mice to conduct an unbiased metabolic profiling. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis was conducted to screen for the metabolic biomarkers and altered signaling pathways associated with retinal aging. Results We identified 166 metabolites differentially expressed between young and aged retinas using a threshold of orthogonal projection to latent structures discriminant analysis variable importance in projection >1 and P < 0.05. These metabolites were significantly enriched in several metabolic pathways, including purine metabolism, citrate cycle, phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, glycerophospholipid metabolism, and alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism. Among these significantly enriched pathways, glycerophospholipid metabolites emerged as promising candidates for retinal aging biomarkers. We assessed the potential of these metabolites as biomarkers through an analysis of their sensitivity and specificity, determined by the area under the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Notably, the metabolites like PC (15:0/22:6), PC (17:0/14:1), LPC (P-16:0), PE (16:0/20:4), and PS (17:0/16:1) demonstrated superior performance in sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy in predicting retinal aging. Conclusions This study sheds light on the molecular mechanisms underlying retinal aging by identifying distinct metabolic profiles and pathways. These findings provide a valuable foundation for developing future clinical applications in diagnosing, identifying, and treating age-related retinal degeneration. Translational Relevance This study sheds light on novel metabolic profiles and biomarkers in aging retinas, potentially paving the way for targeted interventions in preventing, diagnosing, and treating age-related retinal degeneration and other retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Mu
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyan Han
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Tong
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuai Ben
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mudi Yao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiao Xia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Ren
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chang Huang
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Duo Li
- The Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiumiao Li
- The Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qin Jiang
- The Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Biao Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Mondal AK, Gaur M, Advani J, Swaroop A. Epigenome-metabolism nexus in the retina: implications for aging and disease. Trends Genet 2024; 40:718-729. [PMID: 38782642 PMCID: PMC11303112 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2024.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Intimate links between epigenome modifications and metabolites allude to a crucial role of cellular metabolism in transcriptional regulation. Retina, being a highly metabolic tissue, adapts by integrating inputs from genetic, epigenetic, and extracellular signals. Precise global epigenomic signatures guide development and homeostasis of the intricate retinal structure and function. Epigenomic and metabolic realignment are hallmarks of aging and highlight a link of the epigenome-metabolism nexus with aging-associated multifactorial traits affecting the retina, including age-related macular degeneration and glaucoma. Here, we focus on emerging principles of epigenomic and metabolic control of retinal gene regulation, with emphasis on their contribution to human disease. In addition, we discuss potential mitigation strategies involving lifestyle changes that target the epigenome-metabolome relationship for maintaining retinal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam K Mondal
- Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration, and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mohita Gaur
- Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration, and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jayshree Advani
- Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration, and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anand Swaroop
- Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration, and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Zhu Y, Yeo EN, Smith KM, Greenberg AS, Rowan S. Aging Modulates the Effect of Dietary Glycemic Index on Gut Microbiota Composition in Mice. J Nutr 2024:S0022-3166(24)00395-X. [PMID: 39019160 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gut microbiome composition profoundly impacts host physiology and is modulated by several environmental factors, most prominently diet. The composition of gut microbiota changes over the lifespan, particularly during the earliest and latest stages. However, we know less about diet-aging interactions on the gut microbiome. We previously showed that diets with different glycemic indices, based on the ratio of rapidly digested amylopectin to slowly digested amylose, led to altered composition of gut microbiota in male C57BL/6J mice. OBJECTIVES Here, we examined the role of aging in influencing dietary effects on gut microbiota composition and aimed to identify gut bacterial taxa that respond to diet and aging. METHODS We studied 3 age groups of male C57BL/6J wild-type mice: young (4 mo), middle-aged (13.5 mo), and old (22 mo), all fed either high glycemic (HG) or low glycemic (LG) diets matched for caloric content and macronutrient composition. Fecal microbiome composition was determined by 16S rDNA metagenomic sequencing and was evaluated for changes in α- and β-diversity and bacterial taxa that change by age, diet, or both. RESULTS Young mice displayed lower α-diversity scores than middle-aged counterparts but exhibited more pronounced differences in β-diversity between diets. In contrast, old mice had slightly lower α-diversity scores than middle-aged mice, with significantly higher β-diversity distances. Within-group variance was lowest in young, LG-fed mice and highest in old, HG-fed mice. Differential abundance analysis revealed taxa associated with both aging and diet. Most differential taxa demonstrated significant interactions between diet and aging. Notably, several members of the Lachnospiraceae family increased with aging and HG diet, whereas taxa from the Bacteroides_H genus increased with the LG diet. Akkermansia muciniphila decreased with aging. CONCLUSIONS These findings illustrate the complex interplay between diet and aging in shaping the gut microbiota, potentially contributing to age-related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhu
- JM-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States; Division of Biochemical and Molecular Nutrition, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Emily N Yeo
- Division of Biochemical and Molecular Nutrition, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Kelsey M Smith
- JM-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States; Division of Biochemical and Molecular Nutrition, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Andrew S Greenberg
- JM-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States; Division of Biochemical and Molecular Nutrition, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sheldon Rowan
- JM-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States; Division of Biochemical and Molecular Nutrition, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.
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Martin MS, Jacob-Dolan JW, Pham VTT, Sjoblom NM, Scheck RA. The chemical language of protein glycation. Nat Chem Biol 2024:10.1038/s41589-024-01644-y. [PMID: 38942948 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-024-01644-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Glycation is a non-enzymatic post-translational modification (PTM) that is correlated with many diseases, including diabetes, cancer and age-related disorders. Although recent work points to the importance of glycation as a functional PTM, it remains an open question whether glycation has a causal role in cellular signaling and/or disease development. In this Review, we contextualize glycation as a specific mechanism of carbon stress and consolidate what is known about advanced glycation end-product (AGE) structures and mechanisms. We highlight the current understanding of glycation as a PTM, focusing on mechanisms for installing, removing or recognizing AGEs. Finally, we discuss challenges that have hampered a more complete understanding of the biological consequences of glycation. The development of tools for predicting, modulating, mimicking or capturing glycation will be essential for interpreting a post-translational glycation network. Therefore, continued insights into the chemistry of glycation will be necessary to advance understanding of glycation biology.
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Jiang SQ, Ye SN, Huang YH, Ou YW, Chen KY, Chen JS, Tang SB. Gut microbiota induced abnormal amino acids and their correlation with diabetic retinopathy. Int J Ophthalmol 2024; 17:883-895. [PMID: 38766339 PMCID: PMC11074191 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2024.05.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
AIM To explore the correlation of gut microbiota and the metabolites with the progression of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and provide a novel strategy to elucidate the pathological mechanism of DR. METHODS The fecal samples from 32 type 2 diabetes patients with proliferative retinopathy (PDR), 23 with non-proliferative retinopathy (NPDR), 27 without retinopathy (DM), and 29 from the sex-, age- and BMI- matched healthy controls (29 HC) were analyzed by 16S rDNA gene sequencing. Sixty fecal samples from PDR, DM, and HC groups were assayed by untargeted metabolomics. Fecal metabolites were measured using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis. Associations between gut microbiota and fecal metabolites were analyzed. RESULTS A cluster of 2 microbiome and 12 metabolites accompanied with the severity of DR, and the close correlation of the disease progression with PDR-related microbiome and metabolites were found. To be specific, the structure of gut microbiota differed in four groups. Diversity and richness of gut microbiota were significantly lower in PDR and NPDR groups, than those in DM and HC groups. A cluster of microbiome enriched in PDR group, including Pseudomonas, Ruminococcaceae-UCG-002, Ruminococcaceae-UCG-005, Christensenellaceae-R-7, was observed. Functional analysis showed that the glucose and nicotinate degradations were significantly higher in PDR group than those in HC group. Arginine, serine, ornithine, and arachidonic acid were significantly enriched in PDR group, while proline was enriched in HC group. Functional analysis illustrated that arginine biosynthesis, lysine degradation, histidine catabolism, central carbon catabolism in cancer, D-arginine and D-ornithine catabolism were elevated in PDR group. Correlation analysis revealed that Ruminococcaceae-UCG-002 and Christensenellaceae-R-7 were positively associated with L-arginine, ornithine levels in fecal samples. CONCLUSION This study elaborates the different microbiota structure in the gut from four groups. The relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae-UCG-002 and Parabacteroides are associated with the severity of DR. Amino acid and fatty acid catabolism is especially disordered in PDR group. This may help provide a novel diagnostic parameter for DR, especially PDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Qun Jiang
- Aier Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510000, Guangdong Province, China
- Aier Eye Institute and Changsha Aier Hospital, Changsha 410000, Hunan Province, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233000, Anhui Province, China
| | - Su-Na Ye
- Aier Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510000, Guangdong Province, China
- Aier Eye Institute and Changsha Aier Hospital, Changsha 410000, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yin-Hua Huang
- Aier Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510000, Guangdong Province, China
- Aier Eye Institute and Changsha Aier Hospital, Changsha 410000, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yi-Wen Ou
- Aier Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510000, Guangdong Province, China
- Aier Eye Institute and Changsha Aier Hospital, Changsha 410000, Hunan Province, China
| | - Ke-Yang Chen
- Aier Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510000, Guangdong Province, China
- Aier Eye Institute and Changsha Aier Hospital, Changsha 410000, Hunan Province, China
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230000, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jian-Su Chen
- Aier Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510000, Guangdong Province, China
- Aier Eye Institute and Changsha Aier Hospital, Changsha 410000, Hunan Province, China
| | - Shi-Bo Tang
- Aier Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510000, Guangdong Province, China
- Aier Eye Institute and Changsha Aier Hospital, Changsha 410000, Hunan Province, China
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Nguyen Y, Rudd Zhong Manis J, Ronczkowski NM, Bui T, Oxenrider A, Jadeja RN, Thounaojam MC. Unveiling the gut-eye axis: how microbial metabolites influence ocular health and disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1377186. [PMID: 38799150 PMCID: PMC11122920 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1377186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The intricate interplay between the gut microbiota and ocular health has surpassed conventional medical beliefs, fundamentally reshaping our understanding of organ interconnectivity. This review investigates into the intricate relationship between gut microbiota-derived metabolites and their consequential impact on ocular health and disease pathogenesis. By examining the role of specific metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) like butyrate and bile acids (BAs), herein we elucidate their significant contributions to ocular pathologies, thought-provoking the traditional belief of organ sterility, particularly in the field of ophthalmology. Highlighting the dynamic nature of the gut microbiota and its profound influence on ocular health, this review underlines the necessity of comprehending the complex workings of the gut-eye axis, an emerging field of science ready for further exploration and scrutiny. While acknowledging the therapeutic promise in manipulating the gut microbiome and its metabolites, the available literature advocates for a targeted, precise approach. Instead of broad interventions, it emphasizes the potential of exploiting specific microbiome-related metabolites as a focused strategy. This targeted approach compared to a precision tool rather than a broad-spectrum solution, aims to explore the therapeutic applications of microbiome-related metabolites in the context of various retinal diseases. By proposing a nuanced strategy targeted at specific microbial metabolites, this review suggests that addressing specific deficiencies or imbalances through microbiome-related metabolites might yield expedited and pronounced outcomes in systemic health, extending to the eye. This focused strategy holds the potential in bypassing the irregularity associated with manipulating microbes themselves, paving a more efficient pathway toward desired outcomes in optimizing gut health and its implications for retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Nguyen
- Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA, United States
| | | | | | - Tommy Bui
- Departments of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Allston Oxenrider
- Departments of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Ravirajsinh N. Jadeja
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Menaka C. Thounaojam
- Departments of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
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Zhao N, Hao XN, Huang JM, Song ZM, Tao Y. Crosstalk Between Microglia and Müller Glia in the Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Role and Therapeutic Value of Neuroinflammation. Aging Dis 2024; 15:1132-1154. [PMID: 37728589 PMCID: PMC11081163 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0823-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a progressive neurodegeneration disease that causes photoreceptor demise and vision impairments. In AMD pathogenesis, the primary death of retinal neurons always leads to the activation of resident microglia. The migration of activated microglia to the ongoing retinal lesion and their morphological transformation from branching to ameboid-like are recognized as hallmarks of AMD pathogenesis. Activated microglia send signals to Müller cells and promote them to react correspondingly to damaging stimulus. Müller cells are a type of neuroglia cells that maintain the normal function of retinal neurons, modulating innate inflammatory responses, and stabilize retinal structure. Activated Müller cells can accelerate the progression of AMD by damaging neurons and blood vessels. Therefore, the crosstalk between microglia and Müller cells plays a homeostatic role in maintaining the retinal environment, and this interaction is complicatedly modulated. In particular, the mechanism of mutual regulation between the two glia populations is complex under pathological conditions. This paper reviews recent findings on the crosstalk between microglia and Müller glia during AMD pathology process, with special emphasis on its therapeutic potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhao
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Xiao-Na Hao
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Jie-Min Huang
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Zong-Ming Song
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Ye Tao
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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8
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Sechovcová H, Mahayri TM, Mrázek J, Jarošíková R, Husáková J, Wosková V, Fejfarová V. Gut microbiota in relationship to diabetes mellitus and its late complications with a focus on diabetic foot syndrome: A review. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2024; 69:259-282. [PMID: 38095802 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-023-01119-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease affecting glucose metabolism. The pathophysiological reactions underpinning the disease can lead to the development of late diabetes complications. The gut microbiota plays important roles in weight regulation and the maintenance of a healthy digestive system. Obesity, diabetes mellitus, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy and diabetic neuropathy are all associated with a microbial imbalance in the gut. Modern technical equipment and advanced diagnostic procedures, including xmolecular methods, are commonly used to detect both quantitative and qualitative changes in the gut microbiota. This review summarises collective knowledge on the role of the gut microbiota in both types of diabetes mellitus and their late complications, with a particular focus on diabetic foot syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Sechovcová
- Laboratory of Anaerobic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, CAS, Vídeňská, 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tiziana Maria Mahayri
- Laboratory of Anaerobic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, CAS, Vídeňská, 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic.
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100, Sassari, Italy.
| | - Jakub Mrázek
- Laboratory of Anaerobic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, CAS, Vídeňská, 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radka Jarošíková
- Diabetes Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
- Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Husáková
- Diabetes Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Wosková
- Diabetes Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimíra Fejfarová
- Diabetes Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
- Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Peng S, Li JJ, Song W, Li Y, Zeng L, Liang Q, Wen X, Shang H, Liu K, Peng P, Xue W, Zou B, Yang L, Liang J, Zhang Z, Guo S, Chen T, Li W, Jin M, Xing XB, Wan P, Liu C, Lin H, Wei H, Lee RWJ, Zhang F, Wei L. CRB1-associated retinal degeneration is dependent on bacterial translocation from the gut. Cell 2024; 187:1387-1401.e13. [PMID: 38412859 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
The Crumbs homolog 1 (CRB1) gene is associated with retinal degeneration, most commonly Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) and retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Here, we demonstrate that murine retinas bearing the Rd8 mutation of Crb1 are characterized by the presence of intralesional bacteria. While normal CRB1 expression was enriched in the apical junctional complexes of retinal pigment epithelium and colonic enterocytes, Crb1 mutations dampened its expression at both sites. Consequent impairment of the outer blood retinal barrier and colonic intestinal epithelial barrier in Rd8 mice led to the translocation of intestinal bacteria from the lower gastrointestinal (GI) tract to the retina, resulting in secondary retinal degeneration. Either the depletion of bacteria systemically or the reintroduction of normal Crb1 expression colonically rescued Rd8-mutation-associated retinal degeneration without reversing the retinal barrier breach. Our data elucidate the pathogenesis of Crb1-mutation-associated retinal degenerations and suggest that antimicrobial agents have the potential to treat this devastating blinding disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanzhen Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Jing Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Wanying Song
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Ye Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Lei Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Qiaoxing Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Haitao Shang
- Precision Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Keli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Peiyao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Wei Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Bin Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Liu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Juanran Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Zhihui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China; Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Eye Institute & School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Shixin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Wenxuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China; Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Ming Jin
- Department of Ophthalmology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 10029, China
| | - Xiang-Bin Xing
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Pengxia Wan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Chunqiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Haotian Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Hong Wei
- Precision Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Richard W J Lee
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology and Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
| | - Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China.
| | - Lai Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China; The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China.
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10
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Mondal AK, Brock DC, Rowan S, Yang ZH, Rojulpote KV, Smith KM, Francisco SG, Bejarano E, English MA, Deik A, Jeanfavre S, Clish CB, Remaley AT, Taylor A, Swaroop A. Selective transcriptomic dysregulation of metabolic pathways in liver and retina by short- and long-term dietary hyperglycemia. iScience 2024; 27:108979. [PMID: 38333717 PMCID: PMC10850775 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.108979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
A high glycemic index (HGI) diet induces hyperglycemia, a risk factor for diseases affecting multiple organ systems. Here, we evaluated tissue-specific adaptations in the liver and retina after feeding HGI diet to mice for 1 or 12 month. In the liver, genes associated with inflammation and fatty acid metabolism were altered within 1 month of HGI diet, whereas 12-month HGI diet-fed group showed dysregulated expression of cytochrome P450 genes and overexpression of lipogenic factors including Srebf1 and Elovl5. In contrast, retinal transcriptome exhibited HGI-related notable alterations in energy metabolism genes only after 12 months. Liver fatty acid profiles in HGI group revealed higher levels of monounsaturated and lower levels of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Additionally, HGI diet increased blood low-density lipoprotein, and diet-aging interactions affected expression of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation genes in the liver and disease-associated genes in retina. Thus, our findings provide new insights into retinal and hepatic adaptive mechanisms to dietary hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam K. Mondal
- Neurobiology Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute (NEI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel C. Brock
- Neurobiology Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute (NEI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sheldon Rowan
- Laboratory for Nutrition & Vision Research, JM-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, and Department of Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhi-Hong Yang
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Krishna Vamsi Rojulpote
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kelsey M. Smith
- Laboratory for Nutrition & Vision Research, JM-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, and Department of Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sarah G. Francisco
- Laboratory for Nutrition & Vision Research, JM-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eloy Bejarano
- Laboratory for Nutrition & Vision Research, JM-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
- School of Health Sciences and Veterinary School, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Milton A. English
- Neurobiology Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute (NEI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Amy Deik
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Alan T. Remaley
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Allen Taylor
- Laboratory for Nutrition & Vision Research, JM-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, and Department of Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anand Swaroop
- Neurobiology Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute (NEI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
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11
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Si H, Yan W, Jun S, Hongyu M, Xia Z, Kuan W, Cunchao Z. Modulation of cecal microbiota and fecal metabolism in mice by walnut protein. Food Funct 2024; 15:1689-1704. [PMID: 38251959 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo04403c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Walnut meal is a by-product of walnut oil pressing, in which the protein content is more than 40%, which is an excellent food raw material, but at present, it is basically used as animal feed or discarded, which results in a great waste of resources, and its modulating effect on the intestinal microbiota is not clear. In this study, we used supercritically extracted walnut meal as a raw material, prepared walnut meal isolate protein (WP) by alkaline extraction and acid precipitation, and systematically analyzed its structure by Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy (Raman), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM); meanwhile, we explored the effects of WP on the cecal bacterial flora and fecal metabolites of mice by microbiological and metabolomic techniques. The results showed that the protein content of WP prepared using alkaline extraction and acid precipitation was as high as 83.7%, in which arginine and glutamic acid were abundant, and it has the potential to be used as a raw material for weight-loss meal replacement food; FTIR and Raman analyses showed that the absorption peaks of WP's characteristic functional groups were obvious, and that the content of the α-helix and β-fold in the secondary structure was greater than 30%, which indicated that it was structurally stable; differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and SEM analyses showed that WP is a typical spherical particle, its denaturation temperature is 73.6 °C, and it has good thermal stability. Supplementation of WP significantly altered the composition of the intestinal flora in mice, with an increase in beneficial bacteria and a decrease in harmful bacteria; the strongest modulation of the intestinal flora was achieved by altering the composition of the intestinal flora and by increasing the number of Akkermansia (p < 0.01), which consequently affects the function of the microbiota. Based on LC-MS metabolomic results, we identified a total of 87 WP-regulated metabolites, mainly enriched in the bile secretion pathway, which had the highest relevance, followed by benzoxazine biosynthesis. In summary, walnut protein is an important plant protein and has a positive impact on intestinal health, which may provide new ideas for the development of functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang Si
- Yunnan Agricultural University, China.
| | - Wang Yan
- Yunnan Agricultural University, China.
| | - Sheng Jun
- Yunnan Agricultural University, China.
- Yunnan Province Characteristic Resources Food Biofabrication Engineering Research Center, China.
| | - Mu Hongyu
- Yunnan Agricultural University, China.
| | - Zhang Xia
- Yunnan Agricultural University, China.
| | - Wu Kuan
- Yunnan Agricultural University, China.
| | - Zhao Cunchao
- Yunnan Agricultural University, China.
- Yunnan Plateau Characteristic Agricultural Industry Research Institute, China.
- Yunnan Province Characteristic Resources Food Biofabrication Engineering Research Center, China.
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12
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Liu Y, Gong Y, Li M, Li J. Quercetin protects against hyperglycemia-induced retinopathy in Sprague Dawley rats by regulating the gut-retina axis and nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 pathway. Nutr Res 2024; 122:55-67. [PMID: 38185061 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Hyperglycemia-related retinopathy is a disease with a high blindness rate. Recent reports indicate that many flavonol compounds have the potential to prevent the occurrence of disease in the retina by regulating the gut-retina axis. Here, we hypothesized that quercetin could alleviate the symptoms of retinopathy. To clarify the mechanism, Sprague Dawley rats were fed a high-fat diet containing quercetin for 12 weeks and injected with streptozotocin in the ninth week. Additionally, neomycin and ampicillin were used to establish a pseudo-sterile rat model. Afterward, changes in the retina were investigated by using electroretinogram and optical coherence tomography. Blood and tissue samples were collected and biochemical components were analyzed. The extent of intestinal injury was determined via hematoxylin-eosin staining. Microbial community structure was analyzed by using 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing. Finally, the expression of genes was analyzed using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The results showed that quercetin reduced the decline in electroretinography amplitude and outer nuclear layer thickness, increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes, decreased the contents of proinflammatory factors and blood glucose, enhanced the concentration of insulin, and inhibited intestinal dysbiosis and improved gut morphology. Importantly, the underexpression of nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 in the retina was reversed by quercetin. However, trend changes were no longer significant in most of the indicators after antibiotic treatment. In summary, quercetin has therapeutic effects on retinopathy by regulating the gut-retina axis and nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 pathway, and the presence of gut microbiota helps quercetin exert its effects on the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaojie Liu
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Yibo Gong
- Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Eye Institute, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Mengting Li
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Jianke Li
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
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13
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Wu Y, Shi R, Chen H, Zhang Z, Bao S, Qu J, Zhou M. Effect of the gut microbiome in glaucoma risk from the causal perspective. BMJ Open Ophthalmol 2024; 9:e001547. [PMID: 38286567 PMCID: PMC10826588 DOI: 10.1136/bmjophth-2023-001547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evidence from observational studies has reported possible associations between the gut microbiome (GM) and glaucoma. However, the causal effect of GM on glaucoma risk remains to be determined. METHODS AND ANALYSIS We conducted two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomisation (MR) analyses to explore the causal association between GM and glaucoma. Genome-wide association study summary statistics of 196 GM taxa (n=18 340) and glaucoma (18 902 cases and 358 375 controls) were obtained from MiBioGen and FinnGen Consortium. Inverse variance weighted, MR-Egger, weighted median, weighted mode, Mendelian Randomisation Pleiotropy Residual Sum and Outlier, MR-Egger intercept and Cochran's Q statistical analyses were used to supplement MR results and sensitivity analysis. An independent cohort from the Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol (MRC-IEU) Consortium (1715 cases and 359 479 controls) was used to validate causal effects. RESULTS Results of the MR analysis suggested that the family Oxalobacteraceae (OR 0.900, 95% CI 0.843 to 0.961, p=0.002) and the genus Eggerthella (OR 0.881, 95% CI 0.811 to 0.957, p=0.003) had a negative effect on glaucoma, whereas the genus Bilophila (OR 1.202, 95% CI 1.074 to 1.346, p=0.001), LachnospiraceaeUCG010 (OR 1.256, 95% CI 1.109 to 1.423, p=0.0003) and Ruminiclostridium 9 (OR 1.258, 95% CI 1.083 to 1.461, p=0.003) had a positive effect on glaucoma. Among these, the positive causal effect of LachnospiraceaeUCG010 (OR 1.002, 95% CI 1.000 to 1.004, p=0.033) on glaucoma was replicated in an independent cohort. CONCLUSION This MR analysis from large population studies demonstrated the causal effect of GM on glaucoma risk and supported the role of GM in influencing glaucoma susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxuan Wu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
- Hainan Institute of Real World Data, Qionghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ronghua Shi
- School of Biomedical Engineering, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
- Hainan Institute of Real World Data, Qionghai, People's Republic of China
| | - He Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
- Hainan Institute of Real World Data, Qionghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zicheng Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
- Hainan Institute of Real World Data, Qionghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Siqi Bao
- School of Biomedical Engineering, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
- Hainan Institute of Real World Data, Qionghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Qu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
- Hainan Institute of Real World Data, Qionghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
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14
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Koçyiğit E, Gövez NE, Arslan S, Ağagündüz D. A narrative review on dietary components and patterns and age-related macular degeneration. Nutr Res Rev 2024:1-28. [PMID: 38221852 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422424000015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the most prevalent eye diseases among the ageing population worldwide. It is a leading cause of blindness in individuals over 55, particularly in industrialised Western countries. The prevalence of AMD increases with age, and genetic factors and environmental influences are believed to contribute to its development. Among the environmental factors, diet plays a significant role in AMD. This review explores the association between dietary components, dietary patterns and AMD. Various nutrients, non-nutrient substances and dietary models that have the potential to counteract oxidative stress and inflammation, which are underlying mechanisms of AMD, are discussed. Consuming fruits, vegetables, fish and seafood, whole grains, olive oil, nuts and low-glycaemic-index foods has been highlighted as beneficial for reducing the risk of AMD. Adhering to the Mediterranean diet, which encompasses these elements, can be recommended as a dietary pattern for AMD. Furthermore, the modulation of the gut microbiota through dietary interventions and probiotics has shown promise in managing AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emine Koçyiğit
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Ordu University, Ordu, Türkiye
| | - Nazlıcan Erdoğan Gövez
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gazi University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Sabriye Arslan
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gazi University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Duygu Ağagündüz
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gazi University, Ankara, Türkiye
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15
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Chu L, Bi C, Wang C, Zhou H. The Relationship between Complements and Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Its Pathogenesis. J Ophthalmol 2024; 2024:6416773. [PMID: 38205100 PMCID: PMC10776198 DOI: 10.1155/2024/6416773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration is a retinal disease that causes permanent loss of central vision in people over the age of 65. Its pathogenesis may be related to mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, apoptosis, autophagy, complement, intestinal flora, and lipid disorders. In addition, the patient's genes, age, gender, cardiovascular disease, unhealthy diet, and living habits may also be risk factors for this disease. Complement proteins are widely distributed in serum and tissue fluid. In the early 21st century, a connection was found between the complement cascade and age-related macular degeneration. However, little is known about the effect of complement factors on the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration. This article reviews the factors associated with age-related macular degeneration, the relationship between each factor and complement, the related functions, and variants and provides new ideas for the treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Chu
- Department of Ophthalmology, China–Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chaoran Bi
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Caiming Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, China–Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongyan Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, China–Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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16
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Luo W, Skondra D. Implication of gut microbiome in age-related macular degeneration. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:2699-2700. [PMID: 37449629 PMCID: PMC10358697 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.373687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Luo
- Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dimitra Skondra
- Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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17
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Chen J, Chen DF, Cho KS. The Role of Gut Microbiota in Glaucoma Progression and Other Retinal Diseases. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2023; 193:1662-1668. [PMID: 37490970 PMCID: PMC10616709 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
As a rapidly growing field, microbiota research offers novel approaches to promoting ocular health and treating major retinal diseases, such as glaucoma. Gut microbiota changes throughout life; however, certain patterns of population changes have been increasingly associated with specific diseases. It has been well established that a disrupted microbiome contributes to central nervous system diseases, including Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, multiple sclerosis, and glioma, suggesting a prominent role of microbiome in neurodegenerative diseases. This review summarizes the progress in identifying significant changes in the microbial composition of patients with glaucoma by compiling studies on the association between microbiota and disease progression. Of interest is the relationship between increased Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma, increased taurocholic acid, decreased glutathione, and a reduction in retinal ganglion cell survival. Connecting these microbes to specific metabolites sheds light on the pathogenic mechanism and novel treatment strategies. In summary, the current review synthesizes the findings of several studies investigating the effects of shifting bacterial population in retinal diseases, particularly glaucoma, with the aim to identify the current direction of treatment and help direct future endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dong Feng Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Kin-Sang Cho
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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18
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Luo W, Skondra D. Elucidating the Role of the Microbiome in Ocular Diseases. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2023; 193:1622-1626. [PMID: 37683929 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Luo
- Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Dimitra Skondra
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
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19
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Larsen PP, Féart C, Pais de Barros JP, Merle BMJ, Gayraud L, Delyfer MN, Korobelnik JF, Delcourt C. Association of Age-Related Macular Degeneration with a Blood Biomarker of Lipopolysaccharide, a Gut Bacterial Proinflammatory Toxin. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:47. [PMID: 38032336 PMCID: PMC10691392 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.14.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Chronic inflammation, immune dysregulation, and oxidative stress are major drivers of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) pathogenesis. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a potent proinflammatory toxin originating from gut bacteria. We assessed the association of a blood biomarker of LPS exposure with incident AMD. Methods The Alienor Study is a prospective population-based study, including 963 residents of Bordeaux (France), aged 73 years or more at baseline. Esterified 3-hydroxy fatty acids (3-OH FAs) were measured from blood samples as a proxy of LPS burden. AMD was graded from color retinal photographs and spectral domain optical coherence tomography, performed every two years from 2006 to 2017. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate associations of between esterified 3-OH FAs, using 722 eyes at risk for incident early AMD and 981 eyes at risk for incident advanced AMD. Results Higher esterified 3-OH FAs were associated with incident early AMD after adjusting for age and gender (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.21 for 1 standard deviation [SD] increase; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01-1.45; P = 0.04) but not with incident advanced AMD (HR = 1.03 for 1 SD increase; 95% CI, 0.73-1.45; P = 0.86). These associations remained stable after multivariate adjustment and imputation for missing covariates (early AMD HR = 1.22 for 1 SD increase; 95% CI, 1.01-1.46; P = 0.04; advanced AMD HR = 0.98 for 1 SD increase; 95% CI, 0.69-1.38; P = 0.91). Conclusions This study evidenced an association between higher esterified 3-OH FAs and incident early AMD, suggesting that exposure to LPS may be involved in the early pathophysiological processes of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Laure Gayraud
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, BPH, U1219, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marie-Noëlle Delyfer
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, BPH, U1219, Bordeaux, France
- CHU de Bordeaux, Service d'Ophtalmologie, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-François Korobelnik
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, BPH, U1219, Bordeaux, France
- CHU de Bordeaux, Service d'Ophtalmologie, Bordeaux, France
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20
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Xiao J, Zhang JY, Luo W, He PC, Skondra D. The Emerging Role of Gut Microbiota in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2023; 193:1627-1637. [PMID: 37156326 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a progressive, degenerative retinal disease that is a leading cause of blindness globally. Although multiple risk factors have been identified regarding disease incidence and progression, including smoking, genetics, and diet, the understanding of AMD pathogenesis remains unclear. As such, primary prevention is lacking, and current treatments have limited efficacy. More recently, the gut microbiome has emerged as an influential player in various ocular pathologies. As mediators of metabolism and immune regulation, perturbations in gut microbiota may impart significant effects distally on the neuroretina and its adjacent tissues, termed the gut-retina axis. In this review, key studies over the past several decades are summarized, both in humans and in animal models, which shed insight on the relationships between the gut microbiome and retinal biology and their implications for AMD. The literature linking gut dysbiosis with AMD is examined, along with preclinical animal models and techniques apt for studying the role of gut microbiota in AMD pathogenesis, which include interactions with systemic inflammation, immune regulation, chorioretinal gene expression, and diet. As understanding of the gut-retina axis continues to advance, so too will the possibility for more accessible and effective prevention and therapy of this vision-threatening condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Xiao
- Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jason Y Zhang
- Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Wendy Luo
- Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - P Cody He
- Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Dimitra Skondra
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
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21
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Russell MW, Muste JC, Kuo BL, Wu AK, Singh RP. Clinical trials targeting the gut-microbiome to effect ocular health: a systematic review. Eye (Lond) 2023; 37:2877-2885. [PMID: 36918627 PMCID: PMC10516887 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-023-02462-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical trials targeting the gut microbiome to mitigate ocular disease are now on the horizon. A review of clinical data thus far is essential to determine future directions in this novel promising field. This review examines recent clinical trials that support the plausibility of a gut-eye axis, and may form the basis of novel clinical interventions. PubMed was queried for English language clinical studies examining the relationships between gut microbiota and ocular pathology. 25 studies were extracted from 828 candidate publications, which suggest that gut imbalance is associated with ocular pathology. Of these, only four interventional studies exist which suggest probiotic supplementation or fecal microbiota transplant can reduce symptoms of chalazion or uveitis. The gut-eye axis appears to hold clinical relevance, but current data is limited in sample size and design. Further investigation via longitudinal clinical trials may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Russell
- Center for Ophthalmic Bioinformatics, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Justin C Muste
- Center for Ophthalmic Bioinformatics, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Blanche L Kuo
- Center for Ophthalmic Bioinformatics, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Anna K Wu
- Center for Ophthalmic Bioinformatics, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Rishi P Singh
- Center for Ophthalmic Bioinformatics, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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22
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Chen S, Wang N, Xiong S, Xia X. The correlation between primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and gut microbiota: a pilot study towards predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine. EPMA J 2023; 14:539-552. [PMID: 37605653 PMCID: PMC10439875 DOI: 10.1007/s13167-023-00336-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Background Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Emerged evidence has shown that glaucoma is considered an immune system related disorder. The gut is the largest immune organ in the human body and the gut microbiota (GM) plays an irreversible role in maintaining immune homeostasis. But, how the GM influences glaucoma remains unrevealed. This study aimed at investigating the key molecules/pathways mediating the GM and the glaucoma to provide new biomarkers for future predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine. Methods Datasets from the primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) patients (GSE138125) and datasets for target genes of GM/GM metabolites were downloaded from a public database. For GSE138125, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between healthy and POAG samples were identified. And the online Venn diagram tool was used to obtain the DEGs from POAG related to GM. After which GM-related DEGs were analyzed by correlation analysis, pathway enrichment analysis, and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis. Human trabecular meshwork cells were used for validation, and the mRNA level of hub genes was verified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) in the in vitro glaucoma model. Results A total of 16 GM-related DEGs in POAG were identified from the above 2 datasets (9 upregulated genes and 7 downregulated genes). Pathway enrichment analysis indicated that these genes are mostly enriched in immune regulation especially macrophages-related pathways. Then 6 hub genes were identified by PPI network analysis and construction of key modules. Finally, RT-qPCR confirmed that the expression of the hub genes in the in vitro glaucoma model was consistent with the results of bioinformatics analysis of the mRNA chip. Conclusion This bioinformatic study elucidates NFKB1, IL18, KITLG, TLR9, FKBP2, and HDAC4 as hub genes for POAG and GM regulation. Immune response modulated by macrophages plays an important role in POAG and may be potential targets for future predictive, preventive, and personalized diagnosis and treatment. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13167-023-00336-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Chen
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, Hunan China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China
| | - Nan Wang
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, Hunan China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China
| | - Siqi Xiong
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, Hunan China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China
| | - Xiaobo Xia
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, Hunan China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China
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23
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Campagnoli LIM, Varesi A, Barbieri A, Marchesi N, Pascale A. Targeting the Gut-Eye Axis: An Emerging Strategy to Face Ocular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13338. [PMID: 37686143 PMCID: PMC10488056 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The human microbiota refers to a large variety of microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, and fungi) that live in different human body sites, including the gut, oral cavity, skin, and eyes. In particular, the presence of an ocular surface microbiota with a crucial role in maintaining ocular surface homeostasis by preventing colonization from pathogen species has been recently demonstrated. Moreover, recent studies underline a potential association between gut microbiota (GM) and ocular health. In this respect, some evidence supports the existence of a gut-eye axis involved in the pathogenesis of several ocular diseases, including age-related macular degeneration, uveitis, diabetic retinopathy, dry eye, and glaucoma. Therefore, understanding the link between the GM and these ocular disorders might be useful for the development of new therapeutic approaches, such as probiotics, prebiotics, symbiotics, or faecal microbiota transplantation through which the GM could be modulated, thus allowing better management of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angelica Varesi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Annalisa Barbieri
- Department of Drug Sciences, Unit of Pharmacology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (A.B.); (N.M.)
| | - Nicoletta Marchesi
- Department of Drug Sciences, Unit of Pharmacology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (A.B.); (N.M.)
| | - Alessia Pascale
- Department of Drug Sciences, Unit of Pharmacology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (A.B.); (N.M.)
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24
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Fu X, Tan H, Huang L, Chen W, Ren X, Chen D. Gut microbiota and eye diseases: a bibliometric study and visualization analysis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1225859. [PMID: 37621873 PMCID: PMC10445766 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1225859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Recently the role of gut microbial dysbiosis in many ocular disorders, including but not limited to uveitis, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy (DR), dry eye, keratitis and orbitopathy is a hot research topic in the field. Targeting gut microbiota to treat these diseases has become an unstoppable trend. Bibliometric study and visualization analysis have become essential methods for literature analysis in the medical research field. We aim to depict this area's research hotspots and future directions by bibliometric software and methods. Methods We search all the related publications from the Web of Science Core Collection. Then, CiteSpace was applied to analyze and visualize the country distributions, dual-map overlay of journals, keyword bursts, and co-cited references. VOSviewer was employed to identify authors, co-cited authors, journals and co-cited journals and display the keyword co-occurrence networks. Results A total of 284 relevant publications were identified from 2009 to 2023. The number of studies has been small in the first five years and has grown steadily since 2016. These studies were completed by 1,376 authors from 41 countries worldwide, with the United States in the lead. Lin P has published the most papers while Horai R is the most co-cited author. The top journal and co-cited journal are both Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. In the keyword co-occurrence network, except gut microbiota, inflammation becomes the keyword with the highest frequency. Co-citation analyses reveal that gut dysbiosis is involved in common immune- and inflammation-mediated eye diseases, including uveitis, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, dry eye, and Graves' orbitopathy, and the study of microbiomes is no longer limited to the bacterial populations. Therapeutic strategies that target the gut microbiota, such as probiotics, healthy diet patterns, and fecal microbial transplantation, are effective and critical to future research. Conclusions In conclusion, the bibliometric analysis displays the research hotspots and developmental directions of the involvement of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis and treatment of some ocular diseases. It provides an overview of this field's dynamic evolution and structural relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Haishan Tan
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenyue Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiang Ren
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Danian Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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25
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Liu K, Wu P, Zou J, Fan H, Hu H, Cheng Y, He F, Liu J, You Z. Mendelian randomization analysis reveals causal relationships between gut microbiome and optic neuritis. Hum Genet 2023; 142:1139-1148. [PMID: 36576600 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-022-02514-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is unclear whether gut microbiota (GM) affects the risk of optic neuritis (ON) through the "gut-brain" axis and the "gut-retina" axis. To examine the causal relationship between GM and ON, we conducted Mendelian randomization (MR) study. METHODS Up to 18,340 samples of 24 population-based cohorts were included in genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 196 GM taxa. ON outcomes were selected from the FinnGen GWAS (951 ON cases and 307,092 controls). In addition, the GWAS based on UK Biobank (UKB) (105 ON cases and 456,243 controls) was used for further exploration. Inverse variance weighted (IVW) was carried out to estimate their effects on ON risk and the MR assumptions were evaluated in sensitivity analyses. RESULTS Among the 196 GM taxa, the IVW results confirmed that Family -Peptococcaceae (P = 2.17 × 10-3), Genus- Hungatella (P = 4.57 × 10-3) and genus-Eubacterium_rectale_group (P = 0.02) were correlated with the risk of ON based on Finngen GWAS. Based on data from UKB, Genus- Eubacterium_hallii_group (P = 1.50 × 10-3) and Genus- Ruminococcaceae_UCG_002 (P = 0.02) were correlated with the risk of ON. At the phylum, class and order levels, no GM taxa were causally related to ON (P > 0.05). Heterogeneity (P > 0.05) and pleiotropy (P > 0.05) analysis confirmed the robustness of the MR results. CONCLUSION Our MR findings support the causal effect of specific GM taxa on ON. GM may affect the risk of ON through the "gut-brain" axis and the "gut-retina" axis. However, further research is needed to confirm the relevant mechanism of the relationship between GM and ON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangcheng Liu
- Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmic Disease, Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, 463 Bayi Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Pengfei Wu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Zou
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Huimin Fan
- Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmic Disease, Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, 463 Bayi Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hanying Hu
- Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmic Disease, Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, 463 Bayi Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yanhua Cheng
- Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmic Disease, Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, 463 Bayi Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Fei He
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jingying Liu
- Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmic Disease, Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, 463 Bayi Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhipeng You
- Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmic Disease, Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, 463 Bayi Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China.
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26
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Bejarano E, Weinberg J, Clark M, Taylor A, Rowan S, Whitcomb EA. Redox Regulation in Age-Related Cataracts: Roles for Glutathione, Vitamin C, and the NRF2 Signaling Pathway. Nutrients 2023; 15:3375. [PMID: 37571310 PMCID: PMC10421530 DOI: 10.3390/nu15153375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Age is the biggest risk factor for cataracts, and aberrant oxidative modifications are correlated with age-related cataracts, suggesting that proper redox regulation is important for lens clarity. The lens has very high levels of antioxidants, including ascorbate and glutathione that aid in keeping the lens clear, at least in young animals and humans. We summarize current functional and genetic data supporting the hypothesis that impaired regulation of oxidative stress leads to redox dysregulation and cataract. We will focus on the essential endogenous antioxidant glutathione and the exogenous antioxidant vitamin C/ascorbate. Additionally, gene expression in response to oxidative stress is regulated in part by the transcription factor NRF2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 [NFE2L2]), thus we will summarize our data regarding cataracts in Nrf2-/- mice. In this work, we discuss the function and integration of these capacities with the objective of maintaining lens clarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloy Bejarano
- JM-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA; (E.B.); (J.W.); (M.C.); (A.T.); (S.R.)
- School of Health Sciences and Veterinary, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, CEU Universities, 46113 Valencia, Spain
| | - Jasper Weinberg
- JM-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA; (E.B.); (J.W.); (M.C.); (A.T.); (S.R.)
| | - Madison Clark
- JM-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA; (E.B.); (J.W.); (M.C.); (A.T.); (S.R.)
| | - Allen Taylor
- JM-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA; (E.B.); (J.W.); (M.C.); (A.T.); (S.R.)
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Department of Developmental, Chemical and Molecular Biology, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Sheldon Rowan
- JM-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA; (E.B.); (J.W.); (M.C.); (A.T.); (S.R.)
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Whitcomb
- JM-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA; (E.B.); (J.W.); (M.C.); (A.T.); (S.R.)
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27
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Alfuzaie R. The Link Between Gastrointestinal Microbiome and Ocular Disorders. Clin Ophthalmol 2023; 17:2133-2140. [PMID: 37521153 PMCID: PMC10386868 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s415425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut-eye axis has been hypothesized to be a factor in many eye pathologies. This review examines papers from PubMed about this topic. Bacterial commensals could either be protective by regulating the immune system or prove to be damaging to the gut mucosal wall and incite an inflammatory process. The balance between the two appears to be crucial in maintaining eye health. Imbalances have been implicated in ophthalmologic conditions. The use of probiotics, dietary modifications, antibiotics, and faecal microbiota transplant in mice with pathologies such as those encountered in our practice appears to reverse disease course or at least prevent its progression. Clinical trials are currently underway to investigate their clinical significance in diseased patients.
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28
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Zhang H, Mo Y. The gut-retina axis: a new perspective in the prevention and treatment of diabetic retinopathy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1205846. [PMID: 37469982 PMCID: PMC10352852 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1205846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a microvascular lesion that occurs as a complication of diabetes mellitus. Many studies reveal that retinal neurodegeneration occurs early in its pathogenesis, and abnormal retinal function can occur in patients without any signs of microvascular abnormalities. The gut microbiota is a large, diverse colony of microorganisms that colonize the human intestine. Studies indicated that the gut microbiota is involved in the pathophysiological processes of DR and plays an important role in its development. On the one hand, numerous studies demonstrated the involvement of gut microbiota in retinal neurodegeneration. On the other hand, alterations in gut bacteria in RD patients can cause or exacerbate DR. The present review aims to underline the critical relationship between gut microbiota and DR. After a brief overview of the composition, function, and essential role of the gut microbiota in ocular health, and the review explores the concept of the gut-retina axis and the conditions of the gut-retina axis crosstalk. Because gut dysbiosis has been associated with DR, the review intends to determine changes in the gut microbiome in DR, the hypothesized mechanisms linking to the gut-retina axis, and its predictive potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Zhang
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan, China
| | - Ya Mo
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan, China
- Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan, China
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29
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Yuan Q, Zhu S, Yue S, Han Y, Peng G, Li L, Sheng Y, Wang B. Alterations in Faecal and Serum Metabolic Profiles in Patients with Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Nutrients 2023; 15:2984. [PMID: 37447310 DOI: 10.3390/nu15132984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) is a common and multifactorial disease in the elderly that may lead to irreversible vision loss; yet the pathogenesis of AMD remains unclear. In this study, nontargeted metabolomics profiling using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with Q-Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry was applied to discover the metabolic feature differences in both faeces and serum samples between Chinese nonobese subjects with and without nAMD. In faecal samples, a total of 18 metabolites were significantly altered in nAMD patients, and metabolic dysregulations were prominently involved in glycerolipid metabolism and nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism. In serum samples, a total of 29 differential metabolites were founded, involved in caffeine metabolism, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, and purine metabolism. Two faecal metabolites (palmitoyl ethanolamide and uridine) and three serum metabolites (4-hydroxybenzoic acid, adrenic acid, and palmitic acid) were selected as potential biomarkers for nAMD. Additionally, the significant correlations among dysregulated neuroprotective, antineuroinflammatory, or fatty acid metabolites in faecal and serum and IM dysbiosis were found. This comprehensive metabolomics study of faeces and serum samples showed that alterations in IM-mediated neuroprotective metabolites may be involved in the pathophysiology of AMD, offering IM-based nutritional therapeutic targets for nAMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixian Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan 250000, China
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Shuai Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Research Units of Infectious Disease and Microecology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Siqing Yue
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Yuqiu Han
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan 250000, China
- Research Units of Infectious Disease and Microecology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Guoping Peng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan 250000, China
- Research Units of Infectious Disease and Microecology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Yan Sheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Baohong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan 250000, China
- Research Units of Infectious Disease and Microecology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310003, China
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30
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Serban D, Dascalu AM, Arsene AL, Tribus LC, Vancea G, Pantea Stoian A, Costea DO, Tudosie MS, Stana D, Cristea BM, Nicolae VA, Tudor C, Costea AC, Comandasu M, Faur M, Tanasescu C. Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis in Diabetic Retinopathy-Current Knowledge and Future Therapeutic Targets. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13040968. [PMID: 37109497 PMCID: PMC10144923 DOI: 10.3390/life13040968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is one of the major causes of blindness today, despite important achievements in diagnosis and therapy. The involvement of a gut-retina axis is thought to be a possible risk factor for several chronic eye disease, such as glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, uveitis, and, recently, diabetic retinopathy. Dysbiosis may cause endothelial disfunction and alter retinal metabolism. This review analyzes the evidence regarding changes in gut microbiota in patients with DR compared with diabetics and healthy controls (HCs). A systematic review was performed on PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar for the following terms: "gut microbiota" OR "gut microbiome" AND "diabetic retinopathy". Ultimately, 9 articles published between 2020 and 2022 presenting comparative data on a total of 228 T2DM patients with DR, 220 patients with T2DM, and 118 HCs were analyzed. All of the studies found a distinctive microbial beta diversity in DR vs. T2DM and HC, characterized by an altered Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, a decrease in butyrate producers, and an increase in LPS-expressing and pro-inflammatory species in the Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria phyla. The probiotic species Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus were decreased when compared with T2DM. Gut microbiota influence retinal health in multiple ways and may represent a future therapeutic target in DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragos Serban
- Faculty of Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- Fourth Surgery Department, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, 050098 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ana Maria Dascalu
- Faculty of Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- Ophthalmology Department, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, 050098 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andreea Letitia Arsene
- Faculty of Pharmacy, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Laura Carina Tribus
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ilfov Emergency Clinic Hospital, 022113 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Geta Vancea
- Faculty of Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- "Victor Babes" Infectious and Tropical Disease Hospital, 030303 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anca Pantea Stoian
- Faculty of Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniel Ovidiu Costea
- Faculty of Medicine, Ovidius University Constanta, 900470 Constanta, Romania
- General Surgery Department, Emergency County Hospital Constanta, 900591 Constanta, Romania
| | - Mihail Silviu Tudosie
- Faculty of Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniela Stana
- Ophthalmology Department, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, 050098 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Bogdan Mihai Cristea
- Faculty of Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Vanessa Andrada Nicolae
- Faculty of Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- Ophthalmology Department, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, 050098 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Corneliu Tudor
- Faculty of Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- Fourth Surgery Department, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, 050098 Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Meda Comandasu
- Fourth Surgery Department, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, 050098 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihai Faur
- Faculty of Medicine, University "Lucian Blaga", 550169 Sibiu, Romania
- Department of Surgery, Emergency County Hospital Sibiu, 550245 Sibiu, Romania
| | - Ciprian Tanasescu
- Faculty of Medicine, University "Lucian Blaga", 550169 Sibiu, Romania
- Department of Surgery, Emergency County Hospital Sibiu, 550245 Sibiu, Romania
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Yoon CK, Kim YA, Park UC, Kwon SH, Lee Y, Yoo HJ, Seo JH, Yu HG. Vitreous Fatty Amides and Acyl Carnitines Are Altered in Intermediate Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:28. [PMID: 36939720 PMCID: PMC10043506 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.3.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of visual impairment worldwide. In this study, we aimed to investigate the vitreous humor metabolite profiles of patients with intermediate AMD using untargeted metabolomics. Methods We performed metabolomics using high-resolution liquid chromatography mass spectrometry on the vitreous humor of 31 patients with intermediate AMD and 30 controls who underwent vitrectomy for epiretinal membrane with or without cataract surgery. Univariate analyses after false discovery rate correction were performed to discriminate the metabolites and identify the significant metabolites of intermediate AMD. For biologic interpretation, enrichment and pathway analysis were conducted using MetaboAnalyst 5.0. Results Of the 858 metabolites analyzed in the vitreous humor, 258 metabolites that distinguished patients with AMD from controls were identified (P values < 0.05). Ascorbic acid and uric acid levels increased in the AMD group (all P values < 0.05). The acyl carnitines, such as acetyl L-carnitine (1.37-fold), and fatty amides, such as anandamide (0.9-fold) and docosanamide (0.67-fold), were higher in patients with intermediate AMD. In contrast, nicotinamide (-0.55-fold), and succinic acid (-1.69-fold) were lower in patients with intermediate AMD. The metabolic pathway related oxidation of branched chain fatty acids and carnitine synthesis showed enrichment. Conclusions Multiple metabolites related to fatty amides and acyl carnitine were found to be increased in the vitreous humor of patients with intermediate AMD, whereas succinic acid and nicotinamide were reduced, suggesting that altered metabolites related to fatty amides and acyl carnitines and energy metabolism may be implicated in the etiology of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Ki Yoon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ye An Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Un Chul Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Kwon
- Veterans Medical Research Institute, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Lee
- Veterans Medical Research Institute, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Yoo
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Je Hyun Seo
- Veterans Medical Research Institute, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
- https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3127-7160
| | - Hyeong Gon Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Retina Center, Sky Eye Institute, Seoul, Korea
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Yang Y, Wang N, Xu L, Liu Y, Huang L, Gu M, Wu Y, Guo W, Sun H. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor dependent anti-inflammation and neuroprotective effects of tryptophan metabolites on retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:92. [PMID: 36754954 PMCID: PMC9908897 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05616-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is the major cause of irreversible blindness in the world characterized by progressive retinal neurodegeneration, in which local inflammation in retina is involved in persistent loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). In order to explore whether aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and its agonists tryptophan metabolites are involved in the development of glaucoma, we collected serum and retinas from non-glaucoma controls and patients with glaucoma. Results showed altered serum tryptophan metabolism and reduced retinal AhR expression in glaucoma patients. We also showed intraperitoneally injection of tryptophan metabolite 2-(1'H-indole-3'-carbonyl)-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester (ITE) down-regulated retinal local inflammation and protected RGC apoptosis from retinal ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury via AhR activation. We further revealed that ITE could inhibit inflammation in BV2 microglia and alleviate the neurotoxicity of microglial conditioned medium to RGCs under IR. Finally, we illustrated the possible mechanism that ITE limited ERK and NFκB dependent microglial inflammation. In summary, these findings suggest the critical role of tryptophan metabolism and retinal AhR signaling in modulating local inflammation mediated by microglia in glaucoma, and provide a novel avenue to targeting the intrinsically altered AhR signaling resulted from disturbed tryptophan metabolism for glaucoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yixin Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Lulu Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengyang Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenyi Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hao Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China.
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Systemic Cytokines in Retinopathy of Prematurity. J Pers Med 2023; 13:jpm13020291. [PMID: 36836525 PMCID: PMC9966226 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13020291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), a vasoproliferative vitreoretinal disorder, is the leading cause of childhood blindness worldwide. Although angiogenic pathways have been the main focus, cytokine-mediated inflammation is also involved in ROP etiology. Herein, we illustrate the characteristics and actions of all cytokines involved in ROP pathogenesis. The two-phase (vaso-obliteration followed by vasoproliferation) theory outlines the evaluation of cytokines in a time-dependent manner. Levels of cytokines may even differ between the blood and the vitreous. Data from animal models of oxygen-induced retinopathy are also valuable. Although conventional cryotherapy and laser photocoagulation are well established and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents are available, less destructive novel therapeutics that can precisely target the signaling pathways are required. Linking the cytokines involved in ROP to other maternal and neonatal diseases and conditions provides insights into the management of ROP. Suppressing disordered retinal angiogenesis via the modulation of hypoxia-inducible factor, supplementation of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1/IGF-binding protein 3 complex, erythropoietin, and its derivatives, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and inhibition of secretogranin III have attracted the attention of researchers. Recently, gut microbiota modulation, non-coding RNAs, and gene therapies have shown promise in regulating ROP. These emerging therapeutics can be used to treat preterm infants with ROP.
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Pezzino S, Sofia M, Greco LP, Litrico G, Filippello G, Sarvà I, La Greca G, Latteri S. Microbiome Dysbiosis: A Pathological Mechanism at the Intersection of Obesity and Glaucoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021166. [PMID: 36674680 PMCID: PMC9862076 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The rate at which obesity is becoming an epidemic in many countries is alarming. Obese individuals have a high risk of developing elevated intraocular pressure and glaucoma. Additionally, glaucoma is a disease of epidemic proportions. It is characterized by neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation with optic neuropathy and the death of retinal ganglion cells (RGC). On the other hand, there is growing interest in microbiome dysbiosis, particularly in the gut, which has been widely acknowledged to play a prominent role in the etiology of metabolic illnesses such as obesity. Recently, studies have begun to highlight the fact that microbiome dysbiosis could play a critical role in the onset and progression of several neurodegenerative diseases, as well as in the development and progression of several ocular disorders. In obese individuals, gut microbiome dysbiosis can induce endotoxemia and systemic inflammation by causing intestinal barrier malfunction. As a result, bacteria and their metabolites could be delivered via the bloodstream or mesenteric lymphatic vessels to ocular regions at the level of the retina and optic nerve, causing tissue degeneration and neuroinflammation. Nowadays, there is preliminary evidence for the existence of brain and intraocular microbiomes. The altered microbiome of the gut could perturb the resident brain-ocular microbiome ecosystem which, in turn, could exacerbate the local inflammation. All these processes, finally, could lead to the death of RGC and neurodegeneration. The purpose of this literature review is to explore the recent evidence on the role of gut microbiome dysbiosis and related inflammation as common mechanisms underlying obesity and glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Pezzino
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G. F. Ingrassia”, Cannizzaro Hospital, University of Catania, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Sofia
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G. F. Ingrassia”, Cannizzaro Hospital, University of Catania, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Luigi Piero Greco
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G. F. Ingrassia”, Cannizzaro Hospital, University of Catania, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Giorgia Litrico
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G. F. Ingrassia”, Cannizzaro Hospital, University of Catania, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Giulia Filippello
- Complex Operative Unit of Ophtalmology, Cannizzaro Hospital, University of Catania, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Iacopo Sarvà
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G. F. Ingrassia”, Cannizzaro Hospital, University of Catania, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Gaetano La Greca
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G. F. Ingrassia”, Cannizzaro Hospital, University of Catania, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Saverio Latteri
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G. F. Ingrassia”, Cannizzaro Hospital, University of Catania, 95126 Catania, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0957263584
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Francisco SG, Rowan S. Repurposing Drugs for Treatment of Age-Related Macular Degeneration. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1415:73-77. [PMID: 37440017 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-27681-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The need for new drugs to treat dry forms of age-related macular degeneration remains high. A promising approach is repurposing of FDA-approved medications to treat AMD. Databases containing medical and drug records allow for retroactive identification of drugs whose use correlates with reduced AMD diagnosis. This short review summarizes progress in several classes of drugs considered for repurposing: GPR-143 agonists (L-DOPA), anti-diabetic drugs (metformin, acarbose, empagliflozin, fenofibrate), mitochondrial activators (PU-91), and serotonin pathway drugs (fluoxetine, flibanserin, xaliproden, buspirone). The promises and caveats of repurposing are discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah G Francisco
- JM-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sheldon Rowan
- JM-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.
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Lin Z, Yu H, Shi C, Chen H, Lin G, Shen M, Wang C. Acute hyperglycemia compromises the responses of choroidal vessels using swept-source optical coherence tomography during dark and light adaptations. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1049326. [PMID: 36843596 PMCID: PMC9947340 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1049326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To clarify the effects of acute hyperglycemia on the responses of choroidal structural components and vascularity index during light modulation in healthy participants using techniques including image binarization and artificial intelligence (AI) segmentation based on swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT). METHODS Twenty-four eyes of 24 healthy participants were imaged at different stages after ambient light, 40 min of dark adaptation, and 5 min of light adaptation in two imaging sessions: control and after receiving 75 g of oral glucose solution. The choroidal structural parameters, including luminal volume (LV), stromal volume (SV), total choroidal volume (TCV), and choroidal vascularity index (CVI) within a 6 mm area were determined using a custom algorithm based on image binarization and AI segmentation of SS-OCT. These measurements were compared among the conditions after adjusting for axial length, age to identify the differences. RESULTS In the dark, CVI decreased (-0.36 ± 0.09%) significantly in acute hyperglycemia compared to the control condition. During the transition to ambient light, there was an increasing trend in the choroidal parameters compared with the control experiment. However, only TCV (0.38 ± 0.17 mm3) and LV (0.27 ± 0.10 mm3) showed a significant increase at the time point of 5 min after ambient light. CONCLUSION Analysis of choroidal structural parameters and CVI based on SS-OCT images is a potentially powerful method to objectively reflect subtle changes in neurovascular coupling between the choroid and photoreceptor during dark adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyang Lin
- Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Huankai Yu
- Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ce Shi
- Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hongling Chen
- Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Guangqing Lin
- Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Meixiao Shen
- Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- *Correspondence: Meixiao Shen, ; Chenxiao Wang,
| | - Chenxiao Wang
- Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Meixiao Shen, ; Chenxiao Wang,
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Zysset-Burri DC, Morandi S, Herzog EL, Berger LE, Zinkernagel MS. The role of the gut microbiome in eye diseases. Prog Retin Eye Res 2023; 92:101117. [PMID: 36075807 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiome is a complex ecosystem of microorganisms and their genetic entities colonizing the gastrointestinal tract. When in balanced composition, the gut microbiome is in symbiotic interaction with its host and maintains intestinal homeostasis. It is involved in essential functions such as nutrient metabolism, inhibition of pathogens and regulation of immune function. Through translocation of microbes and their metabolites along the epithelial barrier, microbial dysbiosis induces systemic inflammation that may lead to tissue destruction and promote the onset of various diseases. Using whole-metagenome shotgun sequencing, several studies have shown that the composition and associated functional capacities of the gut microbiome are associated with age-related macular degeneration, retinal artery occlusion, central serous chorioretinopathy and uveitis. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge about the gut microbiome in eye diseases, with a focus on interactions between the microbiome, specific microbial-derived metabolites and the immune system. We explain how these interactions may be involved in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration, retinal artery occlusion, central serous chorioretinopathy and uveitis and guide the development of new therapeutic approaches by microbiome-altering interventions for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise C Zysset-Burri
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 15, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland; Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 24, CH-3008, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Sophia Morandi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 15, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland; Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 24, CH-3008, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Elio L Herzog
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 15, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland; Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 24, CH-3008, Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Mittelstrasse 43, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Lieselotte E Berger
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 15, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland; Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 24, CH-3008, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Martin S Zinkernagel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 15, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland; Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 24, CH-3008, Bern, Switzerland.
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Theodoridis K, Gika H, Kotali A. Acylcarnitines in Ophthalmology: Promising Emerging Biomarkers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416183. [PMID: 36555822 PMCID: PMC9784861 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Several common ocular diseases are leading causes of irreversible visual impairment. Over the last decade, various mainly untargeted metabolic studies have been performed to show that metabolic dysfunction plays an important role in the pathogenesis of ocular diseases. A number of metabolites in plasma/serum, aqueous or vitreous humor, or in tears have been found to differ between patients and controls; among them are L-carnitine and acylcarnitines, which are essential for mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. The metabolic profile of carnitines regarding a variety of diseases has attracted researchers' interest. In this review, we present and discuss recent advances that have been made in the identification of carnitines as potential metabolic biomarkers in common ocular diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, central retinal vein occlusion, primary open-angle glaucoma, rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, and dry eye syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Theodoridis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, School of Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Laboratory of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Correspondence:
| | - Helen Gika
- Laboratory of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Biomic AUTh, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center B1.4, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Antigoni Kotali
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, School of Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Innate immunity dysregulation in aging eye and therapeutic interventions. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 82:101768. [PMID: 36280210 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of eye diseases increases considerably with age, resulting in significant vision impairment. Although the pathobiology of age-related eye diseases has been studied extensively, the contribution of immune-related changes due to aging remains elusive. In the eye, tissue-resident cells and infiltrating immune cells regulate innate responses during injury or infection. But due to aging, these cells lose their protective functions and acquire pathological phenotypes. Thus, dysregulated ocular innate immunity in the elderly increases the susceptibility and severity of eye diseases. Herein, we emphasize the impact of aging on the ocular innate immune system in the pathogenesis of infectious and non-infectious eye diseases. We discuss the role of age-related alterations in cellular metabolism, epigenetics, and cellular senescence as mechanisms underlying altered innate immune functions. Finally, we describe approaches to restore protective innate immune functions in the aging eye. Overall, the review summarizes our current understanding of innate immune functions in eye diseases and their dysregulation during aging.
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Xu H, Chen M. Immune response in retinal degenerative diseases - Time to rethink? Prog Neurobiol 2022; 219:102350. [PMID: 36075351 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Retinal degeneration comprises a group of diseases whereby either the retinal neurons or the neurovascular unit degenerates leading to the loss of visual function. Although the initial cause varies in different conditions, inflammation is known to play an important role in disease pathogenesis. Recent advances in molecular and cell biology and systems biology have yielded unexpected findings, including the heterogeneity of immune cells in the degenerative retina, bidirectional neuron-microglia cross talk, and links to the gut microbiome. Here we discuss the immune response in retinal degenerative conditions, taking into account both regional (retinal) and systemic factors. We propose to classify retinal degeneration into dry and wet forms based on whether the blood-retinal barrier (BRB) is breached and fluid is accumulated in retinal parenchyma. The dry form has a relatively intact BRB and is characterised by progressive retinal thinning. Immune response to degenerative insults is dominated by the retinal defence system, which remains to be regulated by neurons. In contrast, the wet form has retinal oedema due to BRB damaged. Inflammation is executed by infiltrating immune cells as well as the retinal defence system. The gut microbiome will have easy access to the retina in wet retinal degeneration and may affect significantly retinal immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heping Xu
- Aier Institute of Optometry and Vision Science, Changsha 410000, China; The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK.
| | - Mei Chen
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK.
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Weinberg J, Gaur M, Swaroop A, Taylor A. Proteostasis in aging-associated ocular disease. Mol Aspects Med 2022; 88:101157. [PMID: 36459837 PMCID: PMC9742340 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Vision impairment has devastating consequences for the quality of human life. The cells and tissues associated with the visual process must function throughout one's life span and maintain homeostasis despite exposure to a variety of insults. Maintenance of the proteome is termed proteostasis, and is vital for normal cellular functions, especially at an advanced age. Here we describe basic aspects of proteostasis, from protein synthesis and folding to degradation, and discuss the current status of the field with a particular focus on major age-related eye diseases: age-related macular degeneration, cataract, and glaucoma. Our intent is to allow vision scientists to determine where and how to harness the proteostatic machinery for extending functional homeostasis in the aging retina, lens, and trabecular meshwork. Several common themes have emerged despite these tissues having vastly different metabolisms. Continued exposure to insults, including chronic stress with advancing age, increases proteostatic burden and reduces the fidelity of the degradation machineries including the ubiquitin-proteasome and the autophagy-lysosome systems that recognize and remove damaged proteins. This "double jeopardy" results in an exponential accumulation of cytotoxic proteins with advancing age. We conclude with a discussion of the challenges in maintaining an appropriate balance of protein synthesis and degradation pathways, and suggest that harnessing proteostatic capacities should provide new opportunities to design interventions for attenuating age-related eye diseases before they limit sight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Weinberg
- Laboratory for Nutrition and Vision Research, USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Mohita Gaur
- Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Anand Swaroop
- Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Allen Taylor
- Laboratory for Nutrition and Vision Research, USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
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Hu C, Li J, Liu M, Lam PKS, Chen L. Young fecal transplantation modulates the visual toxicity of perfluorobutanesulfonate in aged zebrafish recipients. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 251:106295. [PMID: 36103760 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorobutanesulfonate (PFBS) is an emerging pollutant of potent toxicity to impair visual system. Previous studies highlighted the applicability of gut microbiota manipulation to mitigate the toxicities of PFBS. However, it remains unknown whether transplantation of whole fecal microbiota to PFBS-disturbed gut can restore the health of the recipient animals, especially for aged fish that are of high susceptibility. In the present study, aged zebrafish of 3 years old were first transplanted with feces from young counterparts and then exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of PFBS. After exposure, toxic effects of PFBS on visual system of aged zebrafish were elucidated based on transcriptional, proteomic, biochemical, histological, and behavioral evidences. In addition, interaction between young fecal transplant and innate visual toxicity of PFBS was further explored in the aged. The results showed that PFBS singular exposure induced lipid peroxidation (by 1.9-fold) in aged male eyes, which were alleviated by young fecal transplantation. PFBS also disturbed the retinal structure of the aged, which was characterized by increases in plexiform layers, but decreases in ganglion neuron number (by 26.8% and 26.0% in males and females, respectively) and optic nerve width (by 14.1% and 12.7% in males and females, respectively). It was unexpected that young fecal transplant was very potent in re-organizing the histological assembly of aged eyes regardless of PFBS coexposure, underlining the intimate interplay between gut and retina. Proteomic profiling provided more clues about the visual toxicology mechanism of PFBS, which was found to typically interfere with synaptic neurotransmission occurring in plexiform layers. However, proteome perturbation of aged eyes by PFBS exposure was effectively shifted by the transplantation of young feces towards the control phenotype, suggesting the high ameliorative potential of young fecal transplantation along the gut-retina axis. Overall, the present study pinpoints the potent visual toxicity of PFBS in aged animals and highlights the efficacy of young fecal transplant to regulate the inherent toxicity of PFBS. Future studies are necessitated to sequence the gut microbiota and unveil the underlying interactive routes between gut microbes and visual system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyan Hu
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mengyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Paul K S Lam
- Office of the President, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, 30 Good Shepherd Street, Kowloon, China Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Lianguo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
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Liu D, Ji Y, Cheng Q, Zhu Y, Zhang H, Guo Y, Cao X, Wang H. Dietary astaxanthin-rich extract ameliorates atherosclerosis/retinopathy and restructures gut microbiome in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice fed on a high-fat diet. Food Funct 2022; 13:10461-10475. [PMID: 36134474 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo02102a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Scope: Atherosclerosis (AS) is the leading cause of ischemic disease. However, the anti-AS effects of astaxanthin and its potential mechanisms remain unclear. This study is aimed to investigate the function of astaxanthin-rich extract (ASTE) on AS and gut microbiota as well as the difference from atorvastatin (ATO) in apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice. Methods and results: Wild type (WT) and ApoE-/- mice were divided into seven groups: the low-fat diet (LFD) and high-fat diet (HFD) groups (in both types) as well as three ApoE-/- groups based on HFD added with two doses of ASTE and one dose of ATO, respectively. After 30 weeks of intervention, results showed that ASTE significantly inhibited body weight increase, lipids accumulation in serum/liver, and AS-lesions in the aorta. Furthermore, fundus fluorescein angiography and retinal CD31 immunohistochemical staining showed that ASTE could alleviate the occurrence of AS-retinopathy. H&E staining showed that ASTE could protect the colon's mucosal epithelium from damage. The gas chromatographic and gene expression analyses showed that ASTE promoted the excretion of fecal acidic and neutral sterols from cholesterol by increasing LXRα, CYP7A1, and ABCG5/8 and decreasing FXR, NPC1L1, ACAT2, and MTTP expressions. Remarkably, the ASTE administration maintained the gut barrier by enhancing gene expression of JAM-A, Occludin, and mucin2 in the colon and reshaped gut microbiota with the feature of blooming Akkermansia. Conclusion: Our results suggested that ASTE could prevent AS in both macrovascular and/or microvascular as well as used as novel prebiotics by supporting the bile acid excretion and growth of Akkermansia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Economic and Technological Development Area (TEDA), Tianjin 300457, China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yanglin Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Economic and Technological Development Area (TEDA), Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Qian Cheng
- Angel Nutritech Company Limited, Yichang 443000, China
| | - Yamin Zhu
- Angel Nutritech Company Limited, Yichang 443000, China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- Angel Nutritech Company Limited, Yichang 443000, China
| | - Yatu Guo
- Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Eye Institute, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Xiupeng Cao
- The First People's Hospital of Neijiang, Neijiang 641099, China
| | - Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Economic and Technological Development Area (TEDA), Tianjin 300457, China.
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Liu K, Zou J, Fan H, Hu H, You Z. Causal effects of gut microbiota on diabetic retinopathy: A Mendelian randomization study. Front Immunol 2022; 13:930318. [PMID: 36159877 PMCID: PMC9496187 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.930318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundPrevious researches have implicated a vital association between gut microbiota (GM) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) based on the association of the “gut-retina” axis. But their causal relationship has not been elucidated.MethodsInstrumental variables of 211 GM taxa were obtained from genome wide association study (GWAS), and Mendelian randomization study was carried out to estimate their effects on DR risk from FinnGen GWAS (14,584 DR cases and 202,082 controls). Inverse variance weighted (IVW) is the main method to analyze causality, and MR results are verified by several sensitive analyses.ResultsAs for 211 GM taxa, IVW results confirmed that family-Christensenellaceae (P = 1.36×10-2) and family-Peptococcaceae (P = 3.13×10-2) were protective factors for DR. Genus-Ruminococcaceae_UCG_011 (P = 4.83×10-3), genus-Eubacterium_rectale_group (P = 3.44×10-2) and genus-Adlercreutzia (P = 4.82×10-2) were correlated with the risk of DR. At the phylum, class and order levels, we found no GM taxa that were causally related to DR (P>0.05). Heterogeneity (P>0.05) and pleiotropy (P>0.05) analysis confirmed the robustness of MR results.ConclusionWe confirmed that there was a potential causal relationship between some GM taxa and DR, which highlights the association of the “gut-retina” axis and offered new insights into the GM-mediated mechanism of DR. Further explorations of their association are required and will lead to find new biomarkers for targeted prevention strategies of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangcheng Liu
- Jiangxi Province Division of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmic Disease, Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jing Zou
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Huimin Fan
- Jiangxi Province Division of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmic Disease, Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Hanying Hu
- Jiangxi Province Division of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmic Disease, Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhipeng You
- Jiangxi Province Division of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmic Disease, Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- *Correspondence: Zhipeng You,
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Wei L, Sun X, Fan C, Li R, Zhou S, Yu H. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying diabetic retinopathy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:963615. [PMID: 36111346 PMCID: PMC9468825 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.963615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most common complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), which can lead to visual impairment and even blindness in severe cases. DR is generally considered to be a microvascular disease but its pathogenesis is still unclear. A large body of evidence shows that the development of DR is not determined by a single factor but rather by multiple related mechanisms that lead to different degrees of retinal damage in DR patients. Therefore, this article briefly reviews the pathophysiological changes in DR, and discusses the occurrence and development of DR resulting from different factors such as oxidative stress, inflammation, neovascularization, neurodegeneration, the neurovascular unit, and gut microbiota, to provide a theoretical reference for the development of new DR treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindan Wei
- Special Key Laboratory of Ocular Diseases of Guizhou Province, Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Xin Sun
- Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy of Guizhou Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Chenxi Fan
- Special Key Laboratory of Ocular Diseases of Guizhou Province, Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Rongli Li
- Special Key Laboratory of Ocular Diseases of Guizhou Province, Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Shuanglong Zhou
- Special Key Laboratory of Ocular Diseases of Guizhou Province, Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Hongsong Yu
- Special Key Laboratory of Ocular Diseases of Guizhou Province, Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- *Correspondence: Hongsong Yu,
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Grant MB, Bernstein PS, Boesze-Battaglia K, Chew E, Curcio CA, Kenney MC, Klaver C, Philp NJ, Rowan S, Sparrow J, Spaide RF, Taylor A. Inside out: Relations between the microbiome, nutrition, and eye health. Exp Eye Res 2022; 224:109216. [PMID: 36041509 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex disease with increasing numbers of individuals being afflicted and treatment modalities limited. There are strong interactions between diet, age, the metabolome, and gut microbiota, and all of these have roles in the pathogenesis of AMD. Communication axes exist between the gut microbiota and the eye, therefore, knowing how the microbiota influences the host metabolism during aging could guide a better understanding of AMD pathogenesis. While considerable experimental evidence exists for a diet-gut-eye axis from murine models of human ocular diseases, human diet-microbiome-metabolome studies are needed to elucidate changes in the gut microbiome at the taxonomic and functional levels that are functionally related to ocular pathology. Such studies will reveal new ways to diminish risk for progression of- or incidence of- AMD. Current data suggest that consuming diets rich in dark fish, fruits, vegetables, and low in glycemic index are most retina-healthful during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria B Grant
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Paul S Bernstein
- Department of Ophthalmology, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Emily Chew
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christine A Curcio
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - M Cristina Kenney
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Caroline Klaver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nancy J Philp
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sheldon Rowan
- JM-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Janet Sparrow
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Richard F Spaide
- Vitreous, Retina, Macula Consultants of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Allen Taylor
- JM-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.
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Zhang JY, Xie B, Barba H, Nadeem U, Movahedan A, Deng N, Spedale M, D’Souza M, Luo W, Leone V, Chang EB, Theriault B, Sulakhe D, Skondra D. Absence of Gut Microbiota Is Associated with RPE/Choroid Transcriptomic Changes Related to Age-Related Macular Degeneration Pathobiology and Decreased Choroidal Neovascularization. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:9676. [PMID: 36077073 PMCID: PMC9456402 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have begun to reveal significant connections between the gut microbiome and various retinal diseases, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD). As critical supporting tissues of the retina, the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and underlying choroid play a critical role in retinal homeostasis and degeneration. However, the relationship between the microbiome and RPE/choroid remains poorly understood, particularly in animal models of AMD. In order to better elucidate this role, we performed high-throughput RNA sequencing of RPE/choroid tissue in germ-free (GF) and specific pathogen-free (SPF) mice. Furthermore, utilizing a specialized laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) model that we developed, we compared CNV size and inflammatory response between GF and SPF mice. After correction of raw data, 660 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, including those involved in angiogenesis regulation, scavenger and cytokine receptor activity, and inflammatory response-all of which have been implicated in AMD pathogenesis. Among lasered mice, the GF group showed significantly decreased CNV lesion size and microglial infiltration around CNV compared to the SPF group. Together, these findings provide evidence for a potential gut-RPE/choroidal axis as well as a correlation with neovascular features of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Y. Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Bingqing Xie
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Hugo Barba
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Urooba Nadeem
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Asadolah Movahedan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Nini Deng
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Melanie Spedale
- Animal Resources Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Mark D’Souza
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Wendy Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Vanessa Leone
- Department of Animal Biologics and Metabolism, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Eugene B. Chang
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- The Microbiome Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Betty Theriault
- Animal Resources Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Dinanath Sulakhe
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Dimitra Skondra
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Bai J, Wan Z, Zhang Y, Wang T, Xue Y, Peng Q. Composition and diversity of gut microbiota in diabetic retinopathy. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:926926. [PMID: 36081798 PMCID: PMC9445585 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.926926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveDiabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most common complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The current study investigates the composition, structure, and function of gut microbiota in DR patients and explores the correlation between gut microbiota and clinical characteristics of DR.MethodsA total of 50 stool samples were collected from 50 participants, including 25 DR patients and 25 healthy controls (HCs). 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing was used to analyze the gut microbial composition in these two groups. DNA was extracted from the fecal samples using the MiSeq platform.ResultsThe microbial structure and composition of DR patients were different from that of HCs. The microbial richness of gut microbiota in DR was higher than that of normal individuals. The alterations of microbiome of DR patients were associated with disrupted Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Synergistota, and Desulfobacterota phyla. In addition, increased levels of Bacteroides, Megamonas, Ruminococcus_torques_group, Lachnoclostridium, and Alistipes, and decreased levels of Blautia, Eubacterium_ hallii_group, Collinsella, Dorea, Romboutsia, Anaerostipes, and Fusicatenibacter genera were observed in the DR groups. Additionally, a stochastic forest model was developed to identify a set of biomarkers with seven bacterial genera that can differentiate patients with DR from those HC. The microbial communities exhibited varied functions in these two groups because of the alterations of the above-mentioned bacterial genera.ConclusionThe altered composition and function of gut microbiota in DR patients indicated that gut microbiome could be used as non-invasive biomarkers, improve clinical diagnostic methods, and identify putative therapeutic targets for DR.
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Chiang MC, Chern E. Ocular surface microbiota: Ophthalmic infectious disease and probiotics. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:952473. [PMID: 36060740 PMCID: PMC9437450 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.952473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, increasing studies have emphasized the importance of commensal bacteria in humans, including microbiota in the oral cavity, gut, vagina, or skin. Ocular surface microbiota (OSM) is gaining great importance as new methodologies for bacteria DNA sequencing have been published. This review outlines the current understanding and investigation of OSM and introduces the new concept of the gut–eye axis. Moreover, we have collected current studies that focus on the relationship between ophthalmic infectious disease and alterations in the OSM or human gut microbiota. Finally, we discuss the current application of probiotics in ophthalmic infectious disease, its limitations to date, and futural directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Cheng Chiang
- niChe Lab for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Edward Chern
- niChe Lab for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Edward Chern
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Thirunavukarasu AJ, Ross AC, Gilbert RM. Vitamin A, systemic T-cells, and the eye: Focus on degenerative retinal disease. Front Nutr 2022; 9:914457. [PMID: 35923205 PMCID: PMC9339908 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.914457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The first discovered vitamin, vitamin A, exists in a range of forms, primarily retinoids and provitamin carotenoids. The bioactive forms of vitamin A, retinol and retinoic acid, have many critical functions in body systems including the eye and immune system. Vitamin A deficiency is associated with dysfunctional immunity, and presents clinically as a characteristic ocular syndrome, xerophthalmia. The immune functions of vitamin A extend to the gut, where microbiome interactions and nutritional retinoids and carotenoids contribute to the balance of T cell differentiation, thereby determining immune status and contributing to inflammatory disease around the whole body. In the eye, degenerative conditions affecting the retina and uvea are influenced by vitamin A. Stargardt's disease (STGD1; MIM 248200) is characterised by bisretinoid deposits such as lipofuscin, produced by retinal photoreceptors as they use and recycle a vitamin A-derived chromophore. Age-related macular degeneration features comparable retinal deposits, such as drusen featuring lipofuscin accumulation; and is characterised by parainflammatory processes. We hypothesise that local parainflammatory processes secondary to lipofuscin deposition in the retina are mediated by T cells interacting with dietary vitamin A derivatives and the gut microbiome, and outline the current evidence for this. No cures exist for Stargardt's or age-related macular degeneration, but many vitamin A-based therapeutic approaches have been or are being trialled. The relationship between vitamin A's functions in systemic immunology and the eye could be further exploited, and further research may seek to leverage the interactions of the gut-eye immunological axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun J. Thirunavukarasu
- Corpus Christi College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - A. Catharine Ross
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Rose M. Gilbert
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
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