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Zhao SJ, Prior D, Heske CM, Vasquez JC. Therapeutic Targeting of DNA Repair Pathways in Pediatric Extracranial Solid Tumors: Current State and Implications for Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1648. [PMID: 38730598 PMCID: PMC11083679 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16091648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
DNA damage is fundamental to tumorigenesis, and the inability to repair DNA damage is a hallmark of many human cancers. DNA is repaired via the DNA damage repair (DDR) apparatus, which includes five major pathways. DDR deficiencies in cancers give rise to potential therapeutic targets, as cancers harboring DDR deficiencies become increasingly dependent on alternative DDR pathways for survival. In this review, we summarize the DDR apparatus, and examine the current state of research efforts focused on identifying vulnerabilities in DDR pathways that can be therapeutically exploited in pediatric extracranial solid tumors. We assess the potential for synergistic combinations of different DDR inhibitors as well as combinations of DDR inhibitors with chemotherapy. Lastly, we discuss the immunomodulatory implications of targeting DDR pathways and the potential for using DDR inhibitors to enhance tumor immunogenicity, with the goal of improving the response to immune checkpoint blockade in pediatric solid tumors. We review the ongoing and future research into DDR in pediatric tumors and the subsequent pediatric clinical trials that will be critical to further elucidate the efficacy of the approaches targeting DDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia J. Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; (S.J.Z.); (D.P.)
| | - Daniel Prior
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; (S.J.Z.); (D.P.)
| | - Christine M. Heske
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Juan C. Vasquez
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; (S.J.Z.); (D.P.)
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2
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Toledo B, Deiana C, Scianò F, Brandi G, Marchal JA, Perán M, Giovannetti E. Treatment resistance in pancreatic and biliary tract cancer: molecular and clinical pharmacology perspectives. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2024; 17:323-347. [PMID: 38413373 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2024.2319340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Treatment resistance poses a significant obstacle in oncology, especially in biliary tract cancer (BTC) and pancreatic cancer (PC). Current therapeutic options include chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. Resistance to these treatments may arise due to diverse molecular mechanisms, such as genetic and epigenetic modifications, altered drug metabolism and efflux, and changes in the tumor microenvironment. Identifying and overcoming these mechanisms is a major focus of research: strategies being explored include combination therapies, modulation of the tumor microenvironment, and personalized approaches. AREAS COVERED We provide a current overview and discussion of the most relevant mechanisms of resistance to chemotherapy, target therapy, and immunotherapy in both BTC and PC. Furthermore, we compare the different strategies that are being implemented to overcome these obstacles. EXPERT OPINION So far there is no unified theory on drug resistance and progress is limited. To overcome this issue, individualized patient approaches, possibly through liquid biopsies or single-cell transcriptome studies, are suggested, along with the potential use of artificial intelligence, to guide effective treatment strategies. Furthermore, we provide insights into what we consider the most promising areas of research, and we speculate on the future of managing treatment resistance to improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Toledo
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center (VUmc), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chiara Deiana
- Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabio Scianò
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center (VUmc), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Lumobiotics GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Giovanni Brandi
- Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Juan Antonio Marchal
- Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine Institute (IBIMER), Centre for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria ibs. GRANADA, Hospitales Universitarios de Granada-Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Excellence Research Unit "Modeling Nature" (MNat), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Macarena Perán
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
- Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine Institute (IBIMER), Centre for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Excellence Research Unit "Modeling Nature" (MNat), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Elisa Giovannetti
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center (VUmc), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Pharmacology Lab, Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza, Pisa, Italy
- Cancer Pharmacology Lab, Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro (AIRC) Start-Up Unit, Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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3
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Yueh WT, Glass DJ, Johnson N. Brca1 Mouse Models: Functional Insights and Therapeutic Opportunities. J Mol Biol 2024; 436:168372. [PMID: 37979908 PMCID: PMC10882579 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Brca1 mouse models were first reported in the mid-1990's shortly after cloning the human gene. Since then, many mouse models with a range of mutations have been generated, some mimic patient mutations, others are designed to probe specific protein domains and functions. In this review, we discuss early and recent studies using engineered Brca1 mouse alleles, and their implications for understanding Brca1 protein function in the context of DNA repair, tumorigenesis, and anti-cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ting Yueh
- Nuclear Dynamics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - David J Glass
- Nuclear Dynamics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Neil Johnson
- Nuclear Dynamics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.
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4
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Balke-Want H, Keerthi V, Gkitsas N, Mancini AG, Kurgan GL, Fowler C, Xu P, Liu X, Asano K, Patel S, Fisher CJ, Brown AK, Tunuguntla RH, Patel S, Sotillo E, Mackall CL, Feldman SA. Homology-independent targeted insertion (HITI) enables guided CAR knock-in and efficient clinical scale CAR-T cell manufacturing. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:100. [PMID: 37365642 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01799-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T cells are now standard of care (SOC) for some patients with B cell and plasma cell malignancies and could disrupt the therapeutic landscape of solid tumors. However, access to CAR-T cells is not adequate to meet clinical needs, in part due to high cost and long lead times for manufacturing clinical grade virus. Non-viral site directed CAR integration can be accomplished using CRISPR/Cas9 and double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) or single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) via homology-directed repair (HDR), however yields with this approach have been limiting for clinical application (dsDNA) or access to large yields sufficient to meet the manufacturing demands outside early phase clinical trials is limited (ssDNA). METHODS We applied homology-independent targeted insertion (HITI) or HDR using CRISPR/Cas9 and nanoplasmid DNA to insert an anti-GD2 CAR into the T cell receptor alpha constant (TRAC) locus and compared both targeted insertion strategies in our system. Next, we optimized post-HITI CRISPR EnrichMENT (CEMENT) to seamlessly integrate it into a 14-day process and compared our knock-in with viral transduced anti-GD2 CAR-T cells. Finally, we explored the off-target genomic toxicity of our genomic engineering approach. RESULTS Here, we show that site directed CAR integration utilizing nanoplasmid DNA delivered via HITI provides high cell yields and highly functional cells. CEMENT enriched CAR T cells to approximately 80% purity, resulting in therapeutically relevant dose ranges of 5.5 × 108-3.6 × 109 CAR + T cells. CRISPR knock-in CAR-T cells were functionally comparable with viral transduced anti-GD2 CAR-T cells and did not show any evidence of off-target genomic toxicity. CONCLUSIONS Our work provides a novel platform to perform guided CAR insertion into primary human T-cells using nanoplasmid DNA and holds the potential to increase access to CAR-T cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyatt Balke-Want
- Stanford Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Vimal Keerthi
- Stanford Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nikolaos Gkitsas
- Stanford Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Gavin L Kurgan
- Integrated DNA Technologies, Inc, Coralville, IA, 52241, USA
| | - Carley Fowler
- Stanford Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Peng Xu
- Stanford Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Xikun Liu
- Stanford Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kyle Asano
- Stanford Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sunny Patel
- Stanford Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Christopher J Fisher
- Stanford Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Annie K Brown
- Stanford Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ramya H Tunuguntla
- Stanford Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Shabnum Patel
- Stanford Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Elena Sotillo
- Stanford Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Crystal L Mackall
- Stanford Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Steven A Feldman
- Stanford Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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5
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Menon S, Breese MR, Lin YP, Allegakoen H, Perati S, Heslin A, Horlbeck MA, Weissman J, Sweet-Cordero EA, Bivona TG, Tulpule A. FET fusion oncoproteins disrupt physiologic DNA repair networks in cancer. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.30.538578. [PMID: 37205599 PMCID: PMC10187251 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.30.538578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
While oncogenes promote cancer cell growth, unrestrained proliferation represents a significant stressor to cellular homeostasis networks such as the DNA damage response (DDR). To enable oncogene tolerance, many cancers disable tumor suppressive DDR signaling through genetic loss of DDR pathways and downstream effectors (e.g., ATM or p53 tumor suppressor mutations). Whether and how oncogenes can help "self-tolerize" by creating analogous functional deficiencies in physiologic DDR networks is not known. Here we focus on Ewing sarcoma, a FET fusion oncoprotein (EWS-FLI1) driven pediatric bone tumor, as a model for the class of FET rearranged cancers. Native FET protein family members are among the earliest factors recruited to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) during the DDR, though the function of both native FET proteins and FET fusion oncoproteins in DNA repair remains to be defined. Using preclinical mechanistic studies of the DDR and clinical genomic datasets from patient tumors, we discover that the EWS-FLI1 fusion oncoprotein is recruited to DNA DSBs and interferes with native FET (EWS) protein function in activating the DNA damage sensor ATM. As a consequence of FET fusion-mediated interference with the DDR, we establish functional ATM deficiency as the principal DNA repair defect in Ewing sarcoma and the compensatory ATR signaling axis as a collateral dependency and therapeutic target in multiple FET rearranged cancers. More generally, we find that aberrant recruitment of a fusion oncoprotein to sites of DNA damage can disrupt physiologic DSB repair, revealing a mechanism for how growth-promoting oncogenes can also create a functional deficiency within tumor suppressive DDR networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Menon
- Tow Center for Developmental Oncology and Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10021
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 444 East 68th Street, 9th Floor, New York, NY 10065
| | - Marcus R. Breese
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Yone Phar Lin
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Hannah Allegakoen
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Shruthi Perati
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Ann Heslin
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Max A. Horlbeck
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115
| | - Jonathan Weissman
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, 68-132, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | | | - Trever G. Bivona
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Asmin Tulpule
- Tow Center for Developmental Oncology and Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10021
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 444 East 68th Street, 9th Floor, New York, NY 10065
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6
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Kung H, Yu J. Targeted therapy for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: Mechanisms and clinical study. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e216. [PMID: 36814688 PMCID: PMC9939368 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive and lethal malignancy with a high rate of recurrence and a dismal 5-year survival rate. Contributing to the poor prognosis of PDAC is the lack of early detection, a complex network of signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms, a dense and desmoplastic stroma, and an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. A recent shift toward a neoadjuvant approach to treating PDAC has been sparked by the numerous benefits neoadjuvant therapy (NAT) has to offer compared with upfront surgery. However, certain aspects of NAT against PDAC, including the optimal regimen, the use of radiotherapy, and the selection of patients that would benefit from NAT, have yet to be fully elucidated. This review describes the major signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms involved in PDAC initiation and progression in addition to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment of PDAC. We then review current guidelines, ongoing research, and future research directions on the use of NAT based on randomized clinical trials and other studies. Finally, the current use of and research regarding targeted therapy for PDAC are examined. This review bridges the molecular understanding of PDAC with its clinical significance, development of novel therapies, and shifting directions in treatment paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng‐Chung Kung
- Krieger School of Arts and SciencesJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Jun Yu
- Departments of Medicine and OncologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
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7
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Maeda J, Haskins JS, Kato TA. XRCC8 mutation causes hypersensitivity to PARP inhibition without Homologous recombination repair deficiency. Mutat Res 2023; 826:111815. [PMID: 36812659 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2023.111815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
PARP inhibitors inflict severe toxicity to homologous recombination (HR) repair deficient cells because DNA damages induced by PARP inhibition result in lethal DNA double strand breaks in the absence of HR repair during DNA replication. PARP inhibitors are the first clinically approved drugs designed for synthetic lethality. The synthetic lethal interaction of PARP inhibitors is not limited to HR repair deficient cells. We investigated radiosensitive mutants isolated from Chinese hamster lung origin V79 cells to identify novel synthetic lethal targets in the context of PARP inhibition. HR repair deficient BRCA2 mutant cells were used for positive control. Among tested cells, XRCC8 mutants presented hypersensitivity to PARP inhibitor, Olaparib. XRCC8 mutants showed elevated sensitivity to bleomycin and camptothecin similar to BRCA2 mutants. XRCC8 mutants presented an elevation of γ-H2AX foci formation frequency and S-phase dependent chromosome aberrations with Olaparib treatment. Enumerated damage foci following Olaparib treatment were observed to be elevated in XRCC8 as in BRCA2 mutants. Although this may suggest that XRCC8 plays a role in a similar DNA repair pathway as BRCA2 in HR repair, XRCC8 mutants presented functional HR repair including proper Rad51 foci formation and even elevated sister chromatid exchange frequencies with PARP inhibitor treatment. For comparison, RAD51 foci formation was suppressed in HR repair deficient BRCA2 mutants. Additionally, XRCC8 mutants did not display delayed mitotic entry with PARP inhibitors whereas BRCA2 mutants did. XRCC8 mutant cell line has previously been reported as possessing a mutation in the ATM gene. XRCC8 mutants displayed maximum cytotoxicity to ATM inhibitor among tested mutants and wild type cells. Furthermore, the ATM inhibitor sensitized XRCC8 mutant to ionzing radiation, however, XRCC8 mutant V-G8 expressed reduced levels of ATM protein. The gene responsible for XRCC8 phenotype may not be ATM but highly associated with ATM functions. These results suggest that XRCC8 mutation is a target for PARP inhibitor-induced synthetic lethality in HR repair independent manner via the disruption of cell cycle regulation. Our findings expand the potential application of PARP inhibitors in tumors lacking DNA damage responding genes other than HR repair, and further investigation of XRCC8 may contribute to this research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Maeda
- Department of Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Jeremy S Haskins
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Takamitsu A Kato
- Department of Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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8
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Aiyappa-Maudsley R, Elsalem L, Ibrahim AIM, Pors K, Martin SG. In vitro radiosensitization of breast cancer with hypoxia-activated prodrugs. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:4577-4590. [PMID: 35841287 PMCID: PMC9357624 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
KP167 is a novel hypoxia‐activated prodrug (HAP), targeting cancer cells via DNA intercalating and alkylating properties. The single agent and radiosensitizing efficacy of KP167 and its parental comparator, AQ4N, were evaluated in 2D and 3D cultures of luminal and triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell lines and compared against DNA damage repair inhibitors. 2D normoxic treatment with the DNA repair inhibitors, Olaparib or KU‐55933 caused, as expected, substantial radiosensitization (sensitiser enhancement ratio, SER0.01 of 1.60–3.42). KP167 induced greater radiosensitization in TNBC (SER0.01 2.53 in MDAMB‐231, 2.28 in MDAMB‐468, 4.55 in MDAMB‐436) and luminal spheroids (SER0.01 1.46 in MCF‐7 and 1.76 in T47D cells) compared with AQ4N. Significant radiosensitization was also obtained using KP167 and AQ4N in 2D normoxia. Although hypoxia induced radioresistance, radiosensitization by KP167 was still greater under 2D hypoxia, yielding SER0.01 of 1.56–2.37 compared with AQ4N SER0.01 of 1.13–1.94. Such data show KP167 as a promising single agent and potent radiosensitiser of both normoxic and hypoxic breast cancer cells, with greater efficacy in TNBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Aiyappa-Maudsley
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK.,Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, William Henry Duncan Building, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lina Elsalem
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK.,Jordan University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Ali I M Ibrahim
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Klaus Pors
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | - Stewart G Martin
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
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9
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The TIP60-ATM axis regulates replication fork stability in BRCA-deficient cells. Oncogenesis 2022; 11:33. [PMID: 35717336 PMCID: PMC9206655 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-022-00410-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of replication fork stability is essential for genome preservation. Stalled replication forks can be reversed by translocases such as SMARCAL1, and unless protected through the activity of the BRCA pathway, are subsequently subjected to nucleolytic degradation. The ATM and ATR kinases are master regulators of the DNA damage response. ATM activation upon DNA damage is mediated by the acetyltransferase TIP60. Here, we show that the TIP60-ATM pathway promotes replication fork reversal by recruiting SMARCAL1 to stalled forks. This enables fork degradation in BRCA-deficient cells. We also show that this ATM activity is not shared by ATR. Moreover, we performed a series of genome-wide CRISPR knockout genetic screens to identify genetic determinants of the cellular sensitivity to ATM inhibition in wildtype and BRCA2-knockout cells, and validated the top hits from multiple screens. We provide a valuable list of common genes which regulate the response to multiple ATM inhibitors. Importantly, we identify a differential response of wildtype and BRCA2-deficient cells to these inhibitors. In BRCA2-knockout cells, DNA repair genes (including RAD17, MDC1, and USP28) were essential for survival upon ATM inhibitor treatment, which was not the case in wild-type cells. These findings may eventually help guide the way for rational deployment of ATM inhibitors in the clinic.
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10
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Ratz L, Brambillasca C, Bartke L, Huetzen MA, Goergens J, Leidecker O, Jachimowicz RD, van de Ven M, Proost N, Siteur B, de Korte-Grimmerink R, Bouwman P, Pulver EM, de Bruijn R, Isensee J, Hucho T, Pandey G, van Lohuizen M, Mallmann P, Reinhardt HC, Jonkers J, Puppe J. Combined inhibition of EZH2 and ATM is synthetic lethal in BRCA1-deficient breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2022; 24:41. [PMID: 35715861 PMCID: PMC9206299 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-022-01534-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The majority of BRCA1-mutant breast cancers are characterized by a triple-negative phenotype and a basal-like molecular subtype, associated with aggressive clinical behavior. Current treatment options are limited, highlighting the need for the development of novel targeted therapies for this tumor subtype. Methods Our group previously showed that EZH2 is functionally relevant in BRCA1-deficient breast tumors and blocking EZH2 enzymatic activity could be a potent treatment strategy. To validate the role of EZH2 as a therapeutic target and to identify new synergistic drug combinations, we performed a high-throughput drug combination screen in various cell lines derived from BRCA1-deficient and -proficient mouse mammary tumors.
Results We identified the combined inhibition of EZH2 and the proximal DNA damage response kinase ATM as a novel synthetic lethality-based therapy for the treatment of BRCA1-deficient breast tumors. We show that the combined treatment with the EZH2 inhibitor GSK126 and the ATM inhibitor AZD1390 led to reduced colony formation, increased genotoxic stress, and apoptosis-mediated cell death in BRCA1-deficient mammary tumor cells in vitro. These findings were corroborated by in vivo experiments showing that simultaneous inhibition of EZH2 and ATM significantly increased anti-tumor activity in mice bearing BRCA1-deficient mammary tumors.
Conclusion Taken together, we identified a synthetic lethal interaction between EZH2 and ATM and propose this synergistic interaction as a novel molecular combination for the treatment of BRCA1-mutant breast cancer. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13058-022-01534-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Ratz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 34, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Chiara Brambillasca
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leandra Bartke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 34, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Maxim A Huetzen
- Max Planck Research Group Mechanisms of DNA Repair, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany.,Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne and Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jonas Goergens
- Max Planck Research Group Mechanisms of DNA Repair, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany.,Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne and Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Orsolya Leidecker
- Max Planck Research Group Mechanisms of DNA Repair, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany.,Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne and Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ron D Jachimowicz
- Max Planck Research Group Mechanisms of DNA Repair, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany.,Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne and Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marieke van de Ven
- Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Mouse Clinic for Cancer and Ageing, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Natalie Proost
- Mouse Clinic for Cancer and Ageing, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bjørn Siteur
- Mouse Clinic for Cancer and Ageing, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Peter Bouwman
- Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Emilia M Pulver
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roebi de Bruijn
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jörg Isensee
- Translational Pain Research, Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tim Hucho
- Translational Pain Research, Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gaurav Pandey
- Mouse Clinic for Cancer and Ageing, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten van Lohuizen
- Mouse Clinic for Cancer and Ageing, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Mallmann
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 34, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hans Christian Reinhardt
- Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK Partner Site Essen), Essen, Germany
| | - Jos Jonkers
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Mouse Clinic for Cancer and Ageing, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Julian Puppe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 34, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
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11
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Zimmermann A, Zenke FT, Chiu LY, Dahmen H, Pehl U, Fuchss T, Grombacher T, Blume B, Vassilev LT, Blaukat A. A New Class of Selective ATM Inhibitors as Combination Partners of DNA Double-Strand Break Inducing Cancer Therapies. Mol Cancer Ther 2022; 21:859-870. [PMID: 35405736 PMCID: PMC9381122 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-21-0934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Radiotherapy and chemical DNA-damaging agents are among the most widely used classes of cancer therapeutics today. Double-strand breaks (DSB) induced by many of these treatments are lethal to cancer cells if left unrepaired. Ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) kinase plays a key role in the DNA damage response by driving DSB repair and cell-cycle checkpoints to protect cancer cells. Inhibitors of ATM catalytic activity have been shown to suppress DSB DNA repair, block checkpoint controls and enhance the therapeutic effect of radiotherapy and other DSB-inducing modalities. Here, we describe the pharmacological activities of two highly potent and selective ATM inhibitors from a new chemical class, M3541 and M4076. In biochemical assays, they inhibited ATM kinase activity with a sub-nanomolar potency and showed remarkable selectivity against other protein kinases. In cancer cells, the ATM inhibitors suppressed DSB repair, clonogenic cancer cell growth, and potentiated antitumor activity of ionizing radiation in cancer cell lines. Oral administration of M3541 and M4076 to immunodeficient mice bearing human tumor xenografts with a clinically relevant radiotherapy regimen strongly enhanced the antitumor activity, leading to complete tumor regressions. The efficacy correlated with the inhibition of ATM activity and modulation of its downstream targets in the xenograft tissues. In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated strong combination potential with PARP and topoisomerase I inhibitors. M4076 is currently under clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Zimmermann
- Translational Innovation Platform Oncology and Immuno-Oncology, The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany.,Corresponding Author: Astrid Zimmermann, The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Street 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany. Phone: 49-061-5172-8943; E-mail:
| | - Frank T. Zenke
- Translational Innovation Platform Oncology and Immuno-Oncology, The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Li-Ya Chiu
- Translational Innovation Platform Oncology and Immuno-Oncology, EMD Serono, Billerica, Massachusetts
| | - Heike Dahmen
- Translational Innovation Platform Oncology and Immuno-Oncology, The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Ulrich Pehl
- Discovery and Development Technologies, Cellular Pharmacology, The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Thomas Fuchss
- Discovery and Development Technologies, Global Medicinal Chemistry, The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Thomas Grombacher
- Translational Medicine, The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Beatrix Blume
- Discovery and Development Technologies, Cellular Pharmacology, The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Lyubomir T. Vassilev
- Translational Innovation Platform Oncology and Immuno-Oncology, EMD Serono, Billerica, Massachusetts
| | - Andree Blaukat
- Translational Innovation Platform Oncology and Immuno-Oncology, The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
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12
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Köcher S, Zech HB, Krug L, Gatzemeier F, Christiansen S, Meyer F, Rietow R, Struve N, Mansour WY, Kriegs M, Petersen C, Betz C, Rothkamm K, Rieckmann T. A Lack of Effectiveness in the ATM-Orchestrated DNA Damage Response Contributes to the DNA Repair Defect of HPV-Positive Head and Neck Cancer Cells. Front Oncol 2022; 12:765968. [PMID: 35719921 PMCID: PMC9204973 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.765968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with human papillomavirus-positive squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HPV+ HNSCC) have a favorable prognosis compared to those with HPV-negative (HPV−) ones. We have shown previously that HPV+ HNSCC cell lines are characterized by enhanced radiation sensitivity and impaired DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair. Since then, various publications have suggested a defect in homologous recombination (HR) and dysregulated expression of DSB repair proteins as underlying mechanisms, but conclusions were often based on very few cell lines. When comparing the expression levels of suggested proteins and other key repair factors in 6 HPV+ vs. 5 HPV− HNSCC strains, we could not confirm most of the published differences. Furthermore, HPV+ HNSCC strains did not demonstrate enhanced sensitivity towards PARP inhibition, questioning a general HR defect. Interestingly, our expression screen revealed minimal levels of the central DNA damage response kinase ATM in the two most radiosensitive HPV+ strains. We therefore tested whether insufficient ATM activity may contribute to the enhanced cellular radiosensitivity. Irrespective of their ATM expression level, radiosensitive HPV+ HNSCC cells displayed DSB repair kinetics similar to ATM-deficient cells. Upon ATM inhibition, HPV+ cell lines showed only a marginal increase in residual radiation-induced γH2AX foci and induction of G2 cell cycle arrest as compared to HPV− ones. In line with these observations, ATM inhibition sensitized HPV+ HNSCC strains less towards radiation than HPV− strains, resulting in similar levels of sensitivity. Unexpectedly, assessment of the phosphorylation kinetics of the ATM targets KAP-1 and Chk2 as well as ATM autophosphorylation after radiation did not indicate directly compromised ATM activity in HPV-positive cells. Furthermore, ATM inhibition delayed radiation induced DNA end resection in both HPV+ and HPV− cells to a similar extent, further suggesting comparable functionality. In conclusion, DNA repair kinetics and a reduced effectiveness of ATM inhibition clearly point to an impaired ATM-orchestrated DNA damage response in HPV+ HNSCC cells, but since ATM itself is apparently functional, the molecular mechanisms need to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Köcher
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Henrike Barbara Zech
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Mildred-Scheel Cancer Career Center HaTriCS, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Leonie Krug
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fruzsina Gatzemeier
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Christiansen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Felix Meyer
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ruth Rietow
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Research Department, Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nina Struve
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Mildred-Scheel Cancer Career Center HaTriCS, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wael Yassin Mansour
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Mildred-Scheel Cancer Career Center HaTriCS, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Malte Kriegs
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cordula Petersen
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Betz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kai Rothkamm
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Rieckmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Thorsten Rieckmann,
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13
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Aguilar-Morante D, Gómez-Cabello D, Quek H, Liu T, Hamerlik P, Lim YC. Therapeutic Opportunities of Disrupting Genome Integrity in Adult Diffuse Glioma. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020332. [PMID: 35203541 PMCID: PMC8869545 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult diffuse glioma, particularly glioblastoma (GBM), is a devastating tumor of the central nervous system. The existential threat of this disease requires on-going treatment to counteract tumor progression. The present outcome is discouraging as most patients will succumb to this disease. The low cure rate is consistent with the failure of first-line therapy, radiation and temozolomide (TMZ). Even with their therapeutic mechanism of action to incur lethal DNA lesions, tumor growth remains undeterred. Delivering additional treatments only delays the inescapable development of therapeutic tolerance and disease recurrence. The urgency of establishing lifelong tumor control needs to be re-examined with a greater focus on eliminating resistance. Early genomic and transcriptome studies suggest each tumor subtype possesses a unique molecular network to safeguard genome integrity. Subsequent seminal work on post-therapy tumor progression sheds light on the involvement of DNA repair as the causative contributor for hypermutation and therapeutic failure. In this review, we will provide an overview of known molecular factors that influence the engagement of different DNA repair pathways, including targetable vulnerabilities, which can be exploited for clinical benefit with the use of specific inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Aguilar-Morante
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; (D.A.-M.); (D.G.-C.)
| | - Daniel Gómez-Cabello
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; (D.A.-M.); (D.G.-C.)
| | - Hazel Quek
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia;
| | - Tianqing Liu
- NICM Health Research Institute, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia;
| | | | - Yi Chieh Lim
- Danish Cancer Society, 2100 København, Denmark;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-35-257-413
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14
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Integrated, Integral, and Exploratory Biomarkers in the Development of Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors. Cancer J 2021; 27:482-490. [PMID: 34904811 DOI: 10.1097/ppo.0000000000000564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT In this article, we highlight biomarkers for poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor (PARPi) sensitivity and resistance and discuss their implications for the clinic. We review the predictive role of a range of DNA repair genes, genomic scars, mutational signatures, and functional assays available or in development. The biomarkers used for patient selection in the specific Food and Drug Administration-approved indications for breast, ovarian, prostate, and pancreatic cancer vary across tumor type and likely depend on disease-specific DNA repair deficiencies but also the specifics of the individual clinical trials that were conducted. Mutations in genes involved in homologous recombination and/or replication fork protection are synthetic lethal with PARPi. Cancers with homologous recombination deficiency exhibit high genomic instability, characterized by genome-wide loss of heterozygosity, among other genomic aberrations. Next-generation sequencing can identify multiple patterns of genomic changes including copy number variations, single-nucleotide variations, insertions/deletions, and structural variations rearrangements characteristic of homologous recombination deficiency. Clinical trial evidence supports the use of BRCA mutation testing for patient selection, and for ovarian cancer, there are 3 commercial assays available that additionally incorporate genomic instability for identifying subgroups of patients that derive different magnitudes of benefit from PARPi therapy. Finally, we summarize new strategies for extending the benefit of PARPi therapy toward broader populations of patients through the use of novel biomarkers. Ultimately, design of a composite biomarker test combining multiple mutational signatures or development of a dynamic assay for functional assessments of homologous recombination may help improve the test accuracy for future patient stratification.
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15
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Lukaszewicz A, Lange J, Keeney S, Jasin M. De novo deletions and duplications at recombination hotspots in mouse germlines. Cell 2021; 184:5970-5984.e18. [PMID: 34793701 PMCID: PMC8616837 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Numerous DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) arise during meiosis to initiate homologous recombination. These DSBs are usually repaired faithfully, but here, we uncover a distinct type of mutational event in which deletions form via joining of ends from two closely spaced DSBs (double cuts) within a single hotspot or at adjacent hotspots on the same or different chromatids. Deletions occur in normal meiosis but are much more frequent when DSB formation is dysregulated in the absence of the ATM kinase. Events between chromosome homologs point to multi-chromatid damage and aborted gap repair. Some deletions contain DNA from other hotspots, indicating that double cutting at distant sites creates substrates for insertional mutagenesis. End joining at double cuts can also yield tandem duplications or extrachromosomal circles. Our findings highlight the importance of DSB regulation and reveal a previously hidden potential for meiotic mutagenesis that is likely to affect human health and genome evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Lukaszewicz
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Julian Lange
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Scott Keeney
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Maria Jasin
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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16
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Machour FE, Abu-Zhayia ER, Awwad SW, Bidany-Mizrahi T, Meinke S, Bishara LA, Heyd F, Aqeilan RI, Ayoub N. RBM6 splicing factor promotes homologous recombination repair of double-strand breaks and modulates sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:11708-11727. [PMID: 34718714 PMCID: PMC8599755 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins regulate mRNA processing and translation and are often aberrantly expressed in cancer. The RNA-binding motif protein 6, RBM6, is a known alternative splicing factor that harbors tumor suppressor activity and is frequently mutated in human cancer. Here, we identify RBM6 as a novel regulator of homologous recombination (HR) repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Mechanistically, we show that RBM6 regulates alternative splicing-coupled nonstop-decay of a positive HR regulator, Fe65/APBB1. RBM6 knockdown leads to a severe reduction in Fe65 protein levels and consequently impairs HR of DSBs. Accordingly, RBM6-deficient cancer cells are vulnerable to ATM and PARP inhibition and show remarkable sensitivity to cisplatin. Concordantly, cisplatin administration inhibits the growth of breast tumor devoid of RBM6 in mouse xenograft model. Furthermore, we observe that RBM6 protein is significantly lost in metastatic breast tumors compared with primary tumors, thus suggesting RBM6 as a potential therapeutic target of advanced breast cancer. Collectively, our results elucidate the link between the multifaceted roles of RBM6 in regulating alternative splicing and HR of DSBs that may contribute to tumorigenesis, and pave the way for new avenues of therapy for RBM6-deficient tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feras E Machour
- Department of Biology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Enas R Abu-Zhayia
- Department of Biology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Samah W Awwad
- Department of Biology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Tirza Bidany-Mizrahi
- The Concern Foundation Laboratories, The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Department of Immunology and Cancer Research-IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Stefan Meinke
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laboratory of RNA Biochemistry, Takustrasse 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Laila A Bishara
- Department of Biology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Florian Heyd
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laboratory of RNA Biochemistry, Takustrasse 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rami I Aqeilan
- The Concern Foundation Laboratories, The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Department of Immunology and Cancer Research-IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Nabieh Ayoub
- Department of Biology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
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17
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Zhu Q, Huang J, Huang H, Li H, Yi P, Kloeber JA, Yuan J, Chen Y, Deng M, Luo K, Gao M, Guo G, Tu X, Yin P, Zhang Y, Su J, Chen J, Lou Z. RNF19A-mediated ubiquitination of BARD1 prevents BRCA1/BARD1-dependent homologous recombination. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6653. [PMID: 34789768 PMCID: PMC8599684 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27048-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BRCA1-BARD1 heterodimers act in multiple steps during homologous recombination (HR) to ensure the prompt repair of DNA double strand breaks. Dysfunction of the BRCA1 pathway enhances the therapeutic efficiency of poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) in cancers, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this sensitization to PARPi are not fully understood. Here, we show that cancer cell sensitivity to PARPi is promoted by the ring between ring fingers (RBR) protein RNF19A. We demonstrate that RNF19A suppresses HR by ubiquitinating BARD1, which leads to dissociation of BRCA1-BARD1 complex and exposure of a nuclear export sequence in BARD1 that is otherwise masked by BRCA1, resulting in the export of BARD1 to the cytoplasm. We provide evidence that high RNF19A expression in breast cancer compromises HR and increases sensitivity to PARPi. We propose that RNF19A modulates the cancer cell response to PARPi by negatively regulating the BRCA1-BARD1 complex and inhibiting HR-mediated DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Jinzhou Huang
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Hongyang Huang
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Huan Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Peiqiang Yi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jake A Kloeber
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Mayo Clinic Medical Scientist Training Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Jian Yuan
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Yuping Chen
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Min Deng
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Kuntian Luo
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Ming Gao
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Guijie Guo
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Xinyi Tu
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Ping Yin
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Jun Su
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jiayi Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Zhenkun Lou
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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18
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Cantor SB. Revisiting the BRCA-pathway through the lens of replication gap suppression: "Gaps determine therapy response in BRCA mutant cancer". DNA Repair (Amst) 2021; 107:103209. [PMID: 34419699 PMCID: PMC9049047 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2021.103209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The toxic lesion emanating from chemotherapy that targets the DNA was initially debated, but eventually the DNA double strand break (DSB) ultimately prevailed. The reasoning was in part based on the perception that repairing a fractured chromosome necessitated intricate processing or condemned the cell to death. Genetic evidence for the DSB model was also provided by the extreme sensitivity of cells that were deficient in DSB repair. In particular, sensitivity characterized cells harboring mutations in the hereditary breast/ovarian cancer genes, BRCA1 or BRCA2, that function in the repair of DSBs by homologous recombination (HR). Along with functions in HR, BRCA proteins were found to prevent DSBs by protecting stalled replication forks from nuclease degradation. Coming full-circle, BRCA mutant cancer cells that gained resistance to genotoxic chemotherapy often displayed restored DNA repair by HR and/or restored fork protection (FP) implicating that the therapy was tolerated when DSB repair was intact or DSBs were prevented. Despite this well-supported paradigm that has been the impetus for targeted cancer therapy, here we argue that the toxic DNA lesion conferring response is instead single stranded DNA (ssDNA) gaps. We discuss the evidence that persistent ssDNA gaps formed in the wake of DNA replication rather than DSBs are responsible for cell killing following treatment with genotoxic chemotherapeutic agents. We also highlight that proteins, such as BRCA1, BRCA2, and RAD51 known for canonical DSB repair also have critical roles in normal replication as well as replication gap suppression (RGS) and repair. We review the literature that supports the idea that widespread gap induction proximal to treatment triggers apoptosis in a process that does not need or stem from DSB induction. Lastly, we discuss the clinical evidence for gaps and how to exploit them to enhance genotoxic chemotherapy response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon B Cantor
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, LRB 415, 364 Plantation St., Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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19
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Banerjee D, Langberg K, Abbas S, Odermatt E, Yerramothu P, Volaric M, Reidenbach MA, Krentz KJ, Rubinstein CD, Brautigan DL, Abbas T, Gelfand BD, Ambati J, Kerur N. A non-canonical, interferon-independent signaling activity of cGAMP triggers DNA damage response signaling. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6207. [PMID: 34707113 PMCID: PMC8551335 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26240-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate (cGAMP), produced by cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), stimulates the production of type I interferons (IFN). Here we show that cGAMP activates DNA damage response (DDR) signaling independently of its canonical IFN pathways. Loss of cGAS dampens DDR signaling induced by genotoxic insults. Mechanistically, cGAS activates DDR in a STING-TBK1-dependent manner, wherein TBK1 stimulates the autophosphorylation of the DDR kinase ATM, with the consequent activation of the CHK2-p53-p21 signal transduction pathway and the induction of G1 cell cycle arrest. Despite its stimulatory activity on ATM, cGAMP suppresses homology-directed repair (HDR) through the inhibition of polyADP-ribosylation (PARylation), in which cGAMP reduces cellular levels of NAD+; meanwhile, restoring NAD+ levels abrogates cGAMP-mediated suppression of PARylation and HDR. Finally, we show that cGAMP also activates DDR signaling in invertebrate species lacking IFN (Crassostrea virginica and Nematostella vectensis), suggesting that the genome surveillance mechanism of cGAS predates metazoan interferon-based immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daipayan Banerjee
- Aravind Medical Research Foundation, Madurai, 625020, India
- Center for Advanced Vision Science, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Kurt Langberg
- Center for Advanced Vision Science, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Salar Abbas
- Center for Advanced Vision Science, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Eric Odermatt
- Center for Advanced Vision Science, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Praveen Yerramothu
- Center for Advanced Vision Science, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Martin Volaric
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Matthew A Reidenbach
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Kathy J Krentz
- Genome Editing & Animal Models Core, University of Wisconsin Biotechnology Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | - C Dustin Rubinstein
- Genome Editing & Animal Models Core, University of Wisconsin Biotechnology Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David L Brautigan
- Center for Cell Signaling, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Tarek Abbas
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Bradley D Gelfand
- Center for Advanced Vision Science, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jayakrishna Ambati
- Center for Advanced Vision Science, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Nagaraj Kerur
- Center for Advanced Vision Science, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
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20
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Shi C, Yang EJ, Tao S, Ren G, Mou PK, Shim JS. Natural products targeting cancer cell dependency. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2021; 74:677-686. [PMID: 34163025 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-021-00438-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Precision cancer medicine is a tailored treatment approach for individual cancer patients with different genomic characteristics. Mutated or hyperactive oncogenes have served as main drug targets in current precision cancer medicine, while defective or inactivated tumor suppressors in general have not been considered as druggable targets. Synthetic lethality is one of very few approaches that enable to target defective tumor suppressors with pharmacological agents. Synthetic lethality exploits cancer cell dependency on a protein or pathway, which arises when the function of a tumor suppressor is defective. This approach has been proven to be effective in clinical settings since the successful clinical introduction of BRCA-PARP synthetic lethality for the treatment of breast and ovarian cancer with defective BRCA. Subsequently, large-scale screenings with RNAi, CRISPR/Cas9-sgRNAs, and chemical libraries have been applied to identify synthetic lethal partners of tumor suppressors. Natural products are an important source for the discovery of pharmacologically active small molecules. However, little effort has been made in the discovery of synthetic lethal small molecules from natural products. This review introduces recent advances in the discovery of natural products targeting cancer cell dependency and discusses potentials of natural products in the precision cancer medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changxiang Shi
- Cancer Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Eun Ju Yang
- Cancer Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Shishi Tao
- Cancer Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Guowen Ren
- Cancer Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Pui Kei Mou
- Cancer Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Joong Sup Shim
- Cancer Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China. .,MoE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China.
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21
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Fernando M, Duijf PHG, Proctor M, Stevenson AJ, Ehmann A, Vora S, Skalamera D, Adams M, Gabrielli B. Dysregulated G2 phase checkpoint recovery pathway reduces DNA repair efficiency and increases chromosomal instability in a wide range of tumours. Oncogenesis 2021; 10:41. [PMID: 33993200 PMCID: PMC8124070 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-021-00329-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Defective DNA repair is being demonstrated to be a useful target in cancer treatment. Currently, defective repair is identified by specific gene mutations, however defective repair is a common feature of cancers without these mutations. DNA damage triggers cell cycle checkpoints that are responsible for co-ordinating cell cycle arrest and DNA repair. Defects in checkpoint signalling components such as ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) occur in a low proportion of cancers and are responsible for reduced DNA repair and increased genomic instability. Here we have investigated the AURKA-PLK1 cell cycle checkpoint recovery pathway that is responsible for exit from the G2 phase cell cycle checkpoint arrest. We demonstrate that dysregulation of PP6 and AURKA maintained elevated PLK1 activation to promote premature exit from only ATM, and not ATR-dependent checkpoint arrest. Surprisingly, depletion of the B55α subunit of PP2A that negatively regulates PLK1 was capable of overcoming ATM and ATR checkpoint arrests. Dysregulation of the checkpoint recovery pathway reduced S/G2 phase DNA repair efficiency and increased genomic instability. We found a strong correlation between dysregulation of the PP6-AURKA-PLK1-B55α checkpoint recovery pathway with signatures of defective homologous recombination and increased chromosomal instability in several cancer types. This work has identified an unrealised source of G2 phase DNA repair defects and chromosomal instability that are likely to be sensitive to treatments targeting defective repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madushan Fernando
- Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Pascal H G Duijf
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Data Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Martina Proctor
- Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Anna Ehmann
- Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Shivam Vora
- Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Dubravka Skalamera
- Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Mark Adams
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Brian Gabrielli
- Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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22
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Activation of DNA damage response signaling in mammalian cells by ionizing radiation. Free Radic Res 2021; 55:581-594. [PMID: 33455476 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2021.1876853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cellular responses to DNA damage are fundamental to preserve genomic integrity during various endogenous and exogenous stresses. Following radiation therapy and chemotherapy, this DNA damage response (DDR) also determines development of carcinogenesis and therapeutic outcome. In humans, DNA damage activates a robust network of signal transduction cascades, driven primarily through phosphorylation events. These responses primarily involve two key non-redundant signal transducing proteins of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-like (PIKK) family - ATR and ATM, and their downstream kinases (hChk1 and hChk2). They further phosphorylate effectors proteins such as p53, Cdc25A and Cdc25C which function either to activate the DNA damage checkpoints and cell death mechanisms, or DNA repair pathways. Identification of molecular pathways that determine signaling after DNA damage and trigger DNA repair in response to differing types of DNA lesions allows for a far better understanding of the consequences of radiation and chemotherapy on normal and tumor cells. Here we highlight the network of DNA damage response pathways that are activated after treatment with different types of radiation. Further, we discuss regulation of cell cycle checkpoint and DNA repair processes in the context of DDR in response to radiation.
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23
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Myers S, Ortega JA, Cavalli A. Synthetic Lethality through the Lens of Medicinal Chemistry. J Med Chem 2020; 63:14151-14183. [PMID: 33135887 PMCID: PMC8015234 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Personalized medicine and therapies represent the goal of modern medicine, as drug discovery strives to move away from one-cure-for-all and makes use of the various targets and biomarkers within differing disease areas. This approach, especially in oncology, is often undermined when the cells make use of alternative survival pathways. As such, acquired resistance is unfortunately common. In order to combat this phenomenon, synthetic lethality is being investigated, making use of existing genetic fragilities within the cancer cell. This Perspective highlights exciting targets within synthetic lethality, (PARP, ATR, ATM, DNA-PKcs, WEE1, CDK12, RAD51, RAD52, and PD-1) and discusses the medicinal chemistry programs being used to interrogate them, the challenges these programs face, and what the future holds for this promising field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel
H. Myers
- Computational
& Chemical Biology, Istituto Italiano
di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Jose Antonio Ortega
- Computational
& Chemical Biology, Istituto Italiano
di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Andrea Cavalli
- Computational
& Chemical Biology, Istituto Italiano
di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Department
of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University
of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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24
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Rational combination therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma with PARP1 and DNA-PK inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:26356-26365. [PMID: 33020270 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2002917117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding differences in DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair between tumor and normal tissues would provide a rationale for developing DNA repair-targeted cancer therapy. Here, using knock-in mouse models for measuring the efficiency of two DSB repair pathways, homologous recombination (HR) and nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ), we demonstrated that both pathways are up-regulated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) compared with adjacent normal tissues due to altered expression of DNA repair factors, including PARP1 and DNA-PKcs. Surprisingly, inhibiting PARP1 with olaparib abrogated HR repair in HCC. Mechanistically, inhibiting PARP1 suppressed the clearance of nucleosomes at DNA damage sites by blocking the recruitment of ALC1 to DSB sites, thereby inhibiting RPA2 and RAD51 recruitment. Importantly, combining olaparib with NU7441, a DNA-PKcs inhibitor that blocks NHEJ in HCC, synergistically suppressed HCC growth in both mice and HCC patient-derived-xenograft models. Our results suggest the combined inhibition of both HR and NHEJ as a potential therapy for HCC.
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25
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Aydin AM, Chahoud J, Adashek JJ, Azizi M, Magliocco A, Ross JS, Necchi A, Spiess PE. Understanding genomics and the immune environment of penile cancer to improve therapy. Nat Rev Urol 2020; 17:555-570. [DOI: 10.1038/s41585-020-0359-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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26
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Ravi S, Barui S, Kirubakaran S, Duhan P, Bhowmik K. Synthesis and Characterization of Quinoline-3-Carboxamide Derivatives as Inhibitors of the ATM Kinase. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 20:2070-2079. [PMID: 32735523 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200731174216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The importance of inhibiting the kinases of the DDR pathway for radiosensitizing cancer cells is well established. Cancer cells exploit these kinases for their survival, which leads to the development of resistance towards DNA damaging therapeutics. OBJECTIVE In this article, the focus is on targeting the key mediator of the DDR pathway, the ATM kinase. A new set of quinoline-3-carboxamides, as potential inhibitors of ATM, is reported. METHODS Quinoline-3-carboxamide derivatives were synthesized and cytotoxicity assay was performed to analyze the effect of molecules on different cancer cell lines like HCT116, MDA-MB-468, and MDA-MB-231. RESULTS Three of the synthesized compounds showed promising cytotoxicity towards a selected set of cancer cell lines. Western Blot analysis was also performed by pre-treating the cells with quercetin, a known ATM upregulator, by causing DNA double-strand breaks. SAR studies suggested the importance of the electron-donating nature of the R group for the molecule to be toxic. Finally, Western-Blot analysis confirmed the down-regulation of ATM in the cells. Additionally, the PTEN negative cell line, MDA-MB-468, was more sensitive towards the compounds in comparison with the PTEN positive cell line, MDA-MB-231. Cytotoxicity studies against 293T cells showed that the compounds were at least three times less toxic when compared with HCT116. CONCLUSION In conclusion, these experiments will lay the groundwork for the evolution of potent and selective ATM inhibitors for the radio- and chemo-sensitization of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srimadhavi Ravi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Sugata Barui
- Department of Biological Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | | | - Parul Duhan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Kaushik Bhowmik
- Department of Biological Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
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27
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Liao Y, Tu C, Song X, Cai L. Case report: Analysis of BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations in a hereditary ovarian cancer family. J Assist Reprod Genet 2020; 37:1489-1495. [PMID: 32356124 PMCID: PMC7311593 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-020-01783-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Breast cancer susceptibility gene 1/2 (BRCA1/2) is the most important susceptibility gene associated with hereditary ovarian cancer (HOC). We aimed to screen BRAC1 and BRAC2 gene mutations in a member of a hereditary ovarian cancer family in China, and to analyze the structure and function of the mutant protein. METHODS A typical HOC family was selected. Blood samples and pathological tissue samples were taken from the female members of the family. Blood samples from two patients with sporadic ovaries of the same pathological type were taken as a control group. After RNA extraction, PCR amplification was applied and the PCR products were directly sequenced and aligned, prediction and analysis of protein structure and molecular conformation that may be caused by BRCA1/2 mutation. RESULTS The whole gene analysis of BRCA1 and BRCA2 in ovarian cancer patients in the family showed that there were 8 mutations in BRCA1 whole gene sequencing, including 3 nonsense mutations (2314C>T, 2543T>C, 4540T>C); two mutations have been recorded, which are associated with cervical cancer (2844C>T) and endometriosis (3345A>G); three newly discovered mutations (3780A>G, 5069A>G, 3326A>T). Among them, 3780A>G and 5069A>G caused amino acid changes, while 3326A>T mutation caused Arg mutation to stop codon. A total of 7 mutations were detected in BRCA2 whole-genome sequencing, including 5 non-significant mutations (3623A>G, 4034T>C, 4790A>G, 6740G>C, 7469A>G); one no-record mutation (1716T>A), and 1 recorded mutation (1342A>C), which was associated with breast cancer and ovarian cancer. BRCA1 (3326A>T) and BRCA2 (1342A>C) mutations were co-existing in patients (II1, II3, and II5) identified as serous adenocarcinoma grade II. Two cases of ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma with no history of family tumors were normalized for BRCA1/2 gene sequencing. In the gene detection of III generation female, four females with BRCA2 (1342A>C) mutation were found, and one of them also carried the BRCA1 (3326A>T) mutation, who can be considered a high-risk group of HOC in this family. Online protein structure predictions revealed that BRCA1 (3326A>T) mutations mutated AGA at this site to TGA resulting in a translated Arg (arginine) mutation as a stop codon, while BRCA2 (1342A>C) mutated AAT at this site to CAT resulting in a translated Asn mutation to His. CONCLUSION The BRCA1 (3326A>T) and BRCA2 (1342A>C) were detected in the HOC family, which may be the susceptibility gene of the family's HOC. The BRCA1/2 gene screening may be possible to obtain high-risk populations in this family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liao
- Department of Gynecology, Xinyu People's Hospital, Xinyu, 338000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Chunhua Tu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 17 Yongwai Zhengjie, Nanchang, 330000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiaoxia Song
- Department of Gynecology, Xinyu People's Hospital, Xinyu, 338000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Liping Cai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 17 Yongwai Zhengjie, Nanchang, 330000, Jiangxi, China.
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BRCA1 Mutational Complementation Induces Synthetic Viability. Mol Cell 2020; 78:951-959.e6. [PMID: 32359443 PMCID: PMC7418109 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BRCA1 promotes the DNA end resection and RAD51 loading steps of homologous recombination (HR). Whether these functions can be uncoupled, and whether mutant proteins retaining partial activity can complement one another, is unclear and could affect the severity of BRCA1-associated Fanconi anemia (FA). Here we generated a Brca1CC mouse with a coiled-coil (CC) domain deletion. Brca1CC/CC mice are born at low frequencies, and post-natal mice have FA-like abnormalities, including bone marrow failure. Intercrossing with Brca1Δ11, which is homozygous lethal, generated Brca1CC/Δ11 mice at Mendelian frequencies that were indistinguishable from Brca1+/+ mice. Brca1CC and Brca1Δ11 proteins were individually responsible for counteracting 53BP1-RIF1-Shieldin activity and promoting RAD51 loading, respectively. Thus, Brca1CC and Brca1Δ11 alleles represent separation-of-function mutations that combine to provide a level of HR sufficient for normal development and hematopoiesis. Because BRCA1 activities can be genetically separated, compound heterozygosity for functional complementary mutations may protect individuals from FA.
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29
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Zhang B, Lyu J, Yang EJ, Liu Y, Wu C, Pardeshi L, Tan K, Chen Q, Xu X, Deng CX, Shim JS. Class I histone deacetylase inhibition is synthetic lethal with BRCA1 deficiency in breast cancer cells. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:615-627. [PMID: 32322466 PMCID: PMC7161709 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 (BRCA1) is a tumor suppressor gene, which is frequently mutated in breast and ovarian cancers. BRCA1 plays a key role in the homologous recombination directed DNA repair, allowing its deficiency to act as a therapeutic target of DNA damaging agents. In this study, we found that inhibition of the class I histone deacetylases (HDAC) exhibited synthetic lethality with BRCA1 deficiency in breast cancer cells. Transcriptome profiling and validation study showed that HDAC inhibition enhanced the expression of thioredoxin interaction protein (TXNIP), causing reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated DNA damage. This effect induced preferential apoptosis in BRCA1 -/- breast cancer cells where DNA repair system is compromised. Two animal experiments and gene expression-associated patients' survival analysis further confirmed in vivo synthetic lethality between BRCA1 and HDAC. Finally, the combination of inhibitors of HDAC and bromodomain and extra-terminal motif (BET), another BRCA1 synthetic lethality target that also works through oxidative stress-mediated DNA damage, showed a strong anticancer effect in BRCA1 -/- breast cancer cells. Together, this study provides a new therapeutic strategy for BRCA1-deficient breast cancer by targeting two epigenetic machineries, HDAC and BET.
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30
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Menolfi D, Zha S. ATM, ATR and DNA-PKcs kinases-the lessons from the mouse models: inhibition ≠ deletion. Cell Biosci 2020; 10:8. [PMID: 32015826 PMCID: PMC6990542 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-020-0376-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA damage, especially DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) and replication stress, activates a complex post-translational network termed DNA damage response (DDR). Our review focuses on three PI3-kinase related protein kinases-ATM, ATR and DNA-PKcs, which situate at the apex of the mammalian DDR. They are recruited to and activated at the DNA damage sites by their respective sensor protein complexes-MRE11/RAD50/NBS1 for ATM, RPA/ATRIP for ATR and KU70-KU80/86 (XRCC6/XRCC5) for DNA-PKcs. Upon activation, ATM, ATR and DNA-PKcs phosphorylate a large number of partially overlapping substrates to promote efficient and accurate DNA repair and to coordinate DNA repair with other DNA metabolic events (e.g., transcription, replication and mitosis). At the organism level, robust DDR is critical for normal development, aging, stem cell maintenance and regeneration, and physiological genomic rearrangements in lymphocytes and germ cells. In addition to endogenous damage, oncogene-induced replication stresses and genotoxic chemotherapies also activate DDR. On one hand, DDR factors suppress genomic instability to prevent malignant transformation. On the other hand, targeting DDR enhances the therapeutic effects of anti-cancer chemotherapy, which led to the development of specific kinase inhibitors for ATM, ATR and DNA-PKcs. Using mouse models expressing kinase dead ATM, ATR and DNA-PKcs, an unexpected structural function of these kinases was revealed, where the expression of catalytically inactive kinases causes more genomic instability than the loss of the proteins themselves. The spectrum of genomic instabilities and physiological consequences are unique for each kinase and depends on their activating complexes, suggesting a model in which the catalysis is coupled with DNA/chromatin release and catalytic inhibition leads to the persistence of the kinases at the DNA lesion, which in turn affects repair pathway choice and outcomes. Here we discuss the experimental evidences supporting this mode of action and their implications in the design and use of specific kinase inhibitors for ATM, ATR and DNA-PKcs for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demis Menolfi
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Shan Zha
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
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31
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NF1 patient missense variants predict a role for ATM in modifying neurofibroma initiation. Acta Neuropathol 2020; 139:157-174. [PMID: 31664505 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-019-02086-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In Neurofibromatosis type 1, NF1 gene mutations in Schwann cells (SC) drive benign plexiform neurofibroma (PNF), and no additional SC changes explain patient-to-patient variability in tumor number. Evidence from twin studies suggests that variable expressivity might be caused by unidentified modifier genes. Whole exome sequencing of SC and fibroblast DNA from the same resected PNFs confirmed biallelic SC NF1 mutations; non-NF1 somatic SC variants were variable and present at low read number. We identified frequent germline variants as possible neurofibroma modifier genes. Genes harboring variants were validated in two additional cohorts of NF1 patients and by variant burden test. Genes including CUBN, CELSR2, COL14A1, ATR and ATM also showed decreased gene expression in some neurofibromas. ATM-relevant DNA repair defects were also present in a subset of neurofibromas with ATM variants, and in some neurofibroma SC. Heterozygous ATM G2023R or homozygous S707P variants reduced ATM protein expression in heterologous cells. In mice, genetic Atm heterozygosity promoted Schwann cell precursor self-renewal and increased tumor formation in vivo, suggesting that ATM variants contribute to neurofibroma initiation. We identify germline variants, rare in the general population, overrepresented in NF1 patients with neurofibromas. ATM and other identified genes are candidate modifiers of PNF pathogenesis.
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32
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Baretic D, Maia de Oliveira T, Niess M, Wan P, Pollard H, Johnson CM, Truman C, McCall E, Fisher D, Williams R, Phillips C. Structural insights into the critical DNA damage sensors DNA-PKcs, ATM and ATR. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 147:4-16. [PMID: 31255703 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
ATM, ATR and DNA-PKCs are key effectors of DNA Damage response and have been extensively linked to tumourigenesis and survival of cancer cells after radio/chemotherapy. Despite numerous efforts, the structures of these proteins remained elusive until very recently. The resolution revolution in Cryo-EM allowed for molecular details of these proteins to be seen for the first time. Here we provide a comprehensive review of the structures of ATM, ATR and DNA-PKcs and their complexes and expand with observations springing from our own cryo-EM studies. These observations include a novel conformation of ATR and novel dimeric arrangements of DNA-PKcs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Martina Niess
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul Wan
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hannah Pollard
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Caroline Truman
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, Cambridge, UK
| | - Eileen McCall
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, Cambridge, UK
| | - David Fisher
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Christopher Phillips
- Structure Biophysics and FBLG, Discovery Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, Cambridge, UK
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33
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Jin MH, Nam AR, Park JE, Bang JH, Bang YJ, Oh DY. Therapeutic Co-targeting of WEE1 and ATM Downregulates PD-L1 Expression in Pancreatic Cancer. Cancer Res Treat 2019; 52:149-166. [PMID: 31291716 PMCID: PMC6962488 DOI: 10.4143/crt.2019.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the most lethal cancers worldwide, but there are currently no effective treatments. The DNA damage response (DDR) is under investigation for the development of novel anti-cancer drugs. Since DNA repair pathway alterations have been found frequently in PC, the purpose of this study was to test the DDR-targeting strategy in PC using WEE1 and ATM inhibitors. Materials and Methods We performed in vitro experiments using a total of ten human PC cell lines to evaluate antitumor effect of AZD1775 (WEE1 inhibitor) alone or combination with AZD0156 (ATM inhibitor). We established Capan-1-mouse model for in vivo experiments to confirm our findings. RESULTS In our research, we found that WEE1 inhibitor (AZD1775) as single agent showed anti-tumor effects in PC cells, however, targeting WEE1 upregulated p-ATM level. Here, we observed that co-targeting of WEE1 and ATM acted synergistically to reduce cell proliferation and migration, and to induce DNA damage in vitro. Notably, inhibition of WEE1 or WEE1/ATM downregulated programmed cell death ligand 1 expression by blocking glycogen synthase kinase-3β serine 9 phosphorylation and decrease of CMTM6 expression. In Capan-1 mouse xenograft model, AZD1775 plus AZD0156 (ATM inhibitor) treatment reduced tumor growth and downregulated tumor expression of programmed cell death ligand 1, CMTM6, CD163, and CXCR2, all of which contribute to tumor immune evasion. CONCLUSION Dual blockade of WEE1 and ATM might be a potential therapeutic strategy for PC. Taken toget.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Hua Jin
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ah-Rong Nam
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Eun Park
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ju-Hee Bang
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yung-Jue Bang
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Do-Youn Oh
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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ATM, DNA-PKcs and ATR: shaping development through the regulation of the DNA damage responses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42764-019-00003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Zong D, Adam S, Wang Y, Sasanuma H, Callén E, Murga M, Day A, Kruhlak MJ, Wong N, Munro M, Chaudhuri AR, Karim B, Xia B, Takeda S, Johnson N, Durocher D, Nussenzweig A. BRCA1 Haploinsufficiency Is Masked by RNF168-Mediated Chromatin Ubiquitylation. Mol Cell 2019; 73:1267-1281.e7. [PMID: 30704900 PMCID: PMC6430682 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BRCA1 functions at two distinct steps during homologous recombination (HR). Initially, it promotes DNA end resection, and subsequently it recruits the PALB2 and BRCA2 mediator complex, which stabilizes RAD51-DNA nucleoprotein filaments. Loss of 53BP1 rescues the HR defect in BRCA1-deficient cells by increasing resection, suggesting that BRCA1's downstream role in RAD51 loading is dispensable when 53BP1 is absent. Here we show that the E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF168, in addition to its canonical role in inhibiting end resection, acts in a redundant manner with BRCA1 to load PALB2 onto damaged DNA. Loss of RNF168 negates the synthetic rescue of BRCA1 deficiency by 53BP1 deletion, and it predisposes BRCA1 heterozygous mice to cancer. BRCA1+/-RNF168-/- cells lack RAD51 foci and are hypersensitive to PARP inhibitor, whereas forced targeting of PALB2 to DNA breaks in mutant cells circumvents BRCA1 haploinsufficiency. Inhibiting the chromatin ubiquitin pathway may, therefore, be a synthetic lethality strategy for BRCA1-deficient cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dali Zong
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Salomé Adam
- The Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yifan Wang
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Sasanuma
- Department of Radiation Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Elsa Callén
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Matilde Murga
- Genomic Instability Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Center, CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amanda Day
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael J. Kruhlak
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nancy Wong
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Meagan Munro
- The Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arnab Ray Chaudhuri
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Baktiar Karim
- Pathology/Histotechnology Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Bing Xia
- Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Shunichi Takeda
- Department of Radiation Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Neil Johnson
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel Durocher
- The Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - André Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Balmus G, Pilger D, Coates J, Demir M, Sczaniecka-Clift M, Barros AC, Woods M, Fu B, Yang F, Chen E, Ostermaier M, Stankovic T, Ponstingl H, Herzog M, Yusa K, Martinez FM, Durant ST, Galanty Y, Beli P, Adams DJ, Bradley A, Metzakopian E, Forment JV, Jackson SP. ATM orchestrates the DNA-damage response to counter toxic non-homologous end-joining at broken replication forks. Nat Commun 2019; 10:87. [PMID: 30622252 PMCID: PMC6325118 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07729-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the ATM tumor suppressor gene confer hypersensitivity to DNA-damaging chemotherapeutic agents. To explore genetic resistance mechanisms, we performed genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screens in cells treated with the DNA topoisomerase I inhibitor topotecan. Thus, we here establish that inactivating terminal components of the non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) machinery or of the BRCA1-A complex specifically confer topotecan resistance to ATM-deficient cells. We show that hypersensitivity of ATM-mutant cells to topotecan or the poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor olaparib reflects delayed engagement of homologous recombination at DNA-replication-fork associated single-ended double-strand breaks (DSBs), allowing some to be subject to toxic NHEJ. Preventing DSB ligation by NHEJ, or enhancing homologous recombination by BRCA1-A complex disruption, suppresses this toxicity, highlighting a crucial role for ATM in preventing toxic LIG4-mediated chromosome fusions. Notably, suppressor mutations in ATM-mutant backgrounds are different to those in BRCA1-mutant scenarios, suggesting new opportunities for patient stratification and additional therapeutic vulnerabilities for clinical exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Balmus
- The Wellcome Trust and Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Domenic Pilger
- The Wellcome Trust and Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Julia Coates
- The Wellcome Trust and Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Mukerrem Demir
- The Wellcome Trust and Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Matylda Sczaniecka-Clift
- The Wellcome Trust and Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Ana C Barros
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Michael Woods
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Beiyuan Fu
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Fengtang Yang
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Elisabeth Chen
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | | | - Tatjana Stankovic
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Hannes Ponstingl
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Mareike Herzog
- The Wellcome Trust and Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Kosuke Yusa
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Francisco Munoz Martinez
- The Wellcome Trust and Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Stephen T Durant
- DNA Damage Response Biology, Bioscience Oncology IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB4 0WG, UK
| | - Yaron Galanty
- The Wellcome Trust and Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Petra Beli
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - David J Adams
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Allan Bradley
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Emmanouil Metzakopian
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Josep V Forment
- The Wellcome Trust and Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK.
- DNA Damage Response Biology, Bioscience Oncology IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB4 0WG, UK.
| | - Stephen P Jackson
- The Wellcome Trust and Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK.
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Mahdavi M, Nassiri M, Kooshyar MM, Vakili‐Azghandi M, Avan A, Sandry R, Pillai S, Lam AK, Gopalan V. Hereditary breast cancer; Genetic penetrance and current status with BRCA. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:5741-5750. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Mahdavi
- Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Mashhad Iran
| | | | | | | | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- Cancer Research Center and Surgical Oncology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- School of Medicine, Griffith University Gold Coast QLD
| | - Ryan Sandry
- Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Suja Pillai
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland Brisbane Australia
| | | | - Vinod Gopalan
- Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
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Castroviejo-Bermejo M, Cruz C, Llop-Guevara A, Gutiérrez-Enríquez S, Ducy M, Ibrahim YH, Gris-Oliver A, Pellegrino B, Bruna A, Guzmán M, Rodríguez O, Grueso J, Bonache S, Moles-Fernández A, Villacampa G, Viaplana C, Gómez P, Vidal M, Peg V, Serres-Créixams X, Dellaire G, Simard J, Nuciforo P, Rubio IT, Dienstmann R, Barrett JC, Caldas C, Baselga J, Saura C, Cortés J, Déas O, Jonkers J, Masson JY, Cairo S, Judde JG, O'Connor MJ, Díez O, Balmaña J, Serra V. A RAD51 assay feasible in routine tumor samples calls PARP inhibitor response beyond BRCA mutation. EMBO Mol Med 2018; 10:e9172. [PMID: 30377213 PMCID: PMC6284440 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201809172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors (PARPi) are effective in cancers with defective homologous recombination DNA repair (HRR), including BRCA1/2-related cancers. A test to identify additional HRR-deficient tumors will help to extend their use in new indications. We evaluated the activity of the PARPi olaparib in patient-derived tumor xenografts (PDXs) from breast cancer (BC) patients and investigated mechanisms of sensitivity through exome sequencing, BRCA1 promoter methylation analysis, and immunostaining of HRR proteins, including RAD51 nuclear foci. In an independent BC PDX panel, the predictive capacity of the RAD51 score and the homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) score were compared. To examine the clinical feasibility of the RAD51 assay, we scored archival breast tumor samples, including PALB2-related hereditary cancers. The RAD51 score was highly discriminative of PARPi sensitivity versus PARPi resistance in BC PDXs and outperformed the genomic test. In clinical samples, all PALB2-related tumors were classified as HRR-deficient by the RAD51 score. The functional biomarker RAD51 enables the identification of PARPi-sensitive BC and broadens the population who may benefit from this therapy beyond BRCA1/2-related cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristina Cruz
- Experimental Therapeutics Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
- High Risk and Familial Cancer Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba Llop-Guevara
- Experimental Therapeutics Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Mandy Ducy
- Genome Stability Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Laval University Cancer Research Center, Québec City, QC, Canada
- CHU de Quebec - Université Laval Research Center, Genomics Center CHUL, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Yasir Hussein Ibrahim
- Experimental Therapeutics Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Gris-Oliver
- Experimental Therapeutics Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Benedetta Pellegrino
- Experimental Therapeutics Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Alejandra Bruna
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute and Department of Oncology, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marta Guzmán
- Experimental Therapeutics Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olga Rodríguez
- Experimental Therapeutics Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judit Grueso
- Experimental Therapeutics Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Bonache
- Oncogenetics Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Guillermo Villacampa
- Oncology Data Science (OdysSey Group), Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Viaplana
- Oncology Data Science (OdysSey Group), Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patricia Gómez
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Breast Cancer and Melanoma Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Vidal
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Breast Cancer and Melanoma Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicente Peg
- Pathology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Xavier Serres-Créixams
- Department of Radiology, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Graham Dellaire
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Jacques Simard
- CHU de Quebec - Université Laval Research Center, Genomics Center CHUL, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Paolo Nuciforo
- CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Molecular Oncology Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel T Rubio
- CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Breast Surgical Unit, Breast Cancer Center, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Dienstmann
- Oncology Data Science (OdysSey Group), Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Caldas
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute and Department of Oncology, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Breast Cancer Programme, Cancer Research UK (CRUK) Cambridge Cancer Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - José Baselga
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (HOPP), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cristina Saura
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Breast Cancer and Melanoma Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Cortés
- CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Oncology, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Jos Jonkers
- Division of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Genomics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Yves Masson
- Genome Stability Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Laval University Cancer Research Center, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - Mark J O'Connor
- Oncology Innovative Medicines and Early Clinical Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Orland Díez
- Oncogenetics Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
- Clinical and Molecular Genetics Area, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judith Balmaña
- High Risk and Familial Cancer Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Violeta Serra
- Experimental Therapeutics Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Shu complex SWS1-SWSAP1 promotes early steps in mouse meiotic recombination. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3961. [PMID: 30305635 PMCID: PMC6180034 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06384-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The DNA-damage repair pathway homologous recombination (HR) requires factors that promote the activity of strand-exchange protein RAD51 and its meiosis-specific homolog DMC1. Here we show that the Shu complex SWS1-SWSAP1, a candidate for one such HR regulator, is dispensable for mouse viability but essential for male and female fertility, promoting the assembly of RAD51 and DMC1 on early meiotic HR intermediates. Only a fraction of mutant meiocytes progress to form crossovers, which are crucial for chromosome segregation, demonstrating crossover homeostasis. Remarkably, loss of the DNA damage checkpoint kinase CHK2 rescues fertility in females without rescuing crossover numbers. Concomitant loss of the BRCA2 C terminus aggravates the meiotic defects in Swsap1 mutant spermatocytes, suggesting an overlapping role with the Shu complex during meiotic HR. These results demonstrate an essential role for SWS1-SWSAP1 in meiotic progression and emphasize the complex interplay of factors that ensure recombinase function. Homologous recombination ensures genome integrity during meiotic recombination. Here the authors reveal that factors SWS1 and SWSAP1 are critical for meiotic homologues recombination, particularly in promoting assembly of RAD51 and DMC1 on early recombination intermediates.
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Kantidze OL, Velichko AK, Luzhin AV, Petrova NV, Razin SV. Synthetically Lethal Interactions of ATM, ATR, and DNA-PKcs. Trends Cancer 2018; 4:755-768. [PMID: 30352678 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic lethality occurs when simultaneous perturbations of two genes or molecular processes result in a loss of cell viability. The number of known synthetically lethal interactions is growing steadily. We review here synthetically lethal interactions of ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM), ATM- and Rad3-related (ATR), and DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs). These kinases are appropriate for synthetic lethal therapies because their genes are frequently mutated in cancer, and specific inhibitors are currently in clinical trials. Understanding synthetically lethal interactions of a particular gene or gene family can facilitate predicting new synthetically lethal interactions, therapy toxicity, and mechanisms of resistance, as well as defining the spectrum of tumors amenable to these therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar L Kantidze
- Institute of Gene Biology Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; LFR2O, Institute Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
| | - Artem K Velichko
- Institute of Gene Biology Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Artem V Luzhin
- Institute of Gene Biology Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Sergey V Razin
- Institute of Gene Biology Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; LFR2O, Institute Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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Kim D, Liu Y, Oberly S, Freire R, Smolka MB. ATR-mediated proteome remodeling is a major determinant of homologous recombination capacity in cancer cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2018; 46:8311-8325. [PMID: 30010936 PMCID: PMC6144784 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ATR kinase is crucial for genome maintenance, but the mechanisms by which ATR controls the DNA repair machinery are not fully understood. Here, we find that long-term chronic inhibition of ATR signaling severely impairs the ability of cells to utilize homologous recombination (HR)-mediated DNA repair. Proteomic analysis shows that chronic ATR inhibition depletes the abundance of key HR factors, suggesting that spontaneous ATR signaling enhances the capacity of cells to use HR-mediated repair by controlling the abundance of the HR machinery. Notably, ATR controls the abundance of HR factors largely via CHK1-dependent transcription, and can also promote stabilization of specific HR proteins. Cancer cells exhibit a strong dependency on ATR signaling for maintaining elevated levels of HR factors, and we propose that increased constitutive ATR signaling caused by augmented replication stress in cancer cells drives the enhanced HR capacity observed in certain tumor types. Overall, these findings define a major pro-HR function for ATR and have important implications for therapy by providing rationale for sensitizing HR-proficient cancer cells to PARP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsung Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Susannah Oberly
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Raimundo Freire
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Instituto de Tecnologias Biomedicas, 38320 Tenerife, Spain
| | - Marcus B Smolka
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 607 255 0274; Fax: +1 607 255 5961;
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42
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The therapeutic significance of mutational signatures from DNA repair deficiency in cancer. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3292. [PMID: 30120226 PMCID: PMC6098043 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05228-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is fundamentally a disease of the genome and inherited deficiencies in DNA repair pathways are well established to increase lifetime cancer risk. Computational analysis of pan-cancer data has identified signatures of mutational processes thought to be responsible for the pattern of mutations in any given cancer. These analyses identified altered DNA repair pathways in a much broader spectrum of cancers than previously appreciated with significant therapeutic implications. The development of DNA repair deficiency biomarkers is critical to the implementation of therapeutic targeting of repair-deficient tumors, using either DNA damaging agents or immunotherapy for the personalization of cancer therapy. Targeting DNA repair-deficient tumors is one of the most promising therapeutic strategies in cancer research; however, accurately predicting which tumors will respond can be a challenge. Here the authors present a review of the current state of knowledge in DNA repair deficiency across human cancers.
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Lukaszewicz A, Lange J, Keeney S, Jasin M. Control of meiotic double-strand-break formation by ATM: local and global views. Cell Cycle 2018; 17:1155-1172. [PMID: 29963942 PMCID: PMC6110601 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2018.1464847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) generated by the SPO11 protein initiate meiotic recombination, an essential process for successful chromosome segregation during gametogenesis. The activity of SPO11 is controlled by multiple factors and regulatory mechanisms, such that the number of DSBs is limited and DSBs form at distinct positions in the genome and at the right time. Loss of this control can affect genome integrity or cause meiotic arrest by mechanisms that are not fully understood. Here we focus on the DSB-responsive kinase ATM and its functions in regulating meiotic DSB numbers and distribution. We review the recently discovered roles of ATM in this context, discuss their evolutionary conservation, and examine future research perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Lukaszewicz
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Julian Lange
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Scott Keeney
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria Jasin
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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Martin GA, Chen AH, Parikh K. A Novel Use of Olaparib for the Treatment of Metastatic Castration-Recurrent Prostate Cancer. Pharmacotherapy 2018; 37:1406-1414. [PMID: 28895177 DOI: 10.1002/phar.2027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Although mortality from prostate cancer has declined over the past 20 years as a result of early detection and treatment, the 5-year survival rate for men with prostate cancer who develop metastatic disease is only 29%. Current treatment options for metastatic castration-recurrent prostate cancer (mCRPC) are associated with toxicity and a limited durable response; therefore, additional lines of efficacious and minimally toxic therapy are needed. Olaparib, a poly(adenosine 5'-diphosphate) ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitor, received a U.S. Food and Drug Administration breakthrough therapy designation in January 2016 for the treatment of patients with BRCA1/2 or ATM gene-mutated mCRPC based on results of a compelling phase II trial of olaparib in patients with advanced castration-resistant prostate cancer (TOPARP-A). This study found that men with mCRPC and genetic mutations in DNA damage repair genes had an overall response rate of nearly 90% with olaparib treatment. In this review, we describe current therapies for mCRPC, the rationale for anti-PARP therapies, the pharmacology of olaparib for prostate cancer, clinical trials of olaparib for mCRPC, our clinical experience with olaparib for prostate cancer at a comprehensive cancer center, and future directions of olaparib for the treatment of mCRPC. Olaparib may constitute a promising treatment to prolong survival in patients with mCRPC, with an acceptable adverse effect profile. As the role of PARP inhibition in prostate cancer and other malignancies becomes further elucidated, olaparib may be shown to be beneficial for other patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace A Martin
- Division of Pharmacy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Adrienne H Chen
- Division of Pharmacy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Kinjal Parikh
- Division of Pharmacy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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Chen CC, Feng W, Lim PX, Kass EM, Jasin M. Homology-Directed Repair and the Role of BRCA1, BRCA2, and Related Proteins in Genome Integrity and Cancer. ANNUAL REVIEW OF CANCER BIOLOGY 2018; 2:313-336. [PMID: 30345412 PMCID: PMC6193498 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-030617-050502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Germ-line and somatic mutations in genes that promote homology-directed repair (HDR), especially BRCA1 and BRCA2, are frequently observed in several cancers, in particular, breast and ovary but also prostate and other cancers. HDR is critical for the error-free repair of DNA double-strand breaks and other lesions, and HDR factors also protect stalled replication forks. As a result, loss of BRCA1 or BRCA2 poses significant risks to genome integrity, leading not only to cancer predisposition but also to sensitivity to DNA-damaging agents, affecting therapeutic approaches. Here we review recent advances in our understanding of BRCA1 and BRCA2, including how they genetically interact with other repair factors, how they protect stalled replication forks, how they affect the response to aldehydes, and how loss of their functions links to mutation signatures. Importantly, given the recent advances with poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) for the treatment of HDR-deficient tumors, we discuss mechanisms by which BRCA-deficient tumors acquire resistance to PARPi and other agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Chin Chen
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065
| | - Weiran Feng
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
- Louis V. Gerstner Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Pei Xin Lim
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Elizabeth M Kass
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Maria Jasin
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065
- Louis V. Gerstner Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
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