1
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Huang H, Yang S, Ying Y, Chen X, Puigmartí-Luis J, Zhang L, Pané S. 3D Motion Manipulation for Micro- and Nanomachines: Progress and Future Directions. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2305925. [PMID: 37801654 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, micro- and nanomachines (MNMs) have made outstanding achievements in the fields of targeted drug delivery, tumor therapy, microsurgery, biological detection, and environmental monitoring and remediation. Researchers have made significant efforts to accelerate the rapid development of MNMs capable of moving through fluids by means of different energy sources (chemical reactions, ultrasound, light, electricity, magnetism, heat, or their combinations). However, the motion of MNMs is primarily investigated in confined two-dimensional (2D) horizontal setups. Furthermore, three-dimensional (3D) motion control remains challenging, especially for vertical movement and control, significantly limiting its potential applications in cargo transportation, environmental remediation, and biotherapy. Hence, an urgent need is to develop MNMs that can overcome self-gravity and controllably move in 3D spaces. This review delves into the latest progress made in MNMs with 3D motion capabilities under different manipulation approaches, discusses the underlying motion mechanisms, explores potential design concepts inspired by nature for controllable 3D motion in MNMs, and presents the available 3D observation and tracking systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Shihao Yang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Yulong Ying
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Xiangzhong Chen
- Institute of Optoelectronics, State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and Technology, Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Intelligent Optoelectronics and Perception, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Josep Puigmartí-Luis
- Departament de Ciència dels Materials i Química Física, Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, 08028, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, 08010, Spain
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Salvador Pané
- Multi-Scale Robotics Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zürich, Tannenstrasse 3, Zürich, CH-8092, Switzerland
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2
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Abstract
Active colloids use energy input at the particle level to propel persistent motion and direct dynamic assemblies. We consider three types of colloids animated by chemical reactions, time-varying magnetic fields, and electric currents. For each type, we review the basic propulsion mechanisms at the particle level and discuss their consequences for collective behaviors in particle ensembles. These microscopic systems provide useful experimental models of nonequilibrium many-body physics in which dissipative currents break time-reversal symmetry. Freed from the constraints of thermodynamic equilibrium, active colloids assemble to form materials that move, reconfigure, heal, and adapt. Colloidal machines based on engineered particles and their assemblies provide a basis for mobile robots with increasing levels of autonomy. This review provides a conceptual framework for understanding and applying active colloids to create material systems that mimic the functions of living matter. We highlight opportunities for chemical engineers to contribute to this growing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J M Bishop
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA;
| | - Sibani Lisa Biswal
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Bhuvnesh Bharti
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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3
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Bailey MR, Gmür TA, Grillo F, Isa L. Modular Attachment of Nanoparticles on Microparticle Supports via Multifunctional Polymers. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2023; 35:3731-3741. [PMID: 37181676 PMCID: PMC10173378 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c00555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles are key to a range of applications, due to the properties that emerge as a result of their small size. However, their size also presents challenges to their processing and use, especially in relation to their immobilization on solid supports without losing their favorable functionalities. Here, we present a multifunctional polymer-bridge-based approach to attach a range of presynthesized nanoparticles onto microparticle supports. We demonstrate the attachment of mixtures of different types of metal-oxide nanoparticles, as well as metal-oxide nanoparticles modified with standard wet chemistry approaches. We then show that our method can also create composite films of metal and metal-oxide nanoparticles by exploiting different chemistries simultaneously. We finally apply our approach to the synthesis of designer microswimmers with decoupled mechanisms of steering (magnetic) and propulsion (light) via asymmetric nanoparticle binding, aka Toposelective Nanoparticle Attachment. We envision that this ability to freely mix available nanoparticles to produce composite films will help bridge the fields of catalysis, nanochemistry, and active matter toward new materials and applications.
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4
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Krishnamurthy KS, Shankar Rao DS, Khatavi SY, Yelamaggad CV. Twist-bend nematic drops as colloidal particles: Electric instabilities. Phys Rev E 2023; 107:044703. [PMID: 37198758 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.107.044703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The mesogen 1,''7''-bis(4-cyanobiphenyl-4'-yl)heptane (CB7CB), doped with a small quantity of an amphiphilic compound, is examined in its biphasic state in which twist-bend nematic (N_{TB}) drops are dispersed in the isotropic fluid. Various flexoelectric and electrokinetic responses of small drops in their escaped-radial-like (ER) geometry, and also of larger ones with parabolic focal conic defects, are discussed. A pair of confocal parabolas with their axes along the applied low-frequency electric field undergo periodic dimensional changes so as to contribute flexoelectrically to free-energy reduction. In an ER droplet, the same result is achieved by periodic relocations of the hedgehog core. Sine-wave fields of low frequency and high voltage excite patterned states near zero-voltage crossings and homeotropic alignment at peak voltages. ER drops also exhibit electrohydrodynamic effects; in relatively weak fields, they undergo translatory motion with a velocity that is a quadratic in the field strength; the drift, which occurs over a very wide frequency range, extending from dc to MHz region, is enabled by radial symmetry breaking that their off-centered geometry entails; and the drift direction reverses across a critical frequency. In high fields, vortical flows occurring within an ER N_{TB} drop become discernible. The hydrodynamic effects are discussed based on the Taylor-Melcher leaky dielectric model.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Krishnamurthy
- Centre for Nano and Soft Matter Sciences, Survey No. 7, Shivanapura, Bangalore 562162, India
| | - D S Shankar Rao
- Centre for Nano and Soft Matter Sciences, Survey No. 7, Shivanapura, Bangalore 562162, India
| | - Santosh Y Khatavi
- Centre for Nano and Soft Matter Sciences, Survey No. 7, Shivanapura, Bangalore 562162, India
| | - Channabasaveshwar V Yelamaggad
- Centre for Nano and Soft Matter Sciences, Survey No. 7, Shivanapura, Bangalore 562162, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Madhav Nagar, Manipal 576104, India
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5
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Dhatt-Gauthier K, Livitz D, Wu Y, Bishop KJM. Accelerating the Design of Self-Guided Microrobots in Time-Varying Magnetic Fields. JACS AU 2023; 3:611-627. [PMID: 37006772 PMCID: PMC10052236 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Mobile robots combine sensory information with mechanical actuation to move autonomously through structured environments and perform specific tasks. The miniaturization of such robots to the size of living cells is actively pursued for applications in biomedicine, materials science, and environmental sustainability. Existing microrobots based on field-driven particles rely on knowledge of the particle position and the target destination to control particle motion through fluid environments. Often, however, these external control strategies are challenged by limited information and global actuation where a common field directs multiple robots with unknown positions. In this Perspective, we discuss how time-varying magnetic fields can be used to encode the self-guided behaviors of magnetic particles conditioned on local environmental cues. Programming these behaviors is framed as a design problem: we seek to identify the design variables (e.g., particle shape, magnetization, elasticity, stimuli-response) that achieve the desired performance in a given environment. We discuss strategies for accelerating the design process using automated experiments, computational models, statistical inference, and machine learning approaches. Based on the current understanding of field-driven particle dynamics and existing capabilities for particle fabrication and actuation, we argue that self-guided microrobots with potentially transformative capabilities are close at hand.
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6
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Thome C, Hoertdoerfer WS, Bendorf JR, Lee JG, Shields CW. Electrokinetic Active Particles for Motion-Based Biomolecule Detection. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:2379-2387. [PMID: 36881680 PMCID: PMC10038089 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Detection of biomolecules is essential for patient diagnosis, disease management, and numerous other applications. Recently, nano- and microparticle-based detection has been explored for improving traditional assays by reducing required sample volumes and assay times as well as enhancing tunability. Among these approaches, active particle-based assays that couple particle motion to biomolecule concentration expand assay accessibility through simplified signal outputs. However, most of these approaches require secondary labeling, which complicates workflows and introduces additional points of error. Here, we show a proof-of-concept for a label-free, motion-based biomolecule detection system using electrokinetic active particles. We prepare induced-charge electrophoretic microsensors (ICEMs) for the capture of two model biomolecules, streptavidin and ovalbumin, and show that the specific capture of the biomolecules leads to direct signal transduction through ICEM speed suppression at concentrations as low as 0.1 nM. This work lays the foundation for a new paradigm of rapid, simple, and label-free biomolecule detection using active particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cooper
P. Thome
- Department of Chemical and
Biological Engineering, University of Colorado
Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Wren S. Hoertdoerfer
- Department of Chemical and
Biological Engineering, University of Colorado
Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Julia R. Bendorf
- Department of Chemical and
Biological Engineering, University of Colorado
Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Jin Gyun Lee
- Department of Chemical and
Biological Engineering, University of Colorado
Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - C. Wyatt Shields
- Department of Chemical and
Biological Engineering, University of Colorado
Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
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7
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Al Harraq A, Bello M, Bharti B. A guide to design the trajectory of active particles: From fundamentals to applications. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2022.101612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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8
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Wang Z, Mu Y, Lyu D, Wu M, Li J, Wang Z, Wang Y. Engineering Shapes of Active Colloids for Tunable Dynamics. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2022.101608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Katuri J, Poehnl R, Sokolov A, Uspal W, Snezhko A. Arrested-motility states in populations of shape-anisotropic active Janus particles. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo3604. [PMID: 35776793 PMCID: PMC10883369 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo3604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of large-scale collective phenomena from simple interactions between individual units is a hallmark of active matter systems. Active colloids with alignment-dominated interparticle interactions tend to develop orientational order and form motile coherent states, such as flocks and swarms. Alternatively, a combination of self-propulsion and excluded-volume interactions results in self-trapping and active phase separation into dense clusters. Here, we reveal unconventional arrested-motility states in ensembles of active discoidal particles powered by induced-charge electrophoresis. Combining experiments and computational modeling, we demonstrate that the shape asymmetry of the particles promotes the hydrodynamically assisted formation of active particles' bound states in a certain range of excitation parameters, ultimately leading to a spontaneous collective state with arrested motility. Unlike the jammed clusters obtained through self-trapping, the arrested-motility phase remains sparse, dynamic, and reconfigurable. The demonstrated mechanism of phase separation seeded by bound state formation in ensembles of oblate active particles is generic and should be applicable to other active colloidal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaideep Katuri
- Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Ruben Poehnl
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 2540 Dole Street, Holmes Hall 302, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Andrey Sokolov
- Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - William Uspal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 2540 Dole Street, Holmes Hall 302, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Alexey Snezhko
- Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
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10
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Boymelgreen A, Schiffbauer J, Khusid B, Yossifon G. Synthetic electrically driven colloids: a platform for understanding collective behavior in soft matter. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2022.101603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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AC electrohydrodynamic propulsion and rotation of active particles of engineered shape and asymmetry. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2022.101586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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12
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Harraq A, Choudhury BD, Bharti B. Field-Induced Assembly and Propulsion of Colloids. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:3001-3016. [PMID: 35238204 PMCID: PMC8928473 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Electric and magnetic fields have enabled both technological applications and fundamental discoveries in the areas of bottom-up material synthesis, dynamic phase transitions, and biophysics of living matter. Electric and magnetic fields are versatile external sources of energy that power the assembly and self-propulsion of colloidal particles. In this Invited Feature Article, we classify the mechanisms by which external fields impact the structure and dynamics in colloidal dispersions and augment their nonequilibrium behavior. The paper is purposely intended to highlight the similarities between electrically and magnetically actuated phenomena, providing a brief treatment of the origin of the two fields to understand the intrinsic analogies and differences. We survey the progress made in the static and dynamic assembly of colloids and the self-propulsion of active particles. Recent reports of assembly-driven propulsion and propulsion-driven assembly have blurred the conceptual boundaries and suggest an evolution in the research of nonequilibrium colloidal materials. We highlight the emergence of colloids powered by external fields as model systems to understand living matter and provide a perspective on future challenges in the area of field-induced colloidal phenomena.
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13
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Wang Z, Xu W, Wang Z, Lyu D, Mu Y, Duan W, Wang Y. Polyhedral Micromotors of Metal-Organic Frameworks: Symmetry Breaking and Propulsion. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:19881-19892. [PMID: 34788029 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c09439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Colloidal micromotors can autonomously propel due to their broken symmetry that leads to unbalanced local mechanical forces. Most commonly, micromotors are synthesized to possess a Janus structure or its variants, having two components distinct in shape, composition, or surface joined together on opposite sides. Here, we report on an alternative approach for creating micromotors, where microcrystals of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with various polyhedral shapes are propelled under an AC electric field. In these cases, symmetry breaking is realized by orienting the polyhedral particles in a unique direction to generate uneven electrohydrodynamic flow. The particle orientations are controlled by a delicate competition between the electric and gravitational forces exerted on the particle, which we rationalize using experiments and a theoretical model. Furthermore, by leveraging the MOF types and shapes, or surface properties, we show that the propulsion of MOF motors can be tuned or reversed. Because of the flexibility in designing MOFs and their one-step scalable synthesis, our strategy is simple yet versatile for making well-defined functional micromotors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhisheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Zuochen Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Dengping Lyu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yijiang Mu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Wendi Duan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, China
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14
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De Corato M, Pagonabarraga I, Natale G. Spontaneous chiralization of polar active particles. Phys Rev E 2021; 104:044607. [PMID: 34781499 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.104.044607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Polar active particles constitute a wide class of active matter that is able to propel along a preferential direction, given by their polar axis. Here, we demonstrate a generic active mechanism that leads to their spontaneous chiralization through a symmetry-breaking instability. We find that the transition of an active particle from a polar to a chiral symmetry is characterized by the emergence of active rotation and of circular trajectories. The instability is driven by the advection of a solute that interacts differently with the two portions of the particle surface and it occurs through a supercritical pitchfork bifurcation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco De Corato
- Aragon Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ignacio Pagonabarraga
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, C. Martí Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain University of Barcelona Institute of Complex Systems (UBICS), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain and CECAM, Centre Européen de Calcul Atomique et Moléculaire, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Batochime, Avenue Forel 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giovanniantonio Natale
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Canada
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15
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JIRARI IMANEEL, BAROUDI ADILEL, AMMAR AMINE. EFFECT OF ARTERIOLAR DISTENSIBILITY ON THE LATERAL MIGRATION OF LIQUID-FILLED MICROPARTICLES FLOWING IN A HUMAN ARTERIOLE. J MECH MED BIOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219519421500627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A promising advance of bioengineering consists in the development of micro-nanoparticles as drug delivery vehicles injected intravenously or intraarterialy for targeted treatment. Proficient functioning of drug carries is conditioned by a reliable prediction of pharmacokinetics in human as well as their dynamical behavior once injected in blood stream. In this study, we aim to provide a reliable numerical prediction of dynamical behavior of microparticles in human arteriole focusing on the crucial mechanism of lateral migration. The dynamical response of the microparticle upon blood flow and arteriolar distensibility is investigated by varying main controlling parameters: viscosity ratio, confinement and capillary number. The influence of the hyperelastic arteriolar wall is highlighted through comparison with an infinitely rigid arteriolar wall. The hydrodynamic interaction in a microparticle train is examined. Fluid–structure interaction is solved by the Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian method using the COMSOL Multiphysics software.
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Affiliation(s)
- IMANE EL JIRARI
- LAMPA, Arts et Metiers Institute of Technology, 49035 Angers, France
| | - ADIL EL BAROUDI
- LAMPA, Arts et Metiers Institute of Technology, 49035 Angers, France
| | - AMINE AMMAR
- LAMPA, Arts et Metiers Institute of Technology, 49035 Angers, France
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16
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Zhang B, Karani H, Vlahovska PM, Snezhko A. Persistence length regulates emergent dynamics in active roller ensembles. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:4818-4825. [PMID: 33876790 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00363a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Active colloidal fluids, biological and synthetic, often demonstrate complex self-organization and the emergence of collective behavior. Spontaneous formation of multiple vortices has been recently observed in a variety of active matter systems, however, the generation and tunability of the active vortices not controlled by geometrical confinement remain challenging. Here, we exploit the persistence length of individual particles in ensembles of active rollers to tune the formation of vortices and to orchestrate their characteristic sizes. We use two systems and employ two different approaches exploiting shape anisotropy or polarization memory of individual units for control of the persistence length. We characterize the dynamics of emergent multi-vortex states and reveal a direct link between the behavior of the persistence length and properties of the emergent vortices. We further demonstrate common features between the two systems including anti-ferromagnetic ordering of the neighboring vortices and active turbulent behavior with a characteristic energy cascade in the particles velocity field energy spectra. Our findings provide insights into the onset of spatiotemporal coherence in active roller systems and suggest a control knob for manipulation of dynamic self-assembly in active colloidal ensembles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL 60439, USA.
| | - Hamid Karani
- Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60206, USA and Department of Physics, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Petia M Vlahovska
- Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60206, USA
| | - Alexey Snezhko
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL 60439, USA.
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17
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Zhu J, Wang H, Zhang Z. Shape-Tunable Janus Micromotors via Surfactant-Induced Dewetting. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:4964-4970. [PMID: 33861610 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The ability to tune shapes of micromotors is challenging yet crucial for creating intelligent and functional micromachines with shape-dependent dynamics. Here, we demonstrate a facile strategy to synthesize Janus micromotors in large quantity whose shapes can be precisely tuned by a surfactant-induced dewetting strategy. The Janus micromotor is composed of a TiO2 microparticle partially encapsulated within a polysiloxane microsphere. A range of particle shapes, from approximately spherical to snowman, is achieved, and the shape-tunable dynamics of the micromotors are quantified. Our strategy is versatile and can be applicable to other photoactive materials, such as ZnO and Fe2O3 nanoparticles, demonstrating a general approach to synthesize Janus micromotors with controllable shapes. Such shape-tunable micromotors provide colloidal model systems for fundamental research on active matter, as well as building blocks for the fabrication of micromachines.
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18
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Lee JG, Al Harraq A, Bishop KJM, Bharti B. Fabrication and Electric Field-Driven Active Propulsion of Patchy Microellipsoids. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:4232-4240. [PMID: 33876931 PMCID: PMC8279480 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c01644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Active colloids are a synthetic analogue
of biological microorganisms
that consume external energy to swim through viscous fluids. Such
motion requires breaking the symmetry of the fluid flow in the vicinity
of a particle; however, it is challenging to understand how surface
and shape anisotropies of the colloid lead to a particular trajectory.
Here, we attempt to deconvolute the effects of particle shape and
surface anisotropy on the propulsion of model ellipsoids in alternating
current (AC) electric fields. We first introduce a simple process
for depositing metal patches of various shapes on the surfaces of
ellipsoidal particles. We show that the shape of the metal patch is
governed by the assembled structure of the ellipsoids on the substrate
used for physical vapor deposition. Under high-frequency AC electric
field, ellipsoids dispersed in water show linear, circular, and helical
trajectories which depend on the shapes of the surface patches. We
demonstrate that features of the helical trajectories such as the
pitch and diameter can be tuned by varying the degree of patch asymmetry
along the two primary axes of the ellipsoids, namely longitudinal
and transverse. Our study reveals the role of patch shape on the trajectory
of ellipsoidal particles propelled by induced charge electrophoresis.
We develop heuristics based on patch asymmetries that can be used
to design patchy particles with specified nonlinear trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Gyun Lee
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Ahmed Al Harraq
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Kyle J M Bishop
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Bhuvnesh Bharti
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
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19
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Dou Y, Tzelios PM, Livitz D, Bishop KJM. Programmable topotaxis of magnetic rollers in time-varying fields. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:1538-1547. [PMID: 33331388 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01443e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We describe how spatially uniform, time-periodic magnetic fields can be designed to power and direct the migration of ferromagnetic spheres up (or down) local gradients in the topography of a solid substrate. Our results are based on a dynamical model that considers the time-varying magnetic torques on the particle and its motion through the fluid at low Reynolds number. We use both analytical theory and numerical simulation to design magnetic fields that maximize the migration velocity up (or down) an inclined plane. We show how "topotaxis" of spherical particles relies on differences in the hydrodynamic resistance to rotation about axes parallel and perpendicular to the plane. Importantly, the designed fields can drive multiple independent particles to move simultaneously in different directions as determined by gradients in their respective environments. Experiments on ferromagnetic spheres provide evidence for topotactic motions up inclined substrates. The ability to program the autonomous navigation of driven particles within anisotropic environments is relevant to the design of colloidal robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Dou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Peter M Tzelios
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Dimitri Livitz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Kyle J M Bishop
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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20
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Recent advancement in induced-charge electrokinetic phenomena and their micro- and nano-fluidic applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 280:102159. [PMID: 32344205 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2020.102159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Induced-charge electrokinetics (ICEK) remains a hot topic due to its promising applications in micro- and nano-fluidics. Over the past decade, researchers have made a great advancement in both fundamental studies and application developments. They captured (I) a flow reversal in induced-charge electroosmosis (ICEO) and attributed it to the phase delay effect of ions, (II) a chaotic ICEO and attributed it to the concentration polarization in the bulk solution, (III) a non-quadratic correlation for ICEO of non-Newtonian fluids and attributed it to the power-law viscosity, (IV) an induced-charge electrophoretic (ICEP) rotation of Janus doublets, etc. Furthermore, various ICEK-based micro- and nano-fluidic devices have been developed, namely, micropumps, particle focusers, trappers, sorters, and nanopore ion diodes. The present article provides a comprehensive review on the recent advancement of ICEK. Firstly, the fundamental studies of ICEK are introduced; then the micro- and nano-fluidic applications based on ICEK are presented; lastly, promising future directions for both fundamental and applications are discussed. This review presents the basic framework of ICEK, and can facilitate the development of ICEK-based applications.
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21
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Wang Z, Wang Z, Li J, Tian C, Wang Y. Active colloidal molecules assembled via selective and directional bonds. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2670. [PMID: 32471993 PMCID: PMC7260206 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16506-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The assembly of active and self-propelled particles is an emerging strategy to create dynamic materials otherwise impossible. However, control of the complex particle interactions remains challenging. Here, we show that various dynamic interactions of active patchy particles can be orchestrated by tuning the particle size, shape, composition, etc. This capability is manifested in establishing dynamic colloidal bonds that are highly selective and directional, which greatly expands the spectrum of colloidal structures and dynamics by assembly. For example, we demonstrate the formation of colloidal molecules with tunable bond angles and orientations. They exhibit controllable propulsion, steering, reconfiguration as well as other dynamic behaviors that collectively reflect the bond properties. The working principle is further extended to the co-assembly of synthetic particles with biological entities including living cells, giving rise to hybrid colloidal molecules of various types, for example, a colloidal carrousel structure. Our strategy should enable active systems to perform sophisticated tasks in future such as selective cell treatment. The assembly of active and self-propelled particles is an emerging strategy to create dynamic materials otherwise impossible. Here, the authors show the assembly of active colloidal molecules with a wide spectrum of new structures and dynamics, conferred to them by highly selective and directional interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuochen Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhisheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jiahui Li
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Changhao Tian
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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22
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Sherman ZM, Swan JW. Spontaneous Electrokinetic Magnus Effect. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:208002. [PMID: 32501074 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.208002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Colloids dispersed in electrolytes and exposed to an electric field produce a locally polarized cloud of ions around them. Above a critical electric field strength, an instability occurs causing these ion clouds to break symmetry leading to spontaneous rotation of particles about an axis orthogonal to the applied field, a phenomenon named Quincke rotation. In this Letter, we characterize a new mode of electrokinetic transport. If the colloids have a net charge, Quincke rotation couples with electrophoretic motion and propels particles in a direction orthogonal to both the applied field and the axis of rotation. This motion is a spontaneous, electrokinetic analogue to the well-known Magnus effect. Typically, motion orthogonal to a field requires anisotropy in particle shape, dielectric properties, or boundary geometry. Here, the electrokinetic Magnus (EKM) effect occurs for spheres with isotropic properties in an unbounded environment, with the Quincke rotation instability providing the broken symmetry needed to drive orthogonal motion. We study the EKM effect using explicit ion, Brownian dynamics simulations and develop a simple, continuum, analytic electrokinetic theory, which are in agreement. We also explain how nonlinearities in the theoretical description of the ions affect Quincke rotation and the EKM effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary M Sherman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - James W Swan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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23
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Wang W, Lv X, Moran JL, Duan S, Zhou C. A practical guide to active colloids: choosing synthetic model systems for soft matter physics research. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:3846-3868. [PMID: 32285071 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00222d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic active colloids that harvest energy stored in the environment and swim autonomously are a popular model system for active matter. This emerging field of research sits at the intersection of materials chemistry, soft matter physics, and engineering, and thus cross-talk among researchers from different backgrounds becomes critical yet difficult. To facilitate this interdisciplinary communication, and to help soft matter physicists with choosing the best model system for their research, we here present a tutorial review article that describes, in appropriate detail, six experimental systems of active colloids commonly found in the physics literature. For each type, we introduce their background, material synthesis and operating mechanisms and notable studies from the soft matter community, and comment on their respective advantages and limitations. In addition, the main features of each type of active colloid are summarized into two useful tables. As materials chemists and engineers, we intend for this article to serve as a practical guide, so those who are not familiar with the experimental aspects of active colloids can make more informed decisions and maximize their creativity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China.
| | - Xianglong Lv
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China.
| | - Jeffrey L Moran
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, USA
| | - Shifang Duan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China.
| | - Chao Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China.
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24
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Yang Y, Bevan MA, Li B. Micro/Nano Motor Navigation and Localization via Deep Reinforcement Learning. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.202000034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuguang Yang
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical EngineeringApplied Mechanics LaboratoryDepartment of Engineering MechanicsTsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
- Chemical & Biomolecular EngineeringJohns Hopkins University Baltimore MD 21218 USA
| | - Michael A. Bevan
- Chemical & Biomolecular EngineeringJohns Hopkins University Baltimore MD 21218 USA
| | - Bo Li
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical EngineeringApplied Mechanics LaboratoryDepartment of Engineering MechanicsTsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
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25
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Yang Y, Bevan MA. Cargo capture and transport by colloidal swarms. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay7679. [PMID: 32042903 PMCID: PMC6981086 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay7679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Controlling active colloidal particle swarms could enable useful microscopic functions in emerging applications at the interface of nanotechnology and robotics. Here, we present a computational study of controlling self-propelled colloidal particle propulsion speeds to cooperatively capture and transport cargo particles, which otherwise produce random dispersions. By sensing swarm and cargo coordinates, each particle's speed is actuated according to a control policy based on multiagent assignment and path planning strategies that navigate stochastic particle trajectories to targets around cargo. Colloidal swarms are shown to dynamically cage cargo at their center via inward radial forces while simultaneously translating via directional forces. Speed, power, and efficiency of swarm tasks display emergent coupled dependences on swarm size and pair interactions and approach asymptotic limits indicating near-optimal performance. This scheme exploits unique interactions and stochastic dynamics in colloidal swarms to capture and transport microscopic cargo in a robust, stable, error-tolerant, and dynamic manner.
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26
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Alapan Y, Yigit B, Beker O, Demirörs AF, Sitti M. Shape-encoded dynamic assembly of mobile micromachines. NATURE MATERIALS 2019; 18:1244-1251. [PMID: 31235903 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-019-0407-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Field-directed and self-propelled colloidal assembly have been used to build micromachines capable of performing complex motions and functions. However, integrating heterogeneous components into micromachines with specified structure, dynamics and function is still challenging. Here, we describe the dynamic self-assembly of mobile micromachines with desired configurations through pre-programmed physical interactions between structural and motor units. The assembly is driven by dielectrophoretic interactions, encoded in the three-dimensional shape of the individual parts. Micromachines assembled from magnetic and self-propelled motor parts exhibit reconfigurable locomotion modes and additional rotational degrees of freedom that are not available to conventional monolithic microrobots. The versatility of this site-selective assembly strategy is demonstrated on different reconfigurable, hierarchical and three-dimensional micromachine assemblies. Our results demonstrate how shape-encoded assembly pathways enable programmable, reconfigurable mobile micromachines. We anticipate that the presented design principle will advance and inspire the development of more sophisticated, modular micromachines and their integration into multiscale hierarchical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunus Alapan
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Berk Yigit
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Onur Beker
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ahmet F Demirörs
- Complex Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Metin Sitti
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany.
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J M Bishop
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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28
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Baker RD, Montenegro-Johnson T, Sediako AD, Thomson MJ, Sen A, Lauga E, Aranson IS. Shape-programmed 3D printed swimming microtori for the transport of passive and active agents. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4932. [PMID: 31666512 PMCID: PMC6821728 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12904-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Through billions of years of evolution, microorganisms mastered unique swimming behaviors to thrive in complex fluid environments. Limitations in nanofabrication have thus far hindered the ability to design and program synthetic swimmers with the same abilities. Here we encode multi-behavioral responses in microscopic self-propelled tori using nanoscale 3D printing. We show experimentally and theoretically that the tori continuously transition between two primary swimming modes in response to a magnetic field. The tori also manipulated and transported other artificial swimmers, bimetallic nanorods, as well as passive colloidal particles. In the first behavioral mode, the tori accumulated and transported nanorods; in the second mode, nanorods aligned along the toriʼs self-generated streamlines. Our results indicate that such shape-programmed microswimmers have a potential to manipulate biological active matter, e.g. bacteria or cells. While there are many demonstrations of self-propelled synthetic particles, there are fewer realisations of multimode swimming for the same particle. Here the authors demonstrate two swimming behaviours in magnetically manipulated microtori and show that these can manipulate other active particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remmi Danae Baker
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | | | - Anton D Sediako
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Murray J Thomson
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Ayusman Sen
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - Eric Lauga
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0WA, UK
| | - Igor S Aranson
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA. .,Department of Mathematics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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29
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Wang Z, Wang Z, Li J, Cheung STH, Tian C, Kim SH, Yi GR, Ducrot E, Wang Y. Active Patchy Colloids with Shape-Tunable Dynamics. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:14853-14863. [PMID: 31448592 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b07785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Controlling the complex dynamics of active colloids-the autonomous locomotion of colloidal particles and their spontaneous assembly-is challenging yet crucial for creating functional, out-of-equilibrium colloidal systems potentially useful for nano- and micromachines. Herein, by introducing the synthesis of active "patchy" colloids of various low-symmetry shapes, we demonstrate that the dynamics of such systems can be precisely tuned. The low-symmetry patchy colloids are made in bulk via a cluster-encapsulation-dewetting method. They carry essential information encoded in their shapes (particle geometry, number, size, and configurations of surface patches, etc.) that programs their locomotive and assembling behaviors. Under AC electric field, we show that the velocity of particle propulsion and the ability to brake and steer can be modulated by having two asymmetrical patches with various bending angles. The assembly of monopatch particles leads to the formation of dynamic and reconfigurable structures such as spinners and "cooperative swimmers" depending on the particle's aspect ratios. A particle with two patches of different sizes allows for "directional bonding", a concept popular in static assemblies but rare in dynamic ones. With the capability to make tunable and complex shapes, we anticipate the discovery of a diverse range of new dynamics and structures when other external stimuli (e.g., magnetic, optical, chemical, etc.) are employed and spark synergy with shapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuochen Wang
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong SAR , China
| | - Zhisheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong SAR , China
| | - Jiahui Li
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong SAR , China
| | - Simon Tsz Hang Cheung
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong SAR , China
| | - Changhao Tian
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong SAR , China
| | - Shin-Hyun Kim
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering , KAIST , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Ra Yi
- School of Chemical Engineering , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 440-746 , Republic of Korea
| | - Etienne Ducrot
- Center for Soft Matter Research, Department of Physics , New York University , New York , New York 11206 , United States
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong SAR , China
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30
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Lee JG, Brooks AM, Shelton WA, Bishop KJM, Bharti B. Directed propulsion of spherical particles along three dimensional helical trajectories. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2575. [PMID: 31189873 PMCID: PMC6561940 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10579-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Active colloids are a class of microparticles that ‘swim’ through fluids by breaking the symmetry of the force distribution on their surfaces. Our ability to direct these particles along complex trajectories in three-dimensional (3D) space requires strategies to encode the desired forces and torques at the single particle level. Here, we show that spherical colloids with metal patches of low symmetry self-propel along non-linear 3D trajectories when powered remotely by an alternating current (AC) electric field. In particular, particles with triangular patches of approximate mirror symmetry trace helical paths along the axis of the field. We demonstrate that the speed and shape of the particle’s trajectory can be tuned by the applied field strength and the patch geometry. We show that helical motion can enhance particle transport through porous materials with implications for the design of microrobots that can navigate complex environments. The development of functional microrobots calls for new strategies to design locomotion facilitating navigation through complex environments. Here, Lee et al. show how to realize and program helical motion in three dimensions using patchy microspheres under an alternating current electric field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Gyun Lee
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Allan M Brooks
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - William A Shelton
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Kyle J M Bishop
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Bhuvnesh Bharti
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA.
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31
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Shape-directed rotation of homogeneous micromotors via catalytic self-electrophoresis. Nat Commun 2019; 10:495. [PMID: 30700714 PMCID: PMC6353883 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08423-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The pursuit of chemically-powered colloidal machines requires individual components that perform different motions within a common environment. Such motions can be tailored by controlling the shape and/or composition of catalytic microparticles; however, the ability to design particle motions remains limited by incomplete understanding of the relevant propulsion mechanism(s). Here, we demonstrate that platinum microparticles move spontaneously in solutions of hydrogen peroxide and that their motions can be rationally designed by controlling particle shape. Nanofabricated particles with n-fold rotational symmetry rotate steadily with speed and direction specified by the type and extent of shape asymmetry. The observed relationships between particle shape and motion provide evidence for a self-electrophoretic propulsion mechanism, whereby anodic oxidation and cathodic reduction occur at different rates at different locations on the particle surface. We develop a mathematical model that explains how particle shape impacts the relevant electrocatalytic reactions and the resulting electrokinetic flows that drive particle motion. Self-propelled motors operating at the micro- or nanoscale can be powered by catalytic reactions and show appealing potential in robotic applications. Brooks et al. describe how the motions of platinum spinners in hydrogen peroxide solutions can be rationally designed by controlling particle shape.
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32
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Komarov KA, Kryuchkov NP, Yurchenko SO. Tunable interactions between particles in conically rotating electric fields. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:9657-9674. [PMID: 30457624 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm01538d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Tunable interactions between colloidal particles in external conically rotating electric fields are calculated, while the (vertical) axis of the field rotation is normal to the (horizontal) particle motion plane. The comparison of different approaches, including the methods of noninteracting, self-consistent dipoles, and the boundary element method, indicates that the last method is the most suitable for tunable interaction analysis. Thorough analysis, performed for interactions in pairs and clusters of colloidal particles, indicate that two- and three-body interactions make the main contributions in the interaction energy, while the effect of high-order terms is negligible. The tunable interactions are determined by the dielectric properties of the particles and solvent and can be changed in a wide range, providing a rich variety for the experimental "design" of different interactions, including repulsion, attraction, combination of short-range repulsion with long-range attraction, barrier-type interactions with short-range attraction and long-range repulsion, and double-scale repulsive (core-shoulder) interactions. These conclusions can be generalized for magnetically induced tunable interactions. The results indicate that tunable interactions can be widely applied in self-assembly and particle-resolved studies of generic phenomena in fluids and crystals, and, therefore, are of broad interest in the fields of chemical physics, physical chemistry, materials science, and soft matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill A Komarov
- Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 2nd Baumanskaya street 5, 105005 Moscow, Russia.
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Sabrina S, Tasinkevych M, Ahmed S, Brooks AM, Olvera de la Cruz M, Mallouk TE, Bishop KJM. Shape-Directed Microspinners Powered by Ultrasound. ACS NANO 2018; 12:2939-2947. [PMID: 29547265 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b00525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The propulsion of micro- and nanoparticles using ultrasound is an attractive strategy for the remote manipulation of colloidal matter using biocompatible energy inputs. However, the physical mechanisms underlying acoustic propulsion are poorly understood, and our ability to transduce acoustic energy into different types of particle motions remains limited. Here, we show that the three-dimensional shape of a colloidal particle can be rationally engineered to direct desired particle motions powered by ultrasound. We investigate the dynamics of gold microplates with twisted star shape ( C nh symmetry) moving within the nodal plane of a uniform acoustic field at megahertz frequencies. By systematically perturbing the parametric shape of these "spinners", we quantify the relationship between the particle shape and its rotational motion. The experimental observations are reproduced and explained by hydrodynamic simulations that describe the steady streaming flows and particle motions induced by ultrasonic actuation. Our results suggest how particle shape can be used to design colloids capable of increasingly complex motions powered by ultrasound.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mykola Tasinkevych
- Centro de Fisica Teórica e Computacional, Departamento de Fisica, Faculdade de Ciências , Universidade de Lisboa , Campo Grande P-1749-016 Lisboa , Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | - Kyle J M Bishop
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , United States
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