1
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De Tovar J, Leblay R, Wang Y, Wojcik L, Thibon-Pourret A, Réglier M, Simaan AJ, Le Poul N, Belle C. Copper-oxygen adducts: new trends in characterization and properties towards C-H activation. Chem Sci 2024; 15:10308-10349. [PMID: 38994420 PMCID: PMC11234856 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01762e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the latest discoveries in the field of C-H activation by copper monoxygenases and more particularly by their bioinspired systems. This work first describes the recent background on copper-containing enzymes along with additional interpretations about the nature of the active copper-oxygen intermediates. It then focuses on relevant examples of bioinorganic synthetic copper-oxygen intermediates according to their nuclearity (mono to polynuclear). This includes a detailed description of the spectroscopic features of these adducts as well as their reactivity towards the oxidation of recalcitrant Csp3 -H bonds. The last part is devoted to the significant expansion of heterogeneous catalytic systems based on copper-oxygen cores (i.e. within zeolite frameworks).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan De Tovar
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS, Département de Chimie Moléculaire Grenoble France
| | - Rébecca Leblay
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires de Marseille Marseille France
| | - Yongxing Wang
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires de Marseille Marseille France
| | - Laurianne Wojcik
- Université de Brest, Laboratoire de Chimie, Electrochimie Moléculaires et Chimie Analytique Brest France
| | | | - Marius Réglier
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires de Marseille Marseille France
| | - A Jalila Simaan
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires de Marseille Marseille France
| | - Nicolas Le Poul
- Université de Brest, Laboratoire de Chimie, Electrochimie Moléculaires et Chimie Analytique Brest France
| | - Catherine Belle
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS, Département de Chimie Moléculaire Grenoble France
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2
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Shao X, Fang H, Li T, Yang L, Yang D, Pan L. Heterologous Expression and Biochemical Characterization of a Novel Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenase from Chitinilyticum aquatile CSC-1. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1381. [PMID: 39065150 PMCID: PMC11278713 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12071381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are copper-dependent enzymes that catalyze the oxidative cleavage of recalcitrant polysaccharides. There are limited reports on LPMOs capable of concurrently catalyzing the oxidative cleavage of both cellulose and chitin. In this study, we identified and cloned a novel LPMO from the newly isolated bacterium Chitinilyticum aquatile CSC-1, designated as CaLPMO10. When using 2, 6-dimethylphenol (2, 6-DMP) as the substrate, CaLPMO10 exhibited optimal activity at 50 °C and pH 8, demonstrating good temperature stability at 30 °C. Even after a 6 h incubation at pH 8 and 30 °C, CaLPMO10 retained approximately 83.03 ± 1.25% residual enzyme activity. Most metal ions were found to enhance the enzyme activity of CaLPMO10, with ascorbic acid identified as the optimal reducing agent. Mass spectrometry analysis indicated that CaLPMO10 displayed oxidative activity towards both chitin and cellulose, identifying it as a C1/C4-oxidized LPMO. CaLPMO10 shows promise as a key enzyme for the efficient utilization of biomass resources in future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhi Shao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (X.S.); (H.F.)
| | - Hongliang Fang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (X.S.); (H.F.)
| | - Tao Li
- National Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass Energy Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, China; (T.L.); (L.Y.)
| | - Liyan Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass Energy Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, China; (T.L.); (L.Y.)
| | - Dengfeng Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass Energy Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, China; (T.L.); (L.Y.)
| | - Lixia Pan
- National Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass Energy Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, China; (T.L.); (L.Y.)
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3
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Kracher D, Lanzmaier T, Carneiro LV. Active roles of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases in human pathogenicity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2024; 1872:141012. [PMID: 38492831 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2024.141012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are redox enzymes widely studied for their involvement in microbial and fungal biomass degradation. The catalytic versatility of these enzymes is demonstrated by the recent discovery of LPMOs in arthropods, viruses, insects and ferns, where they fulfill diverse functions beyond biomass conversion. This mini-review puts a spotlight on a recently recognized aspect of LPMOs: their role in infectious processes in human pathogens. It discusses the occurrence and potential biological mechanisms of LPMOs associated with human pathogens and provides an outlook on future avenues in this emerging and exciting research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kracher
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Tina Lanzmaier
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Leonor Vieira Carneiro
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
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4
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Munzone A, Pujol M, Tamhankar A, Joseph C, Mazurenko I, Réglier M, Jannuzzi SAV, Royant A, Sicoli G, DeBeer S, Orio M, Simaan AJ, Decroos C. Integrated Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Copper Active Site Properties of a Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenase from Serratia marcescens. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:11063-11078. [PMID: 38814816 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, we employed a multidisciplinary approach, combining experimental techniques and density functional theory (DFT) calculations to elucidate key features of the copper coordination environment of the bacterial lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO) from Serratia marcescens (SmAA10). The structure of the holo-enzyme was successfully obtained by X-ray crystallography. We then determined the copper(II) binding affinity using competing ligands and observed that the affinity of the histidine brace ligands for copper is significantly higher than previously described. UV-vis, advanced electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) techniques, including high-energy resolution fluorescence detected (HERFD) XAS, were further used to gain insight into the copper environment in both the Cu(II) and Cu(I) redox states. The experimental data were successfully rationalized by DFT models, offering valuable information on the electronic structure and coordination geometry of the copper center. Finally, the Cu(II)/Cu(I) redox potential was determined using two different methods at ca. 350 mV vs NHE and rationalized by DFT calculations. This integrated approach not only advances our knowledge of the active site properties of SmAA10 but also establishes a robust framework for future studies of similar enzymatic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Munzone
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Méditerranée, iSm2, Marseille 13013, France
| | - Manon Pujol
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Méditerranée, iSm2, Marseille 13013, France
| | - Ashish Tamhankar
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470, Germany
| | - Chris Joseph
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470, Germany
| | | | - Marius Réglier
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Méditerranée, iSm2, Marseille 13013, France
| | - Sergio A V Jannuzzi
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470, Germany
| | - Antoine Royant
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Grenoble 38000, France
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble 38043, France
| | - Giuseppe Sicoli
- LASIRE UMR CNRS 8516, Université de Lille, Villeneuve-d'Arcy 59655, France
| | - Serena DeBeer
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470, Germany
| | - Maylis Orio
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Méditerranée, iSm2, Marseille 13013, France
| | - A Jalila Simaan
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Méditerranée, iSm2, Marseille 13013, France
| | - Christophe Decroos
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Méditerranée, iSm2, Marseille 13013, France
- Department of Integrative Structural Biology, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch 67400, France
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5
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Isaksen I, Jana S, Payne CM, Bissaro B, Røhr ÅK. The rotamer of the second-sphere histidine in AA9 lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase is pH dependent. Biophys J 2024; 123:1139-1151. [PMID: 38571309 PMCID: PMC11079946 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2024.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) catalyze a reaction that is crucial for the biological decomposition of various biopolymers and for the industrial conversion of plant biomass. Despite the importance of LPMOs, the exact molecular-level nature of the reaction mechanism is still debated today. Here, we investigated the pH-dependent conformation of a second-sphere histidine (His) that we call the stacking histidine, which is conserved in fungal AA9 LPMOs and is speculated to assist catalysis in several of the LPMO reaction pathways. Using constant-pH and accelerated molecular dynamics simulations, we monitored the dynamics of the stacking His in different protonation states for both the resting Cu(II) and active Cu(I) forms of two fungal LPMOs. Consistent with experimental crystallographic and neutron diffraction data, our calculations suggest that the side chain of the protonated and positively charged form is rotated out of the active site toward the solvent. Importantly, only one of the possible neutral states of histidine (HIE state) is observed in the stacking orientation at neutral pH or when bound to cellulose. Our data predict that, in solution, the stacking His may act as a stabilizer (via hydrogen bonding) of the Cu(II)-superoxo complex after the LPMO-Cu(I) has reacted with O2 in solution, which, in fine, leads to H2O2 formation. Also, our data indicate that the HIE-stacking His is a poor acid/base catalyst when bound to the substrate and, in agreement with the literature, may play an important stabilizing role (via hydrogen bonding) during the peroxygenase catalysis. Our study reveals the pH titration midpoint values of the pH-dependent orientation of the stacking His should be considered when modeling and interpreting LPMO reactions, whether it be for classical LPMO kinetics or in industry-oriented enzymatic cocktails, and for understanding LPMO behavior in slightly acidic natural processes such as fungal wood decay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingvild Isaksen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Suvamay Jana
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Christina M Payne
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Bastien Bissaro
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway; INRAE, Aix Marseille University, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Marseille, France.
| | - Åsmund K Røhr
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway.
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6
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Decembrino D, Cannella D. The thin line between monooxygenases and peroxygenases. P450s, UPOs, MMOs, and LPMOs: A brick to bridge fields of expertise. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 72:108321. [PMID: 38336187 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Many scientific fields, although driven by similar purposes and dealing with similar technologies, often appear so isolated and far from each other that even the vocabularies to describe the very same phenomenon might differ. Concerning the vast field of biocatalysis, a special role is played by those redox enzymes that employ oxygen-based chemistry to unlock transformations otherwise possible only with metal-based catalysts. As such, greener chemical synthesis methods and environmentally-driven biotechnological approaches were enabled over the last decades by the use of several enzymes and ultimately resulted in the first industrial applications. Among what can be called today the environmental biorefinery sector, biomass transformation, greenhouse gas reduction, bio-gas/fuels production, bioremediation, as well as bulk or fine chemicals and even pharmaceuticals manufacturing are all examples of fields in which successful prototypes have been demonstrated employing redox enzymes. In this review we decided to focus on the most prominent enzymes (MMOs, LPMO, P450 and UPO) capable of overcoming the ∼100 kcal mol-1 barrier of inactivated CH bonds for the oxyfunctionalization of organic compounds. Harnessing the enormous potential that lies within these enzymes is of extreme value to develop sustainable industrial schemes and it is still deeply coveted by many within the aforementioned fields of application. Hence, the ambitious scope of this account is to bridge the current cutting-edge knowledge gathered upon each enzyme. By creating a broad comparison, scientists belonging to the different fields may find inspiration and might overcome obstacles already solved by the others. This work is organised in three major parts: a first section will be serving as an introduction to each one of the enzymes regarding their structural and activity diversity, whereas a second one will be encompassing the mechanistic aspects of their catalysis. In this regard, the machineries that lead to analogous catalytic outcomes are depicted, highlighting the major differences and similarities. Finally, a third section will be focusing on the elements that allow the oxyfunctionalization chemistry to occur by delivering redox equivalents to the enzyme by the action of diverse redox partners. Redox partners are often overlooked in comparison to the catalytic counterparts, yet they represent fundamental elements to better understand and further develop practical applications based on mono- and peroxygenases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Decembrino
- Photobiocatalysis Unit - Crop Production and Biostimulation Lab (CPBL), and Biomass Transformation Lab (BTL), École Interfacultaire de Bioingénieurs, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium.
| | - David Cannella
- Photobiocatalysis Unit - Crop Production and Biostimulation Lab (CPBL), and Biomass Transformation Lab (BTL), École Interfacultaire de Bioingénieurs, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium.
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7
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Sulaeva I, Budischowsky D, Rahikainen J, Marjamaa K, Støpamo FG, Khaliliyan H, Melikhov I, Rosenau T, Kruus K, Várnai A, Eijsink VGH, Potthast A. A novel approach to analyze the impact of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) on cellulosic fibres. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 328:121696. [PMID: 38220335 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Enzymatic treatment of cellulosic fibres is a green alternative to classical chemical modification. For many applications, mild procedures for cellulose alteration are sufficient, in which the fibre structure and, therefore, the mechanical performance of cellulosic fibres are preserved. Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) bear a great potential to become a green reagent for such targeted cellulose modifications. An obstacle for wide implementation of LPMOs in tailored cellulose chemistry is the lack of suitable techniques to precisely monitor the LPMO impact on the polymer. Soluble oxidized cello-oligomers can be quantified using chromatographic and mass-spectrometric techniques. A considerable portion of the oxidized sites, however, remain on the insoluble cellulose fibres, and their quantification is difficult. Here, we describe a method for the simultaneous quantification of oxidized sites on cellulose fibres and changes in their molar mass distribution after treatment with LPMOs. The method is based on quantitative, heterogeneous, carbonyl-selective labelling with a fluorescent label (CCOA) followed by cellulose dissolution and size-exclusion chromatography (SEC). Application of the method to reactions of seven different LPMOs with pure cellulose fibres revealed pronounced functional differences between the enzymes, showing that this CCOA/SEC/MALS method is a promising tool to better understand the catalytic action of LPMOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Sulaeva
- Core Facility "Analysis of Lignocellulosics" (ALICE), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz-Straße 24, A-3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - David Budischowsky
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz-Straße 24, A-3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Jenni Rahikainen
- Solutions for Natural Resources and Environment, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Tietotie 2, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Kaisa Marjamaa
- Solutions for Natural Resources and Environment, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Tietotie 2, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Fredrik Gjerstad Støpamo
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Hajar Khaliliyan
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz-Straße 24, A-3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Ivan Melikhov
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz-Straße 24, A-3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Thomas Rosenau
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz-Straße 24, A-3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Kristiina Kruus
- Solutions for Natural Resources and Environment, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Tietotie 2, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland; School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, Espoo 00076 AALTO, Finland
| | - Anikó Várnai
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Antje Potthast
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz-Straße 24, A-3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria.
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8
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Hagemann MM, Wieduwilt EK, Hedegård ED. Understanding the initial events of the oxidative damage and protection mechanisms of the AA9 lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase family. Chem Sci 2024; 15:2558-2570. [PMID: 38362420 PMCID: PMC10866358 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05933b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO) is a new class of oxidoreductases that boosts polysaccharide degradation employing a copper active site. This boost may facilitate the cost-efficient production of biofuels and high-value chemicals from polysaccharides such as lignocellulose. Unfortunately, self-oxidation of the active site inactivates LPMOs. Other oxidoreductases employ hole-hopping mechanisms as protection against oxidative damage, but little is generally known about the details of these mechanisms. Herein, we employ highly accurate theoretical models based on density functional theory (DFT) molecular mechanics (MM) hybrids to understand the initial steps in LPMOs' protective measures against self-oxidation; we identify several intermediates recently proposed from experiment, and quantify which are important for protective hole-hopping pathways. Investigations on two different LPMOs show consistently that a tyrosine residue close to copper is crucial for protection: this explains recent experiments, showing that LPMOs without this tyrosine are more susceptible to self-oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlisa M Hagemann
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark Campusvej 55 5230 Odense Denmark
| | - Erna K Wieduwilt
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark Campusvej 55 5230 Odense Denmark
| | - Erik D Hedegård
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark Campusvej 55 5230 Odense Denmark
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9
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Munzone A, Eijsink VGH, Berrin JG, Bissaro B. Expanding the catalytic landscape of metalloenzymes with lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases. Nat Rev Chem 2024; 8:106-119. [PMID: 38200220 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-023-00565-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) have an essential role in global carbon cycle, industrial biomass processing and microbial pathogenicity by catalysing the oxidative cleavage of recalcitrant polysaccharides. Despite initially being considered monooxygenases, experimental and theoretical studies show that LPMOs are essentially peroxygenases, using a single copper ion and H2O2 for C-H bond oxygenation. Here, we examine LPMO catalysis, emphasizing key studies that have shaped our comprehension of their function, and address side and competing reactions that have partially obscured our understanding. Then, we compare this novel copper-peroxygenase reaction with reactions catalysed by haem iron enzymes, highlighting the different chemistries at play. We conclude by addressing some open questions surrounding LPMO catalysis, including the importance of peroxygenase and monooxygenase reactions in biological contexts, how LPMOs modulate copper site reactivity and potential protective mechanisms against oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Munzone
- UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, INRAE, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Jean-Guy Berrin
- UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, INRAE, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Bastien Bissaro
- UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, INRAE, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France.
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10
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Kumar A, Singh A, Sharma VK, Goel A, Kumar A. The upsurge of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases in biomass deconstruction: characteristic functions and sustainable applications. FEBS J 2024. [PMID: 38291603 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are one of the emerging classes of copper metalloenzymes that have received considerable attention due to their ability to boost the enzymatic conversion of intractable polysaccharides such as plant cell walls and chitin polymers. LPMOs catalyze the oxidative cleavage of β-1,4-glycosidic bonds using molecular O2 or H2 O2 in the presence of an external electron donor. LPMOs have been classified as an auxiliary active (AA) class of enzymes and, further based on substrate specificity, divided into eight families. Until now, multiple LPMOs from AA9 and AA10 families, mostly from microbial sources, have been investigated; the exact mechanism and structure-function are elusive to date, and recently discovered AA families of LPMOs are just scratched. This review highlights the origin and discovery of the enzyme, nomenclature, three-dimensional protein structure, substrate specificity, copper-dependent reaction mechanism, and different techniques used to determine the product formation through analytical and biochemical methods. Moreover, the diverse functions of proteins in various biological activities such as plant-pathogen/pest interactions, cell wall remodeling, antibiotic sensitivity of biofilms, and production of nanocellulose along with certain obstacles in deconstructing the complex polysaccharides have also been summarized, while highlighting the innovative and creative ways to overcome the limitations of LPMOs in hydrolyzing the biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asheesh Kumar
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Aishwarya Singh
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Sharma
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
| | - Akshita Goel
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Arun Kumar
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
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11
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Schwaiger L, Csarman F, Chang H, Golten O, Eijsink VGH, Ludwig R. Electrochemical Monitoring of Heterogeneous Peroxygenase Reactions Unravels LPMO Kinetics. ACS Catal 2024; 14:1205-1219. [PMID: 38269044 PMCID: PMC10804366 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c05194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Biological conversion of plant biomass depends on peroxygenases and peroxidases acting on insoluble polysaccharides and lignin. Among these are cellulose- and hemicellulose-degrading lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs), which have revolutionized our concept of biomass degradation. Major obstacles limiting mechanistic and functional understanding of these unique peroxygenases are their complex and insoluble substrates and the hard-to-measure H2O2 consumption, resulting in the lack of suitable kinetic assays. We report a versatile and robust electrochemical method for real-time monitoring and kinetic characterization of LPMOs and other H2O2-dependent interfacial enzymes based on a rotating disc electrode for the sensitive and selective quantitation of H2O2 at biologically relevant concentrations. The H2O2 sensor works in suspensions of insoluble substrates as well as in homogeneous solutions. Our characterization of multiple LPMOs provides unprecedented insights into the substrate specificity, kinetics, and stability of these enzymes. High turnover and total turnover numbers demonstrate that LPMOs are fast and durable biocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz Schwaiger
- Department
of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences,
Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Csarman
- Department
of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences,
Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hucheng Chang
- Department
of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences,
Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ole Golten
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Vincent G. H. Eijsink
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Department
of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences,
Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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12
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Luo J, He C. Chemical protein synthesis enabled engineering of saccharide oxidative cleavage activity in artificial metalloenzymes. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 256:128083. [PMID: 38000595 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Chemical protein (semi-)synthesis is a powerful technique allowing the incorporation of unnatural functionalities at any desired protein site. Herein we describe a facile one-pot semi-synthetic strategy for the construction of a type 2 copper center in the active site of azurin, which is achieved by substitution of Met121 with unnatural amino acid residues bearing a strong ligand N,N-bis(pyridylmethyl)amine (DPA) to mimic the function of typical histidine brace-bearing copper monooxygenases, such as lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) involved in polysaccharide breakdown. The semi-synthetic proteins were routinely obtained in over 10-mg scales to allow for spectroscopic measurements (UV-Vis, CD, and EPR), which provides structural evidences for the CuII-DPA-modified azurins. 4-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (PNPG) was used as a model substrate for the H2O2-driven oxidative cleavage reaction facilitated by semi-synthetic azurins, and the CuII-6 complex showed a highest activity (TTN 253). Interestingly, our semi-synthetic azurins were able to tolerate high H2O2 concentrations (up to 4000-fold of the enzyme), making them promising for practical applications. Collectively, we establish that chemical protein synthesis can be exploited as a reliable technology in affording large quantities of artificial metalloproteins to facilitate the transformation of challenging chemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jindi Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Chunmao He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China.
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13
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Yao RA, Reyre JL, Tamburrini KC, Haon M, Tranquet O, Nalubothula A, Mukherjee S, Le Gall S, Grisel S, Longhi S, Madhuprakash J, Bissaro B, Berrin JG. The Ustilago maydis AA10 LPMO is active on fungal cell wall chitin. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0057323. [PMID: 37702503 PMCID: PMC10617569 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00573-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) can perform oxidative cleavage of glycosidic bonds in carbohydrate polymers (e.g., cellulose, chitin), making them more accessible to hydrolytic enzymes. While most studies have so far mainly explored the role of LPMOs in a (plant) biomass conversion context, alternative roles and paradigms begin to emerge. The AA10 LPMOs are active on chitin and/or cellulose and mostly found in bacteria and in some viruses and archaea. Interestingly, AA10-encoding genes are also encountered in some pathogenic fungi of the Ustilaginomycetes class, such as Ustilago maydis, responsible for corn smut disease. Transcriptomic studies have shown the overexpression of the AA10 gene during the infectious cycle of U. maydis. In fact, U. maydis has a unique AA10 gene that codes for a catalytic domain appended with a C-terminal disordered region. To date, there is no public report on fungal AA10 LPMOs. In this study, we successfully produced the catalytic domain of this LPMO (UmAA10_cd) in Pichia pastoris and carried out its biochemical characterization. Our results show that UmAA10_cd oxidatively cleaves α- and β-chitin with C1 regioselectivity and boosts chitin hydrolysis by a GH18 chitinase from U. maydis (UmGH18A). Using a biologically relevant substrate, we show that UmAA10_cd exhibits enzymatic activity on U. maydis fungal cell wall chitin and promotes its hydrolysis by UmGH18A. These results represent an important step toward the understanding of the role of LPMOs in the fungal cell wall remodeling process during the fungal life cycle.IMPORTANCELytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) have been mainly studied in a biotechnological context for the efficient degradation of recalcitrant polysaccharides. Only recently, alternative roles and paradigms begin to emerge. In this study, we provide evidence that the AA10 LPMO from the phytopathogen Ustilago maydis is active against fungal cell wall chitin. Given that chitin-active LPMOs are commonly found in microbes, it is important to consider fungal cell wall as a potential target for this enigmatic class of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roseline Assiah Yao
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ, UMR 1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques (BBF), Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Lou Reyre
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ, UMR 1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques (BBF), Marseille, France
- IFP Energies Nouvelles, Rueil-Malmaison, France
| | - Ketty C. Tamburrini
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ, UMR 1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques (BBF), Marseille, France
- CNRS, Aix Marseille Univ, UMR 7257 Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), Marseille, France
| | - Mireille Haon
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ, UMR 1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques (BBF), Marseille, France
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ, 3PE Platform, Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Tranquet
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ, UMR 1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques (BBF), Marseille, France
| | - Akshay Nalubothula
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Saumashish Mukherjee
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Sophie Le Gall
- INRAE, UR1268 BIA, Nantes, France
- INRAE, PROBE Research Infrastructure, BIBS Facility, Nantes, France
| | - Sacha Grisel
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ, UMR 1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques (BBF), Marseille, France
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ, 3PE Platform, Marseille, France
| | - Sonia Longhi
- CNRS, Aix Marseille Univ, UMR 7257 Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), Marseille, France
| | - Jogi Madhuprakash
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Bastien Bissaro
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ, UMR 1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques (BBF), Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Guy Berrin
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ, UMR 1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques (BBF), Marseille, France
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ, 3PE Platform, Marseille, France
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14
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Liu Y, Harnden KA, Van Stappen C, Dikanov SA, Lu Y. A designed Copper Histidine-brace enzyme for oxidative depolymerization of polysaccharides as a model of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2308286120. [PMID: 37844252 PMCID: PMC10614608 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2308286120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The "Histidine-brace" (His-brace) copper-binding site, composed of Cu(His)2 with a backbone amine, is found in metalloproteins with diverse functions. A primary example is lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO), a class of enzymes that catalyze the oxidative depolymerization of polysaccharides, providing not only an energy source for native microorganisms but also a route to more effective industrial biomass conversion. Despite its importance, how the Cu His-brace site performs this unique and challenging oxidative depolymerization reaction remains to be understood. To answer this question, we have designed a biosynthetic model of LPMO by incorporating the Cu His-brace motif into azurin, an electron transfer protein. Spectroscopic studies, including ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) absorption and electron paramagnetic resonance, confirm copper binding at the designed His-brace site. Moreover, the designed protein is catalytically active towards both cellulose and starch, the native substrates of LPMO, generating degraded oligosaccharides with multiturnovers by C1 oxidation. It also performs oxidative cleavage of the model substrate 4-nitrophenyl-D-glucopyranoside, achieving a turnover number ~9% of that of a native LPMO assayed under identical conditions. This work presents a rationally designed artificial metalloenzyme that acts as a structural and functional mimic of LPMO, which provides a promising system for understanding the role of the Cu His-brace site in LPMO activity and potential application in polysaccharide degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX78712
| | - Kevin A. Harnden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
| | - Casey Van Stappen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX78712
| | - Sergei A. Dikanov
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX78712
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15
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Østby H, Christensen IA, Hennum K, Várnai A, Buchinger E, Grandal S, Courtade G, Hegnar OA, Aachmann FL, Eijsink VGH. Functional characterization of a lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase from Schizophyllum commune that degrades non-crystalline substrates. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17373. [PMID: 37833388 PMCID: PMC10575960 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44278-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are mono-copper enzymes that use O2 or H2O2 to oxidatively cleave glycosidic bonds. LPMOs are prevalent in nature, and the functional variation among these enzymes is a topic of great interest. We present the functional characterization of one of the 22 putative AA9-type LPMOs from the fungus Schizophyllum commune, ScLPMO9A. The enzyme, expressed in Escherichia coli, showed C4-oxidative cleavage of amorphous cellulose and soluble cello-oligosaccharides. Activity on xyloglucan, mixed-linkage β-glucan, and glucomannan was also observed, and product profiles differed compared to the well-studied C4-oxidizing NcLPMO9C from Neurospora crassa. While NcLPMO9C is also active on more crystalline forms of cellulose, ScLPMO9A is not. Differences between the two enzymes were also revealed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) titration studies showing that, in contrast to NcLPMO9C, ScLPMO9A has higher affinity for linear substrates compared to branched substrates. Studies of H2O2-fueled degradation of amorphous cellulose showed that ScLPMO9A catalyzes a fast and specific peroxygenase reaction that is at least two orders of magnitude faster than the apparent monooxygenase reaction. Together, these results show that ScLPMO9A is an efficient LPMO with a broad substrate range, which, rather than acting on cellulose, has evolved to act on amorphous and soluble glucans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Østby
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Idd A Christensen
- Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory (NOBIPOL), Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands Vei 6/8, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Karen Hennum
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Anikó Várnai
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Edith Buchinger
- Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory (NOBIPOL), Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands Vei 6/8, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Siri Grandal
- Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory (NOBIPOL), Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands Vei 6/8, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gaston Courtade
- Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory (NOBIPOL), Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands Vei 6/8, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Olav A Hegnar
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Finn L Aachmann
- Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory (NOBIPOL), Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands Vei 6/8, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway.
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16
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Dan M, Zheng Y, Zhao G, Hsieh YSY, Wang D. Current insights of factors interfering the stability of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 67:108216. [PMID: 37473820 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose and chitin are two of the most abundant biopolymers in nature, but they cannot be effectively utilized in industry due to their recalcitrance. This limitation was overcome by the advent of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs), which promote the disruption of biopolymers through oxidative mechanism and provide a breakthrough in the action of hydrolytic enzymes. In the application of LPMOs to biomass degradation, the key to consistent and effective functioning lies in their stability. The efficient transformation of biomass resources using LPMOs depends on factors that interfere with their stability. This review discussed three aspects that affect LPMO stability: general external factors, structural factors, and factors in the enzyme-substrate reaction. It explains how these factors impact LPMO stability, discusses the resulting effects, and finally presents relevant measures and considerations, including potential resolutions. The review also provides suggestions for the application of LPMOs in polysaccharide degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Dan
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yuting Zheng
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Guohua Zhao
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yves S Y Hsieh
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Damao Wang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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17
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de Oliveira Gorgulho Silva C, Vuillemin M, Kabel MA, van Berkel WJH, Meyer AS, Agger JW. Polyphenol Oxidase Products Are Priming Agents for LPMO Peroxygenase Activity. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202300559. [PMID: 37278305 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenol oxidases catalyze the hydroxylation of monophenols to diphenols, which are reducing agents for lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) in their degradation of cellulose. In particular, the polyphenol oxidase MtPPO7 from Myceliophthora thermophila converts lignocellulose-derived monophenols, and under the new perspective of the peroxygenase reaction catalyzed by LPMOs, we aim to differentiate the role of the catalytic products of MtPPO7 in priming and fueling of LPMO activity. Exemplified by the activity of MtPPO7 towards guaiacol and by using the benchmark LPMO NcAA9C from Neurospora crassa we show that MtPPO7 catalytic products provide the initial electron for the reduction of Cu(II) to Cu(I) but cannot provide the required reducing power for continuous fueling of the LPMO. The priming reaction is shown to occur with catalytic amounts of MtPPO7 products and those compounds do not generate substantial amounts of H2 O2 in situ to fuel the LPMO peroxygenase activity. Reducing agents with a low propensity to generate H2 O2 can provide the means for controlling the LPMO catalysis through exogenous H2 O2 and thereby minimize any enzyme inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marlene Vuillemin
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads 221, 2800, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mirjam A Kabel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Willem J H van Berkel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anne S Meyer
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads 221, 2800, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jane W Agger
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads 221, 2800, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
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18
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Zhao J, Zhuo Y, Diaz DE, Shanmugam M, Telfer AJ, Lindley PJ, Kracher D, Hayashi T, Seibt LS, Hardy FJ, Manners O, Hedison TM, Hollywood KA, Spiess R, Cain KM, Diaz-Moreno S, Scrutton NS, Tovborg M, Walton PH, Heyes DJ, Green AP. Mapping the Initial Stages of a Protective Pathway that Enhances Catalytic Turnover by a Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenase. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:20672-20682. [PMID: 37688545 PMCID: PMC10515631 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Oxygenase and peroxygenase enzymes generate intermediates at their active sites which bring about the controlled functionalization of inert C-H bonds in substrates, such as in the enzymatic conversion of methane to methanol. To be viable catalysts, however, these enzymes must also prevent oxidative damage to essential active site residues, which can occur during both coupled and uncoupled turnover. Herein, we use a combination of stopped-flow spectroscopy, targeted mutagenesis, TD-DFT calculations, high-energy resolution fluorescence detection X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy to study two transient intermediates that together form a protective pathway built into the active sites of copper-dependent lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs). First, a transient high-valent species is generated at the copper histidine brace active site following treatment of the LPMO with either hydrogen peroxide or peroxyacids in the absence of substrate. This intermediate, which we propose to be a CuII-(histidyl radical), then reacts with a nearby tyrosine residue in an intersystem-crossing reaction to give a ferromagnetically coupled (S = 1) CuII-tyrosyl radical pair, thereby restoring the histidine brace active site to its resting state and allowing it to re-enter the catalytic cycle through reduction. This process gives the enzyme the capacity to minimize damage to the active site histidine residues "on the fly" to increase the total turnover number prior to enzyme deactivation, highlighting how oxidative enzymes are evolved to protect themselves from deleterious side reactions during uncoupled turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingming Zhao
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, The University
of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
| | - Ying Zhuo
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, The University
of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
| | - Daniel E. Diaz
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K.
| | - Muralidharan Shanmugam
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, The University
of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
| | - Abbey J. Telfer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K.
- Harwell
Science and Innovation Campus, Diamond Light
Source Ltd., Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, U.K.
| | - Peter J. Lindley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K.
| | - Daniel Kracher
- Institute
of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University
of Technology, Petersgasse
14, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Takahiro Hayashi
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, The University
of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
| | - Lisa S. Seibt
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, The University
of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
| | - Florence J. Hardy
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, The University
of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
| | - Oliver Manners
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, The University
of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
| | - Tobias M. Hedison
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, The University
of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
| | - Katherine A. Hollywood
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, The University
of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
| | - Reynard Spiess
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, The University
of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
| | - Kathleen M. Cain
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, The University
of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
| | - Sofia Diaz-Moreno
- Harwell
Science and Innovation Campus, Diamond Light
Source Ltd., Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, U.K.
| | - Nigel S. Scrutton
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, The University
of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
| | | | - Paul H. Walton
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K.
| | - Derren J. Heyes
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, The University
of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
| | - Anthony P. Green
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, The University
of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
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19
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Sørensen HV, Montserrat-Canals M, Loose JSM, Fisher SZ, Moulin M, Blakeley MP, Cordara G, Bjerregaard-Andersen K, Krengel U. Perdeuterated GbpA Enables Neutron Scattering Experiments of a Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenase. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:29101-29112. [PMID: 37599915 PMCID: PMC10433351 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are surface-active redox enzymes that catalyze the degradation of recalcitrant polysaccharides, making them important tools for energy production from renewable sources. In addition, LPMOs are important virulence factors for fungi, bacteria, and viruses. However, many knowledge gaps still exist regarding their catalytic mechanism and interaction with their insoluble, crystalline substrates. Moreover, conventional structural biology techniques, such as X-ray crystallography, usually do not reveal the protonation state of catalytically important residues. In contrast, neutron crystallography is highly suited to obtain this information, albeit with significant sample volume requirements and challenges associated with hydrogen's large incoherent scattering signal. We set out to demonstrate the feasibility of neutron-based techniques for LPMOs using N-acetylglucosamine-binding protein A (GbpA) from Vibrio cholerae as a target. GbpA is a multifunctional protein that is secreted by the bacteria to colonize and degrade chitin. We developed an efficient deuteration protocol, which yields >10 mg of pure 97% deuterated protein per liter expression media, which was scaled up further at international facilities. The deuterated protein retains its catalytic activity and structure, as demonstrated by small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering studies of full-length GbpA and X-ray crystal structures of its LPMO domain (to 1.1 Å resolution), setting the stage for neutron scattering experiments with its substrate chitin.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. V. Sørensen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oslo, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Mateu Montserrat-Canals
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oslo, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
- Centre
for Molecular Medicine Norway, University
of Oslo, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jennifer S. M. Loose
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), NO-1340 Ås, Norway
| | - S. Zoë Fisher
- Science
Directorate, European Spallation Source
ERIC, P.O. Box 176, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
- Department
of Biology, Lund University, 35 Sölvegatan, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Martine Moulin
- Life Sciences
Group, Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Cedex 9 Grenoble, France
| | - Matthew P. Blakeley
- Large-Scale
Structures Group, Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Gabriele Cordara
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oslo, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Ute Krengel
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oslo, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
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20
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Kim B, Karlin KD. Ligand-Copper(I) Primary O 2-Adducts: Design, Characterization, and Biological Significance of Cupric-Superoxides. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:2197-2212. [PMID: 37527056 PMCID: PMC11152209 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
In this Account, we overview and highlight synthetic bioinorganic chemistry focused on initial adducts formed from the reaction of reduced ligand-copper(I) coordination complexes with molecular oxygen, reactions that produce ligand-CuII(O2•-) complexes (O2•- ≡ superoxide anion). We provide mostly a historical perspective, starting in the Karlin research group in the 1980s, emphasizing the ligand design and ligand effects, structure, and spectroscopy of these O2 adducts and subsequent further reactivity with substrates, including the interaction with a second ligand-CuI complex to form binuclear species. The Account emphasizes the approach, evolution, and results obtained in the Karlin group, a synthetic bioinorganic research program inspired by the state of knowledge and insights obtained on enzymes possessing copper ion active sites which process molecular oxygen. These constitute an important biochemistry for all levels/types of organisms, bacteria, fungi, insects, and mammals, including humans.Copper is earth abundant, and its redox properties in complexes allow for facile CuII/CuI interconversions. Simple salts or coordination complexes have been well known to serve as oxidants for the stoichiometric or catalytic oxidation or oxygenation (i.e., O-atom insertion) of organic substrates. Thus, copper dioxygen- or peroxide-centered synthetic bioinorganic studies provide strong relevance and potential application to synthesis or even the development of cathodic catalysts for dioxygen reduction to hydrogen peroxide or water, as in fuel cells. The Karlin group's focus however was primarily oriented toward bioinorganic chemistry with the goal to provide fundamental insights into the nature of copper-dioxygen adducts and further reduced and/or protonated derivatives, species likely occurring in enzyme turnover or related in one or more aspects of formation, structure, spectroscopic properties, and scope of reactivity toward organic/biochemical substrates.Prior to this time, the 1980s, O2 adducts of redox-active first-row transition-metal ions focused on iron, such as the porphyrinate-Fe centers occurring in the oxygen carrier proteins myoglobin and hemoglobin and that determined to occur in cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase turnover. Deoxy (i.e., reduced Fe(II)) heme proteins react with O2, giving FeIII-superoxo complexes (preferably referred to by traditional biochemists as ferrous-oxy species). And, it was in the 1970s that great strides were made by synthetic chemists in generating hemes capable of forming O2 adducts, their physiochemical characterization providing critical insights to enzyme (bio)chemistry and providing ideas and important goals leading to countless person years of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohee Kim
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Kenneth D Karlin
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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21
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Lim H, Brueggemeyer MT, Transue WJ, Meier KK, Jones SM, Kroll T, Sokaras D, Kelemen B, Hedman B, Hodgson KO, Solomon EI. Kβ X-ray Emission Spectroscopy of Cu(I)-Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenase: Direct Observation of the Frontier Molecular Orbital for H 2O 2 Activation. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:16015-16025. [PMID: 37441786 PMCID: PMC10557184 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) catalyze the degradation of recalcitrant carbohydrate polysaccharide substrates. These enzymes are characterized by a mononuclear Cu(I) active site with a three-coordinate T-shaped "His-brace" configuration including the N-terminal histidine and its amine group as ligands. This study explicitly investigates the electronic structure of the d10 Cu(I) active site in a LPMO using Kβ X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES). The lack of inversion symmetry in the His-brace site enables the 3d/p mixing required for intensity in the Kβ valence-to-core (VtC) XES spectrum of Cu(I)-LPMO. These Kβ XES data are correlated to density functional theory (DFT) calculations to define the bonding, and in particular, the frontier molecular orbital (FMO) of the Cu(I) site. These experimentally validated DFT calculations are used to evaluate the reaction coordinate for homolytic cleavage of the H2O2 O-O bond and understand the contribution of this FMO to the low barrier of this reaction and how the geometric and electronic structure of the Cu(I)-LPMO site is activated for rapid reactivity with H2O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeongtaek Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | | | - Wesley J Transue
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Katlyn K Meier
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Stephen M Jones
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Thomas Kroll
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Dimosthenis Sokaras
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Bradley Kelemen
- IFF Health and Biosciences, Palo Alto, California 94304, United States
| | - Britt Hedman
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Keith O Hodgson
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Edward I Solomon
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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22
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Yu X, Zhao Y, Yu J, Wang L. Recent advances in the efficient degradation of lignocellulosic metabolic networks by lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2023; 55:529-539. [PMID: 37036250 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2023059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Along with long-term evolution, the plant cell wall generates lignocellulose and other anti-degradation barriers to confront hydrolysis by fungi. Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO) is a newly defined oxidase in lignocellulosic degradation systems that significantly fuels hydrolysis. LPMO accepts electrons from wide sources, such as cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH), glucose-methanol-choline (GMC) oxidoreductases, and small phenols. In addition, the extracellular cometabolic network formed by cosubstrates improves the degradation efficiency, forming a stable and efficient lignocellulose degradation system. In recent years, using structural proteomics to explore the internal structure and the complex redox system of LPMOs has become a research hotspot. In this review, the diversity of LPMOs, catalytic domains, carbohydrate binding modules, direct electron transfer with CDH, cosubstrates, and degradation networks of LPMOs are explored, which can provide a systematic reference for the application of lignocellulosic degradation systems in industrial approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinran Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Junhong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Fermentation Engineering of Beer, Qingdao 266035, China
| | - Lushan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
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23
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Sun P, Huang Z, Banerjee S, Kadowaki MAS, Veersma RJ, Magri S, Hilgers R, Muderspach SJ, Laurent CV, Ludwig R, Cannella D, Lo Leggio L, van Berkel WJH, Kabel MA. AA16 Oxidoreductases Boost Cellulose-Active AA9 Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenases from Myceliophthora thermophila. ACS Catal 2023; 13:4454-4467. [PMID: 37066045 PMCID: PMC10088020 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c00874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Copper-dependent lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) classified in Auxiliary Activity (AA) families are considered indispensable as synergistic partners for cellulolytic enzymes to saccharify recalcitrant lignocellulosic plant biomass. In this study, we characterized two fungal oxidoreductases from the new AA16 family. We found that MtAA16A from Myceliophthora thermophila and AnAA16A from Aspergillus nidulans did not catalyze the oxidative cleavage of oligo- and polysaccharides. Indeed, the MtAA16A crystal structure showed a fairly LPMO-typical histidine brace active site, but the cellulose-acting LPMO-typical flat aromatic surface parallel to the histidine brace region was lacking. Further, we showed that both AA16 proteins are able to oxidize low-molecular-weight reductants to produce H2O2. The oxidase activity of the AA16s substantially boosted cellulose degradation by four AA9 LPMOs from M. thermophila (MtLPMO9s) but not by three AA9 LPMOs from Neurospora crassa (NcLPMO9s). The interplay with MtLPMO9s is explained by the H2O2-producing capability of the AA16s, which, in the presence of cellulose, allows the MtLPMO9s to optimally drive their peroxygenase activity. Replacement of MtAA16A by glucose oxidase (AnGOX) with the same H2O2-producing activity could only achieve less than 50% of the boosting effect achieved by MtAA16A, and earlier MtLPMO9B inactivation (6 h) was observed. To explain these results, we hypothesized that the delivery of AA16-produced H2O2 to the MtLPMO9s is facilitated by protein-protein interaction. Our findings provide new insights into the functions of copper-dependent enzymes and contribute to a further understanding of the interplay of oxidative enzymes within fungal systems to degrade lignocellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peicheng Sun
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University
& Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Zhiyu Huang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sanchari Banerjee
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marco A. S. Kadowaki
- PhotoBioCatalysis
Unit (CPBL) and Biomass Transformation Lab (BTL), École Interfacultaire
de Bioingénieurs (EIB), Université
Libre de Bruxelles, Avenue Franklin D. Roosevelt 50, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Romy J. Veersma
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University
& Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Silvia Magri
- PhotoBioCatalysis
Unit (CPBL) and Biomass Transformation Lab (BTL), École Interfacultaire
de Bioingénieurs (EIB), Université
Libre de Bruxelles, Avenue Franklin D. Roosevelt 50, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Roelant Hilgers
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University
& Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian J. Muderspach
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christophe V.F.P. Laurent
- Biocatalysis
and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences
(BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
- Institute
of Molecular Modeling and Simulation, Department of Material Sciences
and Process Engineering, University of Natural
Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Biocatalysis
and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences
(BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - David Cannella
- PhotoBioCatalysis
Unit (CPBL) and Biomass Transformation Lab (BTL), École Interfacultaire
de Bioingénieurs (EIB), Université
Libre de Bruxelles, Avenue Franklin D. Roosevelt 50, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Leila Lo Leggio
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Willem J. H. van Berkel
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University
& Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam A. Kabel
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University
& Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
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24
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Torbjörnsson M, Hagemann MM, Ryde U, Hedegård ED. Histidine oxidation in lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase. J Biol Inorg Chem 2023; 28:317-328. [PMID: 36828975 PMCID: PMC10036459 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-023-01993-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
The lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) comprise a super-family of copper enzymes that boost the depolymerisation of polysaccharides by oxidatively disrupting the glycosidic bonds connecting the sugar units. Industrial use of LPMOs for cellulose depolymerisation has already begun but is still far from reaching its full potential. One issue is that the LPMOs self-oxidise and thereby deactivate. The mechanism of this self-oxidation is unknown, but histidine residues coordinating to the copper atom are the most susceptible. An unusual methyl modification of the NE2 atom in one of the coordinating histidine residues has been proposed to have a protective role. Furthermore, substrate binding is also known to reduce oxidative damage. We here for the first time investigate the mechanism of histidine oxidation with combined quantum and molecular mechanical (QM/MM) calculations, with outset in intermediates previously shown to form from a reaction with peroxide and a reduced LPMO. We show that an intermediate with a [Cu-O]+ moiety is sufficiently potent to oxidise the nearest C-H bond on both histidine residues, but methylation of the NE2 atom of His-1 increases the reaction barrier of this reaction. The substrate further increases the activation barrier. We also investigate a [Cu-OH]2+ intermediate with a deprotonated tyrosine radical. This intermediate was previously proposed to have a protective role, and we also find it to have higher barriers than the corresponding a [Cu-O]+ intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magne Torbjörnsson
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Lund University, Chemical Centre, P. O. Box 124, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Marlisa M Hagemann
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Ulf Ryde
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Lund University, Chemical Centre, P. O. Box 124, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Erik Donovan Hedegård
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Lund University, Chemical Centre, P. O. Box 124, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark.
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25
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Votvik AK, Røhr ÅK, Bissaro B, Stepnov AA, Sørlie M, Eijsink VGH, Forsberg Z. Structural and functional characterization of the catalytic domain of a cell-wall anchored bacterial lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase from Streptomyces coelicolor. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5345. [PMID: 37005446 PMCID: PMC10067821 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32263-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are known to oxidize the most abundant and recalcitrant polymers in Nature, namely cellulose and chitin. The genome of the model actinomycete Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) encodes seven putative LPMOs, of which, upon phylogenetic analysis, four group with typical chitin-oxidizing LPMOs, two with typical cellulose-active LPMOs, and one which stands out by being part of a subclade of non-characterized enzymes. The latter enzyme, called ScLPMO10D, and most of the enzymes found in this subclade are unique, not only because of variation in the catalytic domain, but also as their C-terminus contains a cell wall sorting signal (CWSS), which flags the LPMO for covalent anchoring to the cell wall. Here, we have produced a truncated version of ScLPMO10D without the CWSS and determined its crystal structure, EPR spectrum, and various functional properties. While showing several structural and functional features typical for bacterial cellulose active LPMOs, ScLPMO10D is only active on chitin. Comparison with two known chitin-oxidizing LPMOs of different taxa revealed interesting functional differences related to copper reactivity. This study contributes to our understanding of the biological roles of LPMOs and provides a foundation for structural and functional comparison of phylogenetically distant LPMOs with similar substrate specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Votvik
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Åsmund K Røhr
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Bastien Bissaro
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432, Ås, Norway
- INRAE, Aix Marseille University, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Anton A Stepnov
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Morten Sørlie
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Zarah Forsberg
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432, Ås, Norway.
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26
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Martinez-D’Alto A, Yan X, Detomasi TC, Sayler RI, Thomas WC, Talbot NJ, Marletta MA. Characterization of a unique polysaccharide monooxygenase from the plant pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2215426120. [PMID: 36791100 PMCID: PMC9974505 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2215426120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Blast disease in cereal plants is caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae and accounts for a significant loss in food crops. At the outset of infection, expression of a putative polysaccharide monooxygenase (MoPMO9A) is increased. MoPMO9A contains a catalytic domain predicted to act on cellulose and a carbohydrate-binding domain that binds chitin. A sequence similarity network of the MoPMO9A family AA9 showed that 220 of the 223 sequences in the MoPMO9A-containing cluster of sequences have a conserved unannotated region with no assigned function. Expression and purification of the full length and two MoPMO9A truncations, one containing the catalytic domain and the domain of unknown function (DUF) and one with only the catalytic domain, were carried out. In contrast to other AA9 polysaccharide monooxygenases (PMOs), MoPMO9A is not active on cellulose but showed activity on cereal-derived mixed (1→3, 1→4)-β-D-glucans (MBG). Moreover, the DUF is required for activity. MoPMO9A exhibits activity consistent with C4 oxidation of the polysaccharide and can utilize either oxygen or hydrogen peroxide as a cosubstrate. It contains a predicted 3-dimensional fold characteristic of other PMOs. The DUF is predicted to form a coiled-coil with six absolutely conserved cysteines acting as a zipper between the two α-helices. MoPMO9A substrate specificity and domain architecture are different from previously characterized AA9 PMOs. The results, including a gene ontology analysis, support a role for MoPMO9A in MBG degradation during plant infection. Consistent with this analysis, deletion of MoPMO9A results in reduced pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xia Yan
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, NorwichNR4 7UH, UK
| | - Tyler C. Detomasi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - Richard I. Sayler
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - William C. Thomas
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - Nicholas J. Talbot
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, NorwichNR4 7UH, UK
| | - Michael A. Marletta
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
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27
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Revisiting the role of electron donors in lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase biochemistry. Essays Biochem 2023; 67:585-595. [PMID: 36748351 PMCID: PMC10154616 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20220164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The plant cell wall is rich in carbohydrates and many fungi and bacteria have evolved to take advantage of this carbon source. These carbohydrates are largely locked away in polysaccharides and so these organisms deploy a range of enzymes that can liberate individual sugars from these challenging substrates. Glycoside hydrolases (GHs) are the enzymes that are largely responsible for bringing about this sugar release; however, 12 years ago, a family of enzymes known as lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) were also shown to be of key importance in this process. LPMOs are copper-dependent oxidative enzymes that can introduce chain breaks within polysaccharide chains. Initial work demonstrated that they could activate O2 to attack the substrate through a reaction that most likely required multiple electrons to be delivered to the enzyme. More recently, it has emerged that LPMO kinetics are significantly improved if H2O2 is supplied to the enzyme as a cosubstrate instead of O2. Only a single electron is required to activate an LPMO and H2O2 cosubstrate and the enzyme has been shown to catalyse multiple turnovers following the initial one-electron reduction of the copper, which is not possible if O2 is used. This has led to further studies of the roles of the electron donor in LPMO biochemistry, and this review aims to highlight recent findings in this area and consider how ongoing research could impact our understanding of the interplay between redox processes in nature.
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28
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Hagemann MM, Hedegård ED. Molecular Mechanism of Substrate Oxidation in Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenases: Insight from Theoretical Investigations. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202379. [PMID: 36207279 PMCID: PMC10107554 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are copper enzymes that today comprise a large enzyme superfamily, grouped into the distinct members AA9-AA17 (with AA12 exempted). The LPMOs have the potential to facilitate the upcycling of biomass waste products by boosting the breakdown of cellulose and other recalcitrant polysaccharides. The cellulose biopolymer is the main component of biomass waste and thus comprises a large, unexploited resource. The LPMOs work through a catalytic, oxidative reaction whose mechanism is still controversial. For instance, the nature of the intermediate performing the oxidative reaction is an open question, and the same holds for the employed co-substrate. Here we review theoretical investigations addressing these questions. The applied theoretical methods are usually based on quantum mechanics (QM), often combined with molecular mechanics (QM/MM). We discuss advantages and disadvantages of the employed theoretical methods and comment on the interplay between theoretical and experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlisa M Hagemann
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense, Denmark
| | - Erik D Hedegård
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense, Denmark
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29
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Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are unique redox enzymes capable of disrupting the crystalline surfaces of industry-relevant recalcitrant polysaccharides, such as chitin and cellulose. Historically, LPMOs were thought to be slow enzymes relying on O2 as the co-substrate, but it is now clear that these enzymes prefer H2O2, allowing for fast depolymerization of polysaccharides through a peroxygenase reaction. Thus, quantifying H2O2 in LPMO reaction set-ups is of a great interest. The horseradish peroxidase (HRP)/Amplex Red (AR) assay is one of the most popular and accessible tools for measuring hydrogen peroxide. This assay has been used in various types of biological and biochemical studies, including LPMO research, but suffers from pitfalls that need to be accounted for. In this Chapter, we discuss this method and its use for assessing the often rate-limiting in situ formation of H2O2 in LPMO reactions. We show that, after accounting for multiple potential side reactions, quantitative data on H2O2 production obtained with the HRP/Amplex Red assay provide useful clues for understanding the catalytic activity of LPMOs, including the impact of reductants and transition metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton A Stepnov
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU-Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU-Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.
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30
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Chang H, Gacias Amengual N, Botz A, Schwaiger L, Kracher D, Scheiblbrandner S, Csarman F, Ludwig R. Investigating lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase-assisted wood cell wall degradation with microsensors. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6258. [PMID: 36271009 PMCID: PMC9586961 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33963-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO) supports biomass hydrolysis by increasing saccharification efficiency and rate. Recent studies demonstrate that H2O2 rather than O2 is the cosubstrate of the LPMO-catalyzed depolymerization of polysaccharides. Some studies have questioned the physiological relevance of the H2O2-based mechanism for plant cell wall degradation. This study reports the localized and time-resolved determination of LPMO activity on poplar wood cell walls by measuring the H2O2 concentration in their vicinity with a piezo-controlled H2O2 microsensor. The investigated Neurospora crassa LPMO binds to the inner cell wall layer and consumes enzymatically generated H2O2. The results point towards a high catalytic efficiency of LPMO at a low H2O2 concentration that auxiliary oxidoreductases in fungal secretomes can easily generate. Measurements with a glucose microbiosensor additionally demonstrate that LPMO promotes cellobiohydrolase activity on wood cell walls and plays a synergistic role in the fungal extracellular catabolism and in industrial biomass degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hucheng Chang
- grid.5173.00000 0001 2298 5320Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Neus Gacias Amengual
- grid.5173.00000 0001 2298 5320Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Botz
- grid.5173.00000 0001 2298 5320Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lorenz Schwaiger
- grid.5173.00000 0001 2298 5320Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Kracher
- grid.5173.00000 0001 2298 5320Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria ,grid.410413.30000 0001 2294 748XPresent Address: Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Stefan Scheiblbrandner
- grid.5173.00000 0001 2298 5320Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Csarman
- grid.5173.00000 0001 2298 5320Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Roland Ludwig
- grid.5173.00000 0001 2298 5320Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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Guo X, An Y, Liu F, Lu F, Wang B. Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase - A new driving force for lignocellulosic biomass degradation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 362:127803. [PMID: 35995343 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) can catalyze polysaccharides by oxidative cleavage of glycosidic bonds and have catalytic activity for cellulose, hemicellulose, chitin, starch and pectin, thus playing an important role in the biomass conversion of lignocellulose. The catalytic substrates of LPMOs are different and the specific catalytic mechanism has not been fully elucidated. Although there have been many studies related to LPMOs, few have actually been put into industrial biomass conversion, which poses a challenge for their expression, regulation and application. In this review, the origin, substrate specificity, structural features, and the relationship between structure and function of LPMOs are described. Additionally, the catalytic mechanism and electron donor of LPMOs and their heterologous expression and regulation are discussed. Finally, the synergistic degradation of biomass by LPMOs with other polysaccharide hydrolases is reviewed, and their current problems and future research directions are pointed out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Guo
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, PR China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300450, PR China
| | - Yajing An
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300450, PR China
| | - Fufeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300450, PR China
| | - Fuping Lu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300450, PR China
| | - Bo Wang
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, PR China.
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32
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Tandrup T, Muderspach SJ, Banerjee S, Santoni G, Ipsen JØ, Hernández-Rollán C, Nørholm MHH, Johansen KS, Meilleur F, Lo Leggio L. Changes in active-site geometry on X-ray photoreduction of a lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase active-site copper and saccharide binding. IUCRJ 2022; 9:666-681. [PMID: 36071795 PMCID: PMC9438499 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252522007175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The recently discovered lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are Cu-containing enzymes capable of degrading polysaccharide substrates oxidatively. The generally accepted first step in the LPMO reaction is the reduction of the active-site metal ion from Cu2+ to Cu+. Here we have used a systematic diffraction data collection method to monitor structural changes in two AA9 LPMOs, one from Lentinus similis (LsAA9_A) and one from Thermoascus auranti-acus (TaAA9_A), as the active-site Cu is photoreduced in the X-ray beam. For LsAA9_A, the protein produced in two different recombinant systems was crystallized to probe the effect of post-translational modifications and different crystallization conditions on the active site and metal photoreduction. We can recommend that crystallographic studies of AA9 LPMOs wishing to address the Cu2+ form use a total X-ray dose below 3 × 104 Gy, while the Cu+ form can be attained using 1 × 106 Gy. In all cases, we observe the transition from a hexa-coordinated Cu site with two solvent-facing ligands to a T-shaped geometry with no exogenous ligands, and a clear increase of the θ2 parameter and a decrease of the θ3 parameter by averages of 9.2° and 8.4°, respectively, but also a slight increase in θT. Thus, the θ2 and θ3 parameters are helpful diagnostics for the oxidation state of the metal in a His-brace protein. On binding of cello-oligosaccharides to LsAA9_A, regardless of the production source, the θT parameter increases, making the Cu site less planar, while the active-site Tyr-Cu distance decreases reproducibly for the Cu2+ form. Thus, the θT increase found on copper reduction may bring LsAA9_A closer to an oligosaccharide-bound state and contribute to the observed higher affinity of reduced LsAA9_A for cellulosic substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Tandrup
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100-DK, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sebastian J. Muderspach
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100-DK, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sanchari Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100-DK, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gianluca Santoni
- ESRF, Structural Biology Group, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38027 Grenoble cedex, France
| | - Johan Ø. Ipsen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, 1958-DK, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Cristina Hernández-Rollán
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800-DK, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Morten H. H. Nørholm
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800-DK, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Katja S. Johansen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, 1958-DK, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Flora Meilleur
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7622, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, PO Box 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Leila Lo Leggio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100-DK, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Natural photoredox catalysts promote light-driven lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase reactions and enzymatic turnover of biomass. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2204510119. [PMID: 35969781 PMCID: PMC9407654 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2204510119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) catalyze oxidative cleavage of crystalline polysaccharides such as cellulose and chitin and are important for biomass conversion in the biosphere as well as in biorefineries. The target polysaccharides of LPMOs naturally occur in copolymeric structures such as plant cell walls and insect cuticles that are rich in phenolic compounds, which contribute rigidity and stiffness to these materials. Since these phenolics may be photoactive and since LPMO action depends on reducing equivalents, we hypothesized that LPMOs may enable light-driven biomass conversion. Here, we show that redox compounds naturally present in shed insect exoskeletons enable harvesting of light energy to drive LPMO reactions and thus biomass conversion. The primary underlying mechanism is that irradiation of exoskeletons with visible light leads to the generation of H2O2, which fuels LPMO peroxygenase reactions. Experiments with a cellulose model substrate show that the impact of light depends on both light and exoskeleton dosage and that light-driven LPMO activity is inhibited by a competing H2O2-consuming enzyme. Degradation experiments with the chitin-rich exoskeletons themselves show that solubilization of chitin by a chitin-active LPMO is promoted by light. The fact that LPMO reactions, and likely reactions catalyzed by other biomass-converting redox enzymes, are fueled by light-driven abiotic reactions in nature provides an enzyme-based explanation for the known impact of visible light on biomass conversion.
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Chitin-Active Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenases Are Rare in Cellulomonas Species. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0096822. [PMID: 35862679 PMCID: PMC9361826 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00968-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellulomonas flavigena is a saprotrophic bacterium that encodes, within its genome, four predicted lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) from Auxiliary Activity family 10 (AA10). We showed previously that three of these cleave the plant polysaccharide cellulose by oxidation at carbon-1 (J. Li, L. Solhi, E.D. Goddard-Borger, Y. Mattieu et al., Biotechnol Biofuels 14:29, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-020-01860-3). Here, we present the biochemical characterization of the fourth C. flavigena AA10 member (CflaLPMO10D) as a chitin-active LPMO. Both the full-length CflaLPMO10D-Carbohydrate-Binding Module family 2 (CBM2) and catalytic module-only proteins were produced in Escherichia coli using the native general secretory (Sec) signal peptide. To quantify chitinolytic activity, we developed a high-performance anion-exchange chromatography-pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) method as an alternative to the established hydrophilic interaction liquid ion chromatography coupled with UV detection (HILIC-UV) method for separation and detection of released oxidized chito-oligosaccharides. Using this method, we demonstrated that CflaLPMO10D is strictly active on the β-allomorph of chitin, with optimal activity at pH 5 to 6 and a preference for ascorbic acid as the reducing agent. We also demonstrated the importance of the CBM2 member for both mediating enzyme localization to substrates and prolonging LPMO activity. Together with previous work, the present study defines the distinct substrate specificities of the suite of C. flavigena AA10 members. Notably, a cross-genome survey of AA10 members indicated that chitinolytic LPMOs are, in fact, rare among Cellulomonas bacteria. IMPORTANCE Species from the genus Cellulomonas have a long history of study due to their roles in biomass recycling in nature and corresponding potential as sources of enzymes for biotechnological applications. Although Cellulomonas species are more commonly associated with the cleavage and utilization of plant cell wall polysaccharides, here, we show that C. flavigena produces a unique lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase with activity on β-chitin, which is found, for example, in arthropods. The limited distribution of orthologous chitinolytic LPMOs suggests adaptation of individual cellulomonads to specific nutrient niches present in soil ecosystems. This research provides new insight into the biochemical specificity of LPMOs in Cellulomonas species and related bacteria, and it raises new questions about the physiological function of these enzymes.
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Long L, Hu Y, Sun F, Gao W, Hao Z, Yin H. Advances in lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases with the cellulose-degrading auxiliary activity family 9 to facilitate cellulose degradation for biorefinery. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 219:68-83. [PMID: 35931294 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
One crucial step in processing the recalcitrant lignocellulosic biomass is the fast hydrolysis of natural cellulose to fermentable sugars that can be subsequently converted to biofuels and bio-based chemicals. Recent studies have shown that lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMOs) with auxiliary activity family 9 (AA9) are capable of efficiently depolymerizing the crystalline cellulose via regioselective oxidation reaction. Intriguingly, the catalysis by AA9 LPMOs requires reductant to provide electrons, and lignin and its phenolic derivatives can be oxidized, releasing reductant to activate the reaction. The activity of AA9 LPMOs can be enhanced by in-situ generation of H2O2 in the presence of O2. Although scientific understanding of these enzymes remains somewhat unknown or controversial, structure modifications on AA9 LPMOs through protein engineering have emerged in recent years, which are prerequisite for their extensive applications in the development of cellulase-mediated lignocellulosic biorefinery processes. In this review, we critically comment on advances in studies for AA9 LPMOs, i.e., characteristic of AA9 LPMOs catalysis, external electron donors to AA9 LPMOs, especially the role of the oxidization of lignin and its derivatives, and AA9 LPMOs protein engineering as well as their extensive applications in the bioprocessing of lignocellulosic biomass. Perspectives are also highlighted for addressing the challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfeng Long
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Fubao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Wa Gao
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS(, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhikui Hao
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Taizhou Vocational and Technical College, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Heng Yin
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS(, Dalian 116023, China
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36
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Dade CM, Douzi B, Cambillau C, Ball G, Voulhoux R, Forest KT. The crystal structure of CbpD clarifies substrate-specificity motifs in chitin-active lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2022; 78:1064-1078. [PMID: 35916229 PMCID: PMC9344471 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798322007033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The 3 Å resolution crystal structure of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence factor CbpD both supports and challenges the current model of how lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases bind chitin and raises interesting possibilities about how type 2 secretion-system substrates may interact with the secretion machinery. This structure also demonstrates the utility of new, AI-powered, protein structure-prediction algorithms in making challenging structural targets tractable. Pseudomonas aeruginosa secretes diverse proteins via its type 2 secretion system, including a 39 kDa chitin-binding protein, CbpD. CbpD has recently been shown to be a lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase active on chitin and to contribute substantially to virulence. To date, no structure of this virulence factor has been reported. Its first two domains are homologous to those found in the crystal structure of Vibrio cholerae GbpA, while the third domain is homologous to the NMR structure of the CBM73 domain of Cellvibrio japonicusCjLPMO10A. Here, the 3.0 Å resolution crystal structure of CbpD solved by molecular replacement is reported, which required ab initio models of each CbpD domain generated by the artificial intelligence deep-learning structure-prediction algorithm RoseTTAFold. The structure of CbpD confirms some previously reported substrate-specificity motifs among LPMOAA10s, while challenging the predictive power of others. Additionally, the structure of CbpD shows that post-translational modifications occur on the chitin-binding surface. Moreover, the structure raises interesting possibilities about how type 2 secretion-system substrates may interact with the secretion machinery and demonstrates the utility of new artificial intelligence protein structure-prediction algorithms in making challenging structural targets tractable.
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37
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Sun P, de Munnik M, van Berkel WJH, Kabel MA. Extending the diversity of Myceliophthora thermophila LPMOs: Two different xyloglucan cleavage profiles. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 288:119373. [PMID: 35450635 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) play a key role in enzymatic conversion of plant cell wall polysaccharides. Continuous discovery and functional characterization of LPMOs highly contribute to the tailor-made design and improvement of hydrolytic-activity based enzyme cocktails. In this context, a new MtLPMO9F was characterized for its substrate (xyloglucan) specificity, and MtLPMO9H was further delineated. Aided by sodium borodeuteride reduction and hydrophilic interaction chromatography coupled to mass spectrometric analysis, we found that both MtLPMOs released predominately C4-oxidized, and C4/C6-double oxidized xylogluco-oligosaccharides. Further characterization showed that MtLPMO9F, having a short active site segment 1 and a long active site segment 2 (-Seg1+Seg2), followed a "substitution-intolerant" xyloglucan cleavage profile, while for MtLPMO9H (+Seg1-Seg2) a "substitution-tolerant" profile was found. The here characterized xyloglucan specificity and substitution (in)tolerance of MtLPMO9F and MtLPMO9H were as predicted according to our previously published phylogenetic grouping of AA9 LPMOs based on structural active site segment configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peicheng Sun
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708, WG, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Melanie de Munnik
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708, WG, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Willem J H van Berkel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708, WG, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Mirjam A Kabel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708, WG, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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Li F, Liu Y, Liu Y, Li Y, Yu H. Heterologous expression and characterization of a novel lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase from Natrialbaceae archaeon and its application for chitin biodegradation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 354:127174. [PMID: 35436543 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases could enhance the enzymatic conversion of recalcitrant polysaccharides by glycoside hydrolases. This study reports the expression and identification of a novel AA10 LPMO from Natrialbaceae archaeon, named NaLPMO10A, as a C1 oxidizer of chitin. The optimal temperature and pH for NaLPMO10A activity were 40 °C and 9.0, respectively, and NaLPMO10A exhibited high thermostability and pH stability under alkaline conditions. NaLPMO10A was also highly tolerant and stable when treated with high concentration of metal ions (1 M). Moreover, metal ions (Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+) significantly promoted NaLPMO10A activity and improved the saccharification efficiency of chitin by 22.6%, 45.9%, 36.7% and 53.9%, respectively, compared to commercial chitinase alone. Together, the findings of this study fill a gap in archaeal LPMO research, and for the first time demonstrate that archaeal NaLPMO10A could be a promising enzyme for improving saccharification under extreme condition, with potential applications in biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yuxin Liu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yanjun Li
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hongbo Yu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
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Inhibition of the Peroxygenase Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenase by Carboxylic Acids and Amino Acids. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11061096. [PMID: 35739992 PMCID: PMC9220355 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are widely distributed in fungi, and catalyze the oxidative degradation of polysaccharides such as cellulose. Despite their name, LPMOs possess a dominant peroxygenase activity that is reflected in high turnover numbers but also causes deactivation. We report on the influence of small molecules and ions on the activity and stability of LPMO during catalysis. Turbidimetric and photometric assays were used to identify LPMO inhibitors and measure their inhibitory effect. Selected inhibitors were employed to study LPMO activity and stability during cellulose depolymerization by HPLC and turbidimetry. It was found that the fungal metabolic products oxalic acid and citric acid strongly reduce LPMO activity, but also protect the enzyme from deactivation. QM calculations showed that the copper atom in the catalytic site could be ligated by bi- or tridentate chelating compounds, which replace two water molecules. MD simulations and QM calculations show that the most likely inhibition pattern is the competition between the inhibitor and reducing agent in the oxidized Cu(II) state. A correlation between the complexation energy and the IC50 values demonstrates that small, bidentate molecules interact strongest with the catalytic site copper and could be used by the fungus as physiological effectors to regulate LPMO activity.
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40
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Serra I, Piccinini D, Paradisi A, Ciano L, Bellei M, Bortolotti CA, Battistuzzi G, Sola M, Walton PH, Di Rocco G. Activity and substrate specificity of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases: An ATR FTIR-based sensitive assay tested on a novel species from Pseudomonas putida. Protein Sci 2022; 31:591-601. [PMID: 34897841 PMCID: PMC8862430 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas putida W619 is a soil Gram-negative bacterium commonly used in environmental studies thanks to its ability in degrading many aromatic compounds. Its genome contains several putative carbohydrate-active enzymes such as glycoside hydrolases and lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (PMOs). In this study, we have heterologously produced in Escherichia coli and characterized a new enzyme belonging to the AA10 family, named PpAA10 (Uniprot: B1J2U9), which contains a chitin-binding type-4 module and showed activity toward β-chitin. The active form of the enzyme was produced in E. coli exploiting the addition of a cleavable N-terminal His tag which ensured the presence of the copper-coordinating His as the first residue. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy showed signal signatures similar to those observed for the copper-binding site of chitin-cleaving PMOs. The protein was used to develop a versatile, highly sensitive, cost-effective and easy-to-apply method to detect PMO's activity exploiting attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and able to easily discriminate between different substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilenia Serra
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly,Present address:
BIMEF Laboratory, Department of ChemistryUniversity of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
| | - Daniele Piccinini
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly
| | - Alessandro Paradisi
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly,Department of ChemistryUniversity of YorkYorkUK
| | - Luisa Ciano
- Department of Chemistry and GeologyUniversity of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly,Present address:
School of ChemistryUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Marzia Bellei
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly
| | | | | | - Marco Sola
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly
| | | | - Giulia Di Rocco
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly
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41
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Vandhana TM, Reyre JL, Sushmaa D, Berrin JG, Bissaro B, Madhuprakash J. On the expansion of biological functions of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:2380-2396. [PMID: 34918344 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) constitute an enigmatic class of enzymes, the discovery of which has opened up a new arena of riveting research. LPMOs can oxidatively cleave the glycosidic bonds found in carbohydrate polymers enabling the depolymerisation of recalcitrant biomasses, such as cellulose or chitin. While most studies have so far mainly explored the role of LPMOs in a (plant) biomass conversion context, alternative roles and paradigms begin to emerge. In the present review, we propose a historical perspective of LPMO research providing a succinct overview of the major achievements of LPMO research over the past decade. This journey through LPMOs landscape leads us to dive into the emerging biological functions of LPMOs and LPMO-like proteins. We notably highlight roles in fungal and oomycete plant pathogenesis (e.g. potato late blight), but also in mutualistic/commensalism symbiosis (e.g. ectomycorrhizae). We further present the potential importance of LPMOs in other microbial pathogenesis including diseases caused by bacteria (e.g. pneumonia), fungi (e.g. human meningitis), oomycetes and viruses (e.g. entomopox), as well as in (micro)organism development (including several plant pests). Our assessment of the literature leads to the formulation of outstanding questions, promising for the coming years exciting research and discoveries on these moonlighting proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theruvothu Madathil Vandhana
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Jean-Lou Reyre
- INRAE, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Aix Marseille University, 13009, Marseille, France
- IFP Energies Nouvelles, 1 et 4 avenue de Bois-Préau, 92852, Rueil-Malmaison, France
| | - Dangudubiyyam Sushmaa
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Jean-Guy Berrin
- INRAE, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Aix Marseille University, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Bastien Bissaro
- INRAE, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Aix Marseille University, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Jogi Madhuprakash
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, India
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42
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Karnaouri A, Chorozian K, Zouraris D, Karantonis A, Topakas E, Rova U, Christakopoulos P. Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases as powerful tools in enzymatically assisted preparation of nano-scaled cellulose from lignocellulose: A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 345:126491. [PMID: 34871721 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nanocellulose, either in the form of fibers or crystals, constitutes a renewable, biobased, biocompatible material with advantageous mechanical properties that can be isolated from lignocellulosic biomass. Enzyme-assisted isolation of nanocellulose is an attractive, environmentally friendly approach that leads to products of higher quality compared to their chemically prepared counterparts. Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are enzymes that oxidatively cleave the β-1,4-glycosidic bond of polysaccharides upon activation of O2 or H2O2 and presence of an electron donor. Their use for treatment of cellulose fibers towards the preparation of nano-scaled cellulose is related to the ability of LPMOs to create nicking points on the fiber surface, thus facilitating fiber disruption and separation. The aim of this review is to describe the mode of action of LPMOs on cellulose fibers towards the isolation of nanostructures, thus highlighting their great potential for the production of nanocellulose as a novel value added product from lignocellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthi Karnaouri
- Industrial Biotechnology & Biocatalysis Group, Biotechnology Lab, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechniou Str., Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece; Biochemical Process Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden.
| | - Koar Chorozian
- Industrial Biotechnology & Biocatalysis Group, Biotechnology Lab, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechniou Str., Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Zouraris
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Applied Electrochemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Antonis Karantonis
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Applied Electrochemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Topakas
- Industrial Biotechnology & Biocatalysis Group, Biotechnology Lab, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechniou Str., Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Ulrika Rova
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Paul Christakopoulos
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
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43
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Sagarika MS, Parameswaran C, Senapati A, Barala J, Mitra D, Prabhukarthikeyan SR, Kumar A, Nayak AK, Panneerselvam P. Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) producing microbes: A novel approach for rapid recycling of agricultural wastes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150451. [PMID: 34607097 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Out of the huge quantity of agricultural wastes produced globally, rice straw is one of the most abundant ligno-cellulosic waste. For efficient utilization of these wastes, several cost-effective biological processes are available. The practice of field level in-situ or ex-situ decomposition of rice straw is having less degree of adoption due to its poor decomposition ability within a short time span between rice harvest and sowing of the next crop. Agricultural wastes including rice straw are in general utilized by using lignocellulose degrading microbes for industrial metabolite or compost production. However, bioconversion of crystalline cellulose and lignin present in the waste, into simple molecules is a challenging task. To resolve this issue, researchers have identified a novel new generation microbial enzyme i.e., lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) and reported that the combination of LPMOs with other glycolytic enzymes are found efficient. This review explains the progress made in LPMOs and their role in lignocellulose bioconversion and the possibility of exploring LPMOs producers for rapid decomposition of agricultural wastes. Also, it provides insights to identify the knowledge gaps in improving the potential of the existing ligno-cellulolytic microbial consortium for efficient utilization of agricultural wastes at industrial and field levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahapatra Smruthi Sagarika
- ICAR - National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha 753006, India; Indira Gandhi Agricultural University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh 492012, India
| | | | - Ansuman Senapati
- ICAR - National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha 753006, India
| | - Jatiprasad Barala
- ICAR - National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha 753006, India
| | - Debasis Mitra
- ICAR - National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha 753006, India
| | | | - Anjani Kumar
- ICAR - National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha 753006, India
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44
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Banerjee S, Muderspach SJ, Tandrup T, Frandsen KEH, Singh RK, Ipsen JØ, Hernández-Rollán C, Nørholm MHH, Bjerrum MJ, Johansen KS, Lo Leggio L. Protonation State of an Important Histidine from High Resolution Structures of Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenases. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020194. [PMID: 35204695 PMCID: PMC8961595 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenases (LPMOs) oxidatively cleave recalcitrant polysaccharides. The mechanism involves (i) reduction of the Cu, (ii) polysaccharide binding, (iii) binding of different oxygen species, and (iv) glycosidic bond cleavage. However, the complete mechanism is poorly understood and may vary across different families and even within the same family. Here, we have investigated the protonation state of a secondary co-ordination sphere histidine, conserved across AA9 family LPMOs that has previously been proposed to be a potential proton donor. Partial unrestrained refinement of newly obtained higher resolution data for two AA9 LPMOs and re-refinement of four additional data sets deposited in the PDB were carried out, where the His was refined without restraints, followed by measurements of the His ring geometrical parameters. This allowed reliable assignment of the protonation state, as also validated by following the same procedure for the His brace, for which the protonation state is predictable. The study shows that this histidine is generally singly protonated at the Nε2 atom, which is close to the oxygen species binding site. Our results indicate robustness of the method. In view of this and other emerging evidence, a role as proton donor during catalysis is unlikely for this His.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanchari Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (S.B.); (S.J.M.); (T.T.); (K.E.H.F.); (R.K.S.); (M.J.B.)
| | - Sebastian J. Muderspach
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (S.B.); (S.J.M.); (T.T.); (K.E.H.F.); (R.K.S.); (M.J.B.)
| | - Tobias Tandrup
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (S.B.); (S.J.M.); (T.T.); (K.E.H.F.); (R.K.S.); (M.J.B.)
| | - Kristian Erik Høpfner Frandsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (S.B.); (S.J.M.); (T.T.); (K.E.H.F.); (R.K.S.); (M.J.B.)
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, DK-1871 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Raushan K. Singh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (S.B.); (S.J.M.); (T.T.); (K.E.H.F.); (R.K.S.); (M.J.B.)
| | - Johan Ørskov Ipsen
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, DK-1871 Copenhagen, Denmark;
- Department of Geoscience & Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 5, DK-1958 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Cristina Hernández-Rollán
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 220, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; (C.H.-R.); (M.H.H.N.)
| | - Morten H. H. Nørholm
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 220, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; (C.H.-R.); (M.H.H.N.)
| | - Morten J. Bjerrum
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (S.B.); (S.J.M.); (T.T.); (K.E.H.F.); (R.K.S.); (M.J.B.)
| | - Katja Salomon Johansen
- Department of Geoscience & Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 5, DK-1958 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Leila Lo Leggio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (S.B.); (S.J.M.); (T.T.); (K.E.H.F.); (R.K.S.); (M.J.B.)
- Correspondence:
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45
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Hassoon AA, Szorcsik A, Fülöp L, Papp ZI, May NV, Gajda T. Peptide-based chemical models for lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:17241-17254. [DOI: 10.1039/d2dt02836k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Cu(ii)–HPH-NH2 and Cu(ii)–HPHPY-NH2 systems were proved to be relevant functional models of LPMOs, even at neutral pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azza A. Hassoon
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Attila Szorcsik
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Lívia Fülöp
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zita I. Papp
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Nóra V. May
- Centre for Structural Science, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Gajda
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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46
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Stepnov AA, Christensen IA, Forsberg Z, Aachmann FL, Courtade G, Eijsink VGH. The impact of reductants on the catalytic efficiency of a lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase and the special role of dehydroascorbic acid. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:53-70. [PMID: 34845720 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Monocopper lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) catalyse oxidative cleavage of glycosidic bonds in a reductant-dependent reaction. Recent studies indicate that LPMOs, rather than being O2 -dependent monooxygenases, are H2 O2 -dependent peroxygenases. Here, we describe SscLPMO10B, a novel LPMO from the phytopathogenic bacterium Streptomyces scabies and address links between this enzyme's catalytic rate and in situ hydrogen peroxide production in the presence of ascorbic acid, gallic acid and l-cysteine. Studies of Avicel degradation showed a clear correlation between the catalytic rate of SscLPMO10B and the rate of H2 O2 generation in the reaction mixture. We also assessed the impact of oxidised ascorbic acid, dehydroascorbic acid (DHA), on LPMO activity, since DHA, which is not considered a reductant, was recently reported to drive LPMO reactions. Kinetic studies, combined with NMR analysis, showed that DHA is unstable and converts into multiple derivatives, some of which are redox active and can fuel the LPMO reaction by reducing the active site copper and promoting H2 O2 production. These results show that the apparent monooxygenase activity observed in SscLPMO10B reactions without exogenously added H2 O2 reflects a peroxygenase reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton A Stepnov
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Idd A Christensen
- NOBIPOL, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Zarah Forsberg
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Finn L Aachmann
- NOBIPOL, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gaston Courtade
- NOBIPOL, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
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47
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Deplano G, Martini A, Signorile M, Borfecchia E, Crocellà V, Svelle S, Bordiga S. Copper Pairing in the Mordenite Framework as a Function of the Cu
I
/Cu
II
Speciation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202109705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Deplano
- Department of Chemistry NIS and INSTM Reference Centre Università di Torino Via G. Quarello 15 I-10135 and Via P. Giuria 7, I-10125 Torino Italy
| | - Andrea Martini
- Department of Chemistry NIS and INSTM Reference Centre Università di Torino Via G. Quarello 15 I-10135 and Via P. Giuria 7, I-10125 Torino Italy
- Smart Materials Research Institute Southern Federal University Sladkova Street 174/28 344090 Rostov-on-Don Russia
| | - Matteo Signorile
- Department of Chemistry NIS and INSTM Reference Centre Università di Torino Via G. Quarello 15 I-10135 and Via P. Giuria 7, I-10125 Torino Italy
| | - Elisa Borfecchia
- Department of Chemistry NIS and INSTM Reference Centre Università di Torino Via G. Quarello 15 I-10135 and Via P. Giuria 7, I-10125 Torino Italy
| | - Valentina Crocellà
- Department of Chemistry NIS and INSTM Reference Centre Università di Torino Via G. Quarello 15 I-10135 and Via P. Giuria 7, I-10125 Torino Italy
| | - Stian Svelle
- Department of Chemistry SMN Centre for Materials Science and Nanotechnology University of Oslo N-0315 Oslo Norway
| | - Silvia Bordiga
- Department of Chemistry NIS and INSTM Reference Centre Università di Torino Via G. Quarello 15 I-10135 and Via P. Giuria 7, I-10125 Torino Italy
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48
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Deplano G, Martini A, Signorile M, Borfecchia E, Crocellà V, Svelle S, Bordiga S. Copper Pairing in the Mordenite Framework as a Function of the Cu I /Cu II Speciation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:25891-25896. [PMID: 34582094 PMCID: PMC9298398 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202109705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A series of gas‐phase reactants is used to treat a Cu‐exchanged mordenite zeolite with the aim of studying the influence of the reaction environment on the formation of Cu pairs. The rearrangement of Cu ions to form multimeric sites as a function of their oxidation state was probed by X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and also by applying advanced analysis through wavelet transform, a method able to specifically locate Cu–Cu interactions also in the presence of overlapping contributions from other scattering paths. The nature of the Cu‐oxo species formed upon oxidation was further crosschecked by DFT‐assisted fitting of the EXAFS data and by resonant Raman spectroscopy. Altogether, the CuI/CuII speciation clearly correlates with Cu proximity, with metal ion pairs quantitatively forming under an oxidative environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Deplano
- Department of Chemistry, NIS and INSTM Reference Centre, Università di Torino, Via G. Quarello 15, I-10135 and Via P. Giuria 7, I-10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Andrea Martini
- Department of Chemistry, NIS and INSTM Reference Centre, Università di Torino, Via G. Quarello 15, I-10135 and Via P. Giuria 7, I-10125, Torino, Italy.,Smart Materials, Research Institute, Southern Federal University, Sladkova Street 174/28, 344090, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Matteo Signorile
- Department of Chemistry, NIS and INSTM Reference Centre, Università di Torino, Via G. Quarello 15, I-10135 and Via P. Giuria 7, I-10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Elisa Borfecchia
- Department of Chemistry, NIS and INSTM Reference Centre, Università di Torino, Via G. Quarello 15, I-10135 and Via P. Giuria 7, I-10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Valentina Crocellà
- Department of Chemistry, NIS and INSTM Reference Centre, Università di Torino, Via G. Quarello 15, I-10135 and Via P. Giuria 7, I-10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Stian Svelle
- Department of Chemistry, SMN Centre for Materials Science and Nanotechnology, University of Oslo, N-0315, Oslo, Norway
| | - Silvia Bordiga
- Department of Chemistry, NIS and INSTM Reference Centre, Università di Torino, Via G. Quarello 15, I-10135 and Via P. Giuria 7, I-10125, Torino, Italy
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49
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Rieder L, Stepnov AA, Sørlie M, Eijsink VG. Fast and Specific Peroxygenase Reactions Catalyzed by Fungal Mono-Copper Enzymes. Biochemistry 2021; 60:3633-3643. [PMID: 34738811 PMCID: PMC8638258 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.1c00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The copper-dependent lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are receiving attention because of their role in the degradation of recalcitrant biomass and their intriguing catalytic properties. The fundamentals of LPMO catalysis remain somewhat enigmatic as the LPMO reaction is affected by a multitude of LPMO- and co-substrate-mediated (side) reactions that result in a complex reaction network. We have performed kinetic studies with two LPMOs that are active on soluble substrates, NcAA9C and LsAA9A, using various reductants typically employed for LPMO activation. Studies with NcAA9C under "monooxygenase" conditions showed that the impact of the reductant on catalytic activity is correlated with the hydrogen peroxide-generating ability of the LPMO-reductant combination, supporting the idea that a peroxygenase reaction is taking place. Indeed, the apparent monooxygenase reaction could be inhibited by a competing H2O2-consuming enzyme. Interestingly, these fungal AA9-type LPMOs were found to have higher oxidase activity than bacterial AA10-type LPMOs. Kinetic analysis of the peroxygenase activity of NcAA9C on cellopentaose revealed a fast stoichiometric conversion of high amounts of H2O2 to oxidized carbohydrate products. A kcat value of 124 ± 27 s-1 at 4 °C is 20 times higher than a previously described kcat for peroxygenase activity on an insoluble substrate (at 25 °C) and some 4 orders of magnitude higher than typical "monooxygenase" rates. Similar studies with LsAA9A revealed differences between the two enzymes but confirmed fast and specific peroxygenase activity. These results show that the catalytic site arrangement of LPMOs provides a unique scaffold for highly efficient copper redox catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Rieder
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology,
and Food Sciences, Norwegian University
of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003,
NO, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Anton A. Stepnov
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology,
and Food Sciences, Norwegian University
of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003,
NO, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Morten Sørlie
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology,
and Food Sciences, Norwegian University
of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003,
NO, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Vincent G.H. Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology,
and Food Sciences, Norwegian University
of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003,
NO, 1432 Ås, Norway
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50
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Støpamo FG, Røhr ÅK, Mekasha S, Petrović DM, Várnai A, Eijsink VGH. Characterization of a lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase from Aspergillus fumigatus shows functional variation among family AA11 fungal LPMOs. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101421. [PMID: 34798071 PMCID: PMC8668981 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of oxidative cleavage of recalcitrant polysaccharides by lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) has affected the study and industrial application of enzymatic biomass processing. Despite being widespread in fungi, LPMOs belonging to the auxiliary activity (AA) family AA11 have been understudied. While these LPMOs are considered chitin active, some family members have little or no activity toward chitin, and the only available crystal structure of an AA11 LPMO lacks features found in bacterial chitin-active AA10 LPMOs. Here, we report structural and functional characteristics of a single-domain AA11 LPMO from Aspergillus fumigatus, AfAA11A. The crystal structure shows a substrate-binding surface with features resembling those of known chitin-active LPMOs. Indeed, despite the absence of a carbohydrate-binding module, AfAA11A has considerable affinity for α-chitin and, more so, β-chitin. AfAA11A is active toward both these chitin allomorphs and enhances chitin degradation by an endoacting chitinase, in particular for α-chitin. The catalytic activity of AfAA11A on chitin increases when supplying reactions with hydrogen peroxide, showing that, like LPMOs from other families, AfAA11A has peroxygenase activity. These results show that, in stark contrast to the previously characterized AfAA11B from the same organism, AfAA11A likely plays a role in fungal chitin turnover. Thus, members of the hitherto rather enigmatic family of AA11 LPMOs show considerable structural and functional differences and may have multiple roles in fungal physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Gjerstad Støpamo
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Åsmund Kjendseth Røhr
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Sophanit Mekasha
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Dejan M Petrović
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Anikó Várnai
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway.
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