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Robbins Z, Chambers J, Chitra-Tarak R, Christoffersen B, Dickman LT, Fisher R, Jonko A, Knox R, Koven C, Kueppers L, McDowell N, Xu C. Future climate doubles the risk of hydraulic failure in a wet tropical forest. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024. [PMID: 39030765 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Future climate presents conflicting implications for forest biomass. We evaluate how plant hydraulic traits, elevated CO2 levels, warming, and changes in precipitation affect forest primary productivity, evapotranspiration, and the risk of hydraulic failure. We used a dynamic vegetation model with plant hydrodynamics (FATES-HYDRO) to simulate the stand-level responses to future climate changes in a wet tropical forest in Barro Colorado Island, Panama. We calibrated the model by selecting plant trait assemblages that performed well against observations. These assemblages were run with temperature and precipitation changes for two greenhouse gas emission scenarios (2086-2100: SSP2-45, SSP5-85) and two CO2 levels (contemporary, anticipated). The risk of hydraulic failure is projected to increase from a contemporary rate of 5.7% to 10.1-11.3% under future climate scenarios, and, crucially, elevated CO2 provided only slight amelioration. By contrast, elevated CO2 mitigated GPP reductions. We attribute a greater variation in hydraulic failure risk to trait assemblages than to either CO2 or climate. Our results project forests with both faster growth (through productivity increases) and higher mortality rates (through increasing rates of hydraulic failure) in the neo-tropics accompanied by certain trait plant assemblages becoming nonviable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Robbins
- Earth & Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Jeffrey Chambers
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Rutuja Chitra-Tarak
- Earth & Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Bradley Christoffersen
- Department of Biology and School of Earth, Environmental and Marine Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, 78539, USA
| | - L Turin Dickman
- Earth & Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Rosie Fisher
- CICERO Center for International Climate Research, Postboks 1129 Blindern, 0318, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alex Jonko
- Earth & Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Ryan Knox
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Charles Koven
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Lara Kueppers
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Nate McDowell
- Atmospheric Sciences & Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Chonggang Xu
- Earth & Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
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2
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Wu T, Song Y, Tissue D, Su W, Luo H, Li X, Yang S, Liu X, Yan J, Huang J, Liu J. Photosynthetic and biochemical responses of four subtropical tree seedlings to reduced dry season and increased wet season precipitation and variable N deposition. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 44:tpad114. [PMID: 37756634 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Interspecific variations in phenotypic plasticity of trees that are affected by climate change may alter the ecosystem function of forests. Seedlings of four common tree species (Castanopsis fissa, Michelia macclurei, Dalbergia odorifera and Ormosia pinnata) in subtropical plantations of southern China were grown in the field under rainout shelters and subjected to changing precipitation (48 L of water every 4 days in the dry season, 83 L of water every 1 day in the wet season; 4 g m-2 year-1 of nitrogen (N)), low N deposition (48 L of water every 2 days in the dry season, 71 L of water every 1 day in the wet season; 8 g m-2 year-1 N), high N deposition (48 L of water every 2 days in the dry season, 71 L of water every 1 day in the wet season; 10 g m-2 year-1 N) and their interactive effects. We found that the changes in seasonal precipitation reduced the light-saturated photosynthetic rate (Asat) for C. fissa due to declining area-based foliar N concentrations (Na). However, we also found that the interactive effects of changing precipitation and N deposition enhanced Asat for C. fissa by increasing foliar Na concentrations, suggesting that N deposition could alleviate N limitations associated with changing precipitation. Altered precipitation and high N deposition reduced Asat for D. odorifera by decreasing the maximum electron transport rate for RuBP regeneration (Jmax) and maximum rate of carboxylation of Rubisco (Vcmax). Ormosia pinnata under high N deposition exhibited increasing Asat due to higher stomatal conductance and Vcmax. The growth of D. odorifera might be inhibited by changes in seasonal precipitation and N deposition, while O. pinnata may benefit from increasing N deposition in future climates. Our study provides an important insight into the selection of tree species with high capacity to tolerate changing precipitation and N deposition in subtropical plantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Campus, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
- Global Centre for Land-Based Innovation, Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Campus, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Yuting Song
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - David Tissue
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Campus, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
- Global Centre for Land-Based Innovation, Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Campus, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Wei Su
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Hanyu Luo
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Xu Li
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Shimin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Xujun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Junhua Yan
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Juxiu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
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Wang X, Xu T, Xu C, Liu H, Chen Z, Li Z, Li X, Wu X. Enhanced growth resistance but no decline in growth resilience under long-term extreme droughts. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17038. [PMID: 37987223 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The frequency, intensity, and duration of extreme droughts, with devastating impacts on tree growth and survival, have increased with climate change over the past decades. Assessing growth resistance and resilience to drought is a crucial prerequisite for understanding the responses of forest functioning to drought events. However, the responses of growth resistance and resilience to extreme droughts with different durations across different climatic zones remain unclear. Here, we investigated the spatiotemporal patterns in growth resistance and resilience in response to extreme droughts with different durations during 1901-2015, relying on tree-ring chronologies from 2389 forest stands over the mid- and high-latitudinal Northern Hemisphere, species-specific plant functional traits, and diverse climatic factors. The findings revealed that growth resistance and resilience under 1-year droughts were higher in humid regions than in arid regions. Significant higher growth resistance was observed under 2-year droughts than under 1-year droughts in both arid and humid regions, while growth resilience did not show a significant difference. Temporally, tree growth became less resistant and resilient to 1-year droughts in 1980-2015 than in 1901-1979 in both arid and humid regions. As drought duration lengthened, the predominant impacts of climatic factors on growth resistance and resilience weakened and instead foliar economic traits, plant hydraulic traits, and soil properties became much more important in both climatic regions; in addition, such trends were also observed temporally. Finally, we found that most of the Earth system models (ESMs) used in this study overestimated growth resistance and underestimated growth resilience under both 1-year and 2-year droughts. A comprehensive ecophysiological understanding of tree growth responses to longer and intensified drought events is urgently needed, and a specific emphasis should be placed on improving the performance of ESMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resources Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Taoran Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resources Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Chenxi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyan Liu
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenju Chen
- Tree-Ring Laboratory, Research Station of Liaohe-River Plain Forest Ecosystem CFERN, College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zongshan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ximeng Li
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuchen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resources Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, People's Government of Qinghai Province & Beijing Normal University, Xining, China
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4
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Jia Q, Liu Z, Guo C, Wang Y, Yang J, Yu Q, Wang J, Zheng F, Lu X. Relationship between Photosynthetic CO 2 Assimilation and Chlorophyll Fluorescence for Winter Wheat under Water Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3365. [PMID: 37836105 PMCID: PMC10574178 DOI: 10.3390/plants12193365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) has a high correlation with Gross Primary Production (GPP). However, studies focusing on the impact of drought on the SIF-GPP relationship have had mixed results at various scales, and the mechanisms controlling the dynamics between photosynthesis and fluorescence emission under water stress are not well understood. We developed a leaf-scale measurement system to perform concurrent measurements of active and passive fluorescence, and gas-exchange rates for winter wheat experiencing a one-month progressive drought. Our results confirmed that: (1) shifts in light energy allocation towards decreasing photochemistry (the quantum yields of photochemical quenching in PSII decreased from 0.42 to 0.21 under intermediate light conditions) and increasing fluorescence emissions (the quantum yields of fluorescence increased to 0.062 from 0.024) as drought progressed enhance the degree of nonlinearity of the SIF-GPP relationship, and (2) SIF alone has a limited capacity to track changes in the photosynthetic status of plants under drought conditions. However, by incorporating the water stress factor into a SIF-based mechanistic photosynthesis model, we show that drought-induced variations in a variety of key photosynthetic parameters, including stomatal conductance and photosynthetic CO2 assimilation, can be accurately estimated using measurements of SIF, photosynthetically active radiation, air temperature, and soil moisture as inputs. Our findings provide the experimental and theoretical foundations necessary for employing SIF mechanistically to estimate plant photosynthetic activity during periods of drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianlan Jia
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (Q.J.); (C.G.); (Y.W.)
| | - Zhunqiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (Z.L.); (Q.Y.); (J.W.); (F.Z.)
| | - Chenhui Guo
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (Q.J.); (C.G.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yakai Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (Q.J.); (C.G.); (Y.W.)
| | - Jingjing Yang
- The Research Center of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Education, Xianyang 712100, China;
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Qiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (Z.L.); (Q.Y.); (J.W.); (F.Z.)
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (Z.L.); (Q.Y.); (J.W.); (F.Z.)
| | - Fenli Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (Z.L.); (Q.Y.); (J.W.); (F.Z.)
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Xiaoliang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (Z.L.); (Q.Y.); (J.W.); (F.Z.)
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5
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Yu T, Jiapaer G, Long G, Li X, Jing J, Liu Y, De Maeyer P, Van de Voorde T. Interannual and seasonal relationships between photosynthesis and summer soil moisture in the Ili River basin, Xinjiang, 2000-2018. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 856:159191. [PMID: 36195150 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Soil moisture (SM) is essential for controlling terrestrial carbon uptake, as it directly provides moisture for photosynthesis, especially in arid and semiarid regions. We selected the arid and semiarid Ili River basin (IRB) of Xinjiang as the study area, and investigated the spatial and temporal characteristics and interrelationships with SM and photosynthesis from 2000 to 2018 using the ERA5 products and solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF). SM and photosynthesis showed a decreasing trend during the study period. Compared with those in spring and autumn, the variation of summer SM and SIF was more consistent with the interannual variation. Anomaly analysis showed that negative SM anomalies were most profound in 2012-2015, 2008, and 2014. Additionally, we quantified the effect of seasonal SM deficits on photosynthesis by performing model-based experiments. The results indicated that the gross primary productivity (GPP) simulated by the P-model could capture the characteristics of photosynthesis in the IRB, which had a high correlation with SIF (R2 = 0.82, p < 0.001). In 2012-2015, 2008, and 2014, SM deficits caused more GPP reduction in the summers than in the springs or the autumns. The trends were mainly visible in the northern IRB, where GPP was below 40 % of the multi-year mean, and SM was below 23 %. GPP decreased more significantly in grassland than in the forest under the influence of SM deficit. This study reveals seasonal differences in the effects of SM deficit on photosynthesis and emphasizes that the summer SM deficit was the main factor responsible for decreases in GPP in the IRB during the study period. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the relationships between photosynthesis and environmental factors, and provide a reference for an accurate assessment of the regional carbon cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Department of Geography, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Guli Jiapaer
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; CAS Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia, Urumqi 830011, China; Sino-Belgian Laboratory for Geo-Information, Ghent 9000, Belgium.
| | - Gang Long
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingyu Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; CAS Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Philippe De Maeyer
- Department of Geography, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium; Sino-Belgian Laboratory for Geo-Information, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Tim Van de Voorde
- Department of Geography, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium; Sino-Belgian Laboratory for Geo-Information, Ghent 9000, Belgium
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6
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Li W, McDowell NG, Zhang H, Wang W, Mackay DS, Leff R, Zhang P, Ward ND, Norwood M, Yabusaki S, Myers-Pigg AN, Pennington SC, Pivovaroff AL, Waichler S, Xu C, Bond-Lamberty B, Bailey VL. The influence of increasing atmospheric CO 2 , temperature, and vapor pressure deficit on seawater-induced tree mortality. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:1767-1779. [PMID: 35644021 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Increasing seawater exposure is killing coastal trees globally, with expectations of accelerating mortality with rising sea levels. However, the impact of concomitant changes in atmospheric CO2 concentration, temperature, and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) on seawater-induced tree mortality is uncertain. We examined the mechanisms of seawater-induced mortality under varying climate scenarios using a photosynthetic gain and hydraulic cost optimization model validated against observations in a mature stand of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) trees in the Pacific Northwest, USA, that were dying from recent seawater exposure. The simulations matched well with observations of photosynthesis, transpiration, nonstructural carbohydrates concentrations, leaf water potential, the percentage loss of xylem conductivity, and stand-level mortality rates. The simulations suggest that seawater-induced mortality could decrease by c. 16.7% with increasing atmospheric CO2 levels due to reduced risk of carbon starvation. Conversely, rising VPD could increase mortality by c. 5.6% because of increasing risk of hydraulic failure. Across all scenarios, seawater-induced mortality was driven by hydraulic failure in the first 2 yr after seawater exposure began, with carbon starvation becoming more important in subsequent years. Changing CO2 and climate appear unlikely to have a significant impact on coastal tree mortality under rising sea levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China
- Atmospheric Sciences & Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Nate G McDowell
- Atmospheric Sciences & Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-4236, USA
| | - Hongxia Zhang
- Atmospheric Sciences & Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
- Shapotou Desert Research and Experiment Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Wenzhi Wang
- Atmospheric Sciences & Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
- The Key Laboratory of Mountain Environment Evolution and Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - D Scott Mackay
- Department of Geography and Department of Environment & Sustainability, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14261, USA
| | - Riley Leff
- Atmospheric Sciences & Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Peipei Zhang
- Atmospheric Sciences & Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration, Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration, Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Nicholas D Ward
- Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Sequim, WA, 98382, USA
- School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
| | - Matt Norwood
- Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Sequim, WA, 98382, USA
| | - Steve Yabusaki
- Earth Systems Science, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Allison N Myers-Pigg
- Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Sequim, WA, 98382, USA
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Stephanie C Pennington
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Joint Global Change Research Institute, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
| | - Alexandria L Pivovaroff
- Atmospheric Sciences & Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Scott Waichler
- Earth Systems Science, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Chonggang Xu
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Ben Bond-Lamberty
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Joint Global Change Research Institute, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
| | - Vanessa L Bailey
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
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7
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Noureen S, Iqbal J, Chishti MZ. Exploring the dynamic effects of shocks in monetary and fiscal policies on the environment of developing economies: evidence from the CS-ARDL approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:45665-45682. [PMID: 35147871 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19095-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The literature review of ample body indicates that the majority of the studies rely on a single proxy, while exploring the determinants of environmental quality, that can produce misleading results. To subdue this exigency, the current study extends the literature by deploying three proxies (carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide emissions) for assessing the environmental quality. In this context, the current study links macroeconomic policies, economic growth, fossil fuel consumption, and renewable energy consumption with the environmental quality for selected developing countries from 1990 to 2017. The Westerlund cointegration test confirms the long-run association among the variables. The advanced econometric technique reveals the following findings. First, the expansionary monetary and fiscal policies degrade the environmental quality by escalating the ratio of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide. However, the contractionary fiscal and monetary policies serve as an effective measure to mitigate the detrimental effects of greenhouse gases. Third, gross domestic product and fossil fuels exhibit a positive association with pollution. Fourth, renewable energy enhances the atmospheric quality by disrupting carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide emissions. The Granger causality test is also employed to confirm the causal relationship between the variables. Based on the results, we claim that macroeconomic policies are highly sensitive to environmental quality; therefore, some important policies are suggested to attain sustainable and green development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaista Noureen
- School of Economics, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Javed Iqbal
- School of Economics, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zubair Chishti
- School of Economics, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
- School of Business, Zhengzhou University, Henan, 450001, China.
- Department of Economics, University of Chakwal, Punjab, Pakistan.
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8
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Li Y, Liu Y, Bohrer G, Cai Y, Wilson A, Hu T, Wang Z, Zhao K. Impacts of forest loss on local climate across the conterminous United States: Evidence from satellite time-series observations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 802:149651. [PMID: 34525747 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Forest disturbances alter land biophysics. Their impacts on local climate and land surface temperature (LST) cannot be directly measured by comparing pre- and post-disturbance observations of the same site over time (e.g., due to confounding such as background climate fluctuations); a common remedy is to compare spatially-adjacent undisturbed sites instead. This space-for-time substitution ignores the inherent biases in vegetation between two paired sites, interannual variations, and temporal dynamics of forest recovery. Besides, there is a lack of observation-based analyses at fine spatial resolutions capable of capturing spatial heterogeneity of small-scale forest disturbances. To address these limitations, here we report new satellite analyses on local climate impacts of forest loss at 30 m resolution. Our analyses combined multiple long-term satellite products (e.g., albedo and evapotranspiration [ET]) at 700 sites across major climate zones in the conterminous United States, using time-series trend and changepoint detection methods. Our method helped isolate the biophysical changes attributed to disturbances from those attributed to climate backgrounds and natural growth. On average, forest loss increased surface albedo, decreased ET, and reduced leaf area index (LAI). Net annual warming-an increase in LST-was observed after forest loss in the arid/semiarid, northern, tropical, and temperate regions, dominated by the warming from decreased ET and attenuated by the cooling from increased albedo. The magnitude of post-disturbance warming was related to precipitation; climate zones with greater precipitation showed stronger and longer warming. Reduction in leaf or LAI was larger in evergreen than deciduous forests, but the recovery in LAI did not always synchronize with those of albedo and ET. Overall, this study presents new evidence of biophysical effects of forest loss on LST at finer spatial resolutions; our time-series method can be further leveraged to derive local policy-relevant ecosystem climate regulation metrics or support model-based climate-biosphere studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Environmental Science Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; School of Environment and Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Yanlan Liu
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; School of Earth Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Gil Bohrer
- Environmental Science Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yongyang Cai
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental, and Development Economics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Aaron Wilson
- Byrd Polar and Climate Research Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Extension, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Tongxi Hu
- Environmental Science Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; School of Environment and Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Zhihao Wang
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Kaiguang Zhao
- Environmental Science Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; School of Environment and Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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9
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Su X, Shen Y, Zhou W, Liu Y, Cheng H, Liu G. Mapping forest disturbance and recovery for ecological security improvement on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: A case study from Three Parallel Rivers Region. Glob Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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10
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Venturas MD, Todd HN, Trugman AT, Anderegg WRL. Understanding and predicting forest mortality in the western United States using long-term forest inventory data and modeled hydraulic damage. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:1896-1910. [PMID: 33112415 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Global warming is expected to exacerbate the duration and intensity of droughts in the western United States, which may lead to increased tree mortality. A prevailing proximal mechanism of drought-induced tree mortality is hydraulic damage, but predicting tree mortality from hydraulic theory and climate data still remains a major scientific challenge. We used forest inventory data and a plant hydraulic model (HM) to address three questions: can we capture regional patterns of drought-induced tree mortality with HM-predicted damage thresholds; do HM metrics improve predictions of mortality across broad spatial areas; and what are the dominant controls of forest mortality when considering stand characteristics, climate metrics, and simulated hydraulic stress? We found that the amount of variance explained by models predicting mortality was limited (R2 median = 0.10, R2 range: 0.00-0.52). HM outputs, including hydraulic damage and carbon assimilation diagnostics, moderately improve mortality prediction across the western US compared with models using stand and climate predictors alone. Among factors considered, metrics of stand density and tree size tended to be some of the most critical factors explaining mortality, probably highlighting the important roles of structural overshoot, stand development, and biotic agent host selection and outbreaks in mortality patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin D Venturas
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Henry N Todd
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Anna T Trugman
- Department of Geography, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - William R L Anderegg
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
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11
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Hassan MS, Iqbal M, Arshed N. Distribution-based effects of disaggregated GDP and environmental quality-a case of quantile on quantile estimates. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:28081-28095. [PMID: 33532998 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12630-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
There is a strong association between environmental quality and economic activity. Empirical studies term this relationship as environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) using time series or panel data regression analysis, but their estimates are based on several assumptions. This study has explored the distribution oriented robust effect of disaggregated real GDP on environmental quality. These estimates are free of assumptions and provide the actual distribution of effects rather than a single value of the marginal effect. The data is collected for 189 countries between 1990 and 2018, and estimates are generated using panel quantile regression and quantile on quantile regression. The estimation results point towards the U-shaped industry EKC, inverted U-shaped service EKC, and linear agriculture EKC. The robust, practical, and realistic estimates of real economic activity and environment have paved way towards an in-depth analysis to sustain a better environmental quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shahid Hassan
- School of Business and Economics, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mubasher Iqbal
- School of Business and Economics, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Noman Arshed
- School of Business and Economics, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan.
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12
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Fanourakis D, Aliniaeifard S, Sellin A, Giday H, Körner O, Rezaei Nejad A, Delis C, Bouranis D, Koubouris G, Kambourakis E, Nikoloudakis N, Tsaniklidis G. Stomatal behavior following mid- or long-term exposure to high relative air humidity: A review. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 153:92-105. [PMID: 32485617 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
High relative air humidity (RH ≥ 85%) is frequent in controlled environments, and not uncommon in nature. In this review, we examine the high RH effects on plants with a special focus on stomatal characters. All aspects of stomatal physiology are attenuated by elevated RH during leaf expansion (long-term) in C3 species. These include impaired opening and closing response, as well as weak diel oscillations. Consequently, the high RH-grown plants are not only vulnerable to biotic and abiotic stress, but also undergo a deregulation between CO2 uptake and water loss. Stomatal behavior of a single leaf is determined by the local microclimate during expansion, and may be different than the remaining leaves of the same plant. No effect of high RH is apparent in C4 and CAM species, while the same is expected for species with hydropassive stomatal closure. Formation of bigger stomata with larger pores is a universal response to high RH during leaf expansion, whereas the effect on stomatal density appears to be species- and leaf side-specific. Compelling evidence suggests that ABA mediates the high RH-induced stomatal malfunction, as well as the stomatal size increase. Although high RH stimulates leaf ethylene evolution, it remains elusive whether or not this contributes to stomatal malfunction. Most species lose stomatal function following mid-term (4-7 d) exposure to high RH following leaf expansion. Consequently, the regulatory role of ambient humidity on stomatal functionality is not limited to the period of leaf expansion, but holds throughout the leaf life span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Fanourakis
- Department of Agriculture, School of Agricultural Sciences, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos, GR-71500, Heraklion, Greece; Giannakakis SA, Export Fruits and Vegetables, Tympaki, Greece.
| | - Sasan Aliniaeifard
- Department of Horticulture, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Pakdasht, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arne Sellin
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
| | - Habtamu Giday
- International Center for Biosaline Agriculture, ICBA, P.O. Box 14660, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Oliver Körner
- Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ), Grossbeeren, Germany
| | - Abdolhossein Rezaei Nejad
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, P.O. Box 465, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Costas Delis
- Department of Agriculture, University of the Peloponnese, GR-24100, Kalamata, Greece
| | - Dimitris Bouranis
- Plant Physiology and Morphology Laboratory, Crop Science Department, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Koubouris
- Laboratory of Olive Cultivation, Institute of Olive Tree, Subtropical Crops and Viticulture, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, Crete, Greece
| | - Emmanouil Kambourakis
- Department of Agriculture, School of Agricultural Sciences, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos, GR-71500, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Nikoloudakis
- Cyprus University of Technology, Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus
| | - Georgios Tsaniklidis
- Institute of Olive Tree, Subtropical Plants and Viticulture, Hellenic Agricultural Organization 'Demeter' (NAGREF), P.O. Box 2228, 71003, Heraklio, Greece
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13
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Li X, Piao S, Wang K, Wang X, Wang T, Ciais P, Chen A, Lian X, Peng S, Peñuelas J. Temporal trade-off between gymnosperm resistance and resilience increases forest sensitivity to extreme drought. Nat Ecol Evol 2020; 4:1075-1083. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-020-1217-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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14
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Lloyd EA, Shepherd TG. Environmental catastrophes, climate change, and attribution. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1469:105-124. [PMID: 32045029 PMCID: PMC7318617 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In our discussion of environmental and ecological catastrophes or disasters resulting from extreme weather events, we unite disparate literatures, the biological and the physical. Our goal is to tie together biological understandings of extreme environmental events with physical understandings of extreme weather events into joint causal accounts. This requires fine-grained descriptions, in both space and time, of the ecological, evolutionary, and biological moving parts of a system together with fine-grained descriptions, also in both space and time, of the extreme weather events. We find that both the "storyline" approach to extreme event attribution and the probabilistic "risk-based" approach have uses in such descriptions. However, the storyline approach is more readily aligned with the forensic approach to evidence that is prevalent in the ecological literature, which cultivates expert-based rules of thumb, that is, heuristics, and detailed methods for analyzing causes and mechanisms. We introduce below a number of preliminary examples of such studies as instances of what could be pursued in the future in much more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth A. Lloyd
- Department of History and Philosophy of Science and MedicineIndiana UniversityBloomingtonIndiana
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Brodribb
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Jennifer Powers
- Departments of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior and Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, 140 Gortner Laboratory, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Hervé Cochard
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Brendan Choat
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
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16
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Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analyses of Flux-based Ecosystem Model towards Improvement of Forest GPP Simulation. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12072584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An ecosystem model serves as an important tool to understand the carbon cycle in the forest ecosystem. However, the sensitivities of parameters and uncertainties of the model outputs are not clearly understood. Parameter sensitivity analysis (SA) and uncertainty analysis (UA) play a crucial role in the improvement of forest gross primary productivity GPP simulation. This study presents a global SA based on an extended Fourier amplitude sensitivity test (EFAST) method to quantify the sensitivities of 16 parameters in the Flux-based ecosystem model (FBEM). To systematically evaluate the parameters’ sensitivities, various parameter ranges, different model outputs, temporal variations of parameters sensitivity index (SI) were comprehensively explored via three experiments. Based on the numerical experiments of SA, the UA experiments were designed and performed for parameter estimation based on a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method. The ratio of internal CO2 to air CO2 ( f C i ) , canopy quantum efficiency of photon conversion ( α q ) , maximum carboxylation rate at 25 ° C ( V m 25 ) were the most sensitive parameters for the GPP. It was also indicated that α q , E V m and Q 10 were influenced by temperature throughout the entire growth stage. The result of parameter estimation of only using four sensitive parameters (RMSE = 1.657) is very close to that using all the parameters (RMSE = 1.496). The results of SA suggest that sensitive parameters, such as f c i , α q , E V m , V m 25 strongly influence on the forest GPP simulation, and the temporal characteristics of the parameters’ SI on GPP and NEE were changed in different growth. The sensitive parameters were a major source of uncertainty and parameter estimation based on the parameter SA could lead to desirable results without introducing too great uncertainties.
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17
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Sperry JS, Venturas MD, Todd HN, Trugman AT, Anderegg WRL, Wang Y, Tai X. The impact of rising CO 2 and acclimation on the response of US forests to global warming. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:25734-25744. [PMID: 31767760 PMCID: PMC6926066 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1913072116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The response of forests to climate change depends in part on whether the photosynthetic benefit from increased atmospheric CO2 (∆Ca = future minus historic CO2) compensates for increased physiological stresses from higher temperature (∆T). We predicted the outcome of these competing responses by using optimization theory and a mechanistic model of tree water transport and photosynthesis. We simulated current and future productivity, stress, and mortality in mature monospecific stands with soil, species, and climate sampled from 20 continental US locations. We modeled stands with and without acclimation to ∆Ca and ∆T, where acclimated forests adjusted leaf area, photosynthetic capacity, and stand density to maximize productivity while avoiding stress. Without acclimation, the ∆Ca-driven boost in net primary productivity (NPP) was compromised by ∆T-driven stress and mortality associated with vascular failure. With acclimation, the ∆Ca-driven boost in NPP and stand biomass (C storage) was accentuated for cooler futures but negated for warmer futures by a ∆T-driven reduction in NPP and biomass. Thus, hotter futures reduced forest biomass through either mortality or acclimation. Forest outcomes depended on whether projected climatic ∆Ca/∆T ratios were above or below physiological thresholds that neutralized the negative impacts of warming. Critically, if forests do not acclimate, the ∆Ca/∆T must be above ca 89 ppm⋅°C-1 to avoid chronic stress, a threshold met by 55% of climate projections. If forests do acclimate, the ∆Ca/∆T must rise above ca 67 ppm⋅°C-1 for NPP and biomass to increase, a lower threshold met by 71% of projections.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Sperry
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Martin D Venturas
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112;
| | - Henry N Todd
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Anna T Trugman
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
- Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106
| | | | - Yujie Wang
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Xiaonan Tai
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
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18
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Apgaua DMG, Tng DYP, Forbes SJ, Ishida YF, Vogado NO, Cernusak LA, Laurance SGW. Elevated temperature and CO2 cause differential growth stimulation and drought survival responses in eucalypt species from contrasting habitats. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:1806-1820. [PMID: 31768554 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Climate change scenarios predict increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations ([CO2]), temperatures and droughts in tropical regions. Individually, the effects of these climate factors on plants are well established, whereas experiments on the interactive effects of a combination of factors are rare. Moreover, how these environmental factors will affect tree species along a wet to dry gradient (e.g., along tropical forest-savanna transitions) remains to be investigated. We hypothesized that under the simulated environmental conditions, plant growth, physiological performance and survivorship would vary in a manner consistent with the species' positions of origin along this gradient. In a glasshouse experiment, we raised seedlings of three Eucalyptus species, each occurring naturally in a wet forest, savanna and forest-savanna ecotone, respectively. We evaluated the effect of drought, elevated temperature (4 °C above ambient glasshouse temperature of 22 °C) and elevated temperature in combination with elevated [CO2] (400 ppm [CO2] above ambient of 400 ppm), on seedling growth, survivorship and physiological responses (photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and water-use efficiency). Elevated temperature under ambient [CO2] had little effect on growth, biomass and plant performance of well-watered seedlings, but hastened mortality in drought-affected seedlings, affecting the forest and ecotone more strongly than the savanna species. In contrast, elevated [CO2] in combination with elevated temperatures delayed the appearance of drought stress symptoms and enhanced survivorship in drought-affected seedlings, with the savanna species surviving the longest, followed by the ecotone and forest species. Elevated [CO2] in combination with elevated temperatures also enhanced growth and biomass and photosynthesis in well-watered seedlings of all species, but modified shoot:root biomass partitioning and stomatal conductance differentially across species. Our study highlights the need for a better understand of the interactive effects of elevated [CO2], temperature and drought on plants and the potential to upscale these insights for understanding biome changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah M G Apgaua
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, 14-88 McGregor Rd, Smithfield, Queensland 4878, Australia
| | - David Y P Tng
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, 14-88 McGregor Rd, Smithfield, Queensland 4878, Australia
- Centre for Rainforest Studies at the School for Field Studies, Yungaburra, Queensland 4872, Australia
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, R. Barão Jeremoabo, Ondina, Salvador, Bahia 40170-115, Brazil
| | - Samantha J Forbes
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, 14-88 McGregor Rd, Smithfield, Queensland 4878, Australia
| | - Yoko F Ishida
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, 14-88 McGregor Rd, Smithfield, Queensland 4878, Australia
| | - Nara O Vogado
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, 14-88 McGregor Rd, Smithfield, Queensland 4878, Australia
| | - Lucas A Cernusak
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, 14-88 McGregor Rd, Smithfield, Queensland 4878, Australia
| | - Susan G W Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, 14-88 McGregor Rd, Smithfield, Queensland 4878, Australia
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19
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Mencuccini M, Manzoni S, Christoffersen B. Modelling water fluxes in plants: from tissues to biosphere. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:1207-1222. [PMID: 30636295 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 1207 I. Introduction 1207 II. A brief history of modelling plant water fluxes 1208 III. Main components of plant water transport models 1208 IV. Stand-scale water fluxes and coupling to climate and soil 1213 V. Water fluxes in terrestrial biosphere models and feedbacks to community dynamics 1215 VI. Outstanding challenges in modelling water fluxes in the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum 1217 Acknowledgements 1218 References 1218 SUMMARY: Models of plant water fluxes have evolved from studies focussed on understanding the detailed structure and functioning of specific components of the soil-plant-atmosphere (SPA) continuum to architectures often incorporated inside eco-hydrological and terrestrial biosphere (TB) model schemes. We review here the historical evolution of this field, examine the basic structure of a simplified individual-based model of plant water transport, highlight selected applications for specific ecological problems and conclude by examining outstanding issues requiring further improvements in modelling vegetation water fluxes. We particularly emphasise issues related to the scaling from tissue-level traits to individual-based predictions of water transport, the representation of nonlinear and hysteretic behaviour in soil-xylem hydraulics and the need to incorporate knowledge of hydraulics within broader frameworks of plant ecological strategies and their consequences for predicting community demography and dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefano Manzoni
- Stockholm University, Stockholm, 10691, Sweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
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20
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Remote Sensing of Water Use Efficiency and Terrestrial Drought Recovery across the Contiguous United States. REMOTE SENSING 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/rs11060731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ecosystem water-use efficiency (WUE) is defined as the ratio of carbon gain (i.e., gross primary productivity; GPP) to water consumption (i.e., evapotranspiration; ET). WUE is markedly influential on carbon and water cycles, both of which are fundamental for ecosystem state, climate and the environment. Drought can affect WUE, subsequently disturbing the composition and functionality of terrestrial ecosystems. In this study, the impacts of drought on WUE and its components (i.e., GPP and ET) are assessed across the Contiguous US (CONUS) at fine spatial and temporal resolutions. Soil moisture simulations from land surface modeling are utilized to detect and characterize agricultural drought episodes and remotely sensed GPP and ET are retrieved from the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS). GPP, as the biome vitality indicator against drought stress, is employed to investigate drought recovery and the ecosystems’ required time to revert to pre-drought condition. Results show that drought recovery duration indicates a positive correlation with drought severity and duration, meaning that a protracted drought recovery is more likely to happen following severe droughts with prolonged duration. WUE is found to almost always increase in response to severe (or worse) drought episodes. Additionally, ET anomalies are negatively correlated with drought severity and ET is expected to decrease during severe (or worse) drought episodes. Lastly, the changes of WUE are decomposed in relation to its components and the cross-relation among the variables is revealed and a consistent changing pattern is detected.
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21
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Senf C, Pflugmacher D, Zhiqiang Y, Sebald J, Knorn J, Neumann M, Hostert P, Seidl R. Canopy mortality has doubled in Europe's temperate forests over the last three decades. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4978. [PMID: 30478255 PMCID: PMC6255806 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07539-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Mortality is a key indicator of forest health, and increasing mortality can serve as bellwether for the impacts of global change on forest ecosystems. Here we analyze trends in forest canopy mortality between 1984 and 2016 over more than 30 Mill. ha of temperate forests in Europe, based on a unique dataset of 24,000 visually interpreted spectral trajectories from the Landsat archive. On average, 0.79% of the forest area was affected by natural or human-induced mortality annually. Canopy mortality increased by +2.40% year-1, doubling the forest area affected by mortality since 1984. Areas experiencing low-severity mortality increased more strongly than areas affected by stand-replacing mortality events. Changes in climate and land-use are likely causes of large-scale forest mortality increase. Our findings reveal profound changes in recent forest dynamics with important implications for carbon storage and biodiversity conservation, highlighting the importance of improved monitoring of forest mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius Senf
- Geography Department, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099, Berlin, Germany.
- Institute for Silviculture, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Peter-Jordan-Str. 82, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Dirk Pflugmacher
- Geography Department, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yang Zhiqiang
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Julius Sebald
- Institute for Silviculture, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Peter-Jordan-Str. 82, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jan Knorn
- Geography Department, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mathias Neumann
- Institute for Silviculture, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Peter-Jordan-Str. 82, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Hostert
- Geography Department, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099, Berlin, Germany
- Integrated Research Institute on Transformation of Human-Environment Systems (IRI THESys), Humboldt-Universität of Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rupert Seidl
- Institute for Silviculture, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Peter-Jordan-Str. 82, 1190, Vienna, Austria
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Trugman AT, Detto M, Bartlett MK, Medvigy D, Anderegg WRL, Schwalm C, Schaffer B, Pacala SW. Tree carbon allocation explains forest drought-kill and recovery patterns. Ecol Lett 2018; 21:1552-1560. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.13136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. T. Trugman
- Department of Biology; University of Utah; Salt Lake City UT 84112 USA
| | - M. Detto
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Princeton University; Princeton NJ 08544 USA
| | - M. K. Bartlett
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Princeton University; Princeton NJ 08544 USA
| | - D. Medvigy
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Notre Dame; Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
| | - W. R. L. Anderegg
- Department of Biology; University of Utah; Salt Lake City UT 84112 USA
| | - C. Schwalm
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society; Northern Arizona University; Flagstaff AZ 86001 USA
- Woods Hole Research Center; Falmouth MA 02540 USA
| | - B. Schaffer
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; Princeton University; Princeton NJ 08544 USA
| | - S. W. Pacala
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Princeton University; Princeton NJ 08544 USA
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23
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McDowell N, Allen CD, Anderson-Teixeira K, Brando P, Brienen R, Chambers J, Christoffersen B, Davies S, Doughty C, Duque A, Espirito-Santo F, Fisher R, Fontes CG, Galbraith D, Goodsman D, Grossiord C, Hartmann H, Holm J, Johnson DJ, Kassim AR, Keller M, Koven C, Kueppers L, Kumagai T, Malhi Y, McMahon SM, Mencuccini M, Meir P, Moorcroft P, Muller-Landau HC, Phillips OL, Powell T, Sierra CA, Sperry J, Warren J, Xu C, Xu X. Drivers and mechanisms of tree mortality in moist tropical forests. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 219:851-869. [PMID: 29451313 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Tree mortality rates appear to be increasing in moist tropical forests (MTFs) with significant carbon cycle consequences. Here, we review the state of knowledge regarding MTF tree mortality, create a conceptual framework with testable hypotheses regarding the drivers, mechanisms and interactions that may underlie increasing MTF mortality rates, and identify the next steps for improved understanding and reduced prediction. Increasing mortality rates are associated with rising temperature and vapor pressure deficit, liana abundance, drought, wind events, fire and, possibly, CO2 fertilization-induced increases in stand thinning or acceleration of trees reaching larger, more vulnerable heights. The majority of these mortality drivers may kill trees in part through carbon starvation and hydraulic failure. The relative importance of each driver is unknown. High species diversity may buffer MTFs against large-scale mortality events, but recent and expected trends in mortality drivers give reason for concern regarding increasing mortality within MTFs. Models of tropical tree mortality are advancing the representation of hydraulics, carbon and demography, but require more empirical knowledge regarding the most common drivers and their subsequent mechanisms. We outline critical datasets and model developments required to test hypotheses regarding the underlying causes of increasing MTF mortality rates, and improve prediction of future mortality under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nate McDowell
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Craig D Allen
- US Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, New Mexico Landscapes Field Station, Los Alamos, NM, 87544, USA
| | - Kristina Anderson-Teixeira
- Center for Tropical Forest Science-Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Washington, DC, 20036, USA
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA
| | - Paulo Brando
- Woods Hole Research Center, 149 Woods Hole Road, Falmouth, MA, 02450, USA
- Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental de Amazonia, Lago Norte, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Roel Brienen
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Jeff Chambers
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Brad Christoffersen
- Department of Biology and School of Earth, Environmental and Marine Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, 78539, USA
| | - Stuart Davies
- Center for Tropical Forest Science-Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Washington, DC, 20036, USA
| | - Chris Doughty
- SICCS, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86001, USA
| | - Alvaro Duque
- Departmento de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Nacional de Columbia, Medellín, Columbia
| | | | - Rosie Fisher
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
| | - Clarissa G Fontes
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - David Galbraith
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Devin Goodsman
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | | | - Henrik Hartmann
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Plank Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Jennifer Holm
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | | | - Abd Rahman Kassim
- Geoinformation Programme, Forestry and Environment Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Michael Keller
- International Institute of Tropical Forestry, USDA Jardin Botanico Sur, 1201 Calle Ceiba, San Juan, 00926, Puerto Rico
- Embrapa Agricultural Informatics, Parque Estacao Biologica, Brasilia DF, 70770, Brazil
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
| | - Charlie Koven
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Lara Kueppers
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Energy and Resources Group, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Tomo'omi Kumagai
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7 Chome-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8654, Japan
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 2JD, UK
| | - Sean M McMahon
- Center for Tropical Forest Science-Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Washington, DC, 20036, USA
| | - Maurizio Mencuccini
- ICREA, CREAF, University of Barcelona, Gran Via de les Corts Catalenes, 585 08007, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patrick Meir
- Australian National University, Acton, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Old College, South Bridge, Edinburgh, EH8 9YL, UK
| | | | - Helene C Muller-Landau
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal, 0843-03092, Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Oliver L Phillips
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Thomas Powell
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Carlos A Sierra
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Plank Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - John Sperry
- University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Jeff Warren
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Chonggang Xu
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Xiangtao Xu
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
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24
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Hartmann H, Moura CF, Anderegg WRL, Ruehr NK, Salmon Y, Allen CD, Arndt SK, Breshears DD, Davi H, Galbraith D, Ruthrof KX, Wunder J, Adams HD, Bloemen J, Cailleret M, Cobb R, Gessler A, Grams TEE, Jansen S, Kautz M, Lloret F, O'Brien M. Research frontiers for improving our understanding of drought-induced tree and forest mortality. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 218:15-28. [PMID: 29488280 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence highlights increased mortality risks for trees during severe drought, particularly under warmer temperatures and increasing vapour pressure deficit (VPD). Resulting forest die-off events have severe consequences for ecosystem services, biophysical and biogeochemical land-atmosphere processes. Despite advances in monitoring, modelling and experimental studies of the causes and consequences of tree death from individual tree to ecosystem and global scale, a general mechanistic understanding and realistic predictions of drought mortality under future climate conditions are still lacking. We update a global tree mortality map and present a roadmap to a more holistic understanding of forest mortality across scales. We highlight priority research frontiers that promote: (1) new avenues for research on key tree ecophysiological responses to drought; (2) scaling from the tree/plot level to the ecosystem and region; (3) improvements of mortality risk predictions based on both empirical and mechanistic insights; and (4) a global monitoring network of forest mortality. In light of recent and anticipated large forest die-off events such a research agenda is timely and needed to achieve scientific understanding for realistic predictions of drought-induced tree mortality. The implementation of a sustainable network will require support by stakeholders and political authorities at the international level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Hartmann
- Max-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans Knöll Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Catarina F Moura
- Max-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans Knöll Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, Universilty of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Nadine K Ruehr
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research - Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kreuzeckbahnstr. 19, 82467, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Yann Salmon
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Crew Building, The Kings Buildings, Alexander Crum Brown Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, UK
- Faculty of Science, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, PO Box 68, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2b, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Latokartanonkaari 7, PO Box 27, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Craig D Allen
- US Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Centre, New Mexico Landscapes Field Station, Los Alamos, NM, 87544, USA
| | - Stefan K Arndt
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 500 Yarra Boulevard, Richmond, 3121, Vic., Australia
| | - David D Breshears
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Hendrik Davi
- INRA, URFM Ecologie des Forest Méditerranéennes, Domaine Saint Paul, Site Agroparc, 84914, Avignon Cedex 9, France
| | - David Galbraith
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Katinka X Ruthrof
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
- Botanic Gardens and Parks Authority, Fraser Avenue, Kings Park, WA, 6005, Australia
| | - Jan Wunder
- Insubric Ecosystems Research Group, Community Ecology, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, a Ramèl 18, CH-6593, Cadenazzo, Switzerland
- Tree-Ring Laboratory, School of Environment, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Henry D Adams
- Department of Plant Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, 301 Physical Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Jasper Bloemen
- Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Maxime Cailleret
- Forest Ecology, Department of Environmental Sciences, ETH Zürich. ETH-Zentrum, CHN G77, Universitätstrasse 16, CH-8092, Zürich, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Richard Cobb
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, 93407, USA
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Thorsten E E Grams
- Ecophysiology of Plants, Technical University of Munich, Von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus Kautz
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research - Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kreuzeckbahnstr. 19, 82467, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Francisco Lloret
- CREAF - Centre for Ecological Research and Applied Forestry, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
- Unitat d'Ecologia, Department of Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia, Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, Edifici C, Campus UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael O'Brien
- Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, E-04120 La Cañada, Almería, Spain
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