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Kono Y, Shimi T. Crosstalk between mitotic reassembly and repair of the nuclear envelope. Nucleus 2024; 15:2352203. [PMID: 38780365 PMCID: PMC11123513 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2024.2352203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, the nuclear envelope (NE) is a membrane partition between the nucleus and the cytoplasm to compartmentalize nuclear contents. It plays an important role in facilitating nuclear functions including transcription, DNA replication and repair. In mammalian cells, the NE breaks down and then reforms during cell division, and in interphase it is restored shortly after the NE rupture induced by mechanical force. In this way, the partitioning effect is regulated through dynamic processes throughout the cell cycle. A failure in rebuilding the NE structure triggers the mixing of nuclear and cytoplasmic contents, leading to catastrophic consequences for the nuclear functions. Whereas the precise details of molecular mechanisms for NE reformation during cell division and NE restoration in interphase are still being investigated, here, we mostly focus on mammalian cells to describe key aspects that have been identified and to discuss the crosstalk between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Kono
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
- Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takeshi Shimi
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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2
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Bae HJ, Shin SJ, Jo SB, Li CJ, Lee DJ, Lee JH, Lee HH, Kim HW, Lee JH. Cyclic stretch induced epigenetic activation of periodontal ligament cells. Mater Today Bio 2024; 26:101050. [PMID: 38654935 PMCID: PMC11035113 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2024.101050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Periodontal ligament (PDL) cells play a crucial role in maintaining periodontal integrity and function by providing cell sources for ligament regeneration. While biophysical stimulation is known to regulate cell behaviors and functions, its impact on epigenetics of PDL cells has not yet been elucidated. Here, we aimed to investigate the cytoskeletal changes, epigenetic modifications, and lineage commitment of PDL cells following the application of stretch stimuli to PDL. PDL cells were subjected to stretching (0.1 Hz, 10 %). Subsequently, changes in focal adhesion, tubulin, and histone modification were observed. The survival ability in inflammatory conditions was also evaluated. Furthermore, using a rat hypo-occlusion model, we verified whether these phenomena are observed in vivo. Stretched PDL cells showed maximal histone 3 acetylation (H3Ace) at 2 h, aligning perpendicularly to the stretch direction. RNA sequencing revealed stretching altered gene sets related to mechanotransduction, histone modification, reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism, and differentiation. We further found that anchorage, cell elongation, and actin/microtubule acetylation were highly upregulated with mechanosensitive chromatin remodelers such as H3Ace and histone H3 trimethyl lysine 9 (H3K9me3) adopting euchromatin status. Inhibitor studies showed mechanotransduction-mediated chromatin modification alters PDL cells behaviors. Stretched PDL cells displayed enhanced survival against bacterial toxin (C12-HSL) or ROS (H2O2) attack. Furthermore, cyclic stretch priming enhanced the osteoclast and osteoblast differentiation potential of PDL cells, as evidenced by upregulation of lineage-specific genes. In vivo, PDL cells from normally loaded teeth displayed an elongated morphology and higher levels of H3Ace compared to PDL cells with hypo-occlusion, where mechanical stimulus is removed. Overall, these data strongly link external physical forces to subsequent mechanotransduction and epigenetic changes, impacting gene expression and multiple cellular behaviors, providing important implications in cell biology and tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Jin Bae
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
- Mechanobiology Dental Medicine Research Center, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Jin Shin
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
- Mechanobiology Dental Medicine Research Center, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Bin Jo
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheng Ji Li
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
- Mechanobiology Dental Medicine Research Center, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Joon Lee
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
- Department of Oral Histology, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Hee Lee
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
- Mechanobiology Dental Medicine Research Center, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
- Department of Regenerative Dental Medicine, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
- Cell & Matter Institute, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Hyoung Lee
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
- UCL Eastman-Korea Dental Medicine Innovation Centre, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Won Kim
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
- Mechanobiology Dental Medicine Research Center, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
- Department of Regenerative Dental Medicine, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
- Cell & Matter Institute, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
- UCL Eastman-Korea Dental Medicine Innovation Centre, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwan Lee
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
- Mechanobiology Dental Medicine Research Center, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
- Cell & Matter Institute, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
- UCL Eastman-Korea Dental Medicine Innovation Centre, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
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Eskndir N, Hossain M, Currey ML, Pho M, Berrada Y, Stephens AD. DNA damage causes ATM-dependent heterochromatin loss leading to nuclear softening, blebbing, and rupture. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.24.595790. [PMID: 38853925 PMCID: PMC11160674 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.24.595790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
The nucleus must maintain stiffness to protect the shape and integrity of the nucleus to ensure proper function. Defects in nuclear stiffness caused from chromatin and lamin perturbations produce abnormal nuclear shapes common in aging, heart disease, and cancer. Loss of nuclear shape via protrusions called blebs leads to nuclear rupture that is well-established to cause nuclear dysfunction, including DNA damage. However, it remains unknown how increased DNA damage affects nuclear stiffness, shape, and ruptures, which could create a negative feedback loop. To determine if increased DNA damage alters nuclear physical properties, we treated MEF cells with DNA damage drugs cisplatin and bleomycin. DNA damage drugs caused increased nuclear blebbing and rupture in interphase nuclei within a few hours and independent of mitosis. Micromanipulation force measurements reveal that DNA damage decreased chromatin-based nuclear mechanics but did not change lamin-based strain stiffening at long extensions relative to wild type. Immunofluorescence measurements of DNA damage treatments reveal the mechanism is an ATM-dependent decrease in heterochromatin leading to nuclear weaken, blebbing, and rupture which can be rescued upon ATM inhibition treatment. Thus, DNA damage drugs cause ATM-dependent heterochromatin loss resulting in nuclear softening, blebbing, and rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nebiyat Eskndir
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA
| | - Manseeb Hossain
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA
| | - Marilena L Currey
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA
| | - Mai Pho
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA
| | - Yasmin Berrada
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA
| | - Andrew D Stephens
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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Pujadas Liwag EM, Acosta N, Almassalha LM, Su YP, Gong R, Kanemaki MT, Stephens AD, Backman V. Nuclear blebs are associated with destabilized chromatin packing domains. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.28.587095. [PMID: 38585954 PMCID: PMC10996693 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.28.587095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Disrupted nuclear shape is associated with multiple pathological processes including premature aging disorders, cancer-relevant chromosomal rearrangements, and DNA damage. Nuclear blebs (i.e., herniations of the nuclear envelope) have been induced by (1) nuclear compression, (2) nuclear migration (e.g., cancer metastasis), (3) actin contraction, (4) lamin mutation or depletion, and (5) heterochromatin enzyme inhibition. Recent work has shown that chromatin transformation is a hallmark of bleb formation, but the transformation of higher-order structures in blebs is not well understood. As higher-order chromatin has been shown to assemble into nanoscopic packing domains, we investigated if (1) packing domain organization is altered within nuclear blebs and (2) if alteration in packing domain structure contributed to bleb formation. Using Dual-Partial Wave Spectroscopic microscopy, we show that chromatin packing domains within blebs are transformed both by B-type lamin depletion and the inhibition of heterochromatin enzymes compared to the nuclear body. Pairing these results with single-molecule localization microscopy of constitutive heterochromatin, we show fragmentation of nanoscopic heterochromatin domains within bleb domains. Overall, these findings indicate that translocation into blebs results in a fragmented higher-order chromatin structure. SUMMARY STATEMENT Nuclear blebs are linked to various pathologies, including cancer and premature aging disorders. We investigate alterations in higher-order chromatin structure within blebs, revealing fragmentation of nanoscopic heterochromatin domains.
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Gunn AL, Yashchenko AI, Dubrulle J, Johnson J, Hatch EM. A high-content screen reveals new regulators of nuclear membrane stability. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6013. [PMID: 38472343 PMCID: PMC10933478 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56613-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Nuclear membrane rupture is a physiological response to multiple in vivo processes, such as cell migration, that can cause extensive genome instability and upregulate invasive and inflammatory pathways. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of rupture are unclear and few regulators have been identified. In this study, we developed a reporter that is size excluded from re-compartmentalization following nuclear rupture events. This allows for robust detection of factors influencing nuclear integrity in fixed cells. We combined this with an automated image analysis pipeline in a high-content siRNA screen to identify new proteins that both increase and decrease nuclear rupture frequency in cancer cells. Pathway analysis identified an enrichment of nuclear membrane and ER factors in our hits and we demonstrate that one of these, the protein phosphatase CTDNEP1, is required for nuclear stability. Analysis of known rupture determinants, including an automated quantitative analysis of nuclear lamina gaps, are consistent with CTDNEP1 acting independently of actin and nuclear lamina organization. Our findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanism of nuclear rupture and define a highly adaptable program for rupture analysis that removes a substantial barrier to new discoveries in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Gunn
- Divisions of Basic Sciences and Human Biology, The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Artem I Yashchenko
- Divisions of Basic Sciences and Human Biology, The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Julien Dubrulle
- Cellular Imaging Shared Resource, The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jodiene Johnson
- Divisions of Basic Sciences and Human Biology, The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Emily M Hatch
- Divisions of Basic Sciences and Human Biology, The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Pho M, Berrada Y, Gunda A, Stephens AD. Nuclear shape is affected differentially by loss of lamin A, lamin C, or both lamin A and C. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2024; 2024:10.17912/micropub.biology.001103. [PMID: 38440331 PMCID: PMC10910297 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.001103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Lamin intermediate filaments form a peripheral meshwork to support nuclear shape and function. Knockout of the LMNA gene that encodes for both lamin A and C results in an abnormally shaped nucleus. To determine the relative contribution of lamin A and C to nuclear shape, we measured nuclear blebbing and circular deviation in separate lamin A and lamin C knockdown and LMNA-/- stable cells. Lamin A knockdown increased nuclear blebbing while loss of lamin A, C, or both increased circular deviation. Overall, loss of lamin A, lamin C or both lamin A/C affect nuclear shape differentially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Pho
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst Center, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Yasmin Berrada
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst Center, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Aachal Gunda
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst Center, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Andrew D Stephens
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst Center, Massachusetts, United States
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst Center, Massachusetts, United States
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7
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Bunner S, Prince K, Srikrishna K, Pujadas EM, McCarthy AA, Kuklinski A, Jackson O, Pellegrino P, Jagtap S, Eweka I, Lawlor C, Eastin E, Yas G, Aiello J, LaPointe N, von Blucher IS, Hardy J, Chen J, Backman V, Janssen A, Packard M, Dorfman K, Almassalha L, Bahiru MS, Stephens AD. DNA density is a better indicator of a nuclear bleb than lamin B loss. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.06.579152. [PMID: 38370828 PMCID: PMC10871186 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.06.579152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Nuclear blebs are herniations of the nucleus that occur in diseased nuclei that cause nuclear rupture leading to cellular dysfunction. Chromatin and lamins are two of the major structural components of the nucleus that maintain its shape and function, but their relative roles in nuclear blebbing remain elusive. Lamin B is reported to be lost in blebs by qualitative data while quantitative studies reveal a spectrum of lamin B levels in nuclear blebs dependent on perturbation and cell type. Chromatin has been reported to be decreased or de-compacted in nuclear blebs, but again the data are not conclusive. To determine the composition of nuclear blebs, we compared the immunofluorescence intensity of lamin B and DNA in the main nucleus body and nuclear bleb across cell types and perturbations. Lamin B nuclear bleb levels varied drastically across MEF wild type and chromatin or lamins perturbations, HCT116 lamin B1-GFP imaging, and human disease model cells of progeria and prostate cancer. However, DNA concentration was consistently decreased to about half that of the main nucleus body across all measured conditions. Using Partial Wave Spectroscopic (PWS) microscopy to measure chromatin density in the nuclear bleb vs body we find similar results that DNA is consistently less dense in nuclear blebs. Thus, our data spanning many different cell types and perturbations supports that decreased DNA is a better marker of a nuclear bleb than lamin B levels that vary widely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Bunner
- Biology department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA. 01003, USA
| | - Kelsey Prince
- Biology department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA. 01003, USA
| | - Karan Srikrishna
- Biology department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA. 01003, USA
| | - Emily Marie Pujadas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- IBIS Interdisciplinary Biological Sciences Graduate Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | | | - Anna Kuklinski
- Biology department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA. 01003, USA
| | - Olivia Jackson
- Biology department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA. 01003, USA
| | - Pedro Pellegrino
- Biology department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA. 01003, USA
| | - Shrushti Jagtap
- Biology department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA. 01003, USA
| | - Imuetiyan Eweka
- Biology department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA. 01003, USA
| | - Colman Lawlor
- Biology department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA. 01003, USA
| | - Emma Eastin
- Biology department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA. 01003, USA
| | - Griffin Yas
- Biology department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA. 01003, USA
| | - Julianna Aiello
- Biology department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA. 01003, USA
| | - Nathan LaPointe
- Biology department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA. 01003, USA
| | | | - Jillian Hardy
- Biology department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA. 01003, USA
| | - Jason Chen
- Biology department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA. 01003, USA
| | - Vadim Backman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Anne Janssen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mary Packard
- Biology department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA. 01003, USA
| | - Katherine Dorfman
- Biology department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA. 01003, USA
| | - Luay Almassalha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Michael Seifu Bahiru
- Biology department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA. 01003, USA
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - A. D. Stephens
- Biology department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA. 01003, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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8
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Pho M, Berrada Y, Gunda A, Lavallee A, Chiu K, Padam A, Currey ML, Stephens AD. Actin contraction controls nuclear blebbing and rupture independent of actin confinement. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:ar19. [PMID: 38088876 PMCID: PMC10881147 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-07-0292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The nucleus is a mechanically stable compartment of the cell that contains the genome and performs many essential functions. Nuclear mechanical components chromatin and lamins maintain nuclear shape, compartmentalization, and function by resisting antagonistic actin contraction and confinement. Studies have yet to compare chromatin and lamins perturbations side-by-side as well as modulated actin contraction while holding confinement constant. To accomplish this, we used nuclear localization signal green fluorescent protein to measure nuclear shape and rupture in live cells with chromatin and lamin perturbations. We then modulated actin contraction while maintaining actin confinement measured by nuclear height. Wild type, chromatin decompaction, and lamin B1 null present bleb-based nuclear deformations and ruptures dependent on actin contraction and independent of actin confinement. Actin contraction inhibition by Y27632 decreased nuclear blebbing and ruptures while activation by CN03 increased rupture frequency. Lamin A/C null results in overall abnormal shape also reliant on actin contraction, but similar blebs and ruptures as wild type. Increased DNA damage is caused by nuclear blebbing or abnormal shape which can be relieved by inhibition of actin contraction which rescues nuclear shape and decreases DNA damage levels in all perturbations. Thus, actin contraction drives nuclear blebbing, bleb-based ruptures, and abnormal shape independent of changes in actin confinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Pho
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Yasmin Berrada
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Aachal Gunda
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Anya Lavallee
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Katherine Chiu
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Arimita Padam
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Marilena L. Currey
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Andrew D. Stephens
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
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9
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Aalders J, Léger L, Van der Meeren L, Sinha S, Skirtach AG, De Backer J, van Hengel J. Three-dimensional co-culturing of stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblasts reveals a role for both cell types in Marfan-related cardiomyopathy. Matrix Biol 2024; 126:14-24. [PMID: 38224822 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2024.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Pathogenic variants in the FBN1 gene, which encodes the extracellular matrix protein fibrillin-1, cause Marfan syndrome (MFS), which affects multiple organ systems, including the cardiovascular system. Myocardial dysfunction has been observed in a subset of patients with MFS and in several MFS mouse models. However, there is limited understanding of the intrinsic consequences of FBN1 variants on cardiomyocytes (CMs). To elucidate the CM-specific contribution in Marfan's cardiomyopathy, cardiosphere cultures of CMs and cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) are used. CMs and CFs were derived by human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) differentiation from MFS iPSCs with a pathogenic variant in FBN1 (c.3725G>A; p.Cys1242Tyr) and the corresponding CRISPR-corrected iPSC line (Cor). Cardiospheres containing MFS CMs show decreased FBN1, COL1A2 and GJA1 expression. MFS CMs cultured in cardiospheres have fewer binucleated CMs in comparison with Cor CMs. 13% of MFS CMs in cardiospheres are binucleated and 15% and 16% in cardiospheres that contain co-cultures with respectively MFS CFs and Cor CFs, compared to Cor CMs, that revealed up to 23% binucleation when co-cultured with CFs. The sarcomere length of CMs, as a marker of development, is significantly increased in MFS CMs interacting with Cor CF or MFS CF, as compared to monocultured MFS CMs. Nuclear blebbing was significantly more frequent in MFS CFs, which correlated with increased stiffness of the nuclear area compared to Cor CFs. Our cardiosphere model for Marfan-related cardiomyopathy identified a contribution of CFs in Marfan-related cardiomyopathy and suggests that abnormal early development of CMs may play a role in the disease mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Aalders
- Medical Cell Biology Research Group, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Laurens Léger
- Medical Cell Biology Research Group, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Louis Van der Meeren
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sanjay Sinha
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andre G Skirtach
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Julie De Backer
- Centre for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium and Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Cardiology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jolanda van Hengel
- Medical Cell Biology Research Group, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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10
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Shen Q, Xu P, Mei C. Role of micronucleus-activated cGAS-STING signaling in antitumor immunity. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2024; 53:25-34. [PMID: 38273467 PMCID: PMC10945493 DOI: 10.3724/zdxbyxb-2023-0485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling is a significant component of the innate immune system and functions as a vital sentinel mechanism to monitor cellular and tissue aberrations in microbial invasion and organ injury. cGAS, a cytosolic DNA sensor, is specialized in recognizing abnormally localized cytoplasmic double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) and catalyzes the formation of a second messenger cyclic-GMP-AMP (cGAMP), which initiates a cascade of type Ⅰ interferon and inflammatory responses mediated by STING. Micronucleus, a byproduct of chromosomal missegregation during anaphase, is also a significant contributor to cytoplasmic dsDNA. These unstable subcellular structures are susceptible to irreversible nuclear envelope rupture, exposing genomic dsDNA to the cytoplasm, which potently recruits cGAS and activates STING-mediated innate immune signaling and its downstream activities, including type Ⅰ interferon and classical nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathways lead to senescence, apoptosis, autophagy activating anti-cancer immunity or directly killing tumor cells. However, sustained STING activation-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress, activated chronic type Ⅰ interferon and nonclassical NF-κB signaling pathways remodel immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, leading to immune evasion and facilitating tumor metastasis. Therefore, activated cGAS-STING signaling plays a dual role of suppressing or facilitating tumor growth in tumorigenesis and therapy. This review elaborates on research advances in mechanisms of micronucleus inducing activation of cGAS-STING signaling and its implications in tumorigenesis and therapeutic strategies of malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Shen
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Pinglong Xu
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
- Institute of Intelligent Medicine, Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311200, China.
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Chen Mei
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
- Institute of Intelligent Medicine, Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311200, China.
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11
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Odell J, Gräf R, Lammerding J. Heterologous expression of Dictyostelium discoideum NE81 in mouse embryo fibroblasts reveals conserved mechanoprotective roles of lamins. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:ar7. [PMID: 37910203 PMCID: PMC10881167 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-05-0193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Lamins are nuclear intermediate filament proteins that are ubiquitously found in metazoan cells, where they contribute to nuclear morphology, stability, and gene expression. Lamin-like sequences have recently been identified in distantly related eukaryotes, but it remains unclear whether these proteins share conserved functions with the lamins found in metazoans. Here, we investigate conserved features between metazoan and amoebozoan lamins using a genetic complementation system to express the Dictyostelium discoideum lamin-like protein NE81 in mammalian cells lacking either specific lamins or all endogenous lamins. We report that NE81 localizes to the nucleus in cells lacking Lamin A/C, and that NE81 expression improves nuclear circularity, reduces nuclear deformability, and prevents nuclear envelope rupture in these cells. However, NE81 did not completely rescue loss of Lamin A/C, and was unable to restore normal distribution of metazoan lamin interactors, such as emerin and nuclear pore complexes, which are frequently displaced in Lamin A/C deficient cells. Collectively, our results indicate that the ability of lamins to modulate the morphology and mechanical properties of nuclei may have been a feature present in the common ancestor of Dictyostelium and animals, whereas other, more specialized interactions may have evolved more recently in metazoan lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Odell
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
- Graduate Field of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Ralph Gräf
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Jan Lammerding
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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12
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Halfmann CT, Scott KL, Sears RM, Roux KJ. Mechanisms by which barrier-to-autointegration factor regulates dynamics of nucleocytoplasmic leakage and membrane repair following nuclear envelope rupture. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.21.572811. [PMID: 38187776 PMCID: PMC10769424 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.21.572811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The nuclear envelope (NE) creates a barrier between the cytosol and nucleus during interphase that is key for cellular compartmentalization and protecting genomic DNA. NE rupture can expose genomic DNA to the cytosol and allow admixture of the nuclear and cytosolic constituents, a proposed mechanism of cancer and NE-associated diseases. Barrier-to-autointegration factor (BAF) is a DNA-binding protein that localizes to NE ruptures where it recruits LEM-domain proteins, A-type lamins, and participates in rupture repair. To further reveal the mechanisms by which BAF responds to and aids in repairing NE ruptures, we investigated known properties of BAF including LEM domain binding, lamin binding, compartmentalization, phosphoregulation of DNA binding, and BAF dimerization. We demonstrate that it is the cytosolic population of BAF that functionally repairs NE ruptures, and phosphoregulation of BAF's DNA-binding that enables its ability to facilitate that repair. Interestingly, BAF's LEM or lamin binding activity appears dispensable for its role in functional repair. Furthermore, we demonstrate that BAF functions to reduce the extent of leakage though NE ruptures, suggesting that BAF effectively forms a diffusion barrier prior to NE repair. Collectively, these results enhances our knowledge of the mechanisms by which BAF responds to NE ruptures and facilitates their repair.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kelsey L. Scott
- Enabling Technologies Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls SD
| | - Rhiannon M. Sears
- Enabling Technologies Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls SD
- Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD
| | - Kyle J. Roux
- Enabling Technologies Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls SD
- Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls SD
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13
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Kim JR, Kim PH, Presnell A, Tu Y, Young SG. Revisiting the truncated lamin A produced by a commonly used strain of Lmna knockout mice. Nucleus 2023; 14:2262308. [PMID: 37754663 PMCID: PMC10538457 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2023.2262308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The Lmna knockout mouse (Lmna-/-) created by Sullivan and coworkers in 1999 has been widely used to examine lamin A/C function. The knockout allele contains a deletion of Lmna intron 7-exon 11 sequences and was reported to be a null allele. Later, Jahn and coworkers discovered that the mutant allele produces a 54-kDa truncated lamin A and identified, by RT-PCR, a Lmna cDNA containing exon 1-7 + exon 12 sequences. Because exon 12 encodes prelamin A's CaaX motif, the mutant lamin A is assumed to be farnesylated. In the current study, we found that the truncated lamin A in Lmna-/- mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) was predominantly nucleoplasmic rather than at the nuclear rim, leading us to hypothesize that it was not farnesylated. Our study revealed that the most abundant Lmna transcripts in Lmna-/- MEFs contain exon 1-7 but not exon 12 sequences. Exon 1-7 + exon 12 transcripts were detectable by PCR but in trace amounts. We suspect that these findings explain the nucleoplasmic distribution of the truncated lamin A in Lmna-/- MEFs, and subsequent cell transduction experiments support this suspicion. A truncated lamin A containing exon 1-7 sequence was nucleoplasmic, whereas a lamin A containing exon 1-7 + exon 12 sequences was located along the nuclear rim. Our study explains the nucleoplasmic targeting of truncated lamin A in Lmna-/- MEFs and adds to our understanding of a commonly used strain of Lmna-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonyoung R. Kim
- Departments of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Paul H. Kim
- Departments of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ashley Presnell
- Departments of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yiping Tu
- Departments of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stephen G. Young
- Departments of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Departments of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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14
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Odell J, Gräf R, Lammerding J. Heterologous expression of Dictyostelium discoideum NE81 in mouse embryo fibroblasts reveals conserved mechanoprotective roles of lamins. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.31.543154. [PMID: 37398420 PMCID: PMC10312578 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.31.543154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Lamins are nuclear intermediate filament proteins that are ubiquitously found in metazoan cells, where they contribute to nuclear morphology, stability, and gene expression. Lamin-like sequences have recently been identified in distantly related eukaryotes, but it remains unclear if these proteins share conserved functions with the lamins found in metazoans. Here, we investigate conserved features between metazoan and amoebozoan lamins using a genetic complementation system to express the Dictyostelium discoideum lamin-like protein NE81 in mammalian cells lacking either specific lamins or all endogenous lamins. We report that NE81 localizes to the nucleus in cells lacking Lamin A/C, and that NE81 expression improves nuclear circularity, reduces nuclear deformability, and prevents nuclear envelope rupture in these cells. However, NE81 did not completely rescue loss of Lamin A/C, and was unable to restore normal distribution of metazoan lamin interactors, such as emerin and nuclear pore complexes, which are frequently displaced in Lamin A/C deficient cells. Collectively, our results indicate that the ability of lamins to modulate the morphology and mechanical properties of nuclei may have been a feature present in the common ancestor of Dictyostelium and animals, whereas other, more specialized interactions may have evolved more recently in metazoan lineages.
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15
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Berg IK, Currey ML, Gupta S, Berrada Y, Nguyen BV, Pho M, Patteson AE, Schwarz JM, Banigan EJ, Stephens AD. Transcription inhibition suppresses nuclear blebbing and rupture independently of nuclear rigidity. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs261547. [PMID: 37756607 PMCID: PMC10660790 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromatin plays an essential role in the nuclear mechanical response and determining nuclear shape, which maintain nuclear compartmentalization and function. However, major genomic functions, such as transcription activity, might also impact cell nuclear shape via blebbing and rupture through their effects on chromatin structure and dynamics. To test this idea, we inhibited transcription with several RNA polymerase II inhibitors in wild-type cells and perturbed cells that presented increased nuclear blebbing. Transcription inhibition suppressed nuclear blebbing for several cell types, nuclear perturbations and transcription inhibitors. Furthermore, transcription inhibition suppressed nuclear bleb formation, bleb stabilization and bleb-based nuclear ruptures. Interestingly, transcription inhibition did not alter the histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9) modification state, nuclear rigidity, and actin compression and contraction, which typically control nuclear blebbing. Polymer simulations suggested that RNA polymerase II motor activity within chromatin could drive chromatin motions that deform the nuclear periphery. Our data provide evidence that transcription inhibition suppresses nuclear blebbing and rupture, in a manner separate and distinct from chromatin rigidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel K. Berg
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Marilena L. Currey
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Sarthak Gupta
- Department of Physics and BioInspired Syracuse, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - Yasmin Berrada
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Bao V. Nguyen
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Mai Pho
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Alison E. Patteson
- Department of Physics and BioInspired Syracuse, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - J. M. Schwarz
- Department of Physics and BioInspired Syracuse, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
- Indian Creek Farm, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Edward J. Banigan
- Institute of Medical Engineering & Science and Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Andrew D. Stephens
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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16
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Gunn AL, Yashchenko AI, Dubrulle J, Johnson J, Hatch EM. A high-content screen reveals new regulators of nuclear membrane stability. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.30.542944. [PMID: 37398267 PMCID: PMC10312541 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.30.542944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear membrane rupture is a physiological response to multiple in vivo processes, such as cell migration, that can cause extensive genome instability and upregulate invasive and inflammatory pathways. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of rupture are unclear and few regulators have been identified. In this study, we developed a reporter that is size excluded from re-compartmentalization following nuclear rupture events. This allows for robust detection of factors influencing nuclear integrity in fixed cells. We combined this with an automated image analysis pipeline in a high-content siRNA screen to identify new proteins that both increase and decrease nuclear rupture frequency in cancer cells. Pathway analysis identified an enrichment of nuclear membrane and ER factors in our hits and we demonstrate that one of these, the protein phosphatase CTDNEP1, is required for nuclear stability. Further analysis of known rupture contributors, including a newly developed automated quantitative analysis of nuclear lamina gaps, strongly suggests that CTDNEP1 acts in a new pathway. Our findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanism of nuclear rupture and define a highly adaptable program for rupture analysis that removes a substantial barrier to new discoveries in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L. Gunn
- Divisions of Basic Sciences and Human Biology, The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Artem I. Yashchenko
- Divisions of Basic Sciences and Human Biology, The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Julien Dubrulle
- Cellular Imaging Shared Resource, The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Jodiene Johnson
- Divisions of Basic Sciences and Human Biology, The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Emily M. Hatch
- Divisions of Basic Sciences and Human Biology, The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
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17
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Wallace M, Zahr H, Perati S, Morsink CD, Johnson LE, Gacita AM, Lai S, Wallrath LL, Benjamin IJ, McNally EM, Kirby TJ, Lammerding J. Nuclear damage in LMNA mutant iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes is associated with impaired lamin localization to the nuclear envelope. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:mbcE21100527. [PMID: 37585285 PMCID: PMC10846625 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-10-0527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The LMNA gene encodes the nuclear envelope proteins Lamins A and C, which comprise a major part of the nuclear lamina, provide mechanical support to the nucleus, and participate in diverse intracellular signaling. LMNA mutations give rise to a collection of diseases called laminopathies, including dilated cardiomyopathy (LMNA-DCM) and muscular dystrophies. Although nuclear deformities are a hallmark of LMNA-DCM, the role of nuclear abnormalities in the pathogenesis of LMNA-DCM remains incompletely understood. Using induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) from LMNA mutant patients and healthy controls, we show that LMNA mutant iPSC-CM nuclei have altered shape or increased size compared to healthy control iPSC-CM nuclei. The LMNA mutation exhibiting the most severe nuclear deformities, R249Q, additionally caused reduced nuclear stiffness and increased nuclear fragility. Importantly, for all cell lines, the degree of nuclear abnormalities corresponded to the degree of Lamin A/C and Lamin B1 mislocalization from the nuclear envelope. The mislocalization was likely due to altered assembly of Lamin A/C. Collectively, these results point to the importance of correct lamin assembly at the nuclear envelope in providing mechanical stability to the nucleus and suggest that defects in nuclear lamina organization may contribute to the nuclear and cellular dysfunction in LMNA-DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Wallace
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Hind Zahr
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Shriya Perati
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Chloé D. Morsink
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, VU Medical Center, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Anthony M. Gacita
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Shuping Lai
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Lori L. Wallrath
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Ivor J. Benjamin
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Elizabeth M. McNally
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Tyler J. Kirby
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Ithaca, NY 14853
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, VU Medical Center, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Lammerding
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Ithaca, NY 14853
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18
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Yin Q, Morris GF, Saito S, Zhuang Y, Thannickal VJ, Jazwinski SM, Lasky JA. Enhanced Expression of a Novel Lamin A/C Splice Variant in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Lung. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2023; 68:625-637. [PMID: 36848480 PMCID: PMC10257069 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2022-0222oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), the normal delicate lung architecture is replaced with rigid extracellular matrix (ECM) as a result of the accumulation of activated myofibroblasts and excessive deposition of ECM. Lamins have a role in fostering mechanosignaling from the ECM to the nucleus. Although there is a growing number of studies on lamins and associated diseases, there are no prior reports linking aberrations in lamins with pulmonary fibrosis. Here, we discovered, through analysis of RNA sequencing data, a novel isoform of lamin A/C that is more highly expressed in IPF compared with control lung. This novel LMNA (lamin A/C) splice variant includes retained introns 10 and 11 and exons 11 and 12 as documented by rapid amplification of cDNA ends. We found that this novel isoform is induced by stiff ECM. To better clarify the specific effects of this novel isoform of lamin A/C and how it may contribute to the pathogenesis of IPF, we transduced the lamin transcript into primary lung fibroblasts and alveolar epithelial cells and found that it impacts several biological effects, including cell proliferation, senescence, cell contraction, and the transition of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts. We also observed that type II epithelial cells and myofibroblasts in the IPF lung exhibited wrinkled nuclei, and this is notable because this has not been previously described and is consistent with laminopathy-mediated cellular effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyan Yin
- Section of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care and Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | | | - Shigeki Saito
- Section of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care and Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Yan Zhuang
- Section of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care and Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Victor J. Thannickal
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana; and
| | - S. Michal Jazwinski
- Tulane Center for Aging, General Internal Medicine & Geriatrics, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Joseph A. Lasky
- Section of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care and Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine
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19
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Zadoorian A, Du X, Yang H. Lipid droplet biogenesis and functions in health and disease. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2023:10.1038/s41574-023-00845-0. [PMID: 37221402 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-023-00845-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitous yet unique, lipid droplets are intracellular organelles that are increasingly being recognized for their versatility beyond energy storage. Advances uncovering the intricacies of their biogenesis and the diversity of their physiological and pathological roles have yielded new insights into lipid droplet biology. Despite these insights, the mechanisms governing the biogenesis and functions of lipid droplets remain incompletely understood. Moreover, the causal relationship between the biogenesis and function of lipid droplets and human diseases is poorly resolved. Here, we provide an update on the current understanding of the biogenesis and functions of lipid droplets in health and disease, highlighting a key role for lipid droplet biogenesis in alleviating cellular stresses. We also discuss therapeutic strategies of targeting lipid droplet biogenesis, growth or degradation that could be applied in the future to common diseases, such as cancer, hepatic steatosis and viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armella Zadoorian
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ximing Du
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hongyuan Yang
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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20
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Fan Q, Li XM, Zhai C, Li B, Li ST, Dong MQ. Somatic nuclear blebbing in Caenorhabditis elegans is not a feature of organismal aging but a potential indicator of germline proliferation in early adulthood. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2023; 13:jkad029. [PMID: 36735812 PMCID: PMC10085788 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal nuclear morphology is suggested to be a hallmark of aging and one such abnormality is nuclear blebbing. However, little is known about whether and how nuclear blebbing participates in animal aging, and what regulates it. In this study, we show that the frequency of nuclear blebbing in the hypodermis increases during aging in wild-type C. elegans. These nuclear blebs are enveloped by the nuclear lamina, the inner and the outer nuclear membrane, and 42% of them contain chromatin. Although nuclear blebbing could lead to DNA loss if chromatin-containing blebs detach and fuse with lysosomes, we find by time-lapse imaging that nuclear blebs rarely detach, and the estimated lifetime of a nuclear bleb is 772 h or 32 days. The amount of DNA lost through nuclear blebbing is estimated to be about 0.1% of the total DNA loss by adult Day 11. Furthermore, the frequency of nuclear blebbing does not correlate with the rate of aging in C. elegans. Old age does not necessarily induce nuclear blebbing, neither does starvation, heat stress, or oxidative stress. Intriguingly, we find that proliferation of germ cells promotes nuclear blebbing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Fan
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing 102206, China
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xue-Mei Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing 102206, China
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Chao Zhai
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing 102206, China
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Bin Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing 102206, China
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Shang-Tong Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing 102206, China
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Meng-Qiu Dong
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing 102206, China
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102206, China
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21
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Tuning between Nuclear Organization and Functionality in Health and Disease. Cells 2023; 12:cells12050706. [PMID: 36899842 PMCID: PMC10000962 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The organization of eukaryotic genome in the nucleus, a double-membraned organelle separated from the cytoplasm, is highly complex and dynamic. The functional architecture of the nucleus is confined by the layers of internal and cytoplasmic elements, including chromatin organization, nuclear envelope associated proteome and transport, nuclear-cytoskeletal contacts, and the mechano-regulatory signaling cascades. The size and morphology of the nucleus could impose a significant impact on nuclear mechanics, chromatin organization, gene expression, cell functionality and disease development. The maintenance of nuclear organization during genetic or physical perturbation is crucial for the viability and lifespan of the cell. Abnormal nuclear envelope morphologies, such as invagination and blebbing, have functional implications in several human disorders, including cancer, accelerated aging, thyroid disorders, and different types of neuro-muscular diseases. Despite the evident interplay between nuclear structure and nuclear function, our knowledge about the underlying molecular mechanisms for regulation of nuclear morphology and cell functionality during health and illness is rather poor. This review highlights the essential nuclear, cellular, and extracellular components that govern the organization of nuclei and functional consequences associated with nuclear morphometric aberrations. Finally, we discuss the recent developments with diagnostic and therapeutic implications targeting nuclear morphology in health and disease.
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22
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McGoldrick P, Lau A, You Z, Durcan TM, Robertson J. Loss of C9orf72 perturbs the Ran-GTPase gradient and nucleocytoplasmic transport, generating compositionally diverse Importin β-1 granules. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112134. [PMID: 36821445 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A hexanucleotide (GGGGCC)n repeat expansion in C9orf72 causes amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), eliciting toxic effects through generation of RNA foci, dipeptide repeat proteins, and/or loss of C9orf72 protein. Defects in nucleocytoplasmic transport (NCT) have been implicated as a pathogenic mechanism underlying repeat expansion toxicity. Here, we show that loss of C9orf72 disrupts the Ran-GTPase gradient and NCT in vitro and in vivo. NCT disruption in vivo is enhanced by the presence of compositionally different types of cytoplasmic Importin β-1 granule that exhibit neuronal subtype-specific properties. We show that the abundance of Importin β-1 granules is increased in the context of C9orf72 deficiency, disrupting interactions with nuclear pore complex proteins. These granules appear to associate with the nuclear envelope and are co-immunoreactive for G3BP1 and K63-ubiquitin. These findings link loss of C9orf72 protein to gain-of-function mechanisms and defects in NCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip McGoldrick
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada.
| | - Agnes Lau
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Zhipeng You
- The Neuro's Early Drug Discovery Unit (EDDU), McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Thomas M Durcan
- The Neuro's Early Drug Discovery Unit (EDDU), McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Janice Robertson
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, 27 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada.
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23
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Kono Y, Adam SA, Sato Y, Reddy KL, Zheng Y, Medalia O, Goldman RD, Kimura H, Shimi T. Nucleoplasmic lamin C rapidly accumulates at sites of nuclear envelope rupture with BAF and cGAS. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:213616. [PMID: 36301259 PMCID: PMC9617480 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202201024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammalian cell nuclei, the nuclear lamina (NL) underlies the nuclear envelope (NE) to maintain nuclear structure. The nuclear lamins, the major structural components of the NL, are involved in the protection against NE rupture induced by mechanical stress. However, the specific role of the lamins in repair of NE ruptures has not been fully determined. Our analyses using immunofluorescence and live-cell imaging revealed that the nucleoplasmic pool of lamin C rapidly accumulated at sites of NE rupture induced by laser microirradiation in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. The accumulation of lamin C at the rupture sites required both the immunoglobulin-like fold domain that binds to barrier-to-autointegration factor (BAF) and a nuclear localization signal. The accumulation of nuclear BAF and cytoplasmic cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) at the rupture sites was in part dependent on lamin A/C. These results suggest that nucleoplasmic lamin C, BAF, and cGAS concertedly accumulate at sites of NE rupture for rapid repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Kono
- Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Stephen A Adam
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Yuko Sato
- Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan.,School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Karen L Reddy
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Yixian Zheng
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ohad Medalia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Robert D Goldman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan.,School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan.,World Research Hub Initiative, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takeshi Shimi
- Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan.,World Research Hub Initiative, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
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24
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Stenvall CGA, Nyström JH, Butler-Hallissey C, Jansson T, Heikkilä TRH, Adam SA, Foisner R, Goldman RD, Ridge KM, Toivola DM. Cytoplasmic keratins couple with and maintain nuclear envelope integrity in colonic epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:ar121. [PMID: 36001365 PMCID: PMC9634972 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-06-0387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Keratin intermediate filaments convey mechanical stability and protection against stress to epithelial cells. Keratins are essential for colon health, as seen in keratin 8 knockout (K8-/-) mice exhibiting a colitis phenotype. We hypothesized that keratins support the nuclear envelope and lamina in colonocytes. K8-/- colonocytes in vivo exhibit significantly decreased levels of lamins A/C, B1, and B2 in a colon-specific and cell-intrinsic manner. CRISPR/Cas9- or siRNA-mediated K8 knockdown in Caco-2 cells similarly decreased lamin levels, which recovered after reexpression of K8 following siRNA treatment. Nuclear area was not decreased, and roundness was only marginally increased in cells without K8. Down-regulation of K8 in adult K8flox/flox;Villin-CreERt2 mice following tamoxifen administration significantly decreased lamin levels at day 4 when K8 levels had reduced to 40%. K8 loss also led to reduced levels of plectin, LINC complex, and lamin-associated proteins. While keratins were not seen in the nucleoplasm without or with leptomycin B treatment, keratins were found intimately located at the nuclear envelope and complexed with SUN2 and lamin A. Furthermore, K8 loss in Caco-2 cells compromised nuclear membrane integrity basally and after shear stress. In conclusion, colonocyte K8 helps maintain nuclear envelope and lamina composition and contributes to nuclear integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joel H. Nyström
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University
| | - Ciarán Butler-Hallissey
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University,Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku, and Åbo Akademi University, and,Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INP UMR7051, NeuroCyto, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Theresia Jansson
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University
| | - Taina R. H. Heikkilä
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University
| | | | - Roland Foisner
- Max Perutz Labs, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter Campus, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Karen M. Ridge
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and,Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Diana M. Toivola
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University,InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Turku, Finland,Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland,*Address correspondence to: Diana M. Toivola ()
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25
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Personalized Medicine Approach in a DCM Patient with LMNA Mutation Reveals Dysregulation of mTOR Signaling. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12071149. [PMID: 35887646 PMCID: PMC9323361 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12071149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Mutations in the Lamin A/C (LMNA) gene are responsible for about 6% of all familial dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) cases which tend to present at a young age and follow a fulminant course. Methods: We report a 47-year-old DCM patient with severely impaired left ventricular ejection fraction and NYHA functional class IV despite optimal heart failure treatment. Whole-exome sequencing revealed an LMNA E161K missense mutation as the pathogenetic cause for DCM in this patient. We generated a patient-specific LMNA-knock in (LMNA-KI) in vitro model using mES cells. Results: Beta adrenergic stimulation of cardiomyocytes derived from LMNA-KI mES cells resulted in augmented mTOR signaling and increased dysregulation of action potentials, which could be effectively prevented by the mTOR-inhibitor rapamycin. A cardiac biopsy confirmed strong activation of the mTOR-signaling pathway in the patient. An off-label treatment with oral rapamycin was initiated and resulted in an improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction (27.8% to 44.5%), NT-BNP (8120 ng/L to 2210 ng/L) and NYHA functional class. Conclusion: We have successfully generated the first in vitro model to recapitulate a patient-specific LMNA E161K mutation which leads to a severe form of DCM. The model may serve as a template for individualized and specific treatment of heart failure.
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26
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Kamikawa Y, Saito A, Imaizumi K. Impact of Nuclear Envelope Stress on Physiological and Pathological Processes in Central Nervous System. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:2478-2487. [PMID: 35486254 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03608-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear envelope (NE) separates genomic DNA from the cytoplasm and provides the molecular platforms for nucleocytoplasmic transport, higher-order chromatin organization, and physical links between the nucleus and cytoskeleton. Recent studies have shown that the NE is often damaged by various stresses termed "NE stress", leading to critical cellular dysfunction. Accumulating evidence has revealed the crucial roles of NE stress in the pathology of a broad spectrum of diseases. In the central nervous system (CNS), NE dysfunction impairs neural development and is associated with several neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease and autosomal dominant leukodystrophy. In this review, the structure and functions of the NE are summarized, and the concepts of NE stress and NE stress responses are introduced. Additionally, the significant roles of the NE in the development of CNS and the mechanistic connections between NE stress and neurological disorders are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunao Kamikawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Saito
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Kazunori Imaizumi
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan.
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27
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Seo J, Kim H, Min KI, Kim C, Kwon Y, Zheng Z, Kim Y, Park HS, Ju YS, Roh MR, Chung KY, Kim J. Weight-bearing activity impairs nuclear membrane and genome integrity via YAP activation in plantar melanoma. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2214. [PMID: 35468978 PMCID: PMC9038926 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29925-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Acral melanoma commonly occurs in areas that are not exposed to much sunlight, such as the sole of the foot. Little is known about risk factors and mutational processes of plantar acral melanoma. Nuclear envelope rupture during interphase contributes to genome instability in cancer. Here, we show that the nuclear and micronuclear membranes of melanoma cells are frequently ruptured by macroscopic mechanical stress on the plantar surface due to weight-bearing activities. The marginal region of plantar melanoma nodules exhibits increased nuclear morphological abnormalities and collagen accumulations, and is more susceptible to mechanical stress than the tumor center. An increase in DNA damage coincides with nuclear membrane rupture in the tumor margin. Nuclear envelope integrity is compromised by the mechanosensitive transcriptional cofactor YAP activated in the tumor margin. Our results suggest a mutagenesis mechanism in melanoma and explain why plantar acral melanoma is frequent at higher mechanical stress points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimyung Seo
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - HyunSeok Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Kyoung Il Min
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Changgon Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Yongsoo Kwon
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Zhenlong Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, Severance Hospital, Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yusung Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hyung-Soon Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Young Seok Ju
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Mi Ryung Roh
- Department of Dermatology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Kee Yang Chung
- Department of Dermatology, Severance Hospital, Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Joon Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea.
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28
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Mechanisms of A-Type Lamin Targeting to Nuclear Ruptures Are Disrupted in LMNA- and BANF1-Associated Progerias. Cells 2022; 11:cells11050865. [PMID: 35269487 PMCID: PMC8909658 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the genes LMNA and BANF1 can lead to accelerated aging syndromes called progeria. The protein products of these genes, A-type lamins and BAF, respectively, are nuclear envelope (NE) proteins that interact and participate in various cellular processes, including nuclear envelope rupture and repair. BAF localizes to sites of nuclear rupture and recruits NE-repair machinery, including the LEM-domain proteins, ESCRT-III complex, A-type lamins, and membranes. Here, we show that it is a mobile, nucleoplasmic population of A-type lamins that is rapidly recruited to ruptures in a BAF-dependent manner via BAF’s association with the Ig-like β fold domain of A-type lamins. These initially mobile lamins become progressively stabilized at the site of rupture. Farnesylated prelamin A and lamin B1 fail to localize to nuclear ruptures, unless that farnesylation is inhibited. Progeria-associated LMNA mutations inhibit the recruitment affected A-type lamin to nuclear ruptures, due to either permanent farnesylation or inhibition of BAF binding. A progeria-associated BAF mutant targets to nuclear ruptures but is unable to recruit A-type lamins. Together, these data reveal the mechanisms that determine how lamins respond to nuclear ruptures and how progeric mutations of LMNA and BANF1 impair recruitment of A-type lamins to nuclear ruptures.
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29
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Mammel AE, Hatch EM. Genome instability from nuclear catastrophe and DNA damage. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 123:131-139. [PMID: 33839019 PMCID: PMC8494860 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear envelope compartmentalizes the eukaryotic genome, provides mechanical resistance, and regulates access to the chromatin. However, recent studies have identified several conditions where the nuclear membrane ruptures during interphase, breaking down this compartmentalization leading to DNA damage, chromothripsis, and kataegis. This review discusses three major circumstances that promote nuclear membrane rupture, nuclear deformation, chromatin bridges, and micronucleation, and how each of these nuclear catastrophes results in DNA damage. In addition, we highlight recent studies that demonstrate a single chromosome missegregation can initiate a cascade of events that lead to accumulating damage and even multiple rounds of chromothripsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E. Mammel
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Emily M. Hatch
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA,Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
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30
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Ma Y, Su Z, Zhou L, He L, Hou Z, Zou J, Cai Y, Chang D, Xie J, Zhu C, Fan W, Chen X, Ju S. Biodegradable Metal-Organic-Framework-Gated Organosilica for Tumor-Microenvironment-Unlocked Glutathione-Depletion-Enhanced Synergistic Therapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2107560. [PMID: 34902181 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The clinical employment of cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (CDDP)) is largely constrained due to the non-specific delivery and resultant serious systemic toxicity. Small-sized biocompatible and biodegradable hollow mesoporous organosilica (HMOS) nanoparticles show superior advantages for targeted CDDP delivery but suffer from premature CDDP leakage. Herein, the smart use of a bimetallic Zn2+ /Cu2+ co-doped metal-organic framework (MOF) is made to block the pores of HMOS for preventing potential leakage of CDDP and remarkably increasing the loading capacity of HMOS. Once reaching the acidic tumor microenvironment (TME), the outer MOF can decompose quickly to release CDDP for chemotherapy against cancer. Besides, the concomitant release of dopant Cu2+ can deplete the intracellular glutathione (GSH) for increased toxicity of CDDP as well as catalyzing the decomposition of intratumoral H2 O2 into highly toxic •OH for chemodynamic therapy (CDT). Moreover, the substantially reduced GSH can also protect the yielded •OH from scavenging and thus greatly improve the •OH-based CDT effect. In addition to providing a hybrid HMOS@MOF nanocarrier, this study is also expected to establish a new form of TME-unlocked nanoformula for highly efficient tumor-specific GSH-depletion-enhanced synergistic chemotherapy/chemodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87 DingJiaQiao Road, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Su
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, P. R. China
| | - Liming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Liangcan He
- School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, P. R. China
| | - Zhenyu Hou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87 DingJiaQiao Road, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Jianhua Zou
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Surgery, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119074, Singapore
| | - Yu Cai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87 DingJiaQiao Road, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Di Chang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87 DingJiaQiao Road, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Jinbing Xie
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87 DingJiaQiao Road, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Chen Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, P. R. China
| | - Wenpei Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Surgery, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119074, Singapore
| | - Shenghong Ju
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87 DingJiaQiao Road, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
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31
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Kamikawa Y, Imaizumi K. Advances in understanding the mechanisms of repairing damaged nuclear envelop. J Biochem 2022; 171:609-617. [PMID: 35134968 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvac012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear envelope (NE) separates genomic DNA from the cytoplasm in eukaryotes. The structure of the NE is dynamically altered not only in mitotic disassembly and reassembly but also during interphase. Recent studies have shown that the NE is frequently damaged by various cellular stresses that degenerate NE components and/or disrupt their functional interactions. These stresses are referred to as "NE stress." Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that NE stress potentially causes severe cellular dysfunctions, such as cell death and genome instability. In this review, the concept of NE stress, the processes repairing damage of the NE caused by NE stress, and the molecular mechanisms by which NE stress contributes to disease pathogenesis are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunao Kamikawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Kazunori Imaizumi
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
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32
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Abstract
The nuclear envelope is composed of the nuclear membranes, nuclear lamina, and nuclear pore complexes. Laminopathies are diseases caused by mutations in genes encoding protein components of the lamina and these other nuclear envelope substructures. Mutations in the single gene encoding lamin A and C, which are expressed in most differentiated somatic cells, cause diseases affecting striated muscle, adipose tissue, peripheral nerve, and multiple systems with features of accelerated aging. Mutations in genes encoding other nuclear envelope proteins also cause an array of diseases that selectively affect different tissues or organs. In some instances, the molecular and cellular consequences of laminopathy-causing mutations are known. However, even when these are understood, mechanisms explaining specific tissue or organ pathology remain enigmatic. Current mechanistic hypotheses focus on how alterations in the nuclear envelope may affect gene expression, including via the regulation of signaling pathways, or cellular mechanics, including responses to mechanical stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yeon Shin
- Department of Medicine and Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Howard J. Worman
- Department of Medicine and Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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33
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Pfitzner S, Bosse JB, Hofmann-Sieber H, Flomm F, Reimer R, Dobner T, Grünewald K, Franken LE. Human Adenovirus Type 5 Infection Leads to Nuclear Envelope Destabilization and Membrane Permeability Independently of Adenovirus Death Protein. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13034. [PMID: 34884837 PMCID: PMC8657697 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human adenovirus type 5 (HAdV5) infects epithelial cells of the upper and lower respiratory tract. The virus causes lysis of infected cells and thus enables spread of progeny virions to neighboring cells for the next round of infection. The mechanism of adenovirus virion egress across the nuclear barrier is not known. The human adenovirus death protein (ADP) facilitates the release of virions from infected cells and has been hypothesized to cause membrane damage. Here, we set out to answer whether ADP does indeed increase nuclear membrane damage. We analyzed the nuclear envelope morphology using a combination of fluorescence and state-of-the-art electron microscopy techniques, including serial block-face scanning electron microscopy and electron cryo-tomography of focused ion beam-milled cells. We report multiple destabilization phenotypes of the nuclear envelope in HAdV5 infection. These include reduction of lamin A/C at the nuclear envelope, large-scale membrane invaginations, alterations in double membrane separation distance and small-scale membrane protrusions. Additionally, we measured increased nuclear membrane permeability and detected nuclear envelope lesions under cryoconditions. Unexpectedly, and in contrast to previous hypotheses, ADP did not have an effect on lamin A/C reduction or nuclear permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren Pfitzner
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), Martinistraße 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (S.P.); (J.B.B.); (H.H.-S.); (F.F.); (R.R.); (T.D.)
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jens B. Bosse
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), Martinistraße 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (S.P.); (J.B.B.); (H.H.-S.); (F.F.); (R.R.); (T.D.)
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Helga Hofmann-Sieber
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), Martinistraße 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (S.P.); (J.B.B.); (H.H.-S.); (F.F.); (R.R.); (T.D.)
| | - Felix Flomm
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), Martinistraße 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (S.P.); (J.B.B.); (H.H.-S.); (F.F.); (R.R.); (T.D.)
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Rudolph Reimer
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), Martinistraße 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (S.P.); (J.B.B.); (H.H.-S.); (F.F.); (R.R.); (T.D.)
| | - Thomas Dobner
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), Martinistraße 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (S.P.); (J.B.B.); (H.H.-S.); (F.F.); (R.R.); (T.D.)
| | - Kay Grünewald
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), Martinistraße 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (S.P.); (J.B.B.); (H.H.-S.); (F.F.); (R.R.); (T.D.)
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Universität Hamburg, Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Linda E. Franken
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), Martinistraße 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (S.P.); (J.B.B.); (H.H.-S.); (F.F.); (R.R.); (T.D.)
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
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34
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Abstract
The cell nucleus is best known as the container of the genome. Its envelope provides a barrier for passive macromolecule diffusion, which enhances the control of gene expression. As its largest and stiffest organelle, the nucleus also defines the minimal space requirements of a cell. Internal or external pressures that deform a cell to its physical limits cause a corresponding nuclear deformation. Evidence is consolidating that the nucleus, in addition to its genetic functions, serves as a physical sensing device for critical cell body deformation. Nuclear mechanotransduction allows cells to adapt their acute behaviors, mechanical stability, paracrine signaling, and fate to their physical surroundings. This review summarizes the basic chemical and mechanical properties of nuclear components, and how these properties are thought to be utilized for mechanosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Niethammer
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA;
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35
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Bend, Push, Stretch: Remarkable Structure and Mechanics of Single Intermediate Filaments and Meshworks. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081960. [PMID: 34440729 PMCID: PMC8394331 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytoskeleton of the eukaryotic cell provides a structural and functional scaffold enabling biochemical and cellular functions. While actin and microtubules form the main framework of the cell, intermediate filament networks provide unique mechanical properties that increase the resilience of both the cytoplasm and the nucleus, thereby maintaining cellular function while under mechanical pressure. Intermediate filaments (IFs) are imperative to a plethora of regulatory and signaling functions in mechanotransduction. Mutations in all types of IF proteins are known to affect the architectural integrity and function of cellular processes, leading to debilitating diseases. The basic building block of all IFs are elongated α-helical coiled-coils that assemble hierarchically into complex meshworks. A remarkable mechanical feature of IFs is the capability of coiled-coils to metamorphize into β-sheets under stress, making them one of the strongest and most resilient mechanical entities in nature. Here, we discuss structural and mechanical aspects of IFs with a focus on nuclear lamins and vimentin.
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36
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Expression of the Ebola Virus VP24 Protein Compromises the Integrity of the Nuclear Envelope and Induces a Laminopathy-Like Cellular Phenotype. mBio 2021; 12:e0097221. [PMID: 34225493 PMCID: PMC8406168 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00972-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) VP24 protein is a nucleocapsid-associated protein that inhibits interferon (IFN) gene expression and counteracts the IFN-mediated antiviral response, preventing nuclear import of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1). Proteomic studies to identify additional EBOV VP24 partners have pointed to the nuclear membrane component emerin as a potential element of the VP24 cellular interactome. Here, we have further studied this interaction and its impact on cell biology. We demonstrate that VP24 interacts with emerin but also with other components of the inner nuclear membrane, such as lamin A/C and lamin B. We also show that VP24 diminishes the interaction between emerin and lamin A/C and compromises the integrity of the nuclear membrane. This disruption is associated with nuclear morphological abnormalities, activation of a DNA damage response, the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and the induction of interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15). Interestingly, expression of VP24 also promoted the cytoplasmic translocation and downmodulation of barrier-to-autointegration factor (BAF), a common interactor of lamin A/C and emerin, leading to repression of the BAF-regulated CSF1 gene. Importantly, we found that EBOV infection results in the activation of pathways associated with nuclear envelope damage, consistent with our observations in cells expressing VP24. In summary, here we demonstrate that VP24 acts at the nuclear membrane, causing morphological and functional changes in cells that recapitulate several of the hallmarks of laminopathy diseases.
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37
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Abstract
The cell nucleus is best known as the container of the genome. Its envelope provides a barrier for passive macromolecule diffusion, which enhances the control of gene expression. As its largest and stiffest organelle, the nucleus also defines the minimal space requirements of a cell. Internal or external pressures that deform a cell to its physical limits cause a corresponding nuclear deformation. Evidence is consolidating that the nucleus, in addition to its genetic functions, serves as a physical sensing device for critical cell body deformation. Nuclear mechanotransduction allows cells to adapt their acute behaviors, mechanical stability, paracrine signaling, and fate to their physical surroundings. This review summarizes the basic chemical and mechanical properties of nuclear components, and how these properties are thought to be utilized for mechanosensing. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, Volume 37 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Niethammer
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA;
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38
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Chen NY, Kim PH, Tu Y, Yang Y, Heizer PJ, Young SG, Fong LG. Increased expression of LAP2β eliminates nuclear membrane ruptures in nuclear lamin-deficient neurons and fibroblasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2107770118. [PMID: 34161290 PMCID: PMC8237679 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2107770118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Defects or deficiencies in nuclear lamins cause pathology in many cell types, and recent studies have implicated nuclear membrane (NM) ruptures as a cause of cell toxicity. We previously observed NM ruptures and progressive cell death in the developing brain of lamin B1-deficient mouse embryos. We also observed frequent NM ruptures and DNA damage in nuclear lamin-deficient fibroblasts. Factors modulating susceptibility to NM ruptures remain unclear, but we noted low levels of LAP2β, a chromatin-binding inner NM protein, in fibroblasts with NM ruptures. Here, we explored the apparent link between LAP2β and NM ruptures in nuclear lamin-deficient neurons and fibroblasts, and we tested whether manipulating LAP2β expression levels would alter NM rupture frequency. In cortical plate neurons of lamin B1-deficient embryos, we observed a strong correlation between low LAP2β levels and NM ruptures. We also found low LAP2β levels and frequent NM ruptures in neurons of cultured Lmnb1-/- neurospheres. Reducing LAP2β expression in Lmnb1-/- neurons with an siRNA markedly increased the NM rupture frequency (without affecting NM rupture duration), whereas increased LAP2β expression eliminated NM ruptures and reduced DNA damage. Consistent findings were observed in nuclear lamin-deficient fibroblasts. Reduced LAP2β expression increased NM ruptures, whereas increased LAP2β expression virtually abolished NM ruptures. Increased LAP2β expression nearly abolished NM ruptures in cells subjected to mechanical stress (an intervention that increases NM ruptures). Our studies showed that increasing LAP2β expression bolsters NM integrity in nuclear lamin-deficient cells and markedly reduces NM rupture frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Y Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Paul H Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Yiping Tu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Ye Yang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Patrick J Heizer
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Stephen G Young
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095;
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Loren G Fong
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095;
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39
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Murray-Nerger LA, Cristea IM. Lamin post-translational modifications: emerging toggles of nuclear organization and function. Trends Biochem Sci 2021; 46:832-847. [PMID: 34148760 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2021.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear lamins are ancient type V intermediate filaments with diverse functions that include maintaining nuclear shape, mechanosignaling, tethering and stabilizing chromatin, regulating gene expression, and contributing to cell cycle progression. Despite these numerous roles, an outstanding question has been how lamins are regulated. Accumulating work indicates that a range of lamin post-translational modifications (PTMs) control their functions both in homeostatic cells and in disease states such as progeria, muscular dystrophy, and viral infection. Here, we review the current knowledge of the diverse types of PTMs that regulate lamins in a site-specific manner. We highlight methods that can be used to characterize lamin PTMs whose functions are currently unknown and provide a perspective on the future of the lamin PTM field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Murray-Nerger
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Ileana M Cristea
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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40
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dos Santos Á, Toseland CP. Regulation of Nuclear Mechanics and the Impact on DNA Damage. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3178. [PMID: 33804722 PMCID: PMC8003950 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, the nucleus houses the genomic material of the cell. The physical properties of the nucleus and its ability to sense external mechanical cues are tightly linked to the regulation of cellular events, such as gene expression. Nuclear mechanics and morphology are altered in many diseases such as cancer and premature ageing syndromes. Therefore, it is important to understand how different components contribute to nuclear processes, organisation and mechanics, and how they are misregulated in disease. Although, over the years, studies have focused on the nuclear lamina-a mesh of intermediate filament proteins residing between the chromatin and the nuclear membrane-there is growing evidence that chromatin structure and factors that regulate chromatin organisation are essential contributors to the physical properties of the nucleus. Here, we review the main structural components that contribute to the mechanical properties of the nucleus, with particular emphasis on chromatin structure. We also provide an example of how nuclear stiffness can both impact and be affected by cellular processes such as DNA damage and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ália dos Santos
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Christopher P. Toseland
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
- Insigneo Institute for in Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
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41
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Halfmann CT, Roux KJ. Barrier-to-autointegration factor: a first responder for repair of nuclear ruptures. Cell Cycle 2021; 20:647-660. [PMID: 33678126 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2021.1892320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear envelope (NE) is a critical barrier between the cytosol and nucleus that is key for compartmentalization within the cell and serves an essential role in organizing and protecting genomic DNA. Rupturing of the NE through loss of constitutive NE proteins and/or mechanical force applied to the nucleus results in the unregulated mixing of cytosolic and nuclear compartments, leading to DNA damage and genomic instability. Nuclear rupture has recently gained interest as a mechanism that may participate in various NE-associated diseases as well as cancer. Remarkably, these rupturing events are often transient, with cells being capable of rapidly repairing nuclear ruptures. Recently, we identified Barrier-to-Autointegration Factor (BAF), a DNA-binding protein involved in post-mitotic NE reformation and cytosolic viral regulation, as an essential protein for nuclear rupture repair. During interphase, the highly mobile cytosolic BAF is primed to monitor for a compromised NE by rapidly binding to newly exposed nuclear DNA and subsequently recruiting the factors necessary for NE repair. This review highlights the recent findings of BAF's roles in rupture repair, and offers perspectives on how regulatory factors that control BAF activity may potentially alter the cellular response to nuclear ruptures and how BAF may participate in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyle J Roux
- Enabling Technologies Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
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42
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Murray-Nerger LA, Justice JL, Rekapalli P, Hutton JE, Cristea I. Lamin B1 acetylation slows the G1 to S cell cycle transition through inhibition of DNA repair. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:2044-2064. [PMID: 33533922 PMCID: PMC7913768 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The integrity and regulation of the nuclear lamina is essential for nuclear organization and chromatin stability, with its dysregulation being linked to laminopathy diseases and cancer. Although numerous posttranslational modifications have been identified on lamins, few have been ascribed a regulatory function. Here, we establish that lamin B1 (LMNB1) acetylation at K134 is a molecular toggle that controls nuclear periphery stability, cell cycle progression, and DNA repair. LMNB1 acetylation prevents lamina disruption during herpesvirus type 1 (HSV-1) infection, thereby inhibiting virus production. We also demonstrate the broad impact of this site on laminar processes in uninfected cells. LMNB1 acetylation negatively regulates canonical nonhomologous end joining by impairing the recruitment of 53BP1 to damaged DNA. This defect causes a delay in DNA damage resolution and a persistent activation of the G1/S checkpoint. Altogether, we reveal LMNB1 acetylation as a mechanism for controlling DNA repair pathway choice and stabilizing the nuclear periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Murray-Nerger
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Joshua L Justice
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Pranav Rekapalli
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Josiah E Hutton
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Ileana M Cristea
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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43
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Chen NY, Kim PH, Fong LG, Young SG. Nuclear membrane ruptures, cell death, and tissue damage in the setting of nuclear lamin deficiencies. Nucleus 2020; 11:237-249. [PMID: 32910721 PMCID: PMC7529418 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2020.1815410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear membranes function as a barrier to separate the cell nucleus from the cytoplasm, but this barrier can be compromised by nuclear membrane ruptures, leading to intermixing of nuclear and cytoplasmic contents. Spontaneous nuclear membrane ruptures (i.e., ruptures occurring in the absence of mechanical stress) have been observed in cultured cells, but they are more frequent in the setting of defects or deficiencies in nuclear lamins and when cells are subjected to mechanical stress. Nuclear membrane ruptures in cultured cells have been linked to DNA damage, but the relevance of ruptures to developmental or physiologic processes in vivo has received little attention. Recently, we addressed that issue by examining neuronal migration in the cerebral cortex, a developmental process that subjects the cell nucleus to mechanical stress. In the setting of lamin B1 deficiency, we observed frequent nuclear membrane ruptures in migrating neurons in the developing cerebral cortex and showed that those ruptures are likely the cause of observed DNA damage, neuronal cell death, and profound neuropathology. In this review, we discuss the physiologic relevance of nuclear membrane ruptures, with a focus on migrating neurons in cell culture and in the cerebral cortex of genetically modified mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Y. Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Paul H. Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Loren G. Fong
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stephen G. Young
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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44
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Abstract
The nuclear envelope is often depicted as a static barrier that regulates access between the nucleus and the cytosol. However, recent research has identified many conditions in cultured cells and in vivo in which nuclear membrane ruptures cause the loss of nuclear compartmentalization. These conditions include some that are commonly associated with human disease, such as migration of cancer cells through small spaces and expression of nuclear lamin disease mutations in both cultured cells and tissues undergoing nuclear migration. Nuclear membrane ruptures are rapidly repaired in the nucleus but persist in nuclear compartments that form around missegregated chromosomes called micronuclei. This review summarizes what is known about the mechanisms of nuclear membrane rupture and repair in both the main nucleus and micronuclei, and highlights recent work connecting the loss of nuclear integrity to genome instability and innate immune signaling. These connections link nuclear membrane rupture to complex chromosome alterations, tumorigenesis, and laminopathy etiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Maciejowski
- Molecular Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Emily M Hatch
- Division of Basic Sciences and Human Biology, The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA;
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45
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Lindenboim L, Grozki D, Amsalem-Zafran AR, Peña-Blanco A, Gundersen GG, Borner C, Hodzic D, Garcia-Sáez AJ, Worman HJ, Stein R. Apoptotic stress induces Bax-dependent, caspase-independent redistribution of LINC complex nesprins. Cell Death Discov 2020; 6:90. [PMID: 33024575 PMCID: PMC7501853 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-020-00327-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The canonical function of Bcl-2 family proteins is to regulate mitochondrial membrane integrity. In response to apoptotic signals the multi-domain pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and Bak are activated and perforate the mitochondrial outer membrane by a mechanism which is inhibited by their interaction with pro-survival members of the family. However, other studies have shown that Bax and Bak may have additional, non-canonical functions, which include stress-induced nuclear envelope rupture and discharge of nuclear proteins into the cytosol. We show here that the apoptotic stimuli cisplatin and staurosporine induce a Bax/Bak-dependent degradation and subcellular redistribution of nesprin-1 and nesprin-2 but not nesprin-3, of the linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC) complex. The degradation and redistribution were caspase-independent and did not occur in Bax/Bak double knockout (DKO) mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs). Re-expression of Bax in Bax/Bak DKO MEFs restored stress-induced redistribution of nesprin-2 by a mechanism which requires Bax membrane localization and integrity of the α helices 5/6, and the Bcl-2 homology 3 (BH3) domain. We found that nesprin-2 interacts with Bax in close proximity to perinuclear mitochondria in mouse and human cells. This interaction requires the mitochondrial targeting and N-terminal region but not the BH3 domain of Bax. Our results identify nesprin-2 as a Bax binding partner and also a new function of Bax in impairing the integrity of the LINC complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liora Lindenboim
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 69978 Israel
| | - Dan Grozki
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 69978 Israel
| | - Ayelet R. Amsalem-Zafran
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 69978 Israel
| | - Aida Peña-Blanco
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gregg G. Gundersen
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Christoph Borner
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Stefan Meier Strasse 17, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 19a, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Didier Hodzic
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660S. Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Ana J. Garcia-Sáez
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Howard J. Worman
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Reuven Stein
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 69978 Israel
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46
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Marcelot A, Worman HJ, Zinn-Justin S. Protein structural and mechanistic basis of progeroid laminopathies. FEBS J 2020; 288:2757-2772. [PMID: 32799420 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Progeroid laminopathies are characterized by the premature appearance of certain signs of physiological aging in a subset of tissues. They are caused by mutations in genes coding for A-type lamins or lamin-binding proteins. Here, we review how different mutations causing progeroid laminopathies alter protein structure or protein-protein interactions and how these impact on mechanisms that protect cell viability and function. One group of progeroid laminopathies, which includes Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome, is characterized by accumulation of unprocessed prelamin A or variants. These are caused by mutations in the A-type lamin gene (LMNA), altering prelamin A itself, or in ZMPSTE24, encoding an endoprotease involved in its processing. The abnormally expressed farnesylated proteins impact on various cellular processes that may contribute to progeroid phenotypes. Other LMNA mutations lead to the production of nonfarnesylated A-type lamin variants with amino acid substitutions in solvent-exposed hot spots located mainly in coil 1B and the immunoglobulin fold domain. Dominant missense mutations might reinforce interactions between lamin domains, thus giving rise to excessively stabilized filament networks. Recessive missense mutations in A-type lamins and barrier-to-autointegration factor (BAF) causing progeroid disorders are found at the interface between these interacting proteins. The amino acid changes decrease the binding affinity of A-type lamins for BAF, which may contribute to lamina disorganization, as well as defective repair of mechanically induced nuclear envelope rupture. Targeting these molecular alterations in A-type lamins and associated proteins identified through structural biology studies could facilitate the design of therapeutic strategies to treat patients with rare but severe progeroid laminopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agathe Marcelot
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Uni Paris-Sud, Uni Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Howard J Worman
- Department of Medicine and Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sophie Zinn-Justin
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Uni Paris-Sud, Uni Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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47
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Madl CM, LeSavage BL, Khariton M, Heilshorn SC. Neural Progenitor Cells Alter Chromatin Organization and Neurotrophin Expression in Response to 3D Matrix Degradability. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e2000754. [PMID: 32743903 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202000754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Neural progenitor cells (NPCs) are promising therapeutic candidates for nervous system regeneration. Significant efforts focus on developing hydrogel-based approaches to facilitate the clinical translation of NPCs, from scalable platforms for stem cell production to injectable carriers for cell transplantation. However, fundamental questions surrounding NPC-hydrogel interactions remain unanswered. While matrix degradability is known to regulate the stemness and differentiation capacity of NPCs, how degradability impacts NPC epigenetic regulation and secretory phenotype remains unknown. To address this question, NPCs encapsulated in recombinant protein hydrogels with tunable degradability are assayed for changes in chromatin organization and neurotrophin expression. In high degradability gels, NPCs maintain expression of stem cell factors, proliferate, and have large nuclei with elevated levels of the stemness-associated activating histone mark H3K4me3. In contrast, NPCs in low degradability gels exhibit more compact, rounded nuclei with peripherally localized heterochromatin, are non-proliferative yet non-senescent, and maintain expression of neurotrophic factors with potential therapeutic relevance. This work suggests that tuning matrix degradability may be useful to direct NPCs toward either a more-proliferative, stem-like phenotype for cell replacement therapies, or a more quiescent-like, pro-secretory phenotype for soluble factor-mediated therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Madl
- Department of Bioengineering Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology Department of Microbiology & Immunology Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Bauer L. LeSavage
- Department of Bioengineering Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | | | - Sarah C. Heilshorn
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering Stanford University 476 Lomita Mall, McCullough Room 246 Stanford CA 94305 USA
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48
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Sears RM, Roux KJ. Diverse cellular functions of barrier-to-autointegration factor and its roles in disease. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/16/jcs246546. [PMID: 32817163 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.246546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Barrier-to-autointegration factor (BAF; encoded by BANF1) is a small highly conserved, ubiquitous and self-associating protein that coordinates with numerous binding partners to accomplish several key cellular processes. By interacting with double-stranded DNA, histones and various other nuclear proteins, including those enriched at the nuclear envelope, BAF appears to be essential for replicating cells to protect the genome and enable cell division. Cellular processes, such as innate immunity, post-mitotic nuclear reformation, repair of interphase nuclear envelope rupture, genomic regulation, and the DNA damage and repair response have all been shown to depend on BAF. This Review focuses on the regulation of the numerous interactions of BAF, which underlie the mechanisms by which BAF accomplishes its essential cellular functions. We will also discuss how perturbation of BAF function may contribute to human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon M Sears
- Enabling Technologies Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA.,Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
| | - Kyle J Roux
- Enabling Technologies Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA .,Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD 57069, USA
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49
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Nuclear mechanosensing: mechanism and consequences of a nuclear rupture. Mutat Res 2020; 821:111717. [PMID: 32810711 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2020.111717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The physical connections between the cytoskeletal system and the nucleus provide a route for the nucleus to sense the mechanical stress both inside and outside of the cell. Failure to withstand such stress leads to nuclear rupture, which is observed in human diseases. In this review, we will go through the recent findings and our current understandings of nuclear rupture. Starting with the triggers of nuclear rupture, including the aberrant nuclear lamina composition and the elevated actomyosin contractility. We will also discuss the role of ESCRT-III in nuclear rupture repair and the biological consequences of nuclear rupture, including the negative impacts on cellular compartmentalization, DNA damage, and cellular differentiation. Recent studies on nuclear rupture provide further insights into the direct mechanistic link between nuclear rupture and several pathological conditions. Such knowledge can guide us in developing potential therapeutic solutions for the patients.
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50
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Guo X, Dai X, Wu X, Zhou T, Ni J, Xue J, Wang X. Understanding the birth of rupture-prone and irreparable micronuclei. Chromosoma 2020; 129:181-200. [PMID: 32671520 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-020-00741-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Micronuclei are extra-nuclear bodies mainly derived from ana-telophase lagging chromosomes/chromatins (LCs) that are not incorporated into primary nuclei at mitotic exit. Unlike primary nuclei, most micronuclei are enclosed by nuclear envelope (NE) that is highly susceptible to spontaneous and irreparable rupture. Ruptured micronuclei act as triggers of chromothripsis-like chaotic chromosomal rearrangements and cGAS-mediated innate immunity and inflammation, raising the view that micronuclei play active roles in human aging and tumorigenesis. Thus, understanding the ways in which micronuclear envelope (mNE) goes awry acquires increased importance. Here, we review the data to present a general framework for this question. We firstly describe NE reassembly after mitosis and NE repair during interphase. Simultaneously, we briefly discuss how mNE is organized and how mNE rupture controls the fate of micronuclei and micronucleated cells. As a focus of this review, we highlight current knowledge about why mNE is rupture-prone and irreparable. For this, we survey observations from a series of elegant studies to provide a systematic overview. We conclude that the birth of rupture-prone and irreparable micronuclei may be the cumulative effects of their intracellular geographic origins, biophysical properties, and specific mNE features. We propose that DNA damage and immunogenicity in micronuclei increase stepwise from altered mNE components, mNE rupture, and refractory to repair. Throughout our discussion, we note interesting issues in mNE fragility that have yet to be resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihan Guo
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Xueqin Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, Yunnan, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xue Wu
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Juan Ni
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Jinglun Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xu Wang
- School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China.
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