1
|
Nakagawa T, Hosoi T. Recent progress on action and regulation of anorexigenic adipokine leptin. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1172060. [PMID: 37547309 PMCID: PMC10399691 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1172060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Organismal energy balance is controlled by inter-tissue communication mediated by the nervous system and hormones, the disruption of which causes metabolic syndrome exemplified by diabetes and obesity. Fat-storing adipose tissue, especially those located in subcutaneous white adipose tissue, secretes leptin in a proportion of fat mass, inhibiting the accumulation of organismal fat by suppressing appetite and promoting energy expenditure. With a prevalence of obesity that exhibits hyperleptinemia, most of the investigation on leptin has been focused on how it works and how it does not, which is expected to be a clue for treating obesity. In contrast, how it is synthesized, transported, and excreted, all of which are relevant to the homeostasis of blood leptin concentration, are not much understood. Of note, acute leptin reduction after hyperleptinemia in the context of obesity exhibited a beneficial effect on obesity and insulin sensitivity, indicating that manipulation of circulating leptin level may provide a therapeutic strategy. Technological advances such as "omics" analysis combined with sophisticated gene-engineered mice studies in the past decade enabled a deeper understanding of leptin's action in more detail. Here, we summarize the updated understanding of the action as well as regulation of leptin and point out the emerging direction of research on leptin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Nakagawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sanyo-Onoda City University, Sanyo-Onoda, Yamaguchi, Japan
- Division of Cell Proliferation, ART, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Toru Hosoi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sanyo-Onoda City University, Sanyo-Onoda, Yamaguchi, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Optimization of the Omni-ATAC protocol to chromatin accessibility profiling in snap-frozen rat adipose and muscle tissues. MethodsX 2022; 9:101681. [PMID: 35464805 PMCID: PMC9027329 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2022.101681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
ATAC-seq is a fast and sensitive method for the epigenomic profiling of open chromatin and for mapping of transcription factor binding sites [1]. Despite the development of the Omni-ATAC protocol for the profiling of chromatin accessibility in frozen tissues [2], studies in adipose tissue have been restricted due to technical challenges including the high lipid content of adipocytes and reproducibility issues between replicates. Here, we provide a modified Omni-ATAC protocol that achieves high data reproducibility in various tissue types from rat, including adipose and muscle tissues [3].•This protocol describes a methodology that enables chromatin accessibility profiling from snap-frozen rat adipose and muscle tissues.•The technique comprises an optimized bead-based tissue homogenization process that substitutes to Dounce homogenization, reduces variability in the experimental procedure, and is adaptable to various tissue types.•In comparison with the Omni-ATAC protocol, the method described here results in improved ATAC-seq data quality that complies with ENCODE quality standards.
Collapse
|
3
|
Nair VD, Vasoya M, Nair V, Smith GR, Pincas H, Ge Y, Douglas CM, Esser KA, Sealfon SC. Differential analysis of chromatin accessibility and gene expression profiles identifies cis-regulatory elements in rat adipose and muscle. Genomics 2021; 113:3827-3841. [PMID: 34547403 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Chromatin accessibility is a key factor influencing gene expression. We optimized the Omni-ATAC-seq protocol and used it together with RNA-seq to investigate cis-regulatory elements in rat white adipose and skeletal muscle, two tissues with contrasting metabolic functions. While promoter accessibility correlated with RNA expression, integration of the two datasets identified tissue-specific differentially accessible regions (DARs) that predominantly localized in intergenic and intron regions. DARs were mapped to differentially expressed (DE) genes enriched in distinct biological processes in each tissue. Randomly selected DE genes were validated by qPCR. Top enriched motifs in DARs predicted binding sites for transcription factors (TFs) showing tissue-specific up-regulation. The correlation between differential chromatin accessibility at a given TF binding motif and differential expression of target genes further supported the functional relevance of that motif. Our study identified cis-regulatory regions that likely play a major role in the regulation of tissue-specific gene expression in adipose and muscle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Venugopalan D Nair
- Department of Neurology, Center for Advanced Research on Diagnostic Assays, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Mital Vasoya
- Department of Neurology, Center for Advanced Research on Diagnostic Assays, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Vishnu Nair
- Department of Computer Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Gregory R Smith
- Department of Neurology, Center for Advanced Research on Diagnostic Assays, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Hanna Pincas
- Department of Neurology, Center for Advanced Research on Diagnostic Assays, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Yongchao Ge
- Department of Neurology, Center for Advanced Research on Diagnostic Assays, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Collin M Douglas
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Karyn A Esser
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Stuart C Sealfon
- Department of Neurology, Center for Advanced Research on Diagnostic Assays, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
PPARs-Orchestrated Metabolic Homeostasis in the Adipose Tissue. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168974. [PMID: 34445679 PMCID: PMC8396609 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been more than three decades since peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) were first discovered. Many investigations have revealed the central regulators of PPARs in lipid and glucose homeostasis in response to different nutrient conditions. PPARs have attracted much attention due to their ability to improve metabolic syndromes, and they have also been proposed as classical drug targets for the treatment of hyperlipidemia and type 2 diabetes (T2D) mellitus. In parallel, adipose tissue is known to play a unique role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and metabolic syndromes due to its ability to “safely” store lipids and secrete cytokines that regulate whole-body metabolism. Adipose tissue relies on a complex and subtle network of transcription factors to maintain its normal physiological function, by coordinating various molecular events, among which PPARs play distinctive and indispensable roles in adipocyte differentiation, lipid metabolism, adipokine secretion, and insulin sensitivity. In this review, we discuss the characteristics of PPARs with special emphasis on the roles of the different isotypes in adipocyte biology.
Collapse
|
5
|
Kubota Y, Nagano H, Kosaka K, Ogata H, Nakayama A, Yokoyama M, Murata K, Akita S, Kuriyama M, Furuyama N, Kuroda M, Tanaka T, Mitsukawa N. Epigenetic modifications underlie the differential adipogenic potential of preadipocytes derived from human subcutaneous fat tissue. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2021; 321:C596-C606. [PMID: 34319829 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00387.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM Ceiling culture-derived preadipocytes (ccdPAs) and adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) can be harvested from human subcutaneous fat tissue using the specific gravity method. Both cell types possess a similar spindle shape without lipid droplets. We previously reported that ccdPAs have a higher adipogenic potential than ASCs, even after a 7-week culture. We performed a genome-wide epigenetic analysis to examine the mechanisms contributing to the adipogenic potential differences between ccdPAs and ASCs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Methylation analysis of cytosines followed by guanine (CpG) using a 450K BeadChip was performed on human ccdPAs and ASCs isolated from three metabolically healthy females. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) was performed to evaluate trimethylation at lysine 4 of histone 3 (H3K4me3). RESULTS Unsupervised machine learning using t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (tSNE) to interpret 450,000-dimensional methylation assay data showed that the cells were divided into ASC and ccdPA groups. In KEGG pathway analysis of 1,543 genes with differential promoter CpG methylation, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) and adipocytokine signaling pathways ranked in the top 10 pathways. In the PPAR gamma gene, H3K4me3 peak levels were higher in ccdPAs than in ASCs, whereas promoter CpG methylation levels were significantly lower in ccdPAs than in ASCs. Similar differences in promoter CpG methylation were also seen in the fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4) and leptin genes. CONCLUSION We analyzed the epigenetic status of adipogenesis-related genes as a potential mechanism underlying the differences in adipogenic differentiation capability between ASCs and ccdPAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Kubota
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Chiba University, Chiba-city, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Nagano
- Department of Molecular Diagnosis, Chiba University, Chiba-city, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kosaka
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Chiba University, Chiba-city, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Ogata
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Chiba University, Chiba-city, Chiba, Japan
| | - Akitoshi Nakayama
- Department of Molecular Diagnosis, Chiba University, Chiba-city, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masataka Yokoyama
- Department of Molecular Diagnosis, Chiba University, Chiba-city, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Murata
- Department of Molecular Diagnosis, Chiba University, Chiba-city, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Akita
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Chiba University, Chiba-city, Chiba, Japan
| | - Motone Kuriyama
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Chiba University, Chiba-city, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Masayuki Kuroda
- Center for Advanced Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba-city, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Diagnosis, Chiba University, Chiba-city, Chiba, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Mitsukawa
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Chiba University, Chiba-city, Chiba, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Shi F, Simandi Z, Nagy L, Collins S. Diet-dependent natriuretic peptide receptor C expression in adipose tissue is mediated by PPARγ via long-range distal enhancers. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100941. [PMID: 34245781 PMCID: PMC8326739 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The cardiac natriuretic peptides (NPs) are well established as regulators of blood pressure and fluid volume, but they also stimulate adipocyte lipolysis and control the gene program of nonshivering thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue. The NP "clearance" receptor C (NPRC) functions to clear NPs from the circulation via peptide internalization and degradation and thus is an important regulator of NP signaling and adipocyte metabolism. It is well known that the Nprc gene is highly expressed in adipose tissue and dynamically regulated upon nutrition and environmental changes. However, the molecular basis for how Nprc gene expression is regulated is still poorly understood. Here, we identified the nuclear receptor transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) as a transcriptional regulator of Nprc expression in mouse adipocytes. During 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation, levels of Nprc expression increase in parallel with PPARγ induction. Rosiglitazone, a classic PPARγ agonist, increases, whereas siRNA knockdown of PPARγ reduces, Nprc expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. By using chromosome conformation capture and luciferase reporter assays, we demonstrate that PPARγ controls Nprc gene expression in adipocytes through its long-range distal enhancers. Furthermore, the induction of Nprc expression in adipose tissue during high-fat diet feeding is found to be associated with increased PPARγ enhancer activity. Our findings define PPARγ as a mediator of adipocyte Nprc gene expression and establish a new connection between PPARγ and the control of adipocyte NP signaling in obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fubiao Shi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Integrative Metabolism Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Zoltan Simandi
- Integrative Metabolism Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Laszlo Nagy
- Departments of Medicine and Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, Saint Petersburg, Florida, USA; Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, Saint Petersburg, Florida, USA; Integrative Metabolism Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Sheila Collins
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Integrative Metabolism Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pan T, Lin SC, Lee YC, Yu G, Song JH, Pan J, Titus M, Satcher RL, Panaretakis T, Logothetis C, Yu-Lee LY, Lin SH. Statins reduce castration-induced bone marrow adiposity and prostate cancer progression in bone. Oncogene 2021; 40:4592-4603. [PMID: 34127814 PMCID: PMC8384136 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01874-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A fraction of patients undergoing androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for advanced prostate cancer (PCa) will develop recurrent castrate-resistant PCa (CRPC) in bone. Strategies to prevent CRPC relapse in bone are lacking. Here we show that the cholesterol-lowering drugs statins decrease castration-induced bone marrow adiposity in the tumor microenvironment and reduce PCa progression in bone. Using primary bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) and M2-10B4 cells, we showed that ADT increases bone marrow adiposity by enhancing BMSC-to-adipocyte transition in vitro. Knockdown of androgen receptor abrogated BMSC-to-adipocyte transition, suggesting an androgen receptor-dependent event. RNAseq analysis showed that androgens reduce the secretion of adipocyte hormones/cytokines including leptin during BMSC-to-adipocyte transition. Treatment of PCa C4-2b, C4-2B4, and PC3 cells with leptin led to an increase in cell cycle progression and nuclear Stat3. RNAseq analysis also showed that androgens inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis pathway, raising the possibility that inhibiting cholesterol biosynthesis may decrease BMSC-to-adipocyte transition. Indeed, statins decreased BMSC-to-adipocyte transition in vitro and castration-induced bone marrow adiposity in vivo. Statin pre-treatment reduced 22RV1 PCa progression in bone after ADT. Our findings with statin may provide one of the mechanisms to the clinical correlations that statin use in patients undergoing ADT seems to delay progression to "lethal" PCa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianhong Pan
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Song-Chang Lin
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Yu-Chen Lee
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Guoyu Yu
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Jian H. Song
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Jing Pan
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Mark Titus
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Robert L. Satcher
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Theocharis Panaretakis
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Christopher Logothetis
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Li-Yuan Yu-Lee
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States of America
| | - Sue-Hwa Lin
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America,Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America,Corresponding author: Sue-Hwa Lin, Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, Unit 89, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030. Phone: 713-794-1559; Fax: 713-834-6084;
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Obradovic M, Sudar-Milovanovic E, Soskic S, Essack M, Arya S, Stewart AJ, Gojobori T, Isenovic ER. Leptin and Obesity: Role and Clinical Implication. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:585887. [PMID: 34084149 PMCID: PMC8167040 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.585887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The peptide hormone leptin regulates food intake, body mass, and reproductive function and plays a role in fetal growth, proinflammatory immune responses, angiogenesis and lipolysis. Leptin is a product of the obese (ob) gene and, following synthesis and secretion from fat cells in white adipose tissue, binds to and activates its cognate receptor, the leptin receptor (LEP-R). LEP-R distribution facilitates leptin's pleiotropic effects, playing a crucial role in regulating body mass via a negative feedback mechanism between adipose tissue and the hypothalamus. Leptin resistance is characterized by reduced satiety, over-consumption of nutrients, and increased total body mass. Often this leads to obesity, which reduces the effectiveness of using exogenous leptin as a therapeutic agent. Thus, combining leptin therapies with leptin sensitizers may help overcome such resistance and, consequently, obesity. This review examines recent data obtained from human and animal studies related to leptin, its role in obesity, and its usefulness in obesity treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milan Obradovic
- Department of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, “VINČA” Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Emina Sudar-Milovanovic
- Department of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, “VINČA” Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sanja Soskic
- Department of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, “VINČA” Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Magbubah Essack
- Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division (CEMSE), Computational Bioscience Research Center, Computer (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Swati Arya
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Alan J. Stewart
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Takashi Gojobori
- Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division (CEMSE), Computational Bioscience Research Center, Computer (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Esma R. Isenovic
- Department of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, “VINČA” Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhu Y, Jing L, Li X, Zheng D, Zhou G, Zhang Y, Sang Y, Shi Z, Sun Z, Zhou X. Decabromodiphenyl ether disturbs hepatic glycolipid metabolism by regulating the PI3K/AKT/GLUT4 and mTOR/PPARγ/RXRα pathway in mice and L02 cells. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 763:142936. [PMID: 33138992 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) is a persistent environmental pollutant that poses great risks to human health and has been associated with glucose and lipid metabolism. However, the mechanisms by which BDE-209 disturbs glycolipid metabolism in the liver remain unclear. Therefore, this study sought to confirm the effects of BDE-209 on glycolipid metabolism in mice livers and L02 cells to elucidate potential mechanisms of action. In vivo BDE-209 exposure caused histological damage and lipid accumulation, elevated glucose, low-density lipoprotein, total cholesterol, and triglyceride levels, and decreased glycogen and high-density lipoprotein levels in mice livers. Moreover, in vitro BDE-209 exposure not only induced L02 cells cytotoxicity (i.e., reduced cell viability and increased LDH leakage and ROS generation) but also increased glucose and triglyceride concentrations in L02 cells. Furthermore, IGF-1, an activator of the PI3K-AKT pathway, markedly inhibited BDE-209-induced glucose concentration increase in L02 cells and antagonized the inhibitory effect of BDE-209 on the PI3K/AKT/GLUT4 pathway by counteracting the changes in the expression levels of p-IRS, AKT, PI3K, p-AKT, and GLUT4. Moreover, GW9662, a PPARγ inhibitor, blocked lipid accumulation and the upregulation of the mTOR/PPARγ/RXRα pathway in L02 cells induced by BDE-209 by relieving the increases in p-mTOR, PPARγ, and RXRα protein expression levels. In summary, this study revealed that BDE-209 disrupted glycolipid metabolism by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/GLUT4 pathway and activating the mTOR/PPARγ/RXRα pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Zhu
- Department of Toxicology and Hygienic Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Haidian Maternal&Child Health Hospital, Health Care Department for Women, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Li Jing
- Department of Toxicology and Hygienic Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xiangyang Li
- Department of Toxicology and Hygienic Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Dan Zheng
- Department of Toxicology and Hygienic Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Guiqing Zhou
- Department of Toxicology and Hygienic Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Toxicology and Hygienic Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yujian Sang
- Department of Toxicology and Hygienic Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zhixiong Shi
- Department of Toxicology and Hygienic Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zhiwei Sun
- Department of Toxicology and Hygienic Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xianqing Zhou
- Department of Toxicology and Hygienic Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wijesinghe SN, Nicholson T, Tsintzas K, Jones SW. Involvements of long noncoding RNAs in obesity-associated inflammatory diseases. Obes Rev 2021; 22:e13156. [PMID: 33078547 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation that affects the phenotype of multiple tissues and therefore is implicated in the development and progression of several age-related chronic inflammatory disorders. Importantly, a new family of noncoding RNAs, termed long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), have been identified as key regulators of inflammatory signalling pathways that can mediate both pretranscriptional and posttranscriptional gene regulation. Furthermore, several lncRNAs have been identified, which are differentially expressed in multiple tissue types in individuals who are obese or in preclinical models of obesity. In this review, we examine the evidence for the role of several of the most well-studied lncRNAs in the regulation of inflammatory pathways associated with obesity. We highlight the evidence for their differential expression in the obese state and in age-related conditions including insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes (T2D), sarcopenia, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, where obesity plays a significant role. Determining the expression and functional role of lncRNAs in mediating obesity-associated chronic inflammation will advance our understanding of the epigenetic regulatory pathways that underlie age-related inflammatory diseases and may also ultimately identify new targets for therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne N Wijesinghe
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, MRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Thomas Nicholson
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, MRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Kostas Tsintzas
- MRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Simon W Jones
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, MRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pereira S, Cline DL, Glavas MM, Covey SD, Kieffer TJ. Tissue-Specific Effects of Leptin on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism. Endocr Rev 2021; 42:1-28. [PMID: 33150398 PMCID: PMC7846142 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnaa027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of leptin was intrinsically associated with its ability to regulate body weight. However, the effects of leptin are more far-reaching and include profound glucose-lowering and anti-lipogenic effects, independent of leptin's regulation of body weight. Regulation of glucose metabolism by leptin is mediated both centrally and via peripheral tissues and is influenced by the activation status of insulin signaling pathways. Ectopic fat accumulation is diminished by both central and peripheral leptin, an effect that is beneficial in obesity-associated disorders. The magnitude of leptin action depends upon the tissue, sex, and context being examined. Peripheral tissues that are of particular relevance include the endocrine pancreas, liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissues, immune cells, and the cardiovascular system. As a result of its potent metabolic activity, leptin is used to control hyperglycemia in patients with lipodystrophy and is being explored as an adjunct to insulin in patients with type 1 diabetes. To fully understand the role of leptin in physiology and to maximize its therapeutic potential, the mechanisms of leptin action in these tissues needs to be further explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Pereira
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Daemon L Cline
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Maria M Glavas
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Scott D Covey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Timothy J Kieffer
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tang XJ, Liu Q, Chen XK, Xiong HB, Ke N, Chen L. Influence of Vitamin A deficiency on the transcriptomic profile of rat meibomian glands. Int Ophthalmol 2021; 41:1455-1465. [PMID: 33481153 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-021-01710-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is associated with chalazion in young children. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. In the present study, transcriptome data from rat meibomian glands (MGs) were analyzed to reveal specific molecular responses to VAD. METHODS Total RNA was extracted and purified for library preparation and transcriptome sequencing. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between vitamin A normal (VAN) and VAD rats were analyzed using DESeq software. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses of DEGs were performed using the GO seq R package and KOBAS software. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to validate the RNA sequencing results. RESULTS The number of DEGs in the VAD group compared to the VAN group was 3129 (1531 upregulated and 1598 downregulated) in the rat MGs. VAD upregulated a large number of lipid metabolism-related genes. GO analysis showed that the most enriched and meaningful terms were related to lipid metabolism (e.g., "oxidation-reduction process, GO: 0,055,114," "lipid metabolic process, GO: 000,662"). KEGG pathway analysis showed that most of the enriched signaling pathways were involved in lipid metabolism, including the PPAR signaling pathway associated with retinoic acid (RA)-mediated nuclear receptors. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that VAD regulates the expression of numerous genes in the rat MG and that many of these genes are involved in lipid metabolic pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jiao Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders. Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, 136, Zhongshan 2nd RD, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders. Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, 136, Zhongshan 2nd RD, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Xin-Ke Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders. Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, 136, Zhongshan 2nd RD, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Hai-Bo Xiong
- Department of Ophthalmology Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders. Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, 136, Zhongshan 2nd RD, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Ning Ke
- Department of Ophthalmology Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders. Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, 136, Zhongshan 2nd RD, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders. Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, 136, Zhongshan 2nd RD, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Leachman JR, Rea MD, Cohn DM, Xu X, Fondufe-Mittendorf YN, Loria AS. Exacerbated obesogenic response in female mice exposed to early life stress is linked to fat depot-specific upregulation of leptin protein expression. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 319:E852-E862. [PMID: 32830551 PMCID: PMC7790118 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00243.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Early life stress (ELS) is an independent risk factor for increased BMI and cardiometabolic disease risk later in life. We have previously shown that a mouse model of ELS, maternal separation and early weaning (MSEW), exacerbates high-fat diet (HF)-induced obesity only in adult female mice. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate 1) whether the short- and long-term effects of HF on leptin expression are influenced by MSEW in a sex-specific manner and 2) the potential epigenetic mechanisms underlying the MSEW-induced changes in leptin expression. After 1 wk of HF, both MSEW male and female mice displayed increased fat mass compared with controls (P < 0.05). However, only MSEW female mice showed elevated leptin mRNA expression in gonadal white adipose tissue (gWAT; P < 0.05). After 12 wk of HF, fat mass remained increased only in female mice (P < 0.05). Moreover, plasma leptin and both leptin mRNA and protein expression in gWAT were augmented in MSEW female mice compered to controls (P < 0.05), but not in MSEW male mice. This association was not present in subcutaneous WAT. Furthermore, among 16 CpG sites in the leptin promoter, we identified three hypomethylated sites in tissue from HF-fed MSEW female mice compared with controls (3, 15, and 16, P < 0.05). These hypomethylated sites showed greater binding of key adipogenic factors such as PPARγ (P < 0.05). Taken together, our study reveals that MSEW superimposed to HF increases leptin protein expression in a sex- and fat depot-specific fashion. Our data suggest that the mechanism by which MSEW increases leptin expression could be epigenetic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline R Leachman
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Mathew D Rea
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Dianne M Cohn
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Xiu Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | | | - Analia S Loria
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Carneros D, Medina-Gómez G, Giralt M, León-Camacho M, Campbell M, Moreno-Aliaga MJ, Villarroya F, Bustos M. Cardiotrophin-1 contributes to metabolic adaptations through the regulation of lipid metabolism and to the fasting-induced fatty acid mobilization. FASEB J 2020; 34:15875-15887. [PMID: 33047392 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000109r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
It is becoming clear that several human pathologies are caused by altered metabolic adaptations. During liver development, there are physiological changes, from the predominant utilization of glucose (fetal life) to the use of lipids (postnatal life). Fasting is another physiological stress that elicits well-known metabolic adjustments. We have reported the metabolic properties of cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1), a member of the interleukin-6 family of cytokines. Here, we aimed at analyzing the role of CT-1 in response to these metabolic changes. We used different in vivo models. Furthermore, a differential study was carried out with wild-type and CT-1 null mice in fed (ad libitum) and food-restricted conditions. We demonstrated that Ct-1 is a metabolic gene induced in the liver via PPARα in response to lipids in mice (neonates- and food-restricted adults). We found that Ct-1 mRNA expression in white adipose tissue directly involved PPARα and PPARγ. Finally, the physiological role of CT-1 in fasting is confirmed by the impaired food restriction-induced adipose tissue lipid mobilization in CT-1 null mice. Our findings support a previously unrecognized physiological role of CT-1 in metabolic adaptations, through the regulation of lipid metabolism and contributes to fasting-induced free fatty acid mobilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Carneros
- Area of Liver, Digestive and Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), University of Seville, Virgen del Rocio University Hospital, Seville, Spain
| | - Gema Medina-Gómez
- Department of Basic Sciences of Health, Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Giralt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Barcelona University, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERobn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel León-Camacho
- Department of Lipid Characterization and Quality, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - Mark Campbell
- MRC MDU, Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maria J Moreno-Aliaga
- CIBERobn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Centre for Nutrition Research and Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Navarra's Health Research Institute (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Francesc Villarroya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Barcelona University, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERobn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Matilde Bustos
- Area of Liver, Digestive and Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), University of Seville, Virgen del Rocio University Hospital, Seville, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Podsędek A, Zakłos-Szyda M, Polka D, Sosnowska D. Effects of Viburnum opulus fruit extracts on adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 cells and lipase activity. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
|
16
|
Xu Y, Wang N, Tan HY, Li S, Zhang C, Zhang Z, Feng Y. Panax notoginseng saponins modulate the gut microbiota to promote thermogenesis and beige adipocyte reconstruction via leptin-mediated AMPKα/STAT3 signaling in diet-induced obesity. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:11302-11323. [PMID: 33042284 PMCID: PMC7532683 DOI: 10.7150/thno.47746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Activation of the thermogenic program in white and brown adipocytes presents a promising avenue for increasing energy expenditure during the treatment of obesity. The endogenous mechanism for promoting thermogenesis in brown adipocytes or browning in white adipocytes has indicated that the gut microbiota is a crucial regulator of the host energy balance. However, whether the effects of the therapeutic intervention-induced modulation of the gut microbiota on adipocyte browning involved the regulation of leptin remains unclear. Method: The adipose features were analyzed by body composition analysis, infrared camera observations, transmission electron microscopy and H&E staining. The gene and protein expression in adipose tissue were detected by qRT-PCR, immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining. The gut microbiome signature was identified by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, and both mice with high-fat diet-induced obesity (DIO) and mice with antibiotics-induced microbiome depletion were subjected to fecal microbiota transplantation. Results: Treatment with Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) shaped the murine gut microbiome by increasing the abundances of Akkermansia muciniphila and Parabacteroides distasonis, and as a result, DIO mice harbored a distal gut microbiota with a significantly increased capacity to reduce host adiposity. The PNS-induced modulation of the gut microbiota in DIO mice could increase brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis and beige adipocyte reconstruction by activating the leptin-AMPK/STAT3 signaling pathway, which results in the promotion of energy expenditure. Leptin has an essential influence on the anti-obesity effects of PNS. In cases of leptin deficiency, the PNS-induced modulation of the gut microbiota exerts negative effects on thermogenesis and browning in white adipose tissue (WAT), which indicates that PNS fail to reduce obesity in leptin gene-deficient mice. The PNS-induced modulation of the gut microbiota exerted a minimal effect on DIO mice with antibiotic-induced microbiome depletion, which confirmed the correlation between altered gut microbiota and the remodeling of adipose tissues in DIO mice. The direct influence of leptin on browning via the AMPKα/STAT3 signaling pathway in C3H101/2 cells supported our in vivo results that signalling through the leptin-AMPK/STAT3 pathway induced by the PNS-modulated gut microbiota was involved in beige adipocyte reconstruction. Conclusion: Our results revealed that leptin signaling is critical for alterations in microbiota-fat crosstalk and provide promising avenues for therapeutic intervention in the treatment of obesity.
Collapse
|
17
|
Zakłos-Szyda M, Pietrzyk N, Szustak M, Podsędek A. Viburnum opulus L. Juice Phenolics Inhibit Mouse 3T3-L1 Cells Adipogenesis and Pancreatic Lipase Activity. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12072003. [PMID: 32640537 PMCID: PMC7400830 DOI: 10.3390/nu12072003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Viburnum opulus L. fruit is a rich source of phenolic compounds that may be involved in the prevention of metabolic diseases. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of Viburnum opulus fresh juice (FJ) and juice purified by solid-phase extraction (PJ) on the adipogenesis process with murine 3T3-L1 preadipocyte cell line and pancreatic lipase activity in triolein emulsion, as well as their phenolic profiles by UPLC/Q-TOF-MS. Decrease of lipids and triacylglycerol accumulation in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells were in concordance with downregulation of the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (C/EBPβ/α), and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c). Furthermore, regulation of PPARγ-mediated β-lactamase expression by V. opulus components in reporter gene assay, as well as their binding affinity to ligand-binding domain of PPARγ, were tested. In addition, the levels of enzymes involved in lipid metabolism, like fatty acid synthase (FAS) or acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), were decreased, along with inflammatory cytokines, like tumor necrosis factorα (TNFα), interleukin-6 (Il-6) and leptin. Moreover, FJ and PJ were able to inhibit pancreatic lipase, which potentially could reduce the fat absorption from the intestinal lumen and the storage of body fat in the adipose tissues. Thirty-two phenolic compounds with chlorogenic acid as the dominant compound were identified in PJ which revealed significant biological activity. These data contribute to elucidate V. opulus juice phenolic compounds’ molecular mechanism in adipogenesis regulation in 3T3-L1 cells and dietary fat lipolysis.
Collapse
|
18
|
Münzberg H, Singh P, Heymsfield SB, Yu S, Morrison CD. Recent advances in understanding the role of leptin in energy homeostasis. F1000Res 2020; 9. [PMID: 32518627 PMCID: PMC7255681 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.24260.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The hormone leptin plays a critical role in energy homeostasis, although our overall understanding of acutely changing leptin levels still needs improvement. Several developments allow a fresh look at recent and early data on leptin action. This review highlights select recent publications that are relevant for understanding the role played by dynamic changes in circulating leptin levels. We further discuss the relevance for our current understanding of leptin signaling in central neuronal feeding and energy expenditure circuits and highlight cohesive and discrepant findings that need to be addressed in future studies to understand how leptin couples with physiological adaptations of food intake and energy expenditure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heike Münzberg
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Louisiana, USA
| | - Prachi Singh
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Louisiana, USA
| | - Steven B Heymsfield
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Louisiana, USA
| | - Sangho Yu
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Louisiana, USA
| | - Christopher D Morrison
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Louisiana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
The successful use of leptin for the treatment of individuals with lipodystrophy and leptin deficiency is well established. However, pharmacological approaches of leptin therapy for the treatment of diet-induced obesity have been ineffective. There is ample room for a better understanding of the much famed "leptin resistance" phenomenon. Our recent data in this area prompt us to call for a conceptual shift. This shift entails a model in which a reduction of bioactive leptin levels in the context of obesity triggers a high degree of leptin sensitization and improved leptin action, both centrally and peripherally. Put another way, hyperleptinemia per se causes leptin resistance and associated metabolic disorders. In this perspective, we briefly discuss the underlying conceptual steps that led us to explore partial leptin reduction as a viable therapeutic avenue. We hope this discussion will contribute to potential future applications of partial leptin reduction therapy for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shangang Zhao
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Christine M Kusminski
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Joel K Elmquist
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Philipp E Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Li K, Zhang Y, Liu X, Liu Y, Gu Z, Cao H, Dickerson KE, Chen M, Chen W, Shao Z, Ni M, Xu J. Noncoding Variants Connect Enhancer Dysregulation with Nuclear Receptor Signaling in Hematopoietic Malignancies. Cancer Discov 2020; 10:724-745. [PMID: 32188707 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-19-1128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in protein-coding genes are well established as the basis for human cancer, yet how alterations within noncoding genome, a substantial fraction of which contain cis-regulatory elements (CRE), contribute to cancer pathophysiology remains elusive. Here, we developed an integrative approach to systematically identify and characterize noncoding regulatory variants with functional consequences in human hematopoietic malignancies. Combining targeted resequencing of hematopoietic lineage-associated CREs and mutation discovery, we uncovered 1,836 recurrently mutated CREs containing leukemia-associated noncoding variants. By enhanced CRISPR/dCas9-based CRE perturbation screening and functional analyses, we identified 218 variant-associated oncogenic or tumor-suppressive CREs in human leukemia. Noncoding variants at KRAS and PER2 enhancers reside in proximity to nuclear receptor (NR) binding regions and modulate transcriptional activities in response to NR signaling in leukemia cells. NR binding sites frequently colocalize with noncoding variants across cancer types. Hence, recurrent noncoding variants connect enhancer dysregulation with nuclear receptor signaling in hematopoietic malignancies. SIGNIFICANCE: We describe an integrative approach to identify noncoding variants in human leukemia, and reveal cohorts of variant-associated oncogenic and tumor-suppressive cis-regulatory elements including KRAS and PER2 enhancers. Our findings support a model in which noncoding regulatory variants connect enhancer dysregulation with nuclear receptor signaling to modulate gene programs in hematopoietic malignancies.See related commentary by van Galen, p. 646.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 627.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kailong Li
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Pediatrics, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Yuannyu Zhang
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Pediatrics, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Xin Liu
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Pediatrics, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Yuxuan Liu
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Pediatrics, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Zhimin Gu
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Pediatrics, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Hui Cao
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Pediatrics, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Kathryn E Dickerson
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Pediatrics, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Mingyi Chen
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Weina Chen
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Zhen Shao
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Ni
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jian Xu
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas. .,Department of Pediatrics, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
|
22
|
Chen T, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Zhu D, Yu J, Li G, Sun Z, Wang W, Jiang H, Hong Z. MiR-27a promotes insulin resistance and mediates glucose metabolism by targeting PPAR-γ-mediated PI3K/AKT signaling. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:7510-7524. [PMID: 31562809 PMCID: PMC6781997 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to establish a high-fat diet (HFD)-fed obese mouse model and a cell culture model of insulin resistance (IR) in mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes. A dual-luciferase reporter assay (DLRA) was confirmed interaction between miR-27a and the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ. The inhibition of PPAR-γ expression by microRNA (miR)-27a in IR cells at both the protein and mRNA levels was confirmed by a mechanistic investigation. Moreover, the 3'-UTR of PPAR-γ was found to be a direct target of miR-27a, based on the DLRA. Furthermore, antagomiR-27a upregulated the activation of PI3K/Akt signaling and glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) expression at the protein and mRNA levels. Additionally, the PPAR inhibitor T0070907 repressed the insulin sensitivity upregulated by antagomiR-27a, which was accompanied by the inhibition of PPAR-γ expression and increased levels of AKT phosphorylation and GLUT4. The PI3K inhibitor wortmannin reduced miR-27a-induced increases in AKT phosphorylation, glucose uptake, and GLUT4. miR-27a is considered to be involved in the PPAR-γ-PI3K/AKT-GLUT4 signaling axis, thus leading to increased glucose uptake and decreased IR in HFD-fed mice and 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Therefore, miR-27a is a novel target for the treatment of IR in obesity and diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianbao Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Quanzhou, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Quanzhou, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yilan Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Quanzhou, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Dexiao Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Quanzhou, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Quanzhou, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Guoqian Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Quanzhou, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Zhichun Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Quanzhou, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Wanru Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Quanzhou, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Hongwei Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Zhenzhen Hong
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Quanzhou, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
PPAR- γ Ligand Inhibits Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Cell Proliferation and Metastasis by Regulating E2F2. PPAR Res 2019; 2019:8679271. [PMID: 31467515 PMCID: PMC6699258 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8679271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) is a nuclear hormone receptor with a key role in lipid metabolism. Previous studies have identified various roles of PPAR-γ in cell cycle progression, cellular proliferation, and tumor progression. However, no report has described a role for PPAR-γ in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Notably, some studies have reported a relationship between PPAR-γ and E2F transcription factor 2 (E2F2), which has been identified as a regulator of cell cycle, apoptosis, and the DNA damage response. Notably, E2F2 has also been reported to correlate with a poor prognosis in patients with various malignancies. Methods We used immunohistochemical (IHC) and western blot methods to evaluate PPAR-γ and E2F2 expression and function in nonkeratinizing NPC and nasopharyngitis (NPG) tissue samples, as well as western blotting and CCK8 analyses in the NPC cell lines, CNE1 and CNE2. Results We observed lower levels of PPAR-γ expression in nonkeratinizing NPC tissues compared with NPG tissues and determined an association between a low level of PPAR-γ expression with a more advanced tumor stage. Furthermore, strong E2F2 expression was detected in nonkeratinizing NPC tissues. We further demonstrated that rosiglitazone, a PPAR-γ agonist, reduced E2F2 expression and proliferation in NPC cell lines. Conclusions Our study results revealed a novel role for the PPAR-γ–E2F2 pathway in controlling NPC cell proliferation and metastasis.
Collapse
|
24
|
Crosstalk between MicroRNAs and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors and Their Emerging Regulatory Roles in Cardiovascular Pathophysiology. PPAR Res 2018; 2018:8530371. [PMID: 30622558 PMCID: PMC6304518 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8530371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) play vital roles in cardiovascular pathophysiology, such as energy balance, cell proliferation/apoptosis, inflammatory response, and adipocyte differentiation. These vital roles make PPARs potential targets for therapeutic prevention of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Emerging evidence indicates that the crosstalk of microRNAs (miRNAs) and PPARs contributes greatly to CVD pathogenesis. PPARs are inhibited by miRNAs at posttranscriptional mechanisms in the progress of pulmonary hypertension and vascular dysfunction involving cell proliferation/apoptosis, communication, and normal function of endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells. In the development of atherosclerosis and stroke, the activation of PPARs could change the transcripts of target miRNA through miRNA signalling. Furthermore, the mutual regulation of PPARs and miRNAs involves cell proliferation/apoptosis, cardiac remodeling, and dysfunction in heart diseases. In addition, obesity, an important cardiovascular risk, is modulated by the regulatory axis of PPARs/miRNAs, including adipogenesis, adipocyte dysfunction, insulin resistance, and macrophage polarization in adipose tissue. In this review, the crosstalk of PPARs and miRNAs and their emerging regulatory roles are summarized in the context of CVDs and risks. This provides an understanding of the underlying mechanism of the biological process related to CVD pathophysiology involving the interaction of PPARs and miRNAs and will lead to the development of PPARs/miRNAs as effective anti-CVD medications.
Collapse
|