1
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Gyuris B, Vyazov L, Türk A, Flegontov P, Szeifert B, Langó P, Mende BG, Csáky V, Chizhevskiy AA, Gazimzyanov IR, Khokhlov AA, Kolonskikh AG, Matveeva NP, Ruslanova RR, Rykun MP, Sitdikov A, Volkova EV, Botalov SG, Bugrov DG, Grudochko IV, Komar O, Krasnoperov AA, Poshekhonova OE, Chikunova I, Sungatov F, Stashenkov DA, Zubov S, Zelenkov AS, Ringbauer H, Cheronet O, Pinhasi R, Akbari A, Rohland N, Mallick S, Reich D, Szécsényi-Nagy A. Long shared haplotypes identify the Southern Urals as a primary source for the 10th century Hungarians. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.21.599526. [PMID: 39091721 PMCID: PMC11291037 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.21.599526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
During the Hungarian Conquest in the 10th century CE, the early medieval Magyars, a group of mounted warriors from Eastern Europe, settled in the Carpathian Basin. They likely introduced the Hungarian language to this new settlement area, during an event documented by both written sources and archaeological evidence. Previous archaeogenetic research identified the newcomers as migrants from the Eurasian steppe. However, genome-wide ancient DNA from putative source populations has not been available to test alternative theories of their precise source. We generated genome-wide ancient DNA data for 131 individuals from candidate archaeological contexts in the Circum-Uralic region in present-day Russia. Our results tightly link the Magyars to people of the Early Medieval Karayakupovo archaeological horizon on both the European and Asian sides of the southern Urals. Our analyes show that ancestors of the people of the Karayakupovo archaeological horizon were established in the Southern Urals by the Iron Age and that their descendants persisted locally in the Volga-Kama region until at least the 14th century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Gyuris
- Institute of Archaeogenomics, HUN-REN Research Centre for the Humanities; Budapest, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University; Budapest, Hungary
| | - Leonid Vyazov
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava; Ostrava, Czechia
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University; Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Attila Türk
- Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Pázmány Péter Catholic University; Budapest, Hungary
- Hungarian Prehistory Research group, HUN-REN Research Centre for the Humanities; Budapest, Hungary
| | - Pavel Flegontov
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava; Ostrava, Czechia
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University; Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bea Szeifert
- Institute of Archaeogenomics, HUN-REN Research Centre for the Humanities; Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Langó
- Institute of Archaeology, HUN-REN Research Centre for the Humanities, Hungarian Research Network (HUN-REN); Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Pázmány Péter Catholic University; Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Gusztáv Mende
- Institute of Archaeogenomics, HUN-REN Research Centre for the Humanities; Budapest, Hungary
| | - Veronika Csáky
- Institute of Archaeogenomics, HUN-REN Research Centre for the Humanities; Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrey A Chizhevskiy
- Institute of Archaeology of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan; Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia
| | | | | | - Aleksandr G Kolonskikh
- R.G. Kuzeev Institute of Ethnological Studies, Ufa Federal Research Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences; Ufa, Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia
| | | | - Rida R Ruslanova
- National Museum of the Republic of Bashkortostan; Ufa, Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia
| | | | - Ayrat Sitdikov
- Institute of Archaeology of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan; Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia
- Department of Archaeology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia
| | - Elizaveta V Volkova
- Institute of Archaeology of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan; Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia
| | - Sergei G Botalov
- South Ural Branch of the Institute of History and Archeology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | - Dmitriy G Bugrov
- National Museum of Tatarstan Republic; Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia
| | - Ivan V Grudochko
- South Ural Branch of the Institute of History and Archeology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | - Oleksii Komar
- Institute of Archaeology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine; Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Alexander A Krasnoperov
- Udmurt Institute of History, Language and Literature, Udmurt Federal Research Center, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Izhevsk, Udmurt Republic, Russia
| | - Olga E Poshekhonova
- Institute of the Problems of Northern Development, Tyumen Scientific Centre, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Tyumen, Russia
| | - Irina Chikunova
- Institute of the Problems of Northern Development, Tyumen Scientific Centre, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Tyumen, Russia
| | - Flarit Sungatov
- Institute of History, Language and Literature, Ufa Federal Research Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences; Ufa, Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia
| | - Dmitrii A Stashenkov
- Samara Regional Museum of History and Local Lore named after P. V. Alabin; Samara, Russia
| | - Sergei Zubov
- Research Laboratory of Archeology, Samara National Research University; Samara, Russia
| | | | - Harald Ringbauer
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology; Leipzig, Germany
| | - Olivia Cheronet
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna; Vienna, Austria
| | - Ron Pinhasi
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna; Vienna, Austria
| | - Ali Akbari
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA 02138, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Nadin Rohland
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA 02138, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Swapan Mallick
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA 02138, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Boston, MA 02138, USA
| | - David Reich
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University; Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA 02138, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Boston, MA 02138, USA
| | - Anna Szécsényi-Nagy
- Institute of Archaeogenomics, HUN-REN Research Centre for the Humanities; Budapest, Hungary
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2
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Gretzinger J, Schmitt F, Mötsch A, Carlhoff S, Lamnidis TC, Huang Y, Ringbauer H, Knipper C, Francken M, Mandt F, Hansen L, Freund C, Posth C, Rathmann H, Harvati K, Wieland G, Granehäll L, Maixner F, Zink A, Schier W, Krausse D, Krause J, Schiffels S. Evidence for dynastic succession among early Celtic elites in Central Europe. Nat Hum Behav 2024:10.1038/s41562-024-01888-7. [PMID: 38831077 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-024-01888-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
The early Iron Age (800 to 450 BCE) in France, Germany and Switzerland, known as the 'West-Hallstattkreis', stands out as featuring the earliest evidence for supra-regional organization north of the Alps. Often referred to as 'early Celtic', suggesting tentative connections to later cultural phenomena, its societal and population structure remain enigmatic. Here we present genomic and isotope data from 31 individuals from this context in southern Germany, dating between 616 and 200 BCE. We identify multiple biologically related groups spanning three elite burials as far as 100 km apart, supported by trans-regional individual mobility inferred from isotope data. These include a close biological relationship between two of the richest burial mounds of the Hallstatt culture. Bayesian modelling points to an avuncular relationship between the two individuals, which may suggest a practice of matrilineal dynastic succession in early Celtic elites. We show that their ancestry is shared on a broad geographic scale from Iberia throughout Central-Eastern Europe, undergoing a decline after the late Iron Age (450 BCE to ~50 CE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joscha Gretzinger
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Felicitas Schmitt
- Landesamt für Denkmalpflege im Regierungspräsidium Stuttgart, Esslingen, Germany
| | - Angela Mötsch
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Selina Carlhoff
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Yilei Huang
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Harald Ringbauer
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Corina Knipper
- Curt Engelhorn Zentrum Archäometrie gGmbH, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Michael Francken
- Landesamt für Denkmalpflege im Regierungspräsidium Stuttgart, Esslingen, Germany
| | - Franziska Mandt
- Landesamt für Denkmalpflege im Regierungspräsidium Stuttgart, Esslingen, Germany
| | - Leif Hansen
- Landesamt für Denkmalpflege im Regierungspräsidium Stuttgart, Esslingen, Germany
| | - Cäcilia Freund
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Cosimo Posth
- Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Department of Geosciences, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hannes Rathmann
- Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Department of Geosciences, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katerina Harvati
- Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Department of Geosciences, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- DFG Center for Advanced Studies in the Humanities 'Words, Bones, Genes, Tools: Tracking Linguistic, Cultural and Biological Trajectories of the Human Past', Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Günther Wieland
- Landesamt für Denkmalpflege im Regierungspräsidium Stuttgart, Esslingen, Germany
| | - Lena Granehäll
- Institute for Mummy Studies, EURAC Research, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Frank Maixner
- Institute for Mummy Studies, EURAC Research, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Albert Zink
- Institute for Mummy Studies, EURAC Research, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Wolfram Schier
- Institut für Prähistorische Archäologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dirk Krausse
- Landesamt für Denkmalpflege im Regierungspräsidium Stuttgart, Esslingen, Germany.
| | - Johannes Krause
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Stephan Schiffels
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.
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3
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Caduff M, Eckel R, Leuenberger C, Wegmann D. Accurate Bayesian inference of sex chromosome karyotypes and sex-linked scaffolds from low-depth sequencing data. Mol Ecol Resour 2024; 24:e13913. [PMID: 38173222 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The identification of sex-linked scaffolds and the genetic sex of individuals, i.e. their sex karyotype, is a fundamental step in population genomic studies. If sex-linked scaffolds are known, single individuals may be sexed based on read counts of next-generation sequencing data. If both sex-linked scaffolds as well as sex karyotypes are unknown, as is often the case for non-model organisms, they have to be jointly inferred. For both cases, current methods rely on arbitrary thresholds, which limits their power for low-depth data. In addition, most current methods are limited to euploid sex karyotypes (XX and XY). Here we develop BeXY, a fully Bayesian method to jointly infer the posterior probabilities for each scaffold to be autosomal, X- or Y-linked and for each individual to be any of the sex karyotypes XX, XY, X0, XXX, XXY, XYY and XXYY. If the sex-linked scaffolds are known, it also identifies autosomal trisomies and estimates the sex karyotype posterior probabilities for single individuals. As we show with downsampling experiments, BeXY has higher power than all existing methods. It accurately infers the sex karyotype of ancient human samples with as few as 20,000 reads and accurately infers sex-linked scaffolds from data sets of just a handful of samples or with highly imbalanced sex ratios, also in the case of low-quality reference assemblies. We illustrate the power of BeXY by applying it to both whole-genome shotgun and target enrichment sequencing data of ancient and modern humans, as well as several non-model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madleina Caduff
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Raphael Eckel
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Leuenberger
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Wegmann
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Fribourg, Switzerland
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4
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Mallick S, Micco A, Mah M, Ringbauer H, Lazaridis I, Olalde I, Patterson N, Reich D. The Allen Ancient DNA Resource (AADR) a curated compendium of ancient human genomes. Sci Data 2024; 11:182. [PMID: 38341426 PMCID: PMC10858950 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-024-03031-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
More than two hundred papers have reported genome-wide data from ancient humans. While the raw data for the vast majority are fully publicly available testifying to the commitment of the paleogenomics community to open data, formats for both raw data and meta-data differ. There is thus a need for uniform curation and a centralized, version-controlled compendium that researchers can download, analyze, and reference. Since 2019, we have been maintaining the Allen Ancient DNA Resource (AADR), which aims to provide an up-to-date, curated version of the world's published ancient human DNA data, represented at more than a million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at which almost all ancient individuals have been assayed. The AADR has gone through six public releases at the time of writing and review of this manuscript, and crossed the threshold of >10,000 individuals with published genome-wide ancient DNA data at the end of 2022. This note is intended as a citable descriptor of the AADR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapan Mallick
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Adam Micco
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Matthew Mah
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Harald Ringbauer
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Iosif Lazaridis
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Iñigo Olalde
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- BIOMICs Research Group, University of the Basque Country, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Nick Patterson
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - David Reich
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
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5
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Antonio ML, Weiß CL, Gao Z, Sawyer S, Oberreiter V, Moots HM, Spence JP, Cheronet O, Zagorc B, Praxmarer E, Özdoğan KT, Demetz L, Gelabert P, Fernandes D, Lucci M, Alihodžić T, Amrani S, Avetisyan P, Baillif-Ducros C, Bedić Ž, Bertrand A, Bilić M, Bondioli L, Borówka P, Botte E, Burmaz J, Bužanić D, Candilio F, Cvetko M, De Angelis D, Drnić I, Elschek K, Fantar M, Gaspari A, Gasperetti G, Genchi F, Golubović S, Hukeľová Z, Jankauskas R, Vučković KJ, Jeremić G, Kaić I, Kazek K, Khachatryan H, Khudaverdyan A, Kirchengast S, Korać M, Kozlowski V, Krošláková M, Kušan Špalj D, La Pastina F, Laguardia M, Legrand S, Leleković T, Leskovar T, Lorkiewicz W, Los D, Silva AM, Masaryk R, Matijević V, Cherifi YMS, Meyer N, Mikić I, Miladinović-Radmilović N, Milošević Zakić B, Nacouzi L, Natuniewicz-Sekuła M, Nava A, Neugebauer-Maresch C, Nováček J, Osterholtz A, Paige J, Paraman L, Pieri D, Pieta K, Pop-Lazić S, Ruttkay M, Sanader M, Sołtysiak A, Sperduti A, Stankovic Pesterac T, Teschler-Nicola M, Teul I, Tončinić D, Trapp J, Vulović D, Waliszewski T, Walter D, Živanović M, Filah MEM, Čaušević-Bully M, Šlaus M, Borić D, Novak M, Coppa A, Pinhasi R, Pritchard JK. Stable population structure in Europe since the Iron Age, despite high mobility. eLife 2024; 13:e79714. [PMID: 38288729 PMCID: PMC10827293 DOI: 10.7554/elife.79714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Ancient DNA research in the past decade has revealed that European population structure changed dramatically in the prehistoric period (14,000-3000 years before present, YBP), reflecting the widespread introduction of Neolithic farmer and Bronze Age Steppe ancestries. However, little is known about how population structure changed from the historical period onward (3000 YBP - present). To address this, we collected whole genomes from 204 individuals from Europe and the Mediterranean, many of which are the first historical period genomes from their region (e.g. Armenia and France). We found that most regions show remarkable inter-individual heterogeneity. At least 7% of historical individuals carry ancestry uncommon in the region where they were sampled, some indicating cross-Mediterranean contacts. Despite this high level of mobility, overall population structure across western Eurasia is relatively stable through the historical period up to the present, mirroring geography. We show that, under standard population genetics models with local panmixia, the observed level of dispersal would lead to a collapse of population structure. Persistent population structure thus suggests a lower effective migration rate than indicated by the observed dispersal. We hypothesize that this phenomenon can be explained by extensive transient dispersal arising from drastically improved transportation networks and the Roman Empire's mobilization of people for trade, labor, and military. This work highlights the utility of ancient DNA in elucidating finer scale human population dynamics in recent history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret L Antonio
- Biomedical Informatics Program, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Clemens L Weiß
- Department of Genetics, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Ziyue Gao
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of MedicinePhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Susanna Sawyer
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences, University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Victoria Oberreiter
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences, University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Hannah M Moots
- Stanford Archaeology Center, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- University of Chicago, Department of Human GeneticsChicagoUnited States
| | - Jeffrey P Spence
- Department of Genetics, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Olivia Cheronet
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences, University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Brina Zagorc
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences, University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Elisa Praxmarer
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | | | - Lea Demetz
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Pere Gelabert
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Daniel Fernandes
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences, University of ViennaViennaAustria
- CIAS, Department of Life Sciences, University of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
| | - Michaela Lucci
- Dipartimento di Storia Antropologia Religioni Arte Spettacolo, Sapienza UniversityRomeItaly
| | | | - Selma Amrani
- LBEIG, Population Genetics & Conservation Unit, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology – Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Sciences and Technology Houari BoumedieneAlgiersAlgeria
| | - Pavel Avetisyan
- National Academy of Sciences of Armenia, Institute of Archaeology and EthnographyYerevanArmenia
| | - Christèle Baillif-Ducros
- French National Institute for Preventive Archaeological Research (INRAP)/CAGT UMR 5288ToulouseFrance
| | - Željka Bedić
- Centre for Applied Bioanthropology, Institute for Anthropological ResearchZagrebCroatia
| | | | | | - Luca Bondioli
- Dipartimento dei Beni Culturali, Archeologia, Storia dell'arte, del Cinema e della Musica, Università di PadovaPadovaItaly
| | - Paulina Borówka
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of LodzŁódźPoland
| | - Emmanuel Botte
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centre Camille JullianAix-en-ProvenceFrance
| | | | - Domagoj Bužanić
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of ZagrebZagrebCroatia
| | | | - Mirna Cvetko
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of ZagrebZagrebCroatia
| | - Daniela De Angelis
- Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Tarquinia, Direzione Regionale Musei LazioRomeItaly
| | - Ivan Drnić
- Archaeological Museum in ZagrebZagrebCroatia
| | - Kristián Elschek
- Institute of Archaeology, Slovak Academy of SciencesNitraSlovakia
| | - Mounir Fantar
- Département des Monuments et des Sites Antiques - Institut National du Patrimoine INPTunisTunisia
| | - Andrej Gaspari
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Arts, Department for ArchaeologyLjubljanaSlovenia
| | - Gabriella Gasperetti
- Soprintendenza Archeologia, belle arti e paesaggio per le province di Sassari e NuoroSassariItaly
| | - Francesco Genchi
- Department of Oriental Studies, Sapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
| | | | - Zuzana Hukeľová
- Institute of Archaeology, Slovak Academy of SciencesNitraSlovakia
| | | | | | | | - Iva Kaić
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of ZagrebZagrebCroatia
| | - Kevin Kazek
- Université de Lorraine, Centre de Recherche Universitaire Lorrain d' Histoire (CRULH)NancyFrance
| | - Hamazasp Khachatryan
- Department of Archaeologi, Shirak Centere of Armenological Studies, National Academy of Sciences Republic of ArmeniaGyumriArmenia
| | - Anahit Khudaverdyan
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of ArmeniaYerevanArmenia
| | - Sylvia Kirchengast
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | | | | | - Mária Krošláková
- Institute of Archaeology, Slovak Academy of SciencesNitraSlovakia
| | | | | | - Marie Laguardia
- UMR 7041 ArScAn / French Institute of the Near EastBeirutLebanon
| | | | - Tino Leleković
- Archaeology Division, Croatian Academy of Sciences and ArtsZagrebCroatia
| | - Tamara Leskovar
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Arts, Department for ArchaeologyLjubljanaSlovenia
| | - Wiesław Lorkiewicz
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of LodzŁódźPoland
| | | | - Ana Maria Silva
- CIAS, Department of Life Sciences, University of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
- CEF - University of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
- UNIARQ - University of LisbonLisbonPortugal
| | - Rene Masaryk
- Skupina STIK Zavod za preučevanje povezovalnih področij preteklosti in sedanjostiLjubljanaSlovenia
| | - Vinka Matijević
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of ZagrebZagrebCroatia
| | - Yahia Mehdi Seddik Cherifi
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Cardiolo-Oncology Research Collaborative Group (CORCG), Faculty of Medicine, Benyoucef Benkhedda UniversityAlgiersAlgeria
- Molecular Pathology, University Paul Sabatier Toulouse IIIToulouseFrance
| | - Nicolas Meyer
- French National Institute for Preventive Archaeological Research (INRAP)MetzFrance
| | - Ilija Mikić
- Institute of Archaeology BelgradeBelgradeSerbia
| | | | | | - Lina Nacouzi
- L’Institut français du Proche-OrientBeirutLebanon
| | - Magdalena Natuniewicz-Sekuła
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology Polish Academy of Sciences, Centre of Interdisciplinary Archaeological ResearchWarsawPoland
| | - Alessia Nava
- Department of Odontostomatological and Maxillofacial Sciences, Sapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Christine Neugebauer-Maresch
- Austrian Archaeological Institute, Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
- Institute of Prehistory and Early History, University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Jan Nováček
- Thuringia State Service for Cultural Heritage and Archaeology WeimarThuringiaGermany
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medical Centre, Georg-August University of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | | | | | | | | | - Karol Pieta
- Institute of Archaeology, Slovak Academy of SciencesNitraSlovakia
| | | | - Matej Ruttkay
- Institute of Archaeology, Slovak Academy of SciencesNitraSlovakia
| | - Mirjana Sanader
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of ZagrebZagrebCroatia
| | | | - Alessandra Sperduti
- Bioarchaeology Service, Museum of CivilizationsRomeItaly
- Dipartimento Asia, Africa e Mediterraneo, Università degli Studi di Napoli “L’Orientale”NaplesItaly
| | | | - Maria Teschler-Nicola
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Department of Anthropology, Natural History Museum ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Iwona Teul
- Chair and Department of Normal Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Pomeranian Medical UniversitySzczecinPoland
| | - Domagoj Tončinić
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of ZagrebZagrebCroatia
| | - Julien Trapp
- Musée de La Cour d'Or, Eurométropole de MetzMetzFrance
| | | | | | - Diethard Walter
- Thuringia State Service for Cultural Heritage and Archaeology WeimarThuringiaGermany
| | - Miloš Živanović
- Department of Archeology, Center for Conservation and Archeology of MontenegroCetinjeMontenegro
| | | | | | - Mario Šlaus
- Anthropological Centre, Croatian Academy of Sciences and ArtsZagrebCroatia
| | - Dušan Borić
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
- Department of Anthropology, New York UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Mario Novak
- Centre for Applied Bioanthropology, Institute for Anthropological ResearchZagrebCroatia
| | - Alfredo Coppa
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Ron Pinhasi
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences, University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Jonathan K Pritchard
- Department of Genetics, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Department of Biology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
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6
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Silva M, Booth T, Moore J, Anastasiadou K, Walker D, Gilardet A, Barrington C, Kelly M, Williams M, Henderson M, Smith A, Bowsher D, Montgomery J, Skoglund P. An individual with Sarmatian-related ancestry in Roman Britain. Curr Biol 2024; 34:204-212.e6. [PMID: 38118448 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
In the second century CE the Roman Empire had increasing contact with Sarmatians, nomadic Iranian speakers occupying an area stretching from the Pontic-Caspian steppe to the Carpathian mountains, both in the Caucasus and in the Danubian borders of the empire.1,2,3 In 175 CE, following their defeat in the Marcomannic Wars, emperor Marcus Aurelius drafted Sarmatian cavalry into Roman legions and deployed 5,500 Sarmatian soldiers to Britain, as recorded by contemporary historian Cassius Dio.4,5 Little is known about where the Sarmatian cavalry were stationed, and no individuals connected with this historically attested event have been identified to date, leaving its impact on Britain largely unknown. Here we document Caucasus- and Sarmatian-related ancestry in the whole genome of a Roman-period individual (126-228 calibrated [cal.] CE)-an outlier without traceable ancestry related to local populations in Britain-recovered from a farmstead site in present-day Cambridgeshire, UK. Stable isotopes support a life history of mobility during childhood. Although several scenarios are possible, the historical deployment of Sarmatians to Britain provides a parsimonious explanation for this individual's extraordinary life history. Regardless of the factors behind his migrations, these results highlight how long-range mobility facilitated by the Roman Empire impacted provincial locations outside of urban centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Silva
- Ancient Genomics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK.
| | - Thomas Booth
- Ancient Genomics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Joanna Moore
- Department of Archaeology, Durham University, Lower Mountjoy, South Rd, DH1 3LE, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Kyriaki Anastasiadou
- Ancient Genomics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Don Walker
- Museum of London Archaeology (MOLA), Mortimer Wheeler House, 46 Eagle Wharf Road, London N1 7ED, UK
| | - Alexandre Gilardet
- Ancient Genomics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Christopher Barrington
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Monica Kelly
- Ancient Genomics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Mia Williams
- Ancient Genomics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Michael Henderson
- Museum of London Archaeology (MOLA), Mortimer Wheeler House, 46 Eagle Wharf Road, London N1 7ED, UK
| | - Alex Smith
- Headland Archaeology, 13 Jane Street, Edinburgh EH6 5HE, UK
| | - David Bowsher
- Museum of London Archaeology (MOLA), Mortimer Wheeler House, 46 Eagle Wharf Road, London N1 7ED, UK
| | - Janet Montgomery
- Department of Archaeology, Durham University, Lower Mountjoy, South Rd, DH1 3LE, Durham, United Kingdom.
| | - Pontus Skoglund
- Ancient Genomics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK.
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7
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Olalde I, Carrión P, Mikić I, Rohland N, Mallick S, Lazaridis I, Mah M, Korać M, Golubović S, Petković S, Miladinović-Radmilović N, Vulović D, Alihodžić T, Ash A, Baeta M, Bartík J, Bedić Ž, Bilić M, Bonsall C, Bunčić M, Bužanić D, Carić M, Čataj L, Cvetko M, Drnić I, Dugonjić A, Đukić A, Đukić K, Farkaš Z, Jelínek P, Jovanovic M, Kaić I, Kalafatić H, Krmpotić M, Krznar S, Leleković T, M de Pancorbo M, Matijević V, Milošević Zakić B, Osterholtz AJ, Paige JM, Tresić Pavičić D, Premužić Z, Rajić Šikanjić P, Rapan Papeša A, Paraman L, Sanader M, Radovanović I, Roksandic M, Šefčáková A, Stefanović S, Teschler-Nicola M, Tončinić D, Zagorc B, Callan K, Candilio F, Cheronet O, Fernandes D, Kearns A, Lawson AM, Mandl K, Wagner A, Zalzala F, Zettl A, Tomanović Ž, Keckarević D, Novak M, Harper K, McCormick M, Pinhasi R, Grbić M, Lalueza-Fox C, Reich D. A genetic history of the Balkans from Roman frontier to Slavic migrations. Cell 2023; 186:5472-5485.e9. [PMID: 38065079 PMCID: PMC10752003 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
The rise and fall of the Roman Empire was a socio-political process with enormous ramifications for human history. The Middle Danube was a crucial frontier and a crossroads for population and cultural movement. Here, we present genome-wide data from 136 Balkan individuals dated to the 1st millennium CE. Despite extensive militarization and cultural influence, we find little ancestry contribution from peoples of Italic descent. However, we trace a large-scale influx of people of Anatolian ancestry during the Imperial period. Between ∼250 and 550 CE, we detect migrants with ancestry from Central/Northern Europe and the Steppe, confirming that "barbarian" migrations were propelled by ethnically diverse confederations. Following the end of Roman control, we detect the large-scale arrival of individuals who were genetically similar to modern Eastern European Slavic-speaking populations, who contributed 30%-60% of the ancestry of Balkan people, representing one of the largest permanent demographic changes anywhere in Europe during the Migration Period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñigo Olalde
- BIOMICs Research Group, Department of Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Ikerbasque-Basque Foundation of Science, Bilbao, Spain; Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA; Institute of Evolutionary Biology, CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Pablo Carrión
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Nadin Rohland
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Swapan Mallick
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Iosif Lazaridis
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew Mah
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Abigail Ash
- Department of Archaeology, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Miriam Baeta
- BIOMICs Research Group, Department of Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Juraj Bartík
- Slovak National Museum-Archaeological Museum, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Željka Bedić
- Centre for Applied Bioanthropology, Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Clive Bonsall
- School of History, Classics and Archaeology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Maja Bunčić
- Archaeological Museum in Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Domagoj Bužanić
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mario Carić
- Centre for Applied Bioanthropology, Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lea Čataj
- Division for Archaeological Heritage, Croatian Conservation Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mirna Cvetko
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Drnić
- Archaeological Museum in Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Ana Đukić
- Archaeological Museum in Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ksenija Đukić
- Center of Bone Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zdeněk Farkaš
- Slovak National Museum-Archaeological Museum, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Pavol Jelínek
- Slovak National Museum-Archaeological Museum, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | | | - Iva Kaić
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Marijana Krmpotić
- Department for Archaeology, Croatian Conservation Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Tino Leleković
- Archaeology Division, Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marian M de Pancorbo
- BIOMICs Research Group, Department of Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Vinka Matijević
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Anna J Osterholtz
- Department of Anthropology and Middle Eastern Cultures, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - Julianne M Paige
- Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | | | | | - Petra Rajić Šikanjić
- Centre for Applied Bioanthropology, Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | | | - Mirjana Sanader
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Mirjana Roksandic
- Department of Anthropology, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Alena Šefčáková
- Department of Anthropology, Slovak National Museum-Natural History Museum, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Sofia Stefanović
- Laboratory for Bioarchaeology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Maria Teschler-Nicola
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Anthropology, Natural History Museum Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Domagoj Tončinić
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Brina Zagorc
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kim Callan
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Olivia Cheronet
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Fernandes
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Research Centre for Anthropology and Health (CIAS), Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Aisling Kearns
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ann Marie Lawson
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kirsten Mandl
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Wagner
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fatma Zalzala
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anna Zettl
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Željko Tomanović
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Mario Novak
- Centre for Applied Bioanthropology, Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Kyle Harper
- Department of Classics and Letters, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA; Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA
| | - Michael McCormick
- Department of History, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA; Max Planck-Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ron Pinhasi
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Miodrag Grbić
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Department of Agriculture and Food, Universidad de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Carles Lalueza-Fox
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - David Reich
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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8
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Coia V, Paladin A, Zingale S, Wurst C, Croze M, Maixner F, Zink A. Ancestry and kinship in a Late Antiquity-Early Middle Ages cemetery in the Eastern Italian Alps. iScience 2023; 26:108215. [PMID: 37953960 PMCID: PMC10637928 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In South Tyrol (Eastern Italian Alps), during Late Antiquity-Early Middle Ages, archeological records indicate cultural hybridization among alpine groups and peoples of various origin. Using paleogenomics, we reconstructed the ancestry of 20 individuals (4th-7th cent. AD) from a cemetery to analyze whether they had heterogeneous or homogeneous ancestry and to study their social organization. The results revealed a primary genetic ancestry from southern Europe and additional ancestries from south-western, western, and northern Europe, suggesting that cultural hybridization was accompanied by complex genetic admixture. Kinship analyses found no genetic relatedness between the only two individuals buried with grave goods. Instead, a father-son pair was discovered in one multiple grave, together with unrelated individuals and one possible non-local female. These genetic findings indicate the presence of a high social status familia, which is supported by the cultural materials and the proximity of the grave to the most sacred area of the church.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Coia
- Institute for Mummy Studies, Eurac Research, Viale Druso 1, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Alice Paladin
- Institute for Mummy Studies, Eurac Research, Viale Druso 1, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Stefania Zingale
- Institute for Mummy Studies, Eurac Research, Viale Druso 1, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Christina Wurst
- Institute for Mummy Studies, Eurac Research, Viale Druso 1, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Myriam Croze
- Institute for Mummy Studies, Eurac Research, Viale Druso 1, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Frank Maixner
- Institute for Mummy Studies, Eurac Research, Viale Druso 1, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Albert Zink
- Institute for Mummy Studies, Eurac Research, Viale Druso 1, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
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9
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Gînguță A, Kovács B, Schütz O, Tihanyi B, Nyerki E, Maár K, Maróti Z, Varga GI, Băcueț-Crișan D, Keresztes T, Török T, Neparáczki E. Genetic identification of members of the prominent Báthory aristocratic family. iScience 2023; 26:107911. [PMID: 37810237 PMCID: PMC10550723 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The Báthory family was one of the most powerful noble families in the medieval Hungarian Kingdom. Their influence peaked during the Ottoman occupation of Hungary, when the only partially autonomous region of the country was Transylvania, under Turkish protectorate. Several members of the family became Princes of Transylvania, and one of them, István Báthory, was also the elected King of Poland. We hereby present the first genetic data about this extinct family. Archaeological excavations in Pericei, a settlement now part of Romania, revealed the former family chapel of the Báthory family. Through this work, two Báthory family members were successfully identified among the 13 skeletons found at the site. The presence of Y chromosome haplogroup R-S498 fits the historical account describing the family's German (Swabian) origins. Their genomic composition also indicates a family of Germanic origin that intermixed with medieval Hungarians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Gînguță
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Institute of Hungarian Research, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bence Kovács
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Institute of Hungarian Research, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Genetics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Oszkár Schütz
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Institute of Hungarian Research, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Genetics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Balázs Tihanyi
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Institute of Hungarian Research, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Emil Nyerki
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Institute of Hungarian Research, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Health Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Kitti Maár
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Institute of Hungarian Research, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Genetics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Maróti
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Institute of Hungarian Research, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Health Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gergely I.B. Varga
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Institute of Hungarian Research, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dan Băcueț-Crișan
- Department of Archaeology, History and Art Museum Zalău, Zalău, Romania
| | - Timea Keresztes
- Department of Archaeology, History and Art Museum Zalău, Zalău, Romania
| | - Tibor Török
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Institute of Hungarian Research, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Genetics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Ancient and Modern Human Genomics Competence Center, Centre of Excellence for Interdisciplinary Research, Development and Innovation of the University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Endre Neparáczki
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Institute of Hungarian Research, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Genetics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Ancient and Modern Human Genomics Competence Center, Centre of Excellence for Interdisciplinary Research, Development and Innovation of the University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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10
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Vyas DN, Koncz I, Modi A, Mende BG, Tian Y, Francalacci P, Lari M, Vai S, Straub P, Gallina Z, Szeniczey T, Hajdu T, Pejrani Baricco L, Giostra C, Radzevičiūtė R, Hofmanová Z, Évinger S, Bernert Z, Pohl W, Caramelli D, Vida T, Geary PJ, Veeramah KR. Fine-scale sampling uncovers the complexity of migrations in 5th-6th century Pannonia. Curr Biol 2023; 33:3951-3961.e11. [PMID: 37633281 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.07.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
As the collapse of the Western Roman Empire accelerated during the 4th and 5th centuries, arriving "barbarian" groups began to establish new communities in the border provinces of the declining (and eventually former) empire. This was a time of significant cultural and political change throughout not only these border regions but Europe as a whole.1,2 To better understand post-Roman community formation in one of these key frontier zones after the collapse of the Hunnic movement, we generated new paleogenomic data for a set of 38 burials from a time series of three 5th century cemeteries3,4,5 at Lake Balaton, Hungary. We utilized a comprehensive sampling approach to characterize these cemeteries along with data from 38 additional burials from a previously published mid-6th century site6 and analyzed them alongside data from over 550 penecontemporaneous individuals.7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19 The range of genetic diversity in all four of these local burial communities is extensive and wider ranging than penecontemporaneous Europeans sequenced to date. Despite many commonalities in burial customs and demography, we find that there were substantial differences in genetic ancestry between the sites. We detect evidence of northern European gene flow into the Lake Balaton region. Additionally, we observe a statistically significant association between dress artifacts and genetic ancestry among 5th century genetically female burials. Our analysis shows that the formation of early Medieval communities was a multifarious process even at a local level, consisting of genetically heterogeneous groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deven N Vyas
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, 650 Life Sciences Building, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - István Koncz
- Institute of Archaeological Sciences, ELTE - Eötvös Loránd University, Múzeum krt. 4/B, 1088 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Alessandra Modi
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via del Proconsolo 12, 50122 Firenze, Italy
| | - Balázs Gusztáv Mende
- Institute of Archaeogenomics, Research Centre for the Humanities, Tóth Kálmán utca 4, 1097 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Yijie Tian
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, 650 Life Sciences Building, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Paolo Francalacci
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università di Cagliari, Via T. Fiorelli 1, 09126 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Martina Lari
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via del Proconsolo 12, 50122 Firenze, Italy
| | - Stefania Vai
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via del Proconsolo 12, 50122 Firenze, Italy
| | | | | | - Tamás Szeniczey
- Department of Biological Anthropology, ELTE - Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/c, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Hajdu
- Department of Biological Anthropology, ELTE - Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/c, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Luisella Pejrani Baricco
- Soprintendenza Archeologia, Belle Arti e Paesaggio per la Città Metropolitana di Torino, piazza San Giovanni 2, 10122 Torino, Italy
| | - Caterina Giostra
- Dipartimento di Storia, Archeologia e Storia dell'Arte, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli, 1, 20123 Milano, Italy
| | - Rita Radzevičiūtė
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Zuzana Hofmanová
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Archaeology and Museology, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Arna Nováka 1/1, Brno 60200, Czech Republic
| | - Sándor Évinger
- Department of Anthropology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Ludovika tér 2-6, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Bernert
- Department of Anthropology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Ludovika tér 2-6, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Walter Pohl
- Institute for Medieval Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Dr-Ignaz-Seipel-Platz 2, 1020 Vienna, Austria; Institute for Austrian Historical Research, University of Vienna, Universitätsring 1, 1010 Vienna, Austria
| | - David Caramelli
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via del Proconsolo 12, 50122 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Tivadar Vida
- Institute of Archaeological Sciences, ELTE - Eötvös Loránd University, Múzeum krt. 4/B, 1088 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Patrick J Geary
- School of Historical Studies, Institute for Advanced Study, 1 Einstein Drive, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA.
| | - Krishna R Veeramah
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, 650 Life Sciences Building, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
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11
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Blöcher J, Brami M, Feinauer IS, Stolarczyk E, Diekmann Y, Vetterdietz L, Karapetian M, Winkelbach L, Kokot V, Vallini L, Stobbe A, Haak W, Papageorgopoulou C, Krause R, Sharapova S, Burger J. Descent, marriage, and residence practices of a 3,800-year-old pastoral community in Central Eurasia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2303574120. [PMID: 37603728 PMCID: PMC10483636 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2303574120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of prehistoric societal organization at the family level is still limited. Here, we generated genome data from 32 individuals from an approximately 3,800-y-old burial mound attributed to the Bronze Age Srubnaya-Alakul cultural tradition at the site of Nepluyevsky, located in the Southern Ural region of Central Eurasia. We found that life expectancy was generally very low, with adult males living on average 8 y longer than females. A total of 35 first-degree, 40 second-degree, and 48 third-degree biological relationships connected 23 of the studied individuals, allowing us to propose a family tree spanning three generations with six brothers at its center. The oldest of these brothers had eight children with two women and the most children overall, whereas the other relationships were monogamous. Notably, related female children above the age of five were completely absent from the site, and adult females were more genetically diverse than males. These results suggest that biological relationships between male siblings played a structural role in society and that descent group membership was based on patrilineality. Women originated from a larger mating network and moved to join the men, with whom they were buried. Finally, the oldest brother likely held a higher social position, which was expressed in terms of fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Blöcher
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Palaeogenetics Group, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz55128, Germany
| | - Maxime Brami
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Palaeogenetics Group, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz55128, Germany
| | - Isabelle Sofie Feinauer
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Palaeogenetics Group, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz55128, Germany
- Centre for Palaeogenetics, Stockholm10691, Sweden
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm10405, Sweden
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm10691, Sweden
| | - Eliza Stolarczyk
- Institute of Archaeological Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am MainD-60629, Germany
| | - Yoan Diekmann
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Palaeogenetics Group, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz55128, Germany
| | - Lisa Vetterdietz
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Palaeogenetics Group, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz55128, Germany
| | - Marina Karapetian
- Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow125009, Russia
| | - Laura Winkelbach
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Palaeogenetics Group, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz55128, Germany
| | - Vanessa Kokot
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Palaeogenetics Group, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz55128, Germany
| | | | - Astrid Stobbe
- Institute of Archaeological Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am MainD-60629, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Haak
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig04103, Germany
| | - Christina Papageorgopoulou
- Laboratory of Physical Anthropology, Department of History and Ethnology, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini69100, Greece
| | - Rüdiger Krause
- Institute of Archaeological Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am MainD-60629, Germany
| | - Svetlana Sharapova
- Institute of History and Archaeology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Ekaterinburg620108, Russia
| | - Joachim Burger
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Palaeogenetics Group, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz55128, Germany
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12
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Depaermentier ML, Krause-Kyora B, Hajdas I, Kempf M, Kuhn T, Spichtig N, Schwarz PA, Gerling C. Bioarchaeological analyses reveal long-lasting continuity at the periphery of the Late Antique Roman Empire. iScience 2023; 26:107034. [PMID: 37360687 PMCID: PMC10285633 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The Basel-Waisenhaus burial community (Switzerland) has been traditionally interpreted as immigrated Alamans because of the location and dating of the burial ground - despite the typical late Roman funeral practices. To evaluate this hypothesis, multi-isotope and aDNA analyses were conducted on the eleven individuals buried there. The results show that the burial ground was occupied around AD 400 by people belonging largely to one family, whereas isotope and genetic records most probably point toward a regionally organized and indigenous, instead of an immigrated, community. This strengthens the recently advanced assumption that the withdrawal of the Upper Germanic-Rhaetian limes after the "Crisis of the Third Century AD" was not necessarily related to a replacement of the local population by immigrated Alamannic peoples, suggesting a long-lasting continuity of occupation at the Roman periphery at the Upper and High Rhine region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux L.C. Depaermentier
- Department of Ancient Civilizations, Prehistoric and Early Historic and Provincial Roman Archaeology, Vindonissa Professorship, University of Basel, Petersgraben 51, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ben Krause-Kyora
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, Rosalind-Franklin-Straße 12, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Irka Hajdas
- Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 5 HPK H31, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Kempf
- Department of Geography, Physical Geography, Landscape Ecology and Geoinformation, Kiel University, Ludewig-Meyn-Str. 8, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Kuhn
- Aquatic and Isotope Biogeochemistry, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Bernoullistrasse 30, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Norbert Spichtig
- Archäologische Bodenforschung Basel-Stadt, Petersgraben 11, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter-Andrew Schwarz
- Department of Ancient Civilizations, Prehistoric and Early Historic and Provincial Roman Archaeology, Vindonissa Professorship, University of Basel, Petersgraben 51, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Gerling
- Department of Ancient Civilizations, Prehistoric and Early Historic and Provincial Roman Archaeology, Vindonissa Professorship, University of Basel, Petersgraben 51, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
- Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Spalenring 145, 4055 Basel, Switzerland
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13
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Zhur KV, Sharko FS, Sedov VV, Dobrovolskaya MV, Volkov VG, Maksimov NG, Seslavine AN, Makarov NA, Prokhortchouk EB. The Rurikids: The First Experience of Reconstructing the Genetic Portrait of the Ruling Family of Medieval Rus' Based on Paleogenomic Data. Acta Naturae 2023; 15:50-65. [PMID: 37908771 PMCID: PMC10615192 DOI: 10.32607/actanaturae.23425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The Rurikids were the reigning house of Rus', its principalities and, ultimately the Tsardom of Russia, for seven centuries: from the IX to the end of the XVI century. According to the Primary Chronicle (the Tale of Bygone Years), the main chronicle of Rus', the Rurik dynasty was founded by the Varangian prince Rurik, invited to reign in Novgorod in 862, but still there is no direct genetic evidence of the origin of the early Rurikids. This research, for the first time, provides a genome-wide paleogenetic analysis of bone remains belonging to one of the Rurikids, Prince Dmitry Alexandrovich (?-1294), the son of the Grand Prince of Vladimir Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky (1221-1263). It has been established that his Y chromosome belongs to the N1a haplogroup. Most of the modern Rurikids, according to their genealogies, belonging to the N1a haplogroup, have the most similar variants of Y chromosomes to each other, as well as to the Y chromosome of Prince Dmitry Alexandrovich. Genome-wide data of the medieval and modern Rurikids unequivocally indicates that they belong to the N1a haplogroup of the Y chromosome, starting at least from the XI century (since the time of Prince Yaroslav the Wise). All the other alleged Rurikids, both ancient and modern, being carriers of other haplogroups (R1a, I2a), possess high heterogeneity of the sequence of Y chromosomes, meaning that we cannot confirm their common ancestry. The most probable ancestors of Prince Dmitry Alexandrovich in the male line were the men who left the burial ground Bolshoy Oleny Island on the coast of the Kola Peninsula about 3,600 years ago. The reconstruction of the genome of Prince Dmitry Alexandrovich indicates the contribution of three ancestral components to his origin: (1) the early medieval population of the east of Scandinavia from the island of Oland, (2) representatives of the steppe nomadic peoples of the Eurasian steppes of the Iron Age or the early medieval population of central Europe (steppe nomads from the territory of Hungary), and (3) the ancient East-Eurasian component. Reliable statistics were also obtained when the Scandinavians were replaced with the Medieval Russian Slavic populations of the XI century. Thus, for the first time, we have shown the complex nature of interethnic interactions in the formation of the nobility of medieval Rus' on the example of the ancient Rurikid.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V Zhur
- Federal Research Centre "Fundamentals of Biotechnology" of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071 Russian Federation
| | - F S Sharko
- Federal Research Centre "Fundamentals of Biotechnology" of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071 Russian Federation
| | - Vl V Sedov
- Institute of Archeology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117292 Russian Federation
| | - M V Dobrovolskaya
- Institute of Archeology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117292 Russian Federation
| | - V G Volkov
- Regional State Autonomous Institution "Center of Tatar Culture", Tomsk, 634050 Russian Federation
| | - N G Maksimov
- ANO "Runiverse", Moscow, 119071 Russian Federation
| | - A N Seslavine
- Russian Public Organisation "RDS", Moscow, 109028 Russian Federation
| | - N A Makarov
- Institute of Archeology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117292 Russian Federation
| | - E B Prokhortchouk
- Federal Research Centre "Fundamentals of Biotechnology" of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071 Russian Federation
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14
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Begg TJA, Schmidt A, Kocher A, Larmuseau MHD, Runfeldt G, Maier PA, Wilson JD, Barquera R, Maj C, Szolek A, Sager M, Clayton S, Peltzer A, Hui R, Ronge J, Reiter E, Freund C, Burri M, Aron F, Tiliakou A, Osborn J, Behar DM, Boecker M, Brandt G, Cleynen I, Strassburg C, Prüfer K, Kühnert D, Meredith WR, Nöthen MM, Attenborough RD, Kivisild T, Krause J. Genomic analyses of hair from Ludwig van Beethoven. Curr Biol 2023; 33:1431-1447.e22. [PMID: 36958333 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827) remains among the most influential and popular classical music composers. Health problems significantly impacted his career as a composer and pianist, including progressive hearing loss, recurring gastrointestinal complaints, and liver disease. In 1802, Beethoven requested that following his death, his disease be described and made public. Medical biographers have since proposed numerous hypotheses, including many substantially heritable conditions. Here we attempt a genomic analysis of Beethoven in order to elucidate potential underlying genetic and infectious causes of his illnesses. We incorporated improvements in ancient DNA methods into existing protocols for ancient hair samples, enabling the sequencing of high-coverage genomes from small quantities of historical hair. We analyzed eight independently sourced locks of hair attributed to Beethoven, five of which originated from a single European male. We deemed these matching samples to be almost certainly authentic and sequenced Beethoven's genome to 24-fold genomic coverage. Although we could not identify a genetic explanation for Beethoven's hearing disorder or gastrointestinal problems, we found that Beethoven had a genetic predisposition for liver disease. Metagenomic analyses revealed furthermore that Beethoven had a hepatitis B infection during at least the months prior to his death. Together with the genetic predisposition and his broadly accepted alcohol consumption, these present plausible explanations for Beethoven's severe liver disease, which culminated in his death. Unexpectedly, an analysis of Y chromosomes sequenced from five living members of the Van Beethoven patrilineage revealed the occurrence of an extra-pair paternity event in Ludwig van Beethoven's patrilineal ancestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan James Alexander Begg
- Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, CB2 3ER Cambridge, UK; Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, 72070 Tübingen, Germany; Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Axel Schmidt
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany
| | - Arthur Kocher
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Transmission, Infection, Diversification and Evolution Group, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany; Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Maarten H D Larmuseau
- Department of Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Human Genetic Genealogy, Department of Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; ARCHES - Antwerp Cultural Heritage Sciences, Faculty of Design Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Histories vzw, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | | | | | - John D Wilson
- Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1030 Vienna, Austria; University of Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rodrigo Barquera
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Carlo Maj
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany; Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - András Szolek
- Applied Bioinformatics, Department for Computer Science, University of Tübingen, Sand 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Stephen Clayton
- Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, 72070 Tübingen, Germany; Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander Peltzer
- Quantitative Biology Center (QBiC) University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ruoyun Hui
- MacDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3ER, UK; Alan Turing Institute, 2QR, John Dodson House, London NW1 2DB, UK
| | | | - Ella Reiter
- Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, 72070 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Cäcilia Freund
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Marta Burri
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Franziska Aron
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Anthi Tiliakou
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Joanna Osborn
- Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, CB2 3ER Cambridge, UK
| | - Doron M Behar
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Guido Brandt
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Isabelle Cleynen
- Department of Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christian Strassburg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Kay Prüfer
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Denise Kühnert
- Transmission, Infection, Diversification and Evolution Group, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany; European Virus Bioinformatics Center (EVBC), Jena, Germany; Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - William Rhea Meredith
- American Beethoven Society, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA 95192, USA; Ira F. Brilliant Center for Beethoven Studies, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA 95192, USA; School of Music and Dance, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA 95192, USA
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany
| | - Robert David Attenborough
- MacDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3ER, UK; School of Archaeology & Anthropology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Toomas Kivisild
- Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, CB2 3ER Cambridge, UK; Department of Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia.
| | - Johannes Krause
- Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, 72070 Tübingen, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany.
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15
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Estimating human mobility in Holocene Western Eurasia with large-scale ancient genomic data. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2218375120. [PMID: 36821583 PMCID: PMC9992830 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2218375120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent increase in openly available ancient human DNA samples allows for large-scale meta-analysis applications. Trans-generational past human mobility is one of the key aspects that ancient genomics can contribute to since changes in genetic ancestry-unlike cultural changes seen in the archaeological record-necessarily reflect movements of people. Here, we present an algorithm for spatiotemporal mapping of genetic profiles, which allow for direct estimates of past human mobility from large ancient genomic datasets. The key idea of the method is to derive a spatial probability surface of genetic similarity for each individual in its respective past. This is achieved by first creating an interpolated ancestry field through space and time based on multivariate statistics and Gaussian process regression and then using this field to map the ancient individuals into space according to their genetic profile. We apply this algorithm to a dataset of 3138 aDNA samples with genome-wide data from Western Eurasia in the last 10,000 y. Finally, we condense this sample-wise record with a simple summary statistic into a diachronic measure of mobility for subregions in Western, Central, and Southern Europe. For regions and periods with sufficient data coverage, our similarity surfaces and mobility estimates show general concordance with previous results and provide a meta-perspective of genetic changes and human mobility.
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16
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Genome-wide data from medieval German Jews show that the Ashkenazi founder event pre-dated the 14 th century. Cell 2022; 185:4703-4716.e16. [PMID: 36455558 PMCID: PMC9793425 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
We report genome-wide data from 33 Ashkenazi Jews (AJ), dated to the 14th century, obtained following a salvage excavation at the medieval Jewish cemetery of Erfurt, Germany. The Erfurt individuals are genetically similar to modern AJ, but they show more variability in Eastern European-related ancestry than modern AJ. A third of the Erfurt individuals carried a mitochondrial lineage common in modern AJ and eight carried pathogenic variants known to affect AJ today. These observations, together with high levels of runs of homozygosity, suggest that the Erfurt community had already experienced the major reduction in size that affected modern AJ. The Erfurt bottleneck was more severe, implying substructure in medieval AJ. Overall, our results suggest that the AJ founder event and the acquisition of the main sources of ancestry pre-dated the 14th century and highlight late medieval genetic heterogeneity no longer present in modern AJ.
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17
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Gretzinger J, Sayer D, Justeau P, Altena E, Pala M, Dulias K, Edwards CJ, Jodoin S, Lacher L, Sabin S, Vågene ÅJ, Haak W, Ebenesersdóttir SS, Moore KHS, Radzeviciute R, Schmidt K, Brace S, Bager MA, Patterson N, Papac L, Broomandkhoshbacht N, Callan K, Harney É, Iliev L, Lawson AM, Michel M, Stewardson K, Zalzala F, Rohland N, Kappelhoff-Beckmann S, Both F, Winger D, Neumann D, Saalow L, Krabath S, Beckett S, Van Twest M, Faulkner N, Read C, Barton T, Caruth J, Hines J, Krause-Kyora B, Warnke U, Schuenemann VJ, Barnes I, Dahlström H, Clausen JJ, Richardson A, Popescu E, Dodwell N, Ladd S, Phillips T, Mortimer R, Sayer F, Swales D, Stewart A, Powlesland D, Kenyon R, Ladle L, Peek C, Grefen-Peters S, Ponce P, Daniels R, Spall C, Woolcock J, Jones AM, Roberts AV, Symmons R, Rawden AC, Cooper A, Bos KI, Booth T, Schroeder H, Thomas MG, Helgason A, Richards MB, Reich D, Krause J, Schiffels S. The Anglo-Saxon migration and the formation of the early English gene pool. Nature 2022; 610:112-119. [PMID: 36131019 PMCID: PMC9534755 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05247-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The history of the British Isles and Ireland is characterized by multiple periods of major cultural change, including the influential transformation after the end of Roman rule, which precipitated shifts in language, settlement patterns and material culture1. The extent to which migration from continental Europe mediated these transitions is a matter of long-standing debate2-4. Here we study genome-wide ancient DNA from 460 medieval northwestern Europeans-including 278 individuals from England-alongside archaeological data, to infer contemporary population dynamics. We identify a substantial increase of continental northern European ancestry in early medieval England, which is closely related to the early medieval and present-day inhabitants of Germany and Denmark, implying large-scale substantial migration across the North Sea into Britain during the Early Middle Ages. As a result, the individuals who we analysed from eastern England derived up to 76% of their ancestry from the continental North Sea zone, albeit with substantial regional variation and heterogeneity within sites. We show that women with immigrant ancestry were more often furnished with grave goods than women with local ancestry, whereas men with weapons were as likely not to be of immigrant ancestry. A comparison with present-day Britain indicates that subsequent demographic events reduced the fraction of continental northern European ancestry while introducing further ancestry components into the English gene pool, including substantial southwestern European ancestry most closely related to that seen in Iron Age France5,6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joscha Gretzinger
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Maria Pala
- University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Katharina Dulias
- University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
- Institute of Geosystems and Bioindication, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ceiridwen J Edwards
- University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
- University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Laura Lacher
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susanna Sabin
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Åshild J Vågene
- Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Wolfgang Haak
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - S Sunna Ebenesersdóttir
- deCODE Genetics/AMGEN Inc., Reykjavík, Iceland
- Department of Anthropology, School of Social Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | | | - Rita Radzeviciute
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Selina Brace
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Martina Abenhus Bager
- Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nick Patterson
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Luka Papac
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nasreen Broomandkhoshbacht
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kimberly Callan
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Éadaoin Harney
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lora Iliev
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ann Marie Lawson
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Megan Michel
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kristin Stewardson
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fatma Zalzala
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nadin Rohland
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Frank Both
- Landesmuseum Natur und Mensch, Oldenburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Lars Saalow
- Landesamt für Kultur und Denkmalpflege Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Schwerin, Germany
| | - Stefan Krabath
- Institute for Historical Coastal Research (NIhK), Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Sophie Beckett
- Sedgeford Historical and Archaeological Research Project, Sedgeford, UK
- Cranfield Forensic Institute, Cranfield Defence and Security, Cranfield University, Cranfield, UK
- Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melanie Van Twest
- Sedgeford Historical and Archaeological Research Project, Sedgeford, UK
| | - Neil Faulkner
- Sedgeford Historical and Archaeological Research Project, Sedgeford, UK
| | - Chris Read
- The Atlantic Technological University, Sligo, Ireland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Verena J Schuenemann
- University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ian Barnes
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | | | | | - Andrew Richardson
- Canterbury Archaeological Trust, Canterbury, UK
- Isle Heritage CIC, Sandgate, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Richard Mortimer
- Oxford Archaeology East, Cambridge, UK
- Cotswold Archaeology, Needham Market, UK
| | - Faye Sayer
- University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Diana Swales
- Centre for Anatomy and Human Identification (CAHID), University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | | | | | - Robert Kenyon
- East Dorset Antiquarian Society (EDAS), West Bexington, UK
| | - Lilian Ladle
- Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, Bournemouth University, Poole, UK
| | - Christina Peek
- Institute for Historical Coastal Research (NIhK), Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Anooshka C Rawden
- Fishbourne Roman Palace, Fishbourne, UK
- South Downs Centre, Midhurst, UK
| | - Alan Cooper
- BlueSkyGenetics, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kirsten I Bos
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Hannes Schroeder
- Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Agnar Helgason
- deCODE Genetics/AMGEN Inc., Reykjavík, Iceland
- Department of Anthropology, School of Social Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | | | - David Reich
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Johannes Krause
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stephan Schiffels
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.
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18
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Lazaridis I, Alpaslan-Roodenberg S, Acar A, Açıkkol A, Agelarakis A, Aghikyan L, Akyüz U, Andreeva D, Andrijašević G, Antonović D, Armit I, Atmaca A, Avetisyan P, Aytek Aİ, Bacvarov K, Badalyan R, Bakardzhiev S, Balen J, Bejko L, Bernardos R, Bertsatos A, Biber H, Bilir A, Bodružić M, Bonogofsky M, Bonsall C, Borić D, Borovinić N, Bravo Morante G, Buttinger K, Callan K, Candilio F, Carić M, Cheronet O, Chohadzhiev S, Chovalopoulou ME, Chryssoulaki S, Ciobanu I, Čondić N, Constantinescu M, Cristiani E, Culleton BJ, Curtis E, Davis J, Demcenco TI, Dergachev V, Derin Z, Deskaj S, Devejyan S, Djordjević V, Duffett Carlson KS, Eccles LR, Elenski N, Engin A, Erdoğan N, Erir-Pazarcı S, Fernandes DM, Ferry M, Freilich S, Frînculeasa A, Galaty ML, Gamarra B, Gasparyan B, Gaydarska B, Genç E, Gültekin T, Gündüz S, Hajdu T, Heyd V, Hobosyan S, Hovhannisyan N, Iliev I, Iliev L, Iliev S, İvgin İ, Janković I, Jovanova L, Karkanas P, Kavaz-Kındığılı B, Kaya EH, Keating D, Kennett DJ, Deniz Kesici S, Khudaverdyan A, Kiss K, Kılıç S, Klostermann P, Kostak Boca Negra Valdes S, Kovačević S, Krenz-Niedbała M, Krznarić Škrivanko M, Kurti R, Kuzman P, Lawson AM, Lazar C, Leshtakov K, Levy TE, Liritzis I, Lorentz KO, Łukasik S, Mah M, Mallick S, Mandl K, Martirosyan-Olshansky K, Matthews R, Matthews W, McSweeney K, Melikyan V, Micco A, Michel M, Milašinović L, Mittnik A, Monge JM, Nekhrizov G, Nicholls R, Nikitin AG, Nikolov V, Novak M, Olalde I, Oppenheimer J, Osterholtz A, Özdemir C, Özdoğan KT, Öztürk N, Papadimitriou N, Papakonstantinou N, Papathanasiou A, Paraman L, Paskary EG, Patterson N, Petrakiev I, Petrosyan L, Petrova V, Philippa-Touchais A, Piliposyan A, Pocuca Kuzman N, Potrebica H, Preda-Bălănică B, Premužić Z, Price TD, Qiu L, Radović S, Raeuf Aziz K, Rajić Šikanjić P, Rasheed Raheem K, Razumov S, Richardson A, Roodenberg J, Ruka R, Russeva V, Şahin M, Şarbak A, Savaş E, Schattke C, Schepartz L, Selçuk T, Sevim-Erol A, Shamoon-Pour M, Shephard HM, Sideris A, Simalcsik A, Simonyan H, Sinika V, Sirak K, Sirbu G, Šlaus M, Soficaru A, Söğüt B, Sołtysiak A, Sönmez-Sözer Ç, Stathi M, Steskal M, Stewardson K, Stocker S, Suata-Alpaslan F, Suvorov A, Szécsényi-Nagy A, Szeniczey T, Telnov N, Temov S, Todorova N, Tota U, Touchais G, Triantaphyllou S, Türker A, Ugarković M, Valchev T, Veljanovska F, Videvski Z, Virag C, Wagner A, Walsh S, Włodarczak P, Workman JN, Yardumian A, Yarovoy E, Yavuz AY, Yılmaz H, Zalzala F, Zettl A, Zhang Z, Çavuşoğlu R, Rohland N, Pinhasi R, Reich D. The genetic history of the Southern Arc: A bridge between West Asia and Europe. Science 2022; 377:eabm4247. [PMID: 36007055 PMCID: PMC10064553 DOI: 10.1126/science.abm4247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
By sequencing 727 ancient individuals from the Southern Arc (Anatolia and its neighbors in Southeastern Europe and West Asia) over 10,000 years, we contextualize its Chalcolithic period and Bronze Age (about 5000 to 1000 BCE), when extensive gene flow entangled it with the Eurasian steppe. Two streams of migration transmitted Caucasus and Anatolian/Levantine ancestry northward, and the Yamnaya pastoralists, formed on the steppe, then spread southward into the Balkans and across the Caucasus into Armenia, where they left numerous patrilineal descendants. Anatolia was transformed by intra-West Asian gene flow, with negligible impact of the later Yamnaya migrations. This contrasts with all other regions where Indo-European languages were spoken, suggesting that the homeland of the Indo-Anatolian language family was in West Asia, with only secondary dispersals of non-Anatolian Indo-Europeans from the steppe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iosif Lazaridis
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Songül Alpaslan-Roodenberg
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ayşe Acar
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Letters, Mardin Artuklu University, 47510 Artuklu, Mardin, Turkey
| | - Ayşen Açıkkol
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Letters, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, 58140 Sivas, Turkey
| | | | - Levon Aghikyan
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, NAS RA, 0025 Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Uğur Akyüz
- Samsun Museum of Archeology and Ethnography, Kale Mahallesi, Merkez, İlkadım, 55030 Samsun, Turkey
| | | | | | | | - Ian Armit
- Department of Archaeology, University of York, York YO1 7EP, UK
| | - Alper Atmaca
- Amasya Archaeology Museum, Mustafa Kemal Paşa Caddesi, 05000 Amasya, Turkey
| | - Pavel Avetisyan
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, NAS RA, 0025 Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Ahmet İhsan Aytek
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Burdur Mehmet Akif University, 15100 Burdur, Turkey
| | - Krum Bacvarov
- National Institute of Archaeology and Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ruben Badalyan
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, NAS RA, 0025 Yerevan, Armenia
| | | | | | - Lorenc Bejko
- Department of Archaeology and Heritage Studies, University of Tirana, 1010 Tirana, Albania
| | - Rebecca Bernardos
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Andreas Bertsatos
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, School of Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10679 Athens, Greece
| | - Hanifi Biber
- Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Humanities, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, 65090 Tuşba, Van, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Bilir
- Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Düzce University, 81620 Düzce, Turkey
| | | | | | - Clive Bonsall
- School of History, Classics and Archaeology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK
| | - Dušan Borić
- The Italian Academy for Advanced Studies in America, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Nikola Borovinić
- Center for Conservation and Archaeology of Montenegro, 81250 Cetinje, Montenegro
| | | | - Katharina Buttinger
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Kim Callan
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Mario Carić
- Centre for Applied Bioanthropology, Institute for Anthropological Research, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Olivia Cheronet
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Chohadzhiev
- Department of Archaeology, University of Veliko Tarnovo "St. Cyril and St. Methodius," 5003 Veliko Tarnovo, Bulgaria
| | - Maria-Eleni Chovalopoulou
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, School of Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10679 Athens, Greece
| | - Stella Chryssoulaki
- Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports, Ephorate of Antiquities of Piraeus and the Islands, 10682 Piraeus, Greece
| | - Ion Ciobanu
- "Orheiul Vechi" Cultural-Natural Reserve, Institute of Bioarchaeological and Ethnocultural Research, 3552 Butuceni, Moldova.,National Archaeological Agency, 2012 Chișinău, Moldova
| | | | | | - Emanuela Cristiani
- Department of Oral and Maxillo-Facial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Brendan J Culleton
- Institutes of Energy and the Environment, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Elizabeth Curtis
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jack Davis
- Department of Classics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | | | - Valentin Dergachev
- Center of Archaeology, Institute of Cultural Heritage, Academy of Science of Moldova, 2001 Chișinău, Moldova
| | - Zafer Derin
- Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Letters, Ege University, 35100 Bornova-Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sylvia Deskaj
- Museum of Anthropological Archaeology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Seda Devejyan
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, NAS RA, 0025 Yerevan, Armenia
| | | | | | - Laurie R Eccles
- Human Paleoecology and Isotope Geochemistry Lab, Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Nedko Elenski
- Regional Museum of History - Veliko Tarnovo, 5000 Veliko Tarnovo, Bulgaria
| | - Atilla Engin
- Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Gaziantep University, 27310 Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Nihat Erdoğan
- Mardin Archaeological Museum, Şar, Cumhuriyet Meydanı üstü, 47100 Artuklu, Mardin, Turkey
| | | | - Daniel M Fernandes
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria.,Research Centre for Anthropology and Health (CIAS), Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Matthew Ferry
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Suzanne Freilich
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alin Frînculeasa
- Prahova County Museum of History and Archaeology, 100042 Ploiești, Romania
| | - Michael L Galaty
- Museum of Anthropological Archaeology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Beatriz Gamarra
- Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.,Departament d'Història i Història de l'Art, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43002 Tarragona, Spain.,School of Archaeology and Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Boris Gasparyan
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, NAS RA, 0025 Yerevan, Armenia
| | | | - Elif Genç
- Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Çukurova University, 01330 Balçalı-Sarıçam-Adana, Turkey
| | - Timur Gültekin
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Humanities, Ankara University, 06100 Sıhhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Serkan Gündüz
- Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Bursa Uludağ University, 16059 Görükle, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Tamás Hajdu
- Department of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, 1053 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Volker Heyd
- Department of Cultures, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Suren Hobosyan
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, NAS RA, 0025 Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Nelli Hovhannisyan
- Department of Ecology and Nature Protection, Yerevan State University, 0025 Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Iliya Iliev
- Yambol Regional Historical Museum, 8600 Yambol, Bulgaria
| | - Lora Iliev
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - İlkay İvgin
- Ministry of Culture and Tourism, İsmet İnönü Bulvarı, 06100 Emek, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ivor Janković
- Centre for Applied Bioanthropology, Institute for Anthropological Research, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lence Jovanova
- Museum of the City of Skopje, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Panagiotis Karkanas
- Malcolm H. Wiener Laboratory, American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 10676 Athens, Greece
| | - Berna Kavaz-Kındığılı
- Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Letters, Atatürk University, 25100 Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Esra Hilal Kaya
- Muğla Archaeological Museum and Yatağan Thermal Power Generation Company, Rescue Excavations, 48000 Muğla, Turkey
| | - Denise Keating
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Douglas J Kennett
- Institutes of Energy and the Environment, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.,Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Seda Deniz Kesici
- Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archeology, Çarşı Neighbourhood, 48400 Bodrum, Muğla, Turkey
| | | | - Krisztián Kiss
- Department of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, 1053 Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Anthropology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sinan Kılıç
- Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Humanities, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, 65090 Tuşba, Van, Turkey
| | - Paul Klostermann
- Department of Anthropology, Natural History Museum Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | - Rovena Kurti
- Prehistory Department, Albanian Institute of Archaeology, Academy of Albanian Studies, 1000 Tirana, Albania
| | - Pasko Kuzman
- National Museum in Ohrid, 6000 Ohrid, North Macedonia
| | - Ann Marie Lawson
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Catalin Lazar
- ArchaeoSciences Division, Research Institute of the University of Bucharest, University of Bucharest, 050663 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Krassimir Leshtakov
- Department of Archaeology, St. Kliment Ohridski University of Sofia, 1504 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Thomas E Levy
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ioannis Liritzis
- Key Research Institute of Yellow River Civilization and Sustainable Development and the Collaborative Innovation Center on Yellow River Civilization of Henan Province, Laboratory of Yellow River Cultural Heritage, Henan University, 475001 Kaifeng, China.,European Academy of Sciences and Arts, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Kirsi O Lorentz
- Science and Technology in Archaeology and Culture Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, 2121 Aglantzia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Sylwia Łukasik
- Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Matthew Mah
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Swapan Mallick
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kirsten Mandl
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Roger Matthews
- Department of Archaeology, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AB, UK
| | - Wendy Matthews
- Department of Archaeology, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AB, UK
| | - Kathleen McSweeney
- School of History, Classics and Archaeology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK
| | - Varduhi Melikyan
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, NAS RA, 0025 Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Adam Micco
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Megan Michel
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Alissa Mittnik
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Janet M Monge
- University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Georgi Nekhrizov
- National Institute of Archaeology and Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Rebecca Nicholls
- School of Archaeological and Forensic Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Alexey G Nikitin
- Department of Biology, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI 49401, USA
| | - Vassil Nikolov
- National Institute of Archaeology and Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Mario Novak
- Centre for Applied Bioanthropology, Institute for Anthropological Research, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Iñigo Olalde
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,BIOMICs Research Group, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Jonas Oppenheimer
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anna Osterholtz
- Department of Anthropology and Middle Eastern Cultures, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Celal Özdemir
- Amasya Archaeology Museum, Mustafa Kemal Paşa Caddesi, 05000 Amasya, Turkey
| | - Kadir Toykan Özdoğan
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nurettin Öztürk
- Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Letters, Atatürk University, 25100 Erzurum, Turkey
| | | | - Niki Papakonstantinou
- Faculty of Philosophy, School of History and Archaeology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anastasia Papathanasiou
- Ephorate of Paleoantropology and Speleology, Greek Ministry of Culture, 11636 Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Nick Patterson
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Ilian Petrakiev
- Regional Museum of History - Veliko Tarnovo, 5000 Veliko Tarnovo, Bulgaria
| | - Levon Petrosyan
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, NAS RA, 0025 Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Vanya Petrova
- Department of Archaeology, St. Kliment Ohridski University of Sofia, 1504 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Ashot Piliposyan
- Department of Armenian History, Armenian State Pedagogical University After Khachatur Abovyan, 0010 Yerevan, Armenia
| | | | - Hrvoje Potrebica
- Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | | | - T Douglas Price
- Laboratory for Archaeological Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Lijun Qiu
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Siniša Radović
- Institute for Quaternary Paleontology and Geology, Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Kamal Raeuf Aziz
- Sulaymaniyah Directorate of Antiquities and Heritage, 46010 Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
| | - Petra Rajić Šikanjić
- Centre for Applied Bioanthropology, Institute for Anthropological Research, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Sergei Razumov
- Pridnestrovian University named after Taras Shevchenko, 3300 Tiraspol, Moldova
| | - Amy Richardson
- Department of Archaeology, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AB, UK
| | - Jacob Roodenberg
- The Netherlands Institute for the Near East, 2311 Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Rudenc Ruka
- Prehistory Department, Albanian Institute of Archaeology, Academy of Albanian Studies, 1000 Tirana, Albania
| | - Victoria Russeva
- Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Archeology with Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Science, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Mustafa Şahin
- Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Bursa Uludağ University, 16059 Görükle, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Ayşegül Şarbak
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Hitit University, 19040 Çorum, Turkey
| | - Emre Savaş
- Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archeology, Çarşı Neighbourhood, 48400 Bodrum, Muğla, Turkey
| | - Constanze Schattke
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lynne Schepartz
- School of Anatomical Sciences, The University of the Witwatersrand, 2193 Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Tayfun Selçuk
- Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archeology, Çarşı Neighbourhood, 48400 Bodrum, Muğla, Turkey
| | - Ayla Sevim-Erol
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Language and History - Geography, Ankara University, 06100 Sıhhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Michel Shamoon-Pour
- Department of Anthropology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA
| | | | - Athanasios Sideris
- Institute of Classical Archaeology, Charles University, 11636 Prague, Czechia
| | - Angela Simalcsik
- "Orheiul Vechi" Cultural-Natural Reserve, Institute of Bioarchaeological and Ethnocultural Research, 3552 Butuceni, Moldova.,"Olga Necrasov" Centre of Anthropological Research, Romanian Academy Iași Branch, 2012 Iaşi Romania
| | - Hakob Simonyan
- Scientific Research Center of the Historical and Cultural Heritage, 0010 Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Vitalij Sinika
- Pridnestrovian University named after Taras Shevchenko, 3300 Tiraspol, Moldova
| | - Kendra Sirak
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ghenadie Sirbu
- Thracology Scientific Research Laboratory of the State University of Moldova, Department of Academic Management, Academy of Science of Moldova, 2009 Chișinău, Moldova
| | - Mario Šlaus
- Anthropological Center of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Andrei Soficaru
- "Francisc I. Rainer" Institute of Anthropology, 050711 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Bilal Söğüt
- Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Pamukkale University, 20070 Denizli, Turkey
| | | | - Çilem Sönmez-Sözer
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Language and History - Geography, Ankara University, 06100 Sıhhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Maria Stathi
- Ephorate of Antiquities of East Attica, Ministry of Culture and Sports, 10682 Athens, Greece
| | - Martin Steskal
- Austrian Archaeological Institute at the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Kristin Stewardson
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sharon Stocker
- Department of Classics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Fadime Suata-Alpaslan
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Letters, Istanbul University, 34134 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Alexander Suvorov
- Department of Cultures, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Szécsényi-Nagy
- Institute of Archaeogenomics, Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 1097 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Szeniczey
- Department of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, 1053 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nikolai Telnov
- Pridnestrovian University named after Taras Shevchenko, 3300 Tiraspol, Moldova
| | - Strahil Temov
- Archaeology Museum of North Macedonia, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Nadezhda Todorova
- Department of Archaeology, St. Kliment Ohridski University of Sofia, 1504 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ulsi Tota
- Prehistory Department, Albanian Institute of Archaeology, Academy of Albanian Studies, 1000 Tirana, Albania.,Culture and Patrimony Department, University of Avignon, F-84029 Avignon, France
| | - Gilles Touchais
- Department of the History of Art and Archaeology, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Sevi Triantaphyllou
- Faculty of Philosophy, School of History and Archaeology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Atila Türker
- Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Ondokuz Mayıs University, 55139 Atakum-Samsun, Turkey
| | | | - Todor Valchev
- Yambol Regional Historical Museum, 8600 Yambol, Bulgaria
| | | | - Zlatko Videvski
- Archaeology Museum of North Macedonia, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia
| | | | - Anna Wagner
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sam Walsh
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Piotr Włodarczak
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-016 Kraków, Poland
| | - J Noah Workman
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aram Yardumian
- Department of History and Social Sciences, Bryn Athyn College, Bryn Athyn, PA 19009, USA.,Penn Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Evgenii Yarovoy
- History of the Ancient World and Middle Ages Department, Moscow Region State University, Moscow Region, 141014 Mytishi, Russia
| | - Alper Yener Yavuz
- Department of Anthropology, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Istiklal Campus, 15100 Burdur, Turkey
| | - Hakan Yılmaz
- Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Humanities, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, 65090 Tuşba, Van, Turkey
| | - Fatma Zalzala
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anna Zettl
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rafet Çavuşoğlu
- Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Humanities, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, 65090 Tuşba, Van, Turkey
| | - Nadin Rohland
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ron Pinhasi
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria.,Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - David Reich
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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19
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Wangkumhang P, Greenfield M, Hellenthal G. An efficient method to identify, date, and describe admixture events using haplotype information. Genome Res 2022; 32:1553-1564. [PMID: 35794007 PMCID: PMC9435750 DOI: 10.1101/gr.275994.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We present fastGLOBETROTTER, an efficient new haplotype-based technique to identify, date, and describe admixture events using genome-wide autosomal data. With simulations, we show how fastGLOBETROTTER reduces computation time by an order of magnitude relative to the related technique GLOBETROTTER without suffering loss of accuracy. We apply fastGLOBETROTTER to a cohort of more than 6000 Europeans from 10 countries, revealing previously unreported admixture signals. In particular, we infer multiple periods of admixture related to East Asian or Siberian-like sources, starting >2000 yr ago, in people living in countries north of the Baltic Sea. In contrast, we infer admixture related to West Asian, North African, and/or Southern European sources in populations south of the Baltic Sea, including admixture dated to ∼300-700 CE, overlapping the fall of the Roman Empire, in people from Belgium, France, and parts of Germany. Our new approach scales to analyzing hundreds to thousands of individuals from a putatively admixed population and, hence, is applicable to emerging large-scale cohorts of genetically homogeneous populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pongsakorn Wangkumhang
- University College London Genetics Institute (UGI), Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- National Biobank of Thailand, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Matthew Greenfield
- University College London Genetics Institute (UGI), Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Garrett Hellenthal
- University College London Genetics Institute (UGI), Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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20
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The genomic origins of the world's first farmers. Cell 2022; 185:1842-1859.e18. [PMID: 35561686 PMCID: PMC9166250 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The precise genetic origins of the first Neolithic farming populations in Europe and Southwest Asia, as well as the processes and the timing of their differentiation, remain largely unknown. Demogenomic modeling of high-quality ancient genomes reveals that the early farmers of Anatolia and Europe emerged from a multiphase mixing of a Southwest Asian population with a strongly bottlenecked western hunter-gatherer population after the last glacial maximum. Moreover, the ancestors of the first farmers of Europe and Anatolia went through a period of extreme genetic drift during their westward range expansion, contributing highly to their genetic distinctiveness. This modeling elucidates the demographic processes at the root of the Neolithic transition and leads to a spatial interpretation of the population history of Southwest Asia and Europe during the late Pleistocene and early Holocene.
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21
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Wohns AW, Wong Y, Jeffery B, Akbari A, Mallick S, Pinhasi R, Patterson N, Reich D, Kelleher J, McVean G. A unified genealogy of modern and ancient genomes. Science 2022; 375:eabi8264. [PMID: 35201891 PMCID: PMC10027547 DOI: 10.1126/science.abi8264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The sequencing of modern and ancient genomes from around the world has revolutionized our understanding of human history and evolution. However, the problem of how best to characterize ancestral relationships from the totality of human genomic variation remains unsolved. Here, we address this challenge with nonparametric methods that enable us to infer a unified genealogy of modern and ancient humans. This compact representation of multiple datasets explores the challenges of missing and erroneous data and uses ancient samples to constrain and date relationships. We demonstrate the power of the method to recover relationships between individuals and populations as well as to identify descendants of ancient samples. Finally, we introduce a simple nonparametric estimator of the geographical location of ancestors that recapitulates key events in human history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Wilder Wohns
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford; Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Yan Wong
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford; Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Ben Jeffery
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford; Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Ali Akbari
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University; Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Swapan Mallick
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ron Pinhasi
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna; 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nick Patterson
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University; Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David Reich
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University; Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jerome Kelleher
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford; Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Gil McVean
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford; Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
- Corresponding author.
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22
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Aneli S, Saupe T, Montinaro F, Solnik A, Molinaro L, Scaggion C, Carrara N, Raveane A, Kivisild T, Metspalu M, Scheib CL, Pagani L. The Genetic Origin of Daunians and the Pan-Mediterranean Southern Italian Iron Age Context. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:msac014. [PMID: 35038748 PMCID: PMC8826970 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msac014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The geographical location and shape of Apulia, a narrow land stretching out in the sea at the South of Italy, made this region a Mediterranean crossroads connecting Western Europe and the Balkans. Such movements culminated at the beginning of the Iron Age with the Iapygian civilization which consisted of three cultures: Peucetians, Messapians, and Daunians. Among them, the Daunians left a peculiar cultural heritage, with one-of-a-kind stelae and pottery, but, despite the extensive archaeological literature, their origin has been lost to time. In order to shed light on this and to provide a genetic picture of Iron Age Southern Italy, we collected and sequenced human remains from three archaeological sites geographically located in Northern Apulia (the area historically inhabited by Daunians) and radiocarbon dated between 1157 and 275 calBCE. We find that Iron Age Apulian samples are still distant from the genetic variability of modern-day Apulians, they show a degree of genetic heterogeneity comparable with the cosmopolitan Republican and Imperial Roman civilization, even though a few kilometers and centuries separate them, and they are well inserted into the Iron Age Pan-Mediterranean genetic landscape. Our study provides for the first time a window on the genetic make-up of pre-Roman Apulia, whose increasing connectivity within the Mediterranean landscape, would have contributed to laying the foundation for modern genetic variability. In this light, the genetic profile of Daunians may be compatible with an at least partial autochthonous origin, with plausible contributions from the Balkan peninsula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Aneli
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Tina Saupe
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Francesco Montinaro
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Biology-Genetics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Anu Solnik
- Core Facility, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ludovica Molinaro
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Cinzia Scaggion
- Department of Geosciences, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Nicola Carrara
- Anthropology Museum, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Raveane
- Laboratory of Hematology-Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Toomas Kivisild
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mait Metspalu
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Christiana L Scheib
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- St John’s College, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Luca Pagani
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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23
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Genetic continuity of Indo-Iranian speakers since the Iron Age in southern Central Asia. Sci Rep 2022; 12:733. [PMID: 35031610 PMCID: PMC8760286 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04144-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Since prehistoric times, southern Central Asia has been at the crossroads of the movement of people, culture, and goods. Today, the Central Asian populations are divided into two cultural and linguistic groups: the Indo-Iranian and the Turko-Mongolian groups. Previous genetic studies unveiled that migrations from East Asia contributed to the spread of Turko-Mongolian populations in Central Asia and the partial replacement of the Indo-Iranian populations. However, little is known about the origin of the latters. To shed light on this, we compare the genetic data on two current-day Indo-Iranian populations — Yaghnobis and Tajiks — with genome-wide data from published ancient individuals. The present Indo-Iranian populations from Central Asia display a strong genetic continuity with Iron Age samples from Turkmenistan and Tajikistan. We model Yaghnobis as a mixture of 93% Iron Age individual from Turkmenistan and 7% from Baikal. For the Tajiks, we observe a higher Baikal ancestry and an additional admixture event with a South Asian population. Our results, therefore, suggest that in addition to a complex history, Central Asia shows a remarkable genetic continuity since the Iron Age, with only limited gene flow.
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24
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Ceballos FC, Gürün K, Altınışık NE, Gemici HC, Karamurat C, Koptekin D, Vural KB, Mapelli I, Sağlıcan E, Sürer E, Erdal YS, Götherström A, Özer F, Atakuman Ç, Somel M. Human inbreeding has decreased in time through the Holocene. Curr Biol 2021; 31:3925-3934.e8. [PMID: 34216555 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The history of human inbreeding is controversial.1 In particular, how the development of sedentary and/or agricultural societies may have influenced overall inbreeding levels, relative to those of hunter-gatherer communities, is unclear.2-5 Here, we present an approach for reliable estimation of runs of homozygosity (ROHs) in genomes with ≥3× mean sequence coverage across >1 million SNPs and apply this to 411 ancient Eurasian genomes from the last 15,000 years.5-34 We show that the frequency of inbreeding, as measured by ROHs, has decreased over time. The strongest effect is associated with the Neolithic transition, but the trend has since continued, indicating a population size effect on inbreeding prevalence. We further show that most inbreeding in our historical sample can be attributed to small population size instead of consanguinity. Cases of high consanguinity were rare and only observed among members of farming societies in our sample. Despite the lack of evidence for common consanguinity in our ancient sample, consanguineous traditions are today prevalent in various modern-day Eurasian societies,1,35-37 suggesting that such practices may have become widespread within the last few millennia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco C Ceballos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kanat Gürün
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - N Ezgi Altınışık
- Human-G Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hasan Can Gemici
- Department of Settlement Archaeology, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cansu Karamurat
- Department of Settlement Archaeology, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Dilek Koptekin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kıvılcım Başak Vural
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Igor Mapelli
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ekin Sağlıcan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Elif Sürer
- Department of Modeling and Simulation, Graduate School of Informatics, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yılmaz Selim Erdal
- Human-G Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Anders Götherström
- Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Palaeogenetics, Svante Arrhenius väg 20C, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Füsun Özer
- Human-G Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Çiğdem Atakuman
- Department of Settlement Archaeology, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Somel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey.
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25
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Freilich S, Ringbauer H, Los D, Novak M, Pavičić DT, Schiffels S, Pinhasi R. Reconstructing genetic histories and social organisation in Neolithic and Bronze Age Croatia. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16729. [PMID: 34408163 PMCID: PMC8373892 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94932-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ancient DNA studies have revealed how human migrations from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age transformed the social and genetic structure of European societies. Present-day Croatia lies at the heart of ancient migration routes through Europe, yet our knowledge about social and genetic processes here remains sparse. To shed light on these questions, we report new whole-genome data for 28 individuals dated to between ~ 4700 BCE-400 CE from two sites in present-day eastern Croatia. In the Middle Neolithic we evidence first cousin mating practices and strong genetic continuity from the Early Neolithic. In the Middle Bronze Age community that we studied, we find multiple closely related males suggesting a patrilocal social organisation. We also find in that community an unexpected genetic ancestry profile distinct from individuals found at contemporaneous sites in the region, due to the addition of hunter-gatherer-related ancestry. These findings support archaeological evidence for contacts with communities further north in the Carpathian Basin. Finally, an individual dated to Roman times exhibits an ancestry profile that is broadly present in the region today, adding an important data point to the substantial shift in ancestry that occurred in the region between the Bronze Age and today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Freilich
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745, Jena, Germany.
| | - Harald Ringbauer
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | | | - Mario Novak
- Centre for Applied Bioanthropology, Institute for Anthropological Research, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Stephan Schiffels
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745, Jena, Germany.
| | - Ron Pinhasi
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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26
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Clemente F, Unterländer M, Dolgova O, Amorim CEG, Coroado-Santos F, Neuenschwander S, Ganiatsou E, Cruz Dávalos DI, Anchieri L, Michaud F, Winkelbach L, Blöcher J, Arizmendi Cárdenas YO, Sousa da Mota B, Kalliga E, Souleles A, Kontopoulos I, Karamitrou-Mentessidi G, Philaniotou O, Sampson A, Theodorou D, Tsipopoulou M, Akamatis I, Halstead P, Kotsakis K, Urem-Kotsou D, Panagiotopoulos D, Ziota C, Triantaphyllou S, Delaneau O, Jensen JD, Moreno-Mayar JV, Burger J, Sousa VC, Lao O, Malaspinas AS, Papageorgopoulou C. The genomic history of the Aegean palatial civilizations. Cell 2021; 184:2565-2586.e21. [PMID: 33930288 PMCID: PMC8127963 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The Cycladic, the Minoan, and the Helladic (Mycenaean) cultures define the Bronze Age (BA) of Greece. Urbanism, complex social structures, craft and agricultural specialization, and the earliest forms of writing characterize this iconic period. We sequenced six Early to Middle BA whole genomes, along with 11 mitochondrial genomes, sampled from the three BA cultures of the Aegean Sea. The Early BA (EBA) genomes are homogeneous and derive most of their ancestry from Neolithic Aegeans, contrary to earlier hypotheses that the Neolithic-EBA cultural transition was due to massive population turnover. EBA Aegeans were shaped by relatively small-scale migration from East of the Aegean, as evidenced by the Caucasus-related ancestry also detected in Anatolians. In contrast, Middle BA (MBA) individuals of northern Greece differ from EBA populations in showing ∼50% Pontic-Caspian Steppe-related ancestry, dated at ca. 2,600-2,000 BCE. Such gene flow events during the MBA contributed toward shaping present-day Greek genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Clemente
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martina Unterländer
- Laboratory of Physical Anthropology, Department of History and Ethnology, Democritus University of Thrace, 69100 Komotini, Greece; Palaeogenetics Group, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Olga Dolgova
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 4, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Eduardo G Amorim
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Francisco Coroado-Santos
- CE3C, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Samuel Neuenschwander
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Vital-IT, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Elissavet Ganiatsou
- Laboratory of Physical Anthropology, Department of History and Ethnology, Democritus University of Thrace, 69100 Komotini, Greece
| | - Diana I Cruz Dávalos
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lucas Anchieri
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Michaud
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laura Winkelbach
- Palaeogenetics Group, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jens Blöcher
- Palaeogenetics Group, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Yami Ommar Arizmendi Cárdenas
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bárbara Sousa da Mota
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eleni Kalliga
- Laboratory of Physical Anthropology, Department of History and Ethnology, Democritus University of Thrace, 69100 Komotini, Greece
| | - Angelos Souleles
- Laboratory of Physical Anthropology, Department of History and Ethnology, Democritus University of Thrace, 69100 Komotini, Greece
| | - Ioannis Kontopoulos
- Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Olga Philaniotou
- Ephor Emerita of Antiquities, Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports, 10682 Athens, Greece
| | - Adamantios Sampson
- Department of Mediterranean Studies, University of the Aegean, 85132 Rhodes, Greece
| | - Dimitra Theodorou
- Ephorate of Antiquities of Kozani, Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports, 50004 Kozani, Greece
| | - Metaxia Tsipopoulou
- Ephor Emerita of Antiquities, Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports, 10682 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Akamatis
- Department of History and Archaeology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Paul Halstead
- Department of Archaeology, University of Sheffield, Minalloy House, 10-16 Regent St., Sheffield S1 3NJ, UK
| | - Kostas Kotsakis
- Department of History and Archaeology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dushka Urem-Kotsou
- Department of History and Ethnology, Democritus University of Thrace, 69100 Komotini, Greece
| | - Diamantis Panagiotopoulos
- Institute of Classical Archaeology, University of Heidelberg, Marstallhof 4, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christina Ziota
- Ephorate of Antiquities of Florina, Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports, 53100 Florina, Greece
| | - Sevasti Triantaphyllou
- Department of History and Archaeology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Olivier Delaneau
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey D Jensen
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - J Víctor Moreno-Mayar
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark; National Institute of Genomic Medicine (INMEGEN), 14610 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Joachim Burger
- Palaeogenetics Group, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Vitor C Sousa
- CE3C, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Oscar Lao
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 4, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna-Sapfo Malaspinas
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Christina Papageorgopoulou
- Laboratory of Physical Anthropology, Department of History and Ethnology, Democritus University of Thrace, 69100 Komotini, Greece.
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27
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Žegarac A, Winkelbach L, Blöcher J, Diekmann Y, Krečković Gavrilović M, Porčić M, Stojković B, Milašinović L, Schreiber M, Wegmann D, Veeramah KR, Stefanović S, Burger J. Ancient genomes provide insights into family structure and the heredity of social status in the early Bronze Age of southeastern Europe. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10072. [PMID: 33980902 PMCID: PMC8115322 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89090-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Twenty-four palaeogenomes from Mokrin, a major Early Bronze Age necropolis in southeastern Europe, were sequenced to analyse kinship between individuals and to better understand prehistoric social organization. 15 investigated individuals were involved in genetic relationships of varying degrees. The Mokrin sample resembles a genetically unstructured population, suggesting that the community’s social hierarchies were not accompanied by strict marriage barriers. We find evidence for female exogamy but no indications for strict patrilocality. Individual status differences at Mokrin, as indicated by grave goods, support the inference that females could inherit status, but could not transmit status to all their sons. We further show that sons had the possibility to acquire status during their lifetimes, but not necessarily to inherit it. Taken together, these findings suggest that Southeastern Europe in the Early Bronze Age had a significantly different family and social structure than Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age societies of Central Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Žegarac
- Laboratory of Bioarchaeology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.,Palaeogenetics Group, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution (iomE), Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - L Winkelbach
- Palaeogenetics Group, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution (iomE), Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - J Blöcher
- Palaeogenetics Group, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution (iomE), Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - Y Diekmann
- Palaeogenetics Group, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution (iomE), Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - M Krečković Gavrilović
- Laboratory of Bioarchaeology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - M Porčić
- Laboratory of Bioarchaeology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - B Stojković
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - L Milašinović
- National Museum of Kikinda, Trg Srpskih Dobrovoljaca 21, 23300, Kikinda, Serbia
| | - M Schreiber
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, 06466, Seeland, Germany
| | - D Wegmann
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - K R Veeramah
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11790, USA
| | - S Stefanović
- Laboratory of Bioarchaeology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.,Biosense Institute, University of Novi Sad, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - J Burger
- Palaeogenetics Group, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution (iomE), Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55099, Mainz, Germany.
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28
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Abstract
Some of the genes responsible for the evolution of light skin pigmentation in Europeans show signals of positive selection in present-day populations. Recently, genome-wide association studies have highlighted the highly polygenic nature of skin pigmentation. It is unclear whether selection has operated on all of these genetic variants or just a subset. By studying variation in over a thousand ancient genomes from West Eurasia covering 40,000 y, we are able to study both the aggregate behavior of pigmentation-associated variants and the evolutionary history of individual variants. We find that the evolution of light skin pigmentation in Europeans was driven by frequency changes in a relatively small fraction of the genetic variants that are associated with variation in the trait today. Skin pigmentation is a classic example of a polygenic trait that has experienced directional selection in humans. Genome-wide association studies have identified well over a hundred pigmentation-associated loci, and genomic scans in present-day and ancient populations have identified selective sweeps for a small number of light pigmentation-associated alleles in Europeans. It is unclear whether selection has operated on all of the genetic variation associated with skin pigmentation as opposed to just a small number of large-effect variants. Here, we address this question using ancient DNA from 1,158 individuals from West Eurasia covering a period of 40,000 y combined with genome-wide association summary statistics from the UK Biobank. We find a robust signal of directional selection in ancient West Eurasians on 170 skin pigmentation-associated variants ascertained in the UK Biobank. However, we also show that this signal is driven by a limited number of large-effect variants. Consistent with this observation, we find that a polygenic selection test in present-day populations fails to detect selection with the full set of variants. Our data allow us to disentangle the effects of admixture and selection. Most notably, a large-effect variant at SLC24A5 was introduced to Western Europe by migrations of Neolithic farming populations but continued to be under selection post-admixture. This study shows that the response to selection for light skin pigmentation in West Eurasia was driven by a relatively small proportion of the variants that are associated with present-day phenotypic variation.
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29
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Mitochondrial DNA Profiles of Individuals from a 12th Century Necropolis in Feldioara (Transylvania). Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12030436. [PMID: 33808521 PMCID: PMC8003334 DOI: 10.3390/genes12030436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic signature of modern Europeans is the cumulated result of millennia of discrete small-scale exchanges between multiple distinct population groups that performed a repeated cycle of movement, settlement, and interactions with each other. In this study we aimed to highlight one such minute genetic cycle in a sea of genetic interactions by reconstructing part of the genetic story of the migration, settlement, interaction, and legacy of what is today the Transylvanian Saxon. The analysis of the mitochondrial DNA control region of 13 medieval individuals from Feldioara necropolis (Transylvania region, Romania) reveals a genetically heterogeneous group where all identified haplotypes are different. Most of the perceived maternal lineages are of Western Eurasian origin, except for the Central Asiatic haplogroup C seen in only one sample. Comparisons with historical and modern populations describe the contribution of the investigated Saxon settlers to the genetic history of this part of Europe.
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30
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Toncala A, Trautmann B, Velte M, Kropf E, McGlynn G, Peters J, Harbeck M. On the premises of mixing models to define local bioavailable 87Sr/ 86Sr ranges in archaeological contexts. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 745:140902. [PMID: 32717600 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In archaeological mobility studies, non-local humans and animals can be identified by means of stable strontium isotope analysis. However, defining the range of local 87Sr/86Sr ratios is prerequisite. To achieve this goal, proxy-based mixing models have recently been proposed using 87Sr/86Sr ratios measured in modern local vegetation, water and soil samples. Our study complements earlier efforts by introducing archaeological animal bones as an additional proxy. We then evaluate the different modelling approaches by contrasting proxy-results generated for the county of Erding (Upper Bavaria, Germany) with a comprehensive set of strontium measurements obtained from tooth enamel of late antique and early medieval human individuals (n = 49) from the same micro-region. We conclude that current mixing models based on environmental proxies clearly underestimate the locally bioavailable 87Sr/86Sr ratios due to the limited sample size of modern environmental specimens and a suit of imponderables inherent to efforts modelling complex geobiological processes. In sum, currently available mixing models are deemed inadequate and can therefore not be recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Toncala
- SNSB, State Collection for Anthropology and Palaeoanatomy, Karolinenplatz 2a, 80333 Munich, Germany.
| | - Bernd Trautmann
- SNSB, State Collection for Anthropology and Palaeoanatomy, Karolinenplatz 2a, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Maren Velte
- SNSB, State Collection for Anthropology and Palaeoanatomy, Karolinenplatz 2a, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Eva Kropf
- SNSB, State Collection for Anthropology and Palaeoanatomy, Karolinenplatz 2a, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - George McGlynn
- SNSB, State Collection for Anthropology and Palaeoanatomy, Karolinenplatz 2a, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Joris Peters
- SNSB, State Collection for Anthropology and Palaeoanatomy, Karolinenplatz 2a, 80333 Munich, Germany; Department of Veterinary Sciences, Institute of Paleoanatomy, Domestication Research and the History of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Kaulbachstr. 37 III, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Michaela Harbeck
- SNSB, State Collection for Anthropology and Palaeoanatomy, Karolinenplatz 2a, 80333 Munich, Germany
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31
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Low Prevalence of Lactase Persistence in Bronze Age Europe Indicates Ongoing Strong Selection over the Last 3,000 Years. Curr Biol 2020; 30:4307-4315.e13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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32
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Margaryan A, Lawson DJ, Sikora M, Racimo F, Rasmussen S, Moltke I, Cassidy LM, Jørsboe E, Ingason A, Pedersen MW, Korneliussen T, Wilhelmson H, Buś MM, de Barros Damgaard P, Martiniano R, Renaud G, Bhérer C, Moreno-Mayar JV, Fotakis AK, Allen M, Allmäe R, Molak M, Cappellini E, Scorrano G, McColl H, Buzhilova A, Fox A, Albrechtsen A, Schütz B, Skar B, Arcini C, Falys C, Jonson CH, Błaszczyk D, Pezhemsky D, Turner-Walker G, Gestsdóttir H, Lundstrøm I, Gustin I, Mainland I, Potekhina I, Muntoni IM, Cheng J, Stenderup J, Ma J, Gibson J, Peets J, Gustafsson J, Iversen KH, Simpson L, Strand L, Loe L, Sikora M, Florek M, Vretemark M, Redknap M, Bajka M, Pushkina T, Søvsø M, Grigoreva N, Christensen T, Kastholm O, Uldum O, Favia P, Holck P, Sten S, Arge SV, Ellingvåg S, Moiseyev V, Bogdanowicz W, Magnusson Y, Orlando L, Pentz P, Jessen MD, Pedersen A, Collard M, Bradley DG, Jørkov ML, Arneborg J, Lynnerup N, Price N, Gilbert MTP, Allentoft ME, Bill J, Sindbæk SM, Hedeager L, Kristiansen K, Nielsen R, Werge T, Willerslev E. Population genomics of the Viking world. Nature 2020. [PMID: 32939067 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020–2688-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The maritime expansion of Scandinavian populations during the Viking Age (about AD 750-1050) was a far-flung transformation in world history1,2. Here we sequenced the genomes of 442 humans from archaeological sites across Europe and Greenland (to a median depth of about 1×) to understand the global influence of this expansion. We find the Viking period involved gene flow into Scandinavia from the south and east. We observe genetic structure within Scandinavia, with diversity hotspots in the south and restricted gene flow within Scandinavia. We find evidence for a major influx of Danish ancestry into England; a Swedish influx into the Baltic; and Norwegian influx into Ireland, Iceland and Greenland. Additionally, we see substantial ancestry from elsewhere in Europe entering Scandinavia during the Viking Age. Our ancient DNA analysis also revealed that a Viking expedition included close family members. By comparing with modern populations, we find that pigmentation-associated loci have undergone strong population differentiation during the past millennium, and trace positively selected loci-including the lactase-persistence allele of LCT and alleles of ANKA that are associated with the immune response-in detail. We conclude that the Viking diaspora was characterized by substantial transregional engagement: distinct populations influenced the genomic makeup of different regions of Europe, and Scandinavia experienced increased contact with the rest of the continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashot Margaryan
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Institute of Molecular Biology, National Academy of Sciences, Yerevan, Armenia.,Section for Evolutionary Genomics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel J Lawson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,School of Statistical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Martin Sikora
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fernando Racimo
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Simon Rasmussen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ida Moltke
- The Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lara M Cassidy
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Emil Jørsboe
- The Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrés Ingason
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mikkel W Pedersen
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thorfinn Korneliussen
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,HSE University, Russian Federation National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Helene Wilhelmson
- Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Sydsvensk Arkeologi AB, Kristianstad, Sweden
| | - Magdalena M Buś
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter de Barros Damgaard
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rui Martiniano
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gabriel Renaud
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Health Technology, Section for Bioinformatics, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claude Bhérer
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - J Víctor Moreno-Mayar
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,National Institute of Genomic Medicine (INMEGEN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Anna K Fotakis
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marie Allen
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Raili Allmäe
- Archaeological Research Collection, Tallinn University, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Martyna Molak
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Enrico Cappellini
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gabriele Scorrano
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hugh McColl
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexandra Buzhilova
- Anuchin Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Allison Fox
- Manx National Heritage, Douglas, Isle of Man
| | - Anders Albrechtsen
- The Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Birgitte Skar
- NTNU University Museum, Department of Archaeology and Cultural History, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Caroline Arcini
- The Archaeologists, National Historical Museums, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ceri Falys
- Thames Valley Archaeological Services (TVAS), Reading, UK
| | | | | | - Denis Pezhemsky
- Anuchin Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Gordon Turner-Walker
- Department of Cultural Heritage Conservation, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Douliou, Taiwan
| | | | - Inge Lundstrøm
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ingrid Gustin
- Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Mainland
- UHI Archaeology Institute, University of the Highlands and Islands, Kirkwall, UK
| | - Inna Potekhina
- Department of Bioarchaeology, Institute of Archaeology of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Italo M Muntoni
- Soprintendenza Archeologia, Belle Arti e Paesaggio per le Province di Barletta, Andria, Trani e Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Jade Cheng
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper Stenderup
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jilong Ma
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julie Gibson
- UHI Archaeology Institute, University of the Highlands and Islands, Kirkwall, UK
| | - Jüri Peets
- Archaeological Research Collection, Tallinn University, Tallinn, Estonia
| | | | - Katrine H Iversen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Health Technology, Section for Bioinformatics, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Lisa Strand
- NTNU University Museum, Department of Archaeology and Cultural History, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Louise Loe
- Heritage Burial Services, Oxford Archaeology, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Marek Florek
- Institute of Archaeology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Mark Redknap
- Department of History and Archaeology, Amgueddfa Cymru-National Museum Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Monika Bajka
- Trzy Epoki Archaeological Service, Klimontów, Poland
| | | | | | - Natalia Grigoreva
- Department of Slavic-Finnish Archaeology, Institute for the History of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Ole Kastholm
- Department of Research and Heritage, Roskilde Museum, Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | - Pasquale Favia
- Department of Humanities, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Per Holck
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sabine Sten
- Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Uppsala University Campus Gotland, Visby, Sweden
| | - Símun V Arge
- Tjóðsavnið - Faroe Islands National Museum, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
| | - Sturla Ellingvåg
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vayacheslav Moiseyev
- Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera), Russian Academy of Science, St Petersburg, Russia
| | | | | | - Ludovic Orlando
- Laboratoire d'Anthropobiologie Moléculaire et d'Imagerie de Synthèse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Peter Pentz
- National Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Mark Collard
- Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Colombia, Canada
| | - Daniel G Bradley
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Marie Louise Jørkov
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jette Arneborg
- National Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark.,School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Niels Lynnerup
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Neil Price
- Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M Thomas P Gilbert
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Natural History, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Morten E Allentoft
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Trace and Environmental DNA (TrEnD) Laboratory, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jan Bill
- Museum of Cultural History, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Søren M Sindbæk
- Centre for Urban Network Evolutions (UrbNet), School of Culture and Society, Aarhus University, Højbjerg, Denmark
| | - Lotte Hedeager
- Institute of Archaeology, Conservation and History, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Rasmus Nielsen
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Department of Integrative Biology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA. .,Department of Statistics, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Thomas Werge
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Eske Willerslev
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. .,The Danish Institute for Advanced Study, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark. .,The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK.
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33
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Margaryan A, Lawson DJ, Sikora M, Racimo F, Rasmussen S, Moltke I, Cassidy LM, Jørsboe E, Ingason A, Pedersen MW, Korneliussen T, Wilhelmson H, Buś MM, de Barros Damgaard P, Martiniano R, Renaud G, Bhérer C, Moreno-Mayar JV, Fotakis AK, Allen M, Allmäe R, Molak M, Cappellini E, Scorrano G, McColl H, Buzhilova A, Fox A, Albrechtsen A, Schütz B, Skar B, Arcini C, Falys C, Jonson CH, Błaszczyk D, Pezhemsky D, Turner-Walker G, Gestsdóttir H, Lundstrøm I, Gustin I, Mainland I, Potekhina I, Muntoni IM, Cheng J, Stenderup J, Ma J, Gibson J, Peets J, Gustafsson J, Iversen KH, Simpson L, Strand L, Loe L, Sikora M, Florek M, Vretemark M, Redknap M, Bajka M, Pushkina T, Søvsø M, Grigoreva N, Christensen T, Kastholm O, Uldum O, Favia P, Holck P, Sten S, Arge SV, Ellingvåg S, Moiseyev V, Bogdanowicz W, Magnusson Y, Orlando L, Pentz P, Jessen MD, Pedersen A, Collard M, Bradley DG, Jørkov ML, Arneborg J, Lynnerup N, Price N, Gilbert MTP, Allentoft ME, Bill J, Sindbæk SM, Hedeager L, Kristiansen K, Nielsen R, Werge T, Willerslev E. Population genomics of the Viking world. Nature 2020; 585:390-396. [PMID: 32939067 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2688-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The maritime expansion of Scandinavian populations during the Viking Age (about AD 750-1050) was a far-flung transformation in world history1,2. Here we sequenced the genomes of 442 humans from archaeological sites across Europe and Greenland (to a median depth of about 1×) to understand the global influence of this expansion. We find the Viking period involved gene flow into Scandinavia from the south and east. We observe genetic structure within Scandinavia, with diversity hotspots in the south and restricted gene flow within Scandinavia. We find evidence for a major influx of Danish ancestry into England; a Swedish influx into the Baltic; and Norwegian influx into Ireland, Iceland and Greenland. Additionally, we see substantial ancestry from elsewhere in Europe entering Scandinavia during the Viking Age. Our ancient DNA analysis also revealed that a Viking expedition included close family members. By comparing with modern populations, we find that pigmentation-associated loci have undergone strong population differentiation during the past millennium, and trace positively selected loci-including the lactase-persistence allele of LCT and alleles of ANKA that are associated with the immune response-in detail. We conclude that the Viking diaspora was characterized by substantial transregional engagement: distinct populations influenced the genomic makeup of different regions of Europe, and Scandinavia experienced increased contact with the rest of the continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashot Margaryan
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Institute of Molecular Biology, National Academy of Sciences, Yerevan, Armenia.,Section for Evolutionary Genomics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel J Lawson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,School of Statistical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Martin Sikora
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fernando Racimo
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Simon Rasmussen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ida Moltke
- The Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lara M Cassidy
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Emil Jørsboe
- The Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrés Ingason
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mikkel W Pedersen
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thorfinn Korneliussen
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,HSE University, Russian Federation National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Helene Wilhelmson
- Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Sydsvensk Arkeologi AB, Kristianstad, Sweden
| | - Magdalena M Buś
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter de Barros Damgaard
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rui Martiniano
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gabriel Renaud
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Health Technology, Section for Bioinformatics, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claude Bhérer
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - J Víctor Moreno-Mayar
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,National Institute of Genomic Medicine (INMEGEN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Anna K Fotakis
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marie Allen
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Raili Allmäe
- Archaeological Research Collection, Tallinn University, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Martyna Molak
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Enrico Cappellini
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gabriele Scorrano
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hugh McColl
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexandra Buzhilova
- Anuchin Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Allison Fox
- Manx National Heritage, Douglas, Isle of Man
| | - Anders Albrechtsen
- The Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Birgitte Skar
- NTNU University Museum, Department of Archaeology and Cultural History, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Caroline Arcini
- The Archaeologists, National Historical Museums, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ceri Falys
- Thames Valley Archaeological Services (TVAS), Reading, UK
| | | | | | - Denis Pezhemsky
- Anuchin Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Gordon Turner-Walker
- Department of Cultural Heritage Conservation, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Douliou, Taiwan
| | | | - Inge Lundstrøm
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ingrid Gustin
- Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Mainland
- UHI Archaeology Institute, University of the Highlands and Islands, Kirkwall, UK
| | - Inna Potekhina
- Department of Bioarchaeology, Institute of Archaeology of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Italo M Muntoni
- Soprintendenza Archeologia, Belle Arti e Paesaggio per le Province di Barletta, Andria, Trani e Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Jade Cheng
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper Stenderup
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jilong Ma
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julie Gibson
- UHI Archaeology Institute, University of the Highlands and Islands, Kirkwall, UK
| | - Jüri Peets
- Archaeological Research Collection, Tallinn University, Tallinn, Estonia
| | | | - Katrine H Iversen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Health Technology, Section for Bioinformatics, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Lisa Strand
- NTNU University Museum, Department of Archaeology and Cultural History, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Louise Loe
- Heritage Burial Services, Oxford Archaeology, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Marek Florek
- Institute of Archaeology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Mark Redknap
- Department of History and Archaeology, Amgueddfa Cymru-National Museum Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Monika Bajka
- Trzy Epoki Archaeological Service, Klimontów, Poland
| | | | | | - Natalia Grigoreva
- Department of Slavic-Finnish Archaeology, Institute for the History of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Ole Kastholm
- Department of Research and Heritage, Roskilde Museum, Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | - Pasquale Favia
- Department of Humanities, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Per Holck
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sabine Sten
- Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Uppsala University Campus Gotland, Visby, Sweden
| | - Símun V Arge
- Tjóðsavnið - Faroe Islands National Museum, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
| | - Sturla Ellingvåg
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vayacheslav Moiseyev
- Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera), Russian Academy of Science, St Petersburg, Russia
| | | | | | - Ludovic Orlando
- Laboratoire d'Anthropobiologie Moléculaire et d'Imagerie de Synthèse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Peter Pentz
- National Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Mark Collard
- Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Colombia, Canada
| | - Daniel G Bradley
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Marie Louise Jørkov
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jette Arneborg
- National Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark.,School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Niels Lynnerup
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Neil Price
- Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M Thomas P Gilbert
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Natural History, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Morten E Allentoft
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Trace and Environmental DNA (TrEnD) Laboratory, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jan Bill
- Museum of Cultural History, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Søren M Sindbæk
- Centre for Urban Network Evolutions (UrbNet), School of Culture and Society, Aarhus University, Højbjerg, Denmark
| | - Lotte Hedeager
- Institute of Archaeology, Conservation and History, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Rasmus Nielsen
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Department of Integrative Biology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA. .,Department of Statistics, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Thomas Werge
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Eske Willerslev
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. .,The Danish Institute for Advanced Study, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark. .,The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK.
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Olalde I, Posth C. Latest trends in archaeogenetic research of west Eurasians. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2020; 62:36-43. [PMID: 32610222 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2020.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
During the past ten years, archaeogenetic research has exponentially grown to study the genetic history of human populations, using genome-wide data from large numbers of ancient individuals. Of the entire globe, Europe and the Near East are the regions where ancient DNA data is by far most abundant with over 2500 genomes published at present. In this review, we focus on archaeological contexts that have received less attention in the literature, specifically those associated with west Eurasian hunter-gatherers as well as populations from the Iron Age and later historical periods. In addition, we emphasize a recent shift from continent-wide to regional and even site-specific studies, which is starting to provide novel insights into sociocultural aspects of past societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñigo Olalde
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cosimo Posth
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany; Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Archaeo- and Palaeogenetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72070, Germany.
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35
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Knipper C, Koncz I, Ódor JG, Mende BG, Rácz Z, Kraus S, van Gyseghem R, Friedrich R, Vida T. Coalescing traditions-Coalescing people: Community formation in Pannonia after the decline of the Roman Empire. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231760. [PMID: 32348315 PMCID: PMC7190109 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The decline of the Roman rule caused significant political instability and led to the emergence of various ‘Barbarian’ powers. While the names of the involved groups appeared in written sources, it is largely unknown how these changes affected the daily lives of the people during the 5th century AD. Did late Roman traditions persist, did new customs emerge, and did both amalgamate into new cultural expressions? A prime area to investigate these population and settlement historical changes is the Carpathian Basin (Hungary). Particularly, we studied archaeological and anthropological evidence, as well as radiogenic and stable isotope ratios of strontium, carbon, and nitrogen of human remains from 96 graves at the cemetery of Mözs-Icsei dűlő. Integrated data analysis suggests that most members of the founder generation at the site exhibited burial practises of late Antique traditions, even though they were heterogeneous regarding their places of origin and dietary habits. Furthermore, the isotope data disclosed a nonlocal group of people with similar dietary habits. According to the archaeological evidence, they joined the community a few decades after the founder generation and followed mainly foreign traditions with artificial skull modification as their most prominent characteristic. Moreover, individuals with modified skulls and late Antique grave attributes attest to deliberate cultural amalgamation, whereas burials of largely different isotope ratios underline the recipient habitus of the community. The integration of archaeological and bioarchaeological information at the individual level discloses the complex coalescence of people and traditions during the 5th century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Knipper
- Curt-Engelhorn-Center Archaeometery gGmbH, Mannheim, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - István Koncz
- Institute of Archaeological Sciences, ELTE–Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Balázs Gusztáv Mende
- Research Centre for the Humanities, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Rácz
- Institute of Archaeological Sciences, ELTE–Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sandra Kraus
- Curt-Engelhorn-Center Archaeometery gGmbH, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Ronny Friedrich
- Curt-Engelhorn-Center Archaeometery gGmbH, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tivadar Vida
- Institute of Archaeological Sciences, ELTE–Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Research Centre for the Humanities, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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36
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The spread of steppe and Iranian-related ancestry in the islands of the western Mediterranean. Nat Ecol Evol 2020; 4:334-345. [PMID: 32094539 PMCID: PMC7080320 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-020-1102-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Steppe-pastoralist-related ancestry reached Central Europe by at least 2500 BC, whereas Iranian farmer-related ancestry was present in Aegean Europe by at least 1900 BC. However, the spread of these ancestries into the western Mediterranean, where they have contributed to many populations that live today, remains poorly understood. Here, we generated genome-wide ancient-DNA data from the Balearic Islands, Sicily and Sardinia, increasing the number of individuals with reported data from 5 to 66. The oldest individual from the Balearic Islands (~2400 BC) carried ancestry from steppe pastoralists that probably derived from west-to-east migration from Iberia, although two later Balearic individuals had less ancestry from steppe pastoralists. In Sicily, steppe pastoralist ancestry arrived by ~2200 BC, in part from Iberia; Iranian-related ancestry arrived by the mid-second millennium BC, contemporary to its previously documented spread to the Aegean; and there was large-scale population replacement after the Bronze Age. In Sardinia, nearly all ancestry derived from the island's early farmers until the first millennium BC, with the exception of an outlier from the third millennium BC, who had primarily North African ancestry and who-along with an approximately contemporary Iberian-documents widespread Africa-to-Europe gene flow in the Chalcolithic. Major immigration into Sardinia began in the first millennium BC and, at present, no more than 56-62% of Sardinian ancestry is from its first farmers. This value is lower than previous estimates, highlighting that Sardinia, similar to every other region in Europe, has been a stage for major movement and mixtures of people.
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37
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Antonio ML, Gao Z, Moots HM, Lucci M, Candilio F, Sawyer S, Oberreiter V, Calderon D, Devitofranceschi K, Aikens RC, Aneli S, Bartoli F, Bedini A, Cheronet O, Cotter DJ, Fernandes DM, Gasperetti G, Grifoni R, Guidi A, La Pastina F, Loreti E, Manacorda D, Matullo G, Morretta S, Nava A, Fiocchi Nicolai V, Nomi F, Pavolini C, Pentiricci M, Pergola P, Piranomonte M, Schmidt R, Spinola G, Sperduti A, Rubini M, Bondioli L, Coppa A, Pinhasi R, Pritchard JK. Ancient Rome: A genetic crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean. Science 2019; 366:708-714. [PMID: 31699931 PMCID: PMC7093155 DOI: 10.1126/science.aay6826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ancient Rome was the capital of an empire of ~70 million inhabitants, but little is known about the genetics of ancient Romans. Here we present 127 genomes from 29 archaeological sites in and around Rome, spanning the past 12,000 years. We observe two major prehistoric ancestry transitions: one with the introduction of farming and another prior to the Iron Age. By the founding of Rome, the genetic composition of the region approximated that of modern Mediterranean populations. During the Imperial period, Rome's population received net immigration from the Near East, followed by an increase in genetic contributions from Europe. These ancestry shifts mirrored the geopolitical affiliations of Rome and were accompanied by marked interindividual diversity, reflecting gene flow from across the Mediterranean, Europe, and North Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret L Antonio
- Program in Biomedical Informatics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ziyue Gao
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hannah M Moots
- Stanford University, Department of Anthropology, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michaela Lucci
- DANTE Laboratory for the study of Diet and Ancient Technology, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Candilio
- School of Archaeology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Susanna Sawyer
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Victoria Oberreiter
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Diego Calderon
- Program in Biomedical Informatics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Rachael C Aikens
- Program in Biomedical Informatics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Serena Aneli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Fulvio Bartoli
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bedini
- Ministero dei Beni e delle Attività Culturali (retired), Rome, Italy
| | - Olivia Cheronet
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel J Cotter
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Daniel M Fernandes
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- CIAS, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gabriella Gasperetti
- Soprintendenza Archeologia, belle arti e paesaggio per le province di Sassari e Nuoro, Sassari, Italy
| | - Renata Grifoni
- Dipartimento di Civiltà e Forme del Sapere, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Guidi
- Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici, Università degli Studi di Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Ersilia Loreti
- Curatore beni culturali presso la Sovrintendenza Capitolina, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Manacorda
- Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici Università degli Studi di Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Matullo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Simona Morretta
- Soprintendenza Speciale Archeologia Belle Arti e Paesaggio di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Nava
- DANTE Laboratory for the study of Diet and Ancient Technology, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
- Servizio di Bioarcheologia, Museo delle Civiltà, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Federico Nomi
- Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici, Università degli Studi di Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Pavolini
- Università della Tuscia, DISUCOM Dipartimento di Scienze Umanistiche, della Comunicazione e del Turismo, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Massimo Pentiricci
- Curatore beni culturali presso la Sovrintendenza Capitolina, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Marina Piranomonte
- Soprintendenza speciale Archeologia Belle arti e paesaggio di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Alessandra Sperduti
- Servizio di Bioarcheologia, Museo delle Civiltà, Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Archeologia, Università di Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Mauro Rubini
- SABAP-LAZ Ministero dei Beni e delle Attività Culturali, Rome, Italy
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Luca Bondioli
- Servizio di Bioarcheologia, Museo delle Civiltà, Rome, Italy
| | - Alfredo Coppa
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy.
| | - Ron Pinhasi
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Jonathan K Pritchard
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Abstract
Measurements of prehistoric human skeletal remains provide a record of changes in height and other anthropometric traits over time. Often, these changes are interpreted in terms of plastic developmental response to shifts in diet, climate, or other environmental factors. These changes can also be genetic in origin, but, until recently, it has been impossible to separate the effects of genetics and environment. Here, we use ancient DNA to directly estimate genetic changes in phenotypes and to identify changes driven not by genetics, but by environment. We show that changes over the past 35,000 y are largely predicted by genetics but also identify specific shifts that are more likely to be environmentally driven. The relative contributions of genetics and environment to temporal and geographic variation in human height remain largely unknown. Ancient DNA has identified changes in genetic ancestry over time, but it is not clear whether those changes in ancestry are associated with changes in height. Here, we directly test whether changes over the past 38,000 y in European height predicted using DNA from 1,071 ancient individuals are consistent with changes observed in 1,159 skeletal remains from comparable populations. We show that the observed decrease in height between the Early Upper Paleolithic and the Mesolithic is qualitatively predicted by genetics. Similarly, both skeletal and genetic height remained constant between the Mesolithic and Neolithic and increased between the Neolithic and Bronze Age. Sitting height changes much less than standing height—consistent with genetic predictions—although genetics predicts a small post-Neolithic increase that is not observed in skeletal remains. Geographic variation in stature is also qualitatively consistent with genetic predictions, particularly with respect to latitude. Finally, we hypothesize that an observed decrease in genetic heel bone mineral density in the Neolithic reflects adaptation to the decreased mobility indicated by decreased femoral bending strength. This study provides a model for interpreting phenotypic changes predicted from ancient DNA and demonstrates how they can be combined with phenotypic measurements to understand the relative contribution of genetic and developmentally plastic responses to environmental change.
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39
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Fernandes D, Sirak K, Cheronet O, Howcroft R, Čavka M, Los D, Burmaz J, Pinhasi R, Novak M. Cranial deformation and genetic diversity in three adolescent male individuals from the Great Migration Period from Osijek, eastern Croatia. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216366. [PMID: 31433816 PMCID: PMC6703674 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Three individuals dating to the Great Migration Period (5th century CE) were discovered in a pit at the Hermanov vinograd site in Osijek, Croatia. We were inspired to study these individuals based on their unusual burial context as well as the identification of two different types of artificial cranial deformation in two of the individuals. We combine bioarchaeological analysis with radiographic imaging, stable isotopes analysis, and ancient DNA to analyze their dietary patterns, molecular sex, and genetic affinities in the context of the archaeological data and their bioarchaeological attributes. While all three individuals were adolescent males with skeletal evidence of severe malnutrition and similar diets, the most striking observation is that they had major differences in their genetic ancestry. Results of the genetic analyses of the nuclear ancient DNA data for these individuals indicate that the individual without artificial cranial deformation shows broadly West Eurasian associated-ancestry, the individual with tabular oblique-type has East Asian ancestry and the third individual with circular erect-type has Near Eastern associated-ancestry. Based on these results, we speculate that artificial cranial deformation type may have been a visual indicator membership in a specific cultural group, and that these groups were interacting intimately on the Pannonian Plain during the Migration Period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fernandes
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- School of Archaeology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- CIAS, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Kendra Sirak
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Olivia Cheronet
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- School of Archaeology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rachel Howcroft
- School of Archaeology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mislav Čavka
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | | | - Ron Pinhasi
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- School of Archaeology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- * E-mail: (MN); (RP)
| | - Mario Novak
- School of Archaeology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia
- * E-mail: (MN); (RP)
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40
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Harney É, Nayak A, Patterson N, Joglekar P, Mushrif-Tripathy V, Mallick S, Rohland N, Sedig J, Adamski N, Bernardos R, Broomandkhoshbacht N, Culleton BJ, Ferry M, Harper TK, Michel M, Oppenheimer J, Stewardson K, Zhang Z, Harashawaradhana, Bartwal MS, Kumar S, Diyundi SC, Roberts P, Boivin N, Kennett DJ, Thangaraj K, Reich D, Rai N. Ancient DNA from the skeletons of Roopkund Lake reveals Mediterranean migrants in India. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3670. [PMID: 31431628 PMCID: PMC6702210 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11357-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Situated at over 5,000 meters above sea level in the Himalayan Mountains, Roopkund Lake is home to the scattered skeletal remains of several hundred individuals of unknown origin. We report genome-wide ancient DNA for 38 skeletons from Roopkund Lake, and find that they cluster into three distinct groups. A group of 23 individuals have ancestry that falls within the range of variation of present-day South Asians. A further 14 have ancestry typical of the eastern Mediterranean. We also identify one individual with Southeast Asian-related ancestry. Radiocarbon dating indicates that these remains were not deposited simultaneously. Instead, all of the individuals with South Asian-related ancestry date to ~800 CE (but with evidence of being deposited in more than one event), while all other individuals date to ~1800 CE. These differences are also reflected in stable isotope measurements, which reveal a distinct dietary profile for the two main groups. Remains of several hundred humans are scattered around Roopkund Lake, situated over 5,000 meters above sea level in the Himalayan Mountains. Here the authors analyze genome-wide data from 38 skeletons and find 3 clusters with different ancestries and dates, showing the people were desposited in multiple catastrophic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éadaoin Harney
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.,The Max Planck-Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ayushi Nayak
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Nick Patterson
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142 USA, USA.,Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | | | | | - Swapan Mallick
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142 USA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Nadin Rohland
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jakob Sedig
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Nicole Adamski
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Rebecca Bernardos
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Nasreen Broomandkhoshbacht
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Brendan J Culleton
- Institutes of Energy and the Environment, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.,Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Matthew Ferry
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Thomas K Harper
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Megan Michel
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,The Max Planck-Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Jonas Oppenheimer
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Kristin Stewardson
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Harashawaradhana
- Anthropological Survey of India, North West Regional Centre, Dehradun, 248195, India
| | | | - Sachin Kumar
- CSIR Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India.,Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226007, India
| | | | - Patrick Roberts
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Nicole Boivin
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Douglas J Kennett
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Kumarasamy Thangaraj
- CSIR Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India
| | - David Reich
- The Max Planck-Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA. .,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142 USA, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Niraj Rai
- CSIR Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India.,Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226007, India
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41
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Olalde I, Mallick S, Patterson N, Rohland N, Villalba-Mouco V, Silva M, Dulias K, Edwards CJ, Gandini F, Pala M, Soares P, Ferrando-Bernal M, Adamski N, Broomandkhoshbacht N, Cheronet O, Culleton BJ, Fernandes D, Lawson AM, Mah M, Oppenheimer J, Stewardson K, Zhang Z, Jiménez Arenas JM, Toro Moyano IJ, Salazar-García DC, Castanyer P, Santos M, Tremoleda J, Lozano M, García Borja P, Fernández-Eraso J, Mujika-Alustiza JA, Barroso C, Bermúdez FJ, Viguera Mínguez E, Burch J, Coromina N, Vivó D, Cebrià A, Fullola JM, García-Puchol O, Morales JI, Oms FX, Majó T, Vergès JM, Díaz-Carvajal A, Ollich-Castanyer I, López-Cachero FJ, Silva AM, Alonso-Fernández C, Delibes de Castro G, Jiménez Echevarría J, Moreno-Márquez A, Pascual Berlanga G, Ramos-García P, Ramos-Muñoz J, Vijande Vila E, Aguilella Arzo G, Esparza Arroyo Á, Lillios KT, Mack J, Velasco-Vázquez J, Waterman A, Benítez de Lugo Enrich L, Benito Sánchez M, Agustí B, Codina F, de Prado G, Estalrrich A, Fernández Flores Á, Finlayson C, Finlayson G, Finlayson S, Giles-Guzmán F, Rosas A, Barciela González V, García Atiénzar G, Hernández Pérez MS, Llanos A, Carrión Marco Y, Collado Beneyto I, López-Serrano D, Sanz Tormo M, Valera AC, Blasco C, Liesau C, Ríos P, Daura J, de Pedro Michó MJ, Diez-Castillo AA, Flores Fernández R, Francès Farré J, Garrido-Pena R, Gonçalves VS, Guerra-Doce E, Herrero-Corral AM, Juan-Cabanilles J, López-Reyes D, McClure SB, Merino Pérez M, Oliver Foix A, Sanz Borràs M, Sousa AC, Vidal Encinas JM, Kennett DJ, Richards MB, Werner Alt K, Haak W, Pinhasi R, Lalueza-Fox C, Reich D. The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years. Science 2019; 363:1230-1234. [PMID: 30872528 DOI: 10.1126/science.aav4040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We assembled genome-wide data from 271 ancient Iberians, of whom 176 are from the largely unsampled period after 2000 BCE, thereby providing a high-resolution time transect of the Iberian Peninsula. We document high genetic substructure between northwestern and southeastern hunter-gatherers before the spread of farming. We reveal sporadic contacts between Iberia and North Africa by ~2500 BCE and, by ~2000 BCE, the replacement of 40% of Iberia's ancestry and nearly 100% of its Y-chromosomes by people with Steppe ancestry. We show that, in the Iron Age, Steppe ancestry had spread not only into Indo-European-speaking regions but also into non-Indo-European-speaking ones, and we reveal that present-day Basques are best described as a typical Iron Age population without the admixture events that later affected the rest of Iberia. Additionally, we document how, beginning at least in the Roman period, the ancestry of the peninsula was transformed by gene flow from North Africa and the eastern Mediterranean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñigo Olalde
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Swapan Mallick
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Nadin Rohland
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vanessa Villalba-Mouco
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.,Departamento de Ciencias de la Antigüedad, Grupo Primeros Pobladores del Valle del Ebro (PPVE), Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Ambientales (IUCA), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Marina Silva
- Department of Biological and Geographical Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Katharina Dulias
- Department of Biological and Geographical Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Ceiridwen J Edwards
- Department of Biological and Geographical Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Francesca Gandini
- Department of Biological and Geographical Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Maria Pala
- Department of Biological and Geographical Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Pedro Soares
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | | | - Nicole Adamski
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nasreen Broomandkhoshbacht
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Olivia Cheronet
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Brendan J Culleton
- Department of Anthropology and Institutes of Energy and the Environment, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Daniel Fernandes
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Research Center for Anthropology and Health, Department of Life Science, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ann Marie Lawson
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew Mah
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonas Oppenheimer
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kristin Stewardson
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Juan Manuel Jiménez Arenas
- Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de la Paz y los Conflictos, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.,Department of Anthropology - Anthropologisches Institut and Museum, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Domingo C Salazar-García
- Departamento de Geografía, Prehistoria y Arqueología, Grupo de Investigación en Prehistoria, (UPV-EHU)/IKERBASQUE-Basque Foundation for Science, Vitoria, Spain
| | - Pere Castanyer
- Museu d'Arqueologia de Catalunya-Empúries, L'Escala, Spain
| | - Marta Santos
- Museu d'Arqueologia de Catalunya-Empúries, L'Escala, Spain
| | | | - Marina Lozano
- Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social (IPHES), Tarragona, Spain.,Àrea de Prehistòria, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Tarragona, Spain
| | - Pablo García Borja
- Departamento de Prehistoria e Historia Antigua, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Fernández-Eraso
- Departamento de Geografía, Prehistoria y Arqueología, Universidad del País Vasco, Vitoria, Spain
| | | | - Cecilio Barroso
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación de Prehistoria y Evolución Humana (FIPEH), Lucena, Spain
| | - Francisco J Bermúdez
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación de Prehistoria y Evolución Humana (FIPEH), Lucena, Spain
| | | | - Josep Burch
- Institut de Recerca Històrica, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Neus Coromina
- Institut de Recerca Històrica, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - David Vivó
- Institut de Recerca Històrica, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Artur Cebrià
- SERP, Departament d'Història i Arqueologia, Facultat de Geografia i Història, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Maria Fullola
- SERP, Departament d'Història i Arqueologia, Facultat de Geografia i Història, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oreto García-Puchol
- PREMEDOC Research Group, Departament de Prehistòria, Arqueologia i Historia Antiga, Universitat de València, València, Spain
| | - Juan Ignacio Morales
- SERP, Departament d'Història i Arqueologia, Facultat de Geografia i Història, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Xavier Oms
- SERP, Departament d'Història i Arqueologia, Facultat de Geografia i Història, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tona Majó
- Archaeom. Departament de Prehistòria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Josep Maria Vergès
- Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social (IPHES), Tarragona, Spain.,Àrea de Prehistòria, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Tarragona, Spain
| | | | | | - F Javier López-Cachero
- SERP, Departament d'Història i Arqueologia, Facultat de Geografia i Història, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Maria Silva
- Laboratory of Prehistory, Research Center for Anthropology and Health, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,UNIARQ, Faculdade de Letras, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,CEF, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Germán Delibes de Castro
- Departamento de Prehistoria, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | | | - Adolfo Moreno-Márquez
- Departamento de Historia, Geografía y Filosofía, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain.,Departamento de Geografía, Historia y Humanidades, Universidad de Almería, Almería, Spain
| | | | | | - José Ramos-Muñoz
- Departamento de Historia, Geografía y Filosofía, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Eduardo Vijande Vila
- Departamento de Historia, Geografía y Filosofía, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Gustau Aguilella Arzo
- Servicio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas y Prehistóricas de la Diputación de Castellón, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Ángel Esparza Arroyo
- GIR PrehUSAL, Departamento de Prehistoria, Historia Antigua y Arqueología, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Katina T Lillios
- Department of Anthropology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jennifer Mack
- Office of the State Archaeologist, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Javier Velasco-Vázquez
- Departamento de Ciencias Históricas, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | | | - Luis Benítez de Lugo Enrich
- Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Benito Sánchez
- Departamento de Medicina Legal, Psiquiatría y Anatomía Patológica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bibiana Agustí
- INSITU S.C.P., Centelles, Spain.,Museu d'Arqueologia de Catalunya-Ullastret, Ullastret, Spain
| | - Ferran Codina
- Museu d'Arqueologia de Catalunya-Ullastret, Ullastret, Spain
| | | | - Almudena Estalrrich
- Instituto Internacional de Investigaciones Prehistóricas de Cantabria IIIPC (Universidad de Cantabria-Gobierno de Cantabria-Santander), Santander, Spain
| | | | - Clive Finlayson
- The Gibraltar National Museum, Gibraltar.,Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.,Institute of Life and Earth Sciences, University of Gibraltar, Gibraltar
| | - Geraldine Finlayson
- The Gibraltar National Museum, Gibraltar.,School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.,Institute of Life and Earth Sciences, University of Gibraltar, Gibraltar
| | - Stewart Finlayson
- The Gibraltar National Museum, Gibraltar.,Department of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Antonio Rosas
- Paleoanthropology Group, Department of Paleobiology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Virginia Barciela González
- Departamento de Prehistoria, Arqueología e Historia Antigua, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Universidad de Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Arqueología y Patrimonio Histórico (INAPH), San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain
| | - Gabriel García Atiénzar
- Departamento de Prehistoria, Arqueología e Historia Antigua, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Universidad de Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Arqueología y Patrimonio Histórico (INAPH), San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain
| | - Mauro S Hernández Pérez
- Departamento de Prehistoria, Arqueología e Historia Antigua, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Universidad de Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Arqueología y Patrimonio Histórico (INAPH), San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain
| | | | - Yolanda Carrión Marco
- Departament de Prehistòria, Arqueologia i Historia Antiga, Universitat de València, València, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Concepción Blasco
- Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Corina Liesau
- Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Ríos
- Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joan Daura
- SERP, Departament d'Història i Arqueologia, Facultat de Geografia i Història, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Agustín A Diez-Castillo
- GRAM Research Group, Departament de Prehistòria, Arqueologia i Historia Antiga, Universitat de València, València, Spain
| | | | | | - Rafael Garrido-Pena
- Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Elisa Guerra-Doce
- Departamento de Prehistoria, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Sarah B McClure
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Marta Merino Pérez
- Unitat d'Antropologia Física, Departament de Biologia Animal, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Arturo Oliver Foix
- Servicio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas y Prehistóricas de la Diputación de Castellón, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Montserrat Sanz Borràs
- SERP, Departament d'Història i Arqueologia, Facultat de Geografia i Història, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Douglas J Kennett
- Department of Anthropology and Institutes of Energy and the Environment, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.,Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Martin B Richards
- Department of Biological and Geographical Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Kurt Werner Alt
- Center of Natural and Cultural Human History, Danube Private University, Krems, Austria.,Department of Biomedical Engineering and Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science, Basel University, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Haak
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Ron Pinhasi
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Carles Lalueza-Fox
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - David Reich
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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42
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Goth migration induced changes in the matrilineal genetic structure of the central-east European population. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6737. [PMID: 31043639 PMCID: PMC6494872 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43183-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
For years, the issues related to the origin of the Goths and their early migrations in the Iron Age have been a matter of hot debate among archaeologists. Unfortunately, the lack of new independent data has precluded the evaluation of the existing hypothesis. To overcome this problem, we initiated systematic studies of the populations inhabiting the contemporary territory of Poland during the Iron Age. Here, we present an analysis of mitochondrial DNA isolated from 27 individuals (collectively called the Mas-VBIA group) excavated from an Iron Age cemetery (dated to the 2nd-4th century A.D.) attributed to Goths and located near Masłomęcz, eastern Poland. We found that Mas-VBIA has similar genetic diversity to present-day Asian populations and higher diversity than that of contemporary Europeans. Our studies revealed close genetic links between the Mas-VBIA and two other Iron Age populations from the Jutland peninsula and from Kowalewko, located in western Poland. We disclosed the genetic connection between the Mas-VBIA and ancient Pontic-Caspian steppe groups. Similar connections were absent in the chronologically earlier Kowalewko and Jutland peninsula populations. The collected results seem to be consistent with the historical narrative that assumed that the Goths originated in southern Scandinavia; then, at least part of the Goth population moved south through the territory of contemporary Poland towards the Black Sea region, where they mixed with local populations and formed the Chernyakhov culture. Finally, a fraction of the Chernyakhov population returned to the southeast region of present-day Poland and established the archaeological formation called the “Masłomęcz group”.
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43
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Amorim CEG, Vai S, Posth C, Modi A, Koncz I, Hakenbeck S, La Rocca MC, Mende B, Bobo D, Pohl W, Baricco LP, Bedini E, Francalacci P, Giostra C, Vida T, Winger D, von Freeden U, Ghirotto S, Lari M, Barbujani G, Krause J, Caramelli D, Geary PJ, Veeramah KR. Understanding 6th-century barbarian social organization and migration through paleogenomics. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3547. [PMID: 30206220 PMCID: PMC6134036 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06024-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite centuries of research, much about the barbarian migrations that took place between the fourth and sixth centuries in Europe remains hotly debated. To better understand this key era that marks the dawn of modern European societies, we obtained ancient genomic DNA from 63 samples from two cemeteries (from Hungary and Northern Italy) that have been previously associated with the Longobards, a barbarian people that ruled large parts of Italy for over 200 years after invading from Pannonia in 568 CE. Our dense cemetery-based sampling revealed that each cemetery was primarily organized around one large pedigree, suggesting that biological relationships played an important role in these early medieval societies. Moreover, we identified genetic structure in each cemetery involving at least two groups with different ancestry that were very distinct in terms of their funerary customs. Finally, our data are consistent with the proposed long-distance migration from Pannonia to Northern Italy. The Longobards invaded and conquered much of Italy after the fall of the Western Roman Empire. Here, the authors sequence and analyze ancient genomic DNA from 63 samples from two cemeteries associated with the Longobards and identify kinship networks and two distinct genetic and cultural groups in each.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefania Vai
- Dipartimento di Biologia Università degli Studi di Firenze, 50122, Firenze, Italy
| | - Cosimo Posth
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Straße 10, 07745, Jena, Germany.,Institute for Archaeological Sciences Archaeo- and Palaeogenetics, University of Tübingen, Rümelinstraße 23, 72070, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alessandra Modi
- Dipartimento di Biologia Università degli Studi di Firenze, 50122, Firenze, Italy
| | - István Koncz
- Institute of Archaeological Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Múzeum körút 4/B, Budapest, 1088, Hungary
| | - Susanne Hakenbeck
- Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3DZ, UK
| | | | - Balazs Mende
- Research Centre for the Humanities, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dean Bobo
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11790, USA
| | - Walter Pohl
- Institut für Mittelalterforschung, Österreichische Akadamie der Wissenschaften, 1020, Vienna, Austria
| | - Luisella Pejrani Baricco
- Dipartimento di Storia, Archeologia e Storia dell'Arte, Università cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123, Milano, Italy
| | - Elena Bedini
- Dipartimento di Storia, Archeologia e Storia dell'Arte, Università cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123, Milano, Italy
| | - Paolo Francalacci
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università di Cagliari, Via T. Fiorelli, 1, 09126, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Caterina Giostra
- Dipartimento di Storia, Archeologia e Storia dell'Arte, Università cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123, Milano, Italy
| | - Tivadar Vida
- Institute of Archaeological Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Múzeum körút 4/B, Budapest, 1088, Hungary.,Research Centre for the Humanities, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Daniel Winger
- Heinrich Schliemann-Institut für Altertumswissenschaften Universität Rostock, 18055, Rostock, Germany
| | - Uta von Freeden
- Römisch-Germanische Kommission des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Silvia Ghirotto
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biotenologie, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Martina Lari
- Dipartimento di Biologia Università degli Studi di Firenze, 50122, Firenze, Italy
| | - Guido Barbujani
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biotenologie, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Johannes Krause
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Straße 10, 07745, Jena, Germany. .,Institute for Archaeological Sciences Archaeo- and Palaeogenetics, University of Tübingen, Rümelinstraße 23, 72070, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - David Caramelli
- Dipartimento di Biologia Università degli Studi di Firenze, 50122, Firenze, Italy.
| | | | - Krishna R Veeramah
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11790, USA.
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44
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Pouyet F, Aeschbacher S, Thiéry A, Excoffier L. Background selection and biased gene conversion affect more than 95% of the human genome and bias demographic inferences. eLife 2018; 7:e36317. [PMID: 30125248 PMCID: PMC6177262 DOI: 10.7554/elife.36317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Disentangling the effect on genomic diversity of natural selection from that of demography is notoriously difficult, but necessary to properly reconstruct the history of species. Here, we use high-quality human genomic data to show that purifying selection at linked sites (i.e. background selection, BGS) and GC-biased gene conversion (gBGC) together affect as much as 95% of the variants of our genome. We find that the magnitude and relative importance of BGS and gBGC are largely determined by variation in recombination rate and base composition. Importantly, synonymous sites and non-transcribed regions are also affected, albeit to different degrees. Their use for demographic inference can lead to strong biases. However, by conditioning on genomic regions with recombination rates above 1.5 cM/Mb and mutation types (C↔G, A↔T), we identify a set of SNPs that is mostly unaffected by BGS or gBGC, and that avoids these biases in the reconstruction of human history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Pouyet
- Computational and Molecular Population Genetics, Institute of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
- Swiss Institute of BioinformaticsLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Simon Aeschbacher
- Computational and Molecular Population Genetics, Institute of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
- Swiss Institute of BioinformaticsLausanneSwitzerland
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental StudiesUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Alexandre Thiéry
- Computational and Molecular Population Genetics, Institute of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
- Swiss Institute of BioinformaticsLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Laurent Excoffier
- Computational and Molecular Population Genetics, Institute of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
- Swiss Institute of BioinformaticsLausanneSwitzerland
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45
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Veeramah KR. The importance of fine-scale studies for integrating paleogenomics and archaeology. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2018; 53:83-89. [PMID: 30081254 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There has been an undercurrent of intellectual tension between geneticists studying human population history and archaeologists for almost 40 years. The rapid development of paleogenomics, with geneticists working on the very material discovered by archaeologists, appears to have recently heightened this tension. The relationship between these two fields thus far has largely been of a multidisciplinary nature, with archaeologists providing the raw materials for sequencing, as well as a scaffold of hypotheses based on interpretation of archaeological cultures from which the geneticists can ground their inferences from the genomic data. Much of this work has taken place in the context of western Eurasia, which is acting as testing ground for the interaction between the disciplines. Perhaps the major finding has not been any particular historical episode, but rather the apparent pervasiveness of migration events, some apparently of substantial scale, over the past ∼5000 years, challenging the prevailing view of archaeology that largely dismissed migration as a driving force of cultural change in the 1960s. However, while the genetic evidence for `migration' is generally statistically sound, the description of these events as structured behaviours is lacking, which, coupled with often over simplistic archaeological definitions, prevents the use of this information by archaeologists for studying the social processes they are interested in. In order to integrate paleogenomics and archaeology in a truly interdisciplinary manner, it will be necessary to focus less on grand narratives over space and time, and instead integrate genomic data with other form of archaeological information at the level of individual communities to understand the internal social dynamics, which can then be connected amongst communities to model migration at a regional level. A smattering of recent studies have begun to follow this approach, resulting in inferences that are not only helping ask questions that are currently relevant to archaeologists, but also potentially opening up new avenues of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna R Veeramah
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11790, USA.
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