1
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Feng L, Gao YY, Sun M, Li ZB, Zhang Q, Yang J, Qiao C, Jin H, Feng HS, Xian YH, Qi J, Gao GF, Liu WJ, Gao FS. The Parallel Presentation of Two Functional CTL Epitopes Derived from the O and Asia 1 Serotypes of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus and Swine SLA-2*HB01: Implications for Universal Vaccine Development. Cells 2022; 11:cells11244017. [PMID: 36552780 PMCID: PMC9777387 DOI: 10.3390/cells11244017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) poses a significant threat to the livestock industry. Through their recognition of the conserved epitopes presented by the swine leukocyte antigen (SLA), T cells play a pivotal role in the antiviral immunity of pigs. Herein, based on the peptide binding motif of SLA-2*HB01, from an original SLA-2 allele, a series of functional T-cell epitopes derived from the dominant antigen VP1 of FMDV with high binding capacity to SLA-2 were identified. Two parallel peptides, Hu64 and As64, from the O and Asia I serotypes, respectively, were both crystallized with SLA-2*HB01. Compared to SLA-1 and SLA-3, the SLA-2 structures showed the flexibility of residues in the P4, P6, and P8 positions and in their potential interface with TCR. Notably, the peptides Hu64 and As64 adopted quite similar overall conformation when bound to SLA-2*HB01. Hu64 has two different conformations, a more stable 'chair' conformation and an unstable 'boat' conformation observed in the two molecules of one asymmetric unit, whereas only a single 'chair' conformation was observed for As64. Both Hu64 and As64 could induce similar dominant T-cell activities. Our interdisciplinary study establishes a basis for the in-depth interpretation of the peptide presentation of SLA-I, which can be used toward the development of universal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Feng
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Life and Health, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yong-Yu Gao
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Life and Health, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China
- College of Animal Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Mingwei Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zi-Bin Li
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Life and Health, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Life and Health, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, Research Unit of Adaptive Evolution and Control of Emerging Viruses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Cui Qiao
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Life and Health, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hang Jin
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Life and Health, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China
| | - Hong-Sheng Feng
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Life and Health, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China
| | - Yu-Han Xian
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Life and Health, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China
| | - Jianxun Qi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - George F. Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, Research Unit of Adaptive Evolution and Control of Emerging Viruses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
- Correspondence: (G.F.G.); (W.J.L.); (F.-S.G.)
| | - William J. Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, Research Unit of Adaptive Evolution and Control of Emerging Viruses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
- Correspondence: (G.F.G.); (W.J.L.); (F.-S.G.)
| | - Feng-Shan Gao
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Life and Health, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China
- Correspondence: (G.F.G.); (W.J.L.); (F.-S.G.)
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2
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Almeida CF, Smith DGM, Cheng TY, Harpur CM, Batleska E, Nguyen-Robertson CV, Nguyen T, Thelemann T, Reddiex SJJ, Li S, Eckle SBG, Van Rhijn I, Rossjohn J, Uldrich AP, Moody DB, Williams SJ, Pellicci DG, Godfrey DI. Benzofuran sulfonates and small self-lipid antigens activate type II NKT cells via CD1d. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2104420118. [PMID: 34417291 PMCID: PMC8403964 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2104420118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells detect lipids presented by CD1d. Most studies focus on type I NKT cells that express semi-invariant αβ T cell receptors (TCR) and recognize α-galactosylceramides. However, CD1d also presents structurally distinct lipids to NKT cells expressing diverse TCRs (type II NKT cells), but our knowledge of the antigens for type II NKT cells is limited. An early study identified a nonlipidic NKT cell agonist, phenyl pentamethyldihydrobenzofuransulfonate (PPBF), which is notable for its similarity to common sulfa drugs, but its mechanism of NKT cell activation remained unknown. Here, we demonstrate that a range of pentamethylbenzofuransulfonates (PBFs), including PPBF, activate polyclonal type II NKT cells from human donors. Whereas these sulfa drug-like molecules might have acted pharmacologically on cells, here we demonstrate direct contact between TCRs and PBF-treated CD1d complexes. Further, PBF-treated CD1d tetramers identified type II NKT cell populations expressing αβTCRs and γδTCRs, including those with variable and joining region gene usage (TRAV12-1-TRAJ6) that was conserved across donors. By trapping a CD1d-type II NKT TCR complex for direct mass-spectrometric analysis, we detected molecules that allow the binding of CD1d to TCRs, finding that both selected PBF family members and short-chain sphingomyelin lipids are present in these complexes. Furthermore, the combination of PPBF and short-chain sphingomyelin enhances CD1d tetramer staining of PPBF-reactive T cell lines over either molecule alone. This study demonstrates that nonlipidic small molecules, which resemble sulfa drugs implicated in systemic hypersensitivity and drug allergy reactions, are targeted by a polyclonal population of type II NKT cells in a CD1d-restricted manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina F Almeida
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia;
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Dylan G M Smith
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Tan-Yun Cheng
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunity and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Chris M Harpur
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Elena Batleska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Catriona V Nguyen-Robertson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Tram Nguyen
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Tamara Thelemann
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Scott J J Reddiex
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Shihan Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Sidonia B G Eckle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Ildiko Van Rhijn
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunity and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Utrecht, 3584CL Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Adam P Uldrich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - D Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunity and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115;
| | - Spencer J Williams
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia;
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Daniel G Pellicci
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia;
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia;
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
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Przybyla A, Lehmann AA, Zhang T, Mackiewicz J, Galus Ł, Kirchenbaum GA, Mackiewicz A, Lehmann PV. Functional T Cell Reactivity to Melanocyte Antigens Is Lost during the Progression of Malignant Melanoma, but Is Restored by Immunization. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13020223. [PMID: 33435427 PMCID: PMC7827050 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Healthy humans develop spontaneous CD8+ T cell responses to melanoma associated antigens (MA) expressed by normal melanocytes. This natural autoimmunity directed against melanocytes might confer protection against the development of malignant melanoma (MM), where MA are overexpressed tumor-associated antigens. We report that functional T cell reactivity to MA is diminished in untreated MM patients. Three lines of evidence suggest that the MA-reactive T cells present in healthy subjects undergo exhaustion once MM establishes itself. First, only the MA-specific T cell reactivity was affected in the MM patients. Second, in these patients, the residual MA-specific T cells were functionally impaired, showing a diminished per cell IFN-γ productivity. Third, immunizations with allogeneic melanoma cells restored natural CD8+ T cell autoimmunity to MA. Abstract Healthy human subjects develop spontaneous CD8+ T cell responses to melanoma associated antigens (MA) expressed by normal melanocytes, such as Tyrosinase, MAGE-A3, Melan/Mart-1, gp100, and NY-ESO-1. This natural autoimmunity directed against melanocytes might confer protection against the development of malignant melanoma (MM), where MA are present as overexpressed tumor-associated antigens. Consistent with this notion we report here that functional T cell reactivity to MA was found to be significantly diminished to MAGE-A3, Melan-A/Mart-1, and gp100 in untreated MM patients. Three lines of evidence suggest that the MA-reactive T cells present in healthy subjects undergo exhaustion once MM establishes itself. First, only the MA-specific T cell reactivity was affected in the MM patients; that to third party recall antigens was not. Second, in these patients, the residual MA-specific T cells, unlike third party antigen reactive T cells, were functionally impaired, showing a diminished per cell IFN-γ productivity. Third, we show that immunization with MA restored natural CD8+ T cell autoimmunity to MA in 85% of the MM patients. The role of natural T cell autoimmunity to tumor-associated MA is discussed based on discrete levels of T cell activation thresholds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Przybyla
- Research and Development Department, Cellular Technology Limited (CTL), Shaker Heights, OH 44122, USA; (A.P.); (A.A.L.); (T.Z.); (G.A.K.)
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Medical Biotechnology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-866 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Alexander A. Lehmann
- Research and Development Department, Cellular Technology Limited (CTL), Shaker Heights, OH 44122, USA; (A.P.); (A.A.L.); (T.Z.); (G.A.K.)
| | - Ting Zhang
- Research and Development Department, Cellular Technology Limited (CTL), Shaker Heights, OH 44122, USA; (A.P.); (A.A.L.); (T.Z.); (G.A.K.)
| | - Jacek Mackiewicz
- Department of Medical and Experimental Oncology, University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland; (J.M.); (Ł.G.)
- Department of Diagnostics and Cancer Immunology, Greater Poland Cancer Center, 61-866 Poznan, Poland
| | - Łukasz Galus
- Department of Medical and Experimental Oncology, University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland; (J.M.); (Ł.G.)
- Department of Diagnostics and Cancer Immunology, Greater Poland Cancer Center, 61-866 Poznan, Poland
- Chemotherapy Department, Greater Poland Cancer Center, 61-866 Poznan, Poland
| | - Greg A. Kirchenbaum
- Research and Development Department, Cellular Technology Limited (CTL), Shaker Heights, OH 44122, USA; (A.P.); (A.A.L.); (T.Z.); (G.A.K.)
| | - Andrzej Mackiewicz
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Medical Biotechnology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-866 Poznan, Poland;
- Department of Diagnostics and Cancer Immunology, Greater Poland Cancer Center, 61-866 Poznan, Poland
| | - Paul V. Lehmann
- Research and Development Department, Cellular Technology Limited (CTL), Shaker Heights, OH 44122, USA; (A.P.); (A.A.L.); (T.Z.); (G.A.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-216-965-6311
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4
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Singh NK, Alonso JA, Harris DT, Anderson SD, Ma J, Hellman LM, Rosenberg AM, Kolawole EM, Evavold BD, Kranz DM, Baker BM. An Engineered T Cell Receptor Variant Realizes the Limits of Functional Binding Modes. Biochemistry 2020; 59:4163-4175. [PMID: 33074657 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
T cell receptors (TCRs) orchestrate cellular immunity by recognizing peptides presented by a range of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins. Naturally occurring TCRs bind the composite peptide/MHC surface, recognizing peptides that are structurally and chemically compatible with the TCR binding site. Here we describe a molecularly evolved TCR variant that binds the human class I MHC protein HLA-A2 independent of the bound peptide, achieved by a drastic perturbation of the TCR binding geometry that places the molecule far from the peptide binding groove. This unique geometry is unsupportive of normal T cell signaling. A substantial divergence between affinity measurements in solution and in two dimensions between proximal cell membranes leads us to attribute the lack of signaling to steric hindrance that limits binding in the confines of a cell-cell interface. Our results provide an example of how receptor binding geometry can impact T cell function and provide further support for the view that germline-encoded residues in TCR binding loops evolved to drive productive TCR recognition and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishant K Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Jesus A Alonso
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Daniel T Harris
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Scott D Anderson
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jiaqi Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Lance M Hellman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Aaron M Rosenberg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Elizabeth M Kolawole
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Brian D Evavold
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - David M Kranz
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Brian M Baker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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5
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In vivo clonal expansion and phenotypes of hypocretin-specific CD4 + T cells in narcolepsy patients and controls. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5247. [PMID: 31748512 PMCID: PMC6868281 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13234-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals with narcolepsy suffer from abnormal sleep patterns due to loss of neurons that uniquely supply hypocretin (HCRT). Previous studies found associations of narcolepsy with the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQ6 allele and T-cell receptor α (TRA) J24 gene segment and also suggested that in vitro-stimulated T cells can target HCRT. Here, we present evidence of in vivo expansion of DQ6-HCRT tetramer+/TRAJ24+/CD4+ T cells in DQ6+ individuals with and without narcolepsy. We identify related TRAJ24+ TCRαβ clonotypes encoded by identical α/β gene regions from two patients and two controls. TRAJ24-G allele+ clonotypes only expand in the two patients, whereas a TRAJ24-C allele+ clonotype expands in a control. A representative tetramer+/G-allele+ TCR shows signaling reactivity to the epitope HCRT87–97. Clonally expanded G-allele+ T cells exhibit an unconventional effector phenotype. Our analysis of in vivo expansion of HCRT-reactive TRAJ24+ cells opens an avenue for further investigation of the autoimmune contribution to narcolepsy development. T cells from narcolepsy patients were recently reported to recognize hypocretin, a wakefulness-promoting neurohormone, suggesting autoimmune origin of the disease. Here the authors show that hypocretin-specific T cells expand both in healthy controls and in narcolepsy patients, and identify preliminary features that may distinguish them.
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6
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Magnin M, Guillaume P, Coukos G, Harari A, Schmidt J. High-throughput identification of human antigen-specific CD8 + and CD4 + T cells using soluble pMHC multimers. Methods Enzymol 2019; 631:21-42. [PMID: 31948548 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2019.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Peptide major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) multimers have been used since decades to identify, isolate and analyze antigen-specific T cells by flow (and more recently mass) cytometry. Yet well established as a standard technology, improvements are still required to face the growing needs of personalized immune monitoring. Here we review the latest developments about (i) the quality of pMHC class I and II monomers, (ii) the importance of the multimeric scaffold, (iii) the staining conditions and (iv) the high-throughput synthesis of pMHC monomers. Finally, innovative multiplexed, combinatorial strategies for parallel detection of antigen-specific T cells in a single sample are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Magnin
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Guillaume
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - George Coukos
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Alexandre Harari
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julien Schmidt
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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7
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Sibener LV, Fernandes RA, Kolawole EM, Carbone CB, Liu F, McAffee D, Birnbaum ME, Yang X, Su LF, Yu W, Dong S, Gee MH, Jude KM, Davis MM, Groves JT, Goddard WA, Heath JR, Evavold BD, Vale RD, Garcia KC. Isolation of a Structural Mechanism for Uncoupling T Cell Receptor Signaling from Peptide-MHC Binding. Cell 2018; 174:672-687.e27. [PMID: 30053426 PMCID: PMC6140336 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
TCR-signaling strength generally correlates with peptide-MHC binding affinity; however, exceptions exist. We find high-affinity, yet non-stimulatory, interactions occur with high frequency in the human T cell repertoire. Here, we studied human TCRs that are refractory to activation by pMHC ligands despite robust binding. Analysis of 3D affinity, 2D dwell time, and crystal structures of stimulatory versus non-stimulatory TCR-pMHC interactions failed to account for their different signaling outcomes. Using yeast pMHC display, we identified peptide agonists of a formerly non-responsive TCR. Single-molecule force measurements demonstrated the emergence of catch bonds in the activating TCR-pMHC interactions, correlating with exclusion of CD45 from the TCR-APC contact site. Molecular dynamics simulations of TCR-pMHC disengagement distinguished agonist from non-agonist ligands based on the acquisition of catch bonds within the TCR-pMHC interface. The isolation of catch bonds as a parameter mediating the coupling of TCR binding and signaling has important implications for TCR and antigen engineering for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah V Sibener
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Immunology Graduate Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ricardo A Fernandes
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Kolawole
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Catherine B Carbone
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Fan Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Darren McAffee
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Michael E Birnbaum
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Immunology Graduate Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Xinbo Yang
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Laura F Su
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Wong Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Shen Dong
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Marvin H Gee
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Immunology Graduate Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kevin M Jude
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mark M Davis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jay T Groves
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - William A Goddard
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - James R Heath
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Brian D Evavold
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Ronald D Vale
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - K Christopher Garcia
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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8
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Gao FS, Zhai XX, Jiang P, Zhang Q, Gao H, Li ZB, Han Y, Yang J, Zhang ZH. Identification of two novel foot-and-mouth disease virus cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes that can bind six SLA-I proteins. Gene 2018; 653:91-101. [PMID: 29432828 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Currently available vaccines from inactivated foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) only protect animals by inducing neutralizing antibodies. A vaccine that contains cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) epitopes to induce strong CTL responses might protect animals more effectively. Herein, we used swine leukocyte antigen class I (SLAI) proteins derived from six different strains of domestic pigs to screen and identify shared FMDV CTL epitopes. Four potential FMDV CTL epitopes (Q01, Q02, AS3, and QA4) were confirmed by mass spectrometry. We also determined the antigenicity of these epitopes to elicit cell-mediated immunoresponse by the ELISPOT and CTL assays. Among the four peptides, Q01 and QA4 were found to bind all six SLA-I proteins with strong affinity and elicit significant activity of CTL (P < 0.01). We conclude that Q01 and QA4 peptides are novel shared epitopes that can be recognized by all six SLA-I molecules on representative CTLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Shan Gao
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116622, PR China.
| | - Xiao-Xin Zhai
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116622, PR China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116622, PR China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzou, Gansu 730046, PR China
| | - Hua Gao
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116622, PR China
| | - Zi-Bin Li
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116622, PR China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, PR China
| | - Yong Han
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116622, PR China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116622, PR China
| | - Zong-Hui Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116622, PR China
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9
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Baumgaertner P, Speiser D, Romero P, Rufer N, Hebeisen M. Chromium-51 (51Cr) Release Assay to Assess Human T Cells for Functional Avidity and Tumor Cell Recognition. Bio Protoc 2016. [DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.1906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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10
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Wimmers F, Aarntzen EHJG, Duiveman-deBoer T, Figdor CG, Jacobs JFM, Tel J, de Vries IJM. Long-lasting multifunctional CD8 + T cell responses in end-stage melanoma patients can be induced by dendritic cell vaccination. Oncoimmunology 2015; 5:e1067745. [PMID: 26942087 PMCID: PMC4760336 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1067745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T cells are considered crucial for antitumor immunity and their induction is the aim of various immunotherapeutic strategies. High frequencies of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells alone, however, are no guarantee for long-term tumor control. Here, we analyzed the functionality of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells in melanoma patients upon dendritic cell vaccination by measuring multiple T cell effector functions considered crucial for anticancer immunity, including the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and cytotoxic markers (IFNγ, TNFα, IL-2, CCL4, CD107a). We identified small numbers of multifunctional (polyfunctional) tumor-specific CD8+ T cells in several patients and dendritic cell therapy was able to improve the functionality of these pre-existing tumor-specific CD8+ T cells. Generated multifunctional CD8+ T cell responses could persist for up to ten years and within the same patient functionality could vary greatly for the different vaccination antigens. Importantly, after one cycle of DC vaccination highly functional CD8+ T cells were only detected in patients displaying prolonged overall survival. Our results shed light on the dynamics of multifunctional tumor-specific CD8+ T cells during metastatic melanoma and reveal a new feature of dendritic cell vaccination in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Wimmers
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherands
| | - Erik H J G Aarntzen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherands; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherands
| | - Tjitske Duiveman-deBoer
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherands
| | - Carl G Figdor
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherands
| | - Joannes F M Jacobs
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jurjen Tel
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherands
| | - I Jolanda M de Vries
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherands; Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherands
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11
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Reguzova AY, Karpenko LI, Mechetina LV, Belyakov IM. Peptide-MHC multimer-based monitoring of CD8 T-cells in HIV-1 infection and AIDS vaccine development. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 14:69-84. [PMID: 25373312 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2015.962520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The use of MHC multimers allows precise and direct detecting and analyzing of antigen-specific T-cell populations and provides new opportunities to characterize T-cell responses in humans and animals. MHC-multimers enable us to enumerate specific T-cells targeting to viral, tumor and vaccine antigens with exceptional sensitivity and specificity. In the field of HIV/SIV immunology, this technique provides valuable information about the frequencies of HIV- and SIV-specific CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in different tissues and sites of infection, AIDS progression, and pathogenesis. Peptide-MHC multimer technology remains a very sensitive tool in detecting virus-specific T -cells for evaluation of the immunogenicity of vaccines against HIV-1 in preclinical trials. Moreover, it helps to understand how immune responses are formed following vaccination in the dynamics from priming point until T-cell memory is matured. Here we review a diversity of peptide-MHC class I multimer applications for fundamental immunological studies in different aspects of HIV/SIV infection and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Y Reguzova
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Koltsovo, Novosibirsk region, 630559, Russia
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12
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Andersen RS, Andersen SR, Hjortsø MD, Lyngaa R, Idorn M, Køllgård TM, Met O, Thor Straten P, Hadrup SR. High frequency of T cells specific for cryptic epitopes in melanoma patients. Oncoimmunology 2014; 2:e25374. [PMID: 24073381 PMCID: PMC3782131 DOI: 10.4161/onci.25374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of cytotoxic T-cell epitopes are cryptic epitopes generated from non-conventional sources. These include epitopes that are encoded by alternative open reading frames or in generally non-coding genomic regions, such as introns. We have previously observed a frequent recognition of cryptic epitopes by tumor infiltrating lymphocytes isolated from melanoma patients. Here, we show that such cryptic epitopes are more frequently recognized than antigens of the same class encoded by canonical reading frames. Furthermore, we report the presence of T cells specific for three cryptic epitopes encoded in intronic sequences, as a result of incomplete splicing, in the circulation of melanoma patients. One of these epitopes derives from antigen isolated from immunoselected melanoma 2 (AIM2), while the two others are encoded in an alternative open reading frame of an incompletely spliced form of N-acetylglucosaminyl-transferase V (GNT-V) known as NA17-A. We have detected frequent T-cell responses against AIM2 and NA17-A epitopes in the blood of melanoma patients, both prior and after one round of in vitro peptide stimulation, but not in the circulation of healthy individuals and patients with breast or renal carcinoma. In summary, our findings indicate that the T-cell reactivity against AIM2 and NA17-A in the blood of melanoma patients is extensive, suggesting that—similar to melan A (also known as MART1)—these antigens might be used for immunomonitoring or as model antigens in several clinical and preclinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Sick Andersen
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy; University Hospital Herlev; Herlev, Denmark
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13
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Modulation of tumor immunity by soluble and membrane-bound molecules at the immunological synapse. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:450291. [PMID: 23533456 PMCID: PMC3606757 DOI: 10.1155/2013/450291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
To circumvent pathology caused by infectious microbes and tumor growth, the host immune system must constantly clear harmful microorganisms and potentially malignant transformed cells. This task is accomplished in part by T-cells, which can directly kill infected or tumorigenic cells. A crucial event determining the recognition and elimination of detrimental cells is antigen recognition by the T cell receptor (TCR) expressed on the surface of T cells. Upon binding of the TCR to cognate peptide-MHC complexes presented on the surface of antigen presenting cells (APCs), a specialized supramolecular structure known as the immunological synapse (IS) assembles at the T cell-APC interface. Such a structure involves massive redistribution of membrane proteins, including TCR/pMHC complexes, modulatory receptor pairs, and adhesion molecules. Furthermore, assembly of the immunological synapse leads to intracellular events that modulate and define the magnitude and characteristics of the T cell response. Here, we discuss recent literature on the regulation and assembly of IS and the mechanisms evolved by tumors to modulate its function to escape T cell cytotoxicity, as well as novel strategies targeting the IS for therapy.
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14
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Holmström F, Pasetto A, Nähr V, Brass A, Kriegs M, Hildt E, Broderick KE, Chen M, Ahlén G, Frelin L. A synthetic codon-optimized hepatitis C virus nonstructural 5A DNA vaccine primes polyfunctional CD8+ T cell responses in wild-type and NS5A-transgenic mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:1113-24. [PMID: 23284053 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) nonstructural (NS) 5A protein has been shown to promote viral persistence by interfering with both innate and adaptive immunity. At the same time, the HCV NS5A protein has been suggested as a target for antiviral therapy. In this study, we performed a detailed characterization of HCV NS5A immunogenicity in wild-type (wt) and immune tolerant HCV NS5A-transgenic (Tg) C57BL/6J mice. We evaluated how efficiently HCV NS5A-based genetic vaccines could activate strong T cell responses. Truncated and full-length wt and synthetic codon-optimized NS5A genotype 1b genes were cloned into eukaryotic expression plasmids, and the immunogenicity was determined after i.m. immunization in combination with in vivo electroporation. The NS5A-based genetic vaccines primed high Ab levels, with IgG titers of >10(4) postimmunization. With respect to CD8(+) T cell responses, the coNS5A gene primed more potent IFN-γ-producing and lytic cytotoxic T cells in wt mice compared with NS5A-Tg mice. In addition, high frequencies of NS5A-specific CD8(+) T cells were found in wt mice after a single immunization. To test the functionality of the CTL responses, the ability to inhibit growth of NS5A-expressing tumor cells in vivo was analyzed after immunization. A single dose of coNS5A primed tumor-inhibiting responses in both wt and NS5A-Tg mice. Finally, immunization with the coNS5A gene primed polyfunctional NS5A-specific CD8(+) T cell responses. Thus, the coNS5A gene is a promising therapeutic vaccine candidate for chronic HCV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Holmström
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, S-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
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15
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Flesch IEA, Hollett NA, Wong YC, Tscharke DC. Linear fidelity in quantification of anti-viral CD8+ T cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39533. [PMID: 22745779 PMCID: PMC3379996 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Enumeration of anti-viral CD8(+) T cells to make comparisons between mice, viruses and vaccines is a frequently used approach, but controversy persists as to the most appropriate methods. Use of peptide-MHC tetramers (or variants) and intracellular staining for cytokines, in particular IFNγ, after a short ex vivo stimulation are now common, as are a variety of cytotoxicity assays, but few direct comparisons have been made. It has been argued that use of tetramers leads to the counting of non-functional T cells and that measurement of single cytokines will fail to identify cells with alternative functions. Further, the linear range of these methods has not been tested and this is required to give confidence that relative quantifications can be compared across samples. Here we show for two acute virus infections and CD8(+) T cells activated in vitro that DimerX (a tetramer variant) and intracellular staining for IFNγ, alone or in combination with CD107 to detect degranulation, gave comparable results at the peak of the response. Importantly, these methods were highly linear over nearly two orders of magnitude. In contrast, in vitro and in vivo assays for cytotoxicity were not linear, suffering from high background killing, plateaus in maximal killing and substantial underestimation of differences in magnitude of responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge E. A. Flesch
- Division of Biomedical Science and Biochemistry, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Natasha A. Hollett
- Division of Biomedical Science and Biochemistry, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Yik Chun Wong
- Division of Biomedical Science and Biochemistry, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - David C. Tscharke
- Division of Biomedical Science and Biochemistry, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- * E-mail:
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16
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Wilde S, Sommermeyer D, Leisegang M, Frankenberger B, Mosetter B, Uckert W, Schendel DJ. Human antitumor CD8+ T cells producing Th1 polycytokines show superior antigen sensitivity and tumor recognition. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:598-605. [PMID: 22689880 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive transfer of T cells expressing transgenic TCR with antitumor specificity provides a hopeful new therapy for patients with advanced cancer. To fulfill a large need for TCR with high affinity and specificity for various tumor entities, we sought to identify parameters for rapid selection of CTL clones with suitable characteristics. Twelve CTL clones displaying different Ag sensitivities for the same peptide-MHC epitope of the melanoma-associated Ag tyrosinase were analyzed in detail. Better MHC-multimer binding and slower multimer release are thought to reflect stronger TCR-peptide-MHC interactions; thus, these parameters would seem well suited to identify higher avidity CTL. However, large disparities were found comparing CTL multimer binding with peptide sensitivity. In contrast, CD8(+) CTL with superior Ag sensitivity mediated good tumor cytotoxicity and also secreted the triple combination of IFN-γ, IL-2, and TNF-α, representing a Th1 pattern often missing in lower avidity CTL. Furthermore, recipient lymphocytes were imbued with high Ag sensitivity, superior tumor recognition, as well as capacity for Th1 polycytokine secretion after transduction with the TCR of a high-avidity CTL. Thus, Th1 polycytokine secretion served as a suitable parameter to rapidly demark cytotoxic CD8(+) T cell clones for further TCR evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Wilde
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German
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17
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Chang GY, Kohrt HE, Stuge TB, Schwartz EJ, Weber JS, Lee PP. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses against melanocytes and melanoma. J Transl Med 2011; 9:122. [PMID: 21794122 PMCID: PMC3158754 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-9-122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Vitiligo is a common toxicity associated with immunotherapy for melanoma. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) against melanoma commonly target melanoma-associated antigens (MAAs) which are also expressed by melanocytes. To uncouple vitiligo from melanoma destruction, it is important to understand if CTLs can respond against melanoma and melanocytes at different levels. Methods To understand the dichotomous role of MAA-specific CTL, we characterized the functional reactivities of established CTL clones directed to MAAs against melanoma and melanocyte cell lines. Results CTL clones generated from melanoma patients were capable of eliciting MHC-restricted, MAA-specific lysis against melanocyte cell lines as well as melanoma cells. Among the tested HLA-A*0201-restricted CTL clones, melanocytes evoked equal to slightly higher degranulation and cytolytic responses as compared to melanoma cells. Moreover, MAA-specific T cells from vaccinated patients responded directly ex vivo to melanoma and melanocytes. Melanoma cells express slightly higher levels of MART-1 and gp100 than melanocytes as measured by quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry. Conclusions Our data suggest that CTLs respond to melanoma and melanocytes equally in vitro and directly ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendolen Y Chang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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18
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Uram JN, Black CM, Flynn E, Huang L, Armstrong TD, Jaffee EM. Nondominant CD8 T cells are active players in the vaccine-induced antitumor immune response. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:3847-57. [PMID: 21346233 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that CD8(+) T cells are directed predominantly toward the immunodominant Her-2/neu (neu) epitope RNEU(420-429) in nontolerized FVB/N but not tolerized HER-2/neu (neu-N) mice. In this study, we screened overlapping peptides of the entire neu protein and identified six new epitopes recognized by vaccine-induced neu-N-derived T cells. Evaluation of individual nondominant responses by tetramer staining and IFN-γ secretion demonstrate that this repertoire is peripherally tolerized. To address the role that the complete CD8(+) T cell repertoire plays in vaccine-induced antitumor immunity, we created a whole-cell vaccine-expressing neu cDNA that has been mutated at the RNEU(420-429) anchor residue, thereby abrogating activation of immunodominant epitope responses. Studies comparing the mutated and nonmutated vaccines indicate that nondominant CD8(+) T cells can induce antitumor immunity when combined with regulatory T cell-depleting agents in both neu-N and FVB/N mice. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that the neu-directed T cell repertoire is not intrinsically incapable of eradicating tumors. Rather, they are suppressed by mechanisms of peripheral tolerance. Thus, these studies provide new insights into the function of the complete T cell repertoire directed toward a clinically relevant tumor Ag in tumor-bearing hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer N Uram
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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19
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Öling V, Geubtner K, Ilonen J, Reijonen H. A low antigen dose selectively promotes expansion of high-avidity autoreactive T cells with distinct phenotypic characteristics: A study of human autoreactive CD4+T cells specific for GAD65. Autoimmunity 2010; 43:573-82. [DOI: 10.3109/08916930903540424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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20
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Walker LJ, Sewell AK, Klenerman P. T cell sensitivity and the outcome of viral infection. Clin Exp Immunol 2009; 159:245-55. [PMID: 19968665 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2009.04047.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of CD8(+) T cells in the control of viral infections is well established. However, what differentiates CD8(+) T cell responses in individuals who control infection and those who do not is not well understood. 'Functional sensitivity' describes an important quality of the T cell response and is determined in part by the affinity of the T cell receptor for antigen. A more sensitive T cell response is generally believed to be more efficient and associated with better control of viral infection, yet may also drive viral mutation and immune escape. Various in vitro techniques have been used to measure T cell sensitivity; however, rapid ex vivo analysis of this has been made possible by the application of the 'magic' tetramer technology. Such tools have potentially important applications in the design and evaluation of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Walker
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre Programme, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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21
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Riquelme E, Carreño LJ, González PA, Kalergis AM. The duration of TCR/pMHC interactions regulates CTL effector function and tumor-killing capacity. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:2259-69. [PMID: 19637198 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200939341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Effector CTL contribute to tumoral immunity by killing tumor cells through secretion of cytotoxic granules and cytokines. Activation of CTL requires specific recognition of cognate peptide-MHC-I (pMHC) complexes on the tumor cell surface by the CTL TCR. It has been suggested that the half-life (t(1/2)) of the TCR/pMHC interaction modulates the activation of naïve CD8(+) T cells; however, it remains unknown whether CTL effector function can also be regulated by the TCR/pMHC t(1/2). Here, we have studied CTL activity in response to tumor cells loaded with pMHC that bind the TCR with different t(1/2). We observed that the TCR/pMHC t(1/2) can differentially regulate CTL effector function during the interaction with tumor cells and defines the nature of anti-tumoral CTL responses in vivo. Although prolonged TCR/pMHC t(1/2) promoted only partial expression of cytotoxic molecules, short t(1/2) induced partial polarization of lytic machinery toward target cells. In contrast, intermediate TCR/pMHC t(1/2) induced strong expression of cytotoxic molecules, efficient polarization of lytic machinery and subsequent release of toxic granules by CTL that killed tumor cells. Consistently, efficient in vivo CTL-mediated tumor clearance was only observed for tumors expressing intermediate t(1/2) pMHC ligands. These data suggest that there is an optimal TCR/pMHC t(1/2) for efficient CTL activity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Coculture Techniques
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Flow Cytometry
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/metabolism
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lysosomal Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Lysosomal Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/pathology
- Melanoma, Experimental/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Protein Binding
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Tumor Burden/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick Riquelme
- Millennium Nucleus on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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22
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Wooldridge L, Lissina A, Cole DK, van den Berg HA, Price DA, Sewell AK. Tricks with tetramers: how to get the most from multimeric peptide-MHC. Immunology 2009; 126:147-64. [PMID: 19125886 PMCID: PMC2632693 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2008.02848.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2008] [Revised: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 03/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of fluorochrome-conjugated peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) multimers in conjunction with continuing advances in flow cytometry has transformed the study of antigen-specific T cells by enabling their visualization, enumeration, phenotypic characterization and isolation from ex vivo samples. Here, we bring together and discuss some of the 'tricks' that can be used to get the most out of pMHC multimers. These include: (1) simple procedures that can substantially enhance the staining intensity of cognate T cells with pMHC multimers; (2) the use of pMHC multimers to stain T cells with very-low-affinity T-cell receptor (TCR)/pMHC interactions, such as those that typically predominate in tumour-specific responses; and (3) the physical grading and clonotypic dissection of antigen-specific T cells based on the affinity of their cognate TCR using mutant pMHC multimers in conjunction with new approaches to the molecular analysis of TCR gene expression. We also examine how soluble pMHC can be used to examine T-cell activation, manipulate T-cell responses and study allogeneic and superantigen interactions with TCRs. Finally, we discuss the problems that arise with pMHC class II (pMHCII) multimers because of the low affinity of TCR/pMHCII interactions and lack of 'coreceptor help'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Wooldridge
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Henry Wellcome Building, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
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23
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Chattopadhyay PK, Melenhorst JJ, Ladell K, Gostick E, Scheinberg P, Barrett AJ, Wooldridge L, Roederer M, Sewell AK, Price DA. Techniques to improve the direct ex vivo detection of low frequency antigen-specific CD8+ T cells with peptide-major histocompatibility complex class I tetramers. Cytometry A 2008; 73:1001-9. [PMID: 18836993 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The ability to quantify and characterize antigen-specific CD8+ T cells irrespective of functional readouts using fluorochrome-conjugated peptide-major histocompatibility complex class I (pMHCI) tetramers in conjunction with flow cytometry has transformed our understanding of cellular immune responses over the past decade. In the case of prevalent CD8+ T cell populations that engage cognate pMHCI tetramers with high avidities, direct ex vivo identification and subsequent data interpretation is relatively straightforward. However, the accurate identification of low frequency antigen-specific CD8+ T cell populations can be complicated, especially in situations where T cell receptor-mediated tetramer binding occurs at low avidities. Here, we highlight a few simple techniques that can be employed to improve the visual resolution, and hence the accurate quantification, of tetramer binding CD8+ T cell populations by flow cytometry. These methodological modifications enhance signal intensity, especially in the case of specific CD8+ T cell populations that bind cognate antigen with low avidities, minimize background noise, and enable improved discrimination of true pMHCI tetramer binding events from nonspecific uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratip K Chattopadhyay
- Immunotechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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24
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Melenhorst JJ, Scheinberg P, Chattopadhyay PK, Lissina A, Gostick E, Cole DK, Wooldridge L, van den Berg HA, Bornstein E, Hensel NF, Douek DC, Roederer M, Sewell AK, Barrett AJ, Price DA. Detection of low avidity CD8(+) T cell populations with coreceptor-enhanced peptide-major histocompatibility complex class I tetramers. J Immunol Methods 2008; 338:31-9. [PMID: 18675271 PMCID: PMC2714739 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2008.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2008] [Revised: 05/08/2008] [Accepted: 07/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of soluble recombinant peptide-major histocompatibility complex class I (pMHCI) molecules conjugated in multimeric form to fluorescent labels has enabled the physical quantification and characterization of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cell populations by flow cytometry. Several factors determine the binding threshold that enables visualization of cognate CD8(+) T cells with these reagents; these include the affinity of the T cell receptor (TCR) for pMHCI antigen. Here, we show that multimers constructed from peptide-human leukocyte antigen (pHLA) A0201 monomers engineered in the heavy chain alpha2 domain to enhance CD8 binding (K(D) approximately 85 microM) without impacting the TCR binding platform can detect cognate CD8(+) T cells bearing low affinity TCRs that are not visible with the corresponding wildtype pHLA A0201 multimeric complexes. Mechanistically, this effect is mediated by a disproportionate enhancement of the TCR/pMHCI association rate. In direct ex vivo applications, these coreceptor-enhanced multimers exhibit faithful cognate binding properties; concomitant increases in background staining within the non-cognate CD8(+) T cell population can be resolved phenotypically using polychromatic flow cytometry as a mixture of naïve and memory cells. These findings provide the first validation of a novel approach to the physical detection of low avidity antigen-specific CD8(+) T cell populations; such coreceptor-enhanced multimeric reagents are likely to be useful in a multitude of settings for the detection of auto-immune, tumor-specific and cross-reactive CD8(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Joseph Melenhorst
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Phillip Scheinberg
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Pratip K. Chattopadhyay
- Immunotechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anna Lissina
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Emma Gostick
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - David K. Cole
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Linda Wooldridge
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | | | - Ethan Bornstein
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nancy F. Hensel
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Daniel C. Douek
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mario Roederer
- Immunotechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Andrew K. Sewell
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - A. John Barrett
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David A. Price
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
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25
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Carpenter EL, Vance BA, Klein RS, Voloschin A, Dalmau J, Vonderheide RH. Functional analysis of CD8+ T cell responses to the onconeural self protein cdr2 in patients with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration. J Neuroimmunol 2007; 193:173-82. [PMID: 18053582 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2007] [Revised: 10/17/2007] [Accepted: 10/19/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration (PCD) is linked to an immune response against cerebellar degeneration related antigen 2 (cdr2) co-expressed in tumor and Purkinje neurons. Here, comprehensive immune-assessment assays were used to analyze CD8(+) T cells from 7 PCD patients, but no evidence was found of CD8(+) T cells specific for either of two previously described cdr2 epitopes (cdr2-1 and cdr2-2). In contrast, viral-specific CD8(+) T cells from healthy volunteers and PCD patients were measurable. These findings are inconsistent with an obligate role for cdr2-1- or cdr2-2-specific CD8(+) T cells in the pathogenesis of PCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica L Carpenter
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
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26
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Meijer SL, Dols A, Jensen SM, Hu HM, Miller W, Walker E, Romero P, Fox BA, Urba WJ. Induction of Circulating Tumor-reactive CD8+ T Cells After Vaccination of Melanoma Patients With the gp100209-2M Peptide. J Immunother 2007; 30:533-43. [PMID: 17589294 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e3180335b5e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Patients with stage I-III melanoma were vaccinated with the modified HLA-A2-binding gp100(209-2M)-peptide after complete surgical resection of their primary lesion and sentinel node biopsy. Cytoplasmic interferon-gamma production by freshly thawed peripheral blood mononuclear cells (direct ex vivo analysis) or by peripheral blood mononuclear cells subjected to 1 cycle of in vitro sensitization with peptide, interleukin-2, and interleukin-15 was measured following restimulation with the modified and native gp100 peptides, and also A2gp100 melanoma cell lines. Peptide-reactive and tumor-reactive T cells were detected in 79% and 66% of selected patients, respectively. Patients could be classified into 3 groups according to their vaccine-elicited T-cell responses. One group of patients responded only to the modified peptide used for immunization, whereas another group of patients reacted to both the modified and native gp100 peptides, but not to naturally processed gp100 antigen on melanoma cells. In the third group of patients, circulating CD8 T cells recognized A2gp100 melanoma cell lines and also both the modified and native peptides. T cells with a low functional avidity, which were capable of lysing tumor cells only if tumor cells were first pulsed by the exogenous administration of native gp100(209-217) peptide were identified in most patients. These results indicate that vaccination with a modified gp100 peptide induced a heterogeneous group of gp100-specific T cells with a spectrum of functional avidities; however, high avidity, tumor-reactive T cells were detected in the majority of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sybren L Meijer
- Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan Street, Portland, OR 97213, USA
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27
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Sebelin-Wulf K, Nguyen TD, Oertel S, Papp-Vary M, Trappe RU, Schulzki A, Pezzutto A, Riess H, Subklewe M. Quantitative analysis of EBV-specific CD4/CD8 T cell numbers, absolute CD4/CD8 T cell numbers and EBV load in solid organ transplant recipients with PLTD. Transpl Immunol 2007; 17:203-10. [PMID: 17331848 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2006.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2006] [Revised: 10/24/2006] [Accepted: 10/31/2006] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Post transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD) in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients is assumed to be the result of impaired Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)-specific cellular immunity. We analyzed the absolute CD4 and CD8 T cell counts as well as the EBV-specific CD4 and CD8 T cell responses in relation to EBV load in SOT recipients with PTLD. A prospective, single center study was initiated and 10 immunosuppressed patients with diagnosis of PTLD were analyzed and compared to 3 patients without PTLD (2 SOT recipients with EBV-reactivation, 1 patient with Infectious Mononucleosis) and 6 healthy EBV positive controls. EBV-specific CD8 T cells were enumerated using HLA class I tetramers and the IFN-gamma cytokine secretion assay. EBNA1-specific CD4 T cells were analyzed after protein stimulation and EBV load was quantified by real-time PCR. Absolute CD8 T cell counts were highly variable in all 19 cases analyzed. In contrast, the absolute EBV-specific CD8 T cell count was found to be low in 7/9 patients with PTLD (<5/microl whole blood). These frequencies were similar to absolute EBV-specific CD8 T cell numbers observed in healthy EBV positive donors, but much lower compared to patients with EBV reactivation but no PTLD. Absolute CD4 T cell counts were significantly lower in PTLD patients (mean: 336/microl+/-161 vs. controls 1008/microl+/-424, p=0.0001), with EBNA1-specific CD4 T cell responses being also low, but highly variable. Moreover, low absolute CD4 T cell counts (<230/microl) were associated with an elevated EBV load (>1000 copies/microg DNA). We conclude that SOT recipients with PTLD have an inadequate functional EBV-specific T cell response. Our data suggest that the frequency and function of circulating EBV-specific CD8 T cells are dependent on absolute CD4 T cell counts. Further studies are needed to verify if a low absolute CD4 T cell count presents a risk factor for the development of PTLD in SOT recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Sebelin-Wulf
- Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Med. Klinik m. S. Haematologie/Onkologie, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
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28
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Carreño LJ, Bueno SM, Bull P, Nathenson SG, Kalergis AM. The half-life of the T-cell receptor/peptide-major histocompatibility complex interaction can modulate T-cell activation in response to bacterial challenge. Immunology 2007; 121:227-37. [PMID: 17313485 PMCID: PMC2265936 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02561.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell activation results from engagement of the T-cell receptor (TCR) by cognate peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) complexes on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APC). Previous studies have provided evidence supporting the notion that the half-life of the TCR/pMHC interaction and the density of pMHC on the APC are two parameters that can influence T-cell activation. However, whether the half-life of the TCR/pMHC interaction can modulate T-cell activation in response to a pathogen challenge remains unknown. To approach this question, we generated strains of bacteria expressing variants of the ovalbumin (OVA) antigen, carrying point mutations in the SIINFEKL sequence. When bound to H-2K(b), this peptide is the cognate ligand for the OT-I TCR. Variants of the H-2K(b)/SIINFEKL bind to the OT-I TCR with distinct half-lives. Here we show that dendritic cells (DCs) infected with bacteria expressing OVA variants were incapable of activating OT-I T cells when the half-life of the TCR/H-2K(b)/OVA interaction was excessively short. Consistent with these data, T-cell activation was only observed in mice infected with bacteria expressing OVA variants that bound to OT-I with a half-life above a certain threshold. Considered together, our data suggest that the half-life of TCR/pMHC interaction can significantly modulate T-cell activation in vivo, as well as influence recognition of antigens expressed by bacteria. These observations underscore the importance of the TCR/pMHC half-life on the clearance of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro J Carreño
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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29
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González PA, Carreño LJ, Figueroa CA, Kalergis AM. Modulation of immunological synapse by membrane-bound and soluble ligands. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2007; 18:19-31. [PMID: 17344089 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2007.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
An efficient adaptive immune response should prevent pathogen infections and tumor growth without causing significant damage to host constituents. A crucial event determining the balance between tolerance and immunity is antigen recognition by T cells on the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Several molecular contacts at the interface between T cells and APCs contribute to define the nature of the adaptive immune response against a particular antigen. Upon TCR engagement by a peptide-MHC complex (pMHC) on the surface of an APC, a specialized supra-molecular structure known as immunological synapse (IS) assembles at the interface between these two cells. This structure involves massive re-distribution of membrane proteins, including TCR and pMHC complexes, as well as co-stimulatory and adhesion molecules. Furthermore, IS assembly leads to several important intracellular events necessary for T cell activation, such as recruitment of signaling molecules and cytoskeleton rearrangements. Because IS assembly leads to major consequences on the function of T cells, several studies have attempted to identify both soluble and membrane-bound molecules that could contribute to modulate the IS function. Here we describe recent literature on the regulation of IS assembly and modulation by TCR/pMHC binding kinetics, chemokines and cytokines focusing on their role at controlling the balance between adaptive immunity and tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo A González
- Millenniun Nucleus on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
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30
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Zentz C, Wiesner M, Man S, Frankenberger B, Wollenberg B, Hillemanns P, Zeidler R, Hammerschmidt W, Moosmann A. Activated B cells mediate efficient expansion of rare antigen-specific T cells. Hum Immunol 2007; 68:75-85. [PMID: 17321896 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2006.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2006] [Accepted: 12/08/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Potent professional antigen-presenting cells (APC) are essential tools to activate and expand antigen-specific T cells in vitro for use in adoptive immunotherapy. CD40-activated B cells can be easily generated and propagated from human donors and have been successfully used to generate antigen-specific T-cell cultures. Here we show that CD40-activated B cells strongly and specifically expand rare populations of antigen-specific CD8 T cells, with frequencies of less than 1 in 20,000 CD8 T cells in peripheral blood. We focused on T cells recognizing an epitope from the human papillomavirus 16 (HPV-16) E7 protein. In 6 of 6 healthy donors, epitope-specific CD8+ T cells were found to be "rare" by this criterion, as shown by staining with human leukocyte antigen (HLA)/peptide multimers. Using peptide-loaded CD40-activated B cells, epitope-specific T cells could be selectively expanded in all donors up to 10(6) fold, and the resulting T-cell cultures contained up to 88% specific T cells. These results strongly encourage the use of CD40-stimulated B cells as APCs in immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Zentz
- Clinical Cooperative Group Molecular Oncology, GSF - National Research Center for Environment and Health, Munich, Germany
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31
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Mahnke K, Schönfeld K, Fondel S, Ring S, Karakhanova S, Wiedemeyer K, Bedke T, Johnson TS, Storn V, Schallenberg S, Enk AH. Depletion of CD4+CD25+ human regulatory T cellsin vivo: Kinetics of Treg depletion and alterations in immune functionsin vivo andin vitro. Int J Cancer 2007; 120:2723-33. [PMID: 17315189 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether depletion of CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells (Treg) from melanoma patients affects immune responses against tumors. By application of recombinant IL-2-diphteria toxin fusion protein, also known as ONTAK, we were able to significantly reduce the frequency of Treg in peripheral blood, whereas other cell populations remained unaffected. The reduction of Treg started immediately after the first bolus of ONTAK with a dose of 5 microg ONTAK per kg bodyweight and lasted for 13 days with subsequent recovery thereafter. Successive ONTAK treatments further reduced the number of circulating Treg. Using the contact sensitizer DCP we show that all patients developed vast eczema after Treg depletion, whereas no or only mild eczematous reactions were detectable before ONTAK treatment. Corresponding induction of DCP-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells were detectable. Moreover, after immunization of ONTAK treated patients with tumor antigen peptides, MelanA/MART-1 and gp100, significant induction of peptide specific CD8(+) T cells could be observed in 90% of the patients treated. These cells displayed effector functions, as they were able to lyse peptide-pulsed target cells and secreted IFNgamma upon restimulation. In aggregate, our data indicate that ONTAK depletes Treg in vivo significantly, resulting in enhanced immune functions and substantial development of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells in vaccinated individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Mahnke
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Vossstrasse 11, Heidelberg, Germany. karsten,
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32
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Jurgens LA, Khanna R, Weber J, Orentas RJ. Transduction of primary lymphocytes with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent membrane protein-specific T-cell receptor induces lysis of virus-infected cells: A novel strategy for the treatment of Hodgkin's disease and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Clin Immunol 2006; 26:22-32. [PMID: 16418800 PMCID: PMC3056547 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-006-6532-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2005] [Accepted: 06/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive immunotherapy with in vitro expanded cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) can successfully treat post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD). However, extension of a similar strategy to Hodgkin's disease (HD) and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is limited by the poor immunogenicity of the limited set of EBV latency antigens expressed in these malignancies, making T-cell expansion difficult. Retroviral transduction of LMP-specific T-cell receptors (TCR) into activated T lymphocytes may provide a universal, MHC-restricted, means to generate effector cells without the need for tissue culture based methods of CTL expansion. We report the transfer of two LMP2-specific TCRs from human T-cell clones (HLA-A2 and HLA-A23,24 restricted) that confer the ability to lyse EBV-immortalized B-lymphoblastoid cell lines (B-LCL). B-LCL are the best model for native expression of LMP2. We also demonstrate the rapid transfer of the TCR by nucleofection of primary T cells using a simple plasmid-based vector. The ability to detect nucleofected TCRVbeta chain by antibody, fully assembled TCR by tetramer, and peptide-MHC-specific lytic activity indicates that nucleofection can serve as a tool for rapid screening of TCR specificity.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Antigen Presentation
- CD56 Antigen/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- HLA-A Antigens
- Hodgkin Disease/therapy
- Humans
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Lymphocytes/virology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms/therapy
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Transduction, Genetic
- Viral Matrix Proteins/metabolism
- Viral Matrix Proteins/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A. Jurgens
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Children’s Research Institute, Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Rajiv Khanna
- Queensland Institute for Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - James Weber
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Children’s Research Institute, Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Rimas J. Orentas
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Children’s Research Institute, Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at Department of, Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Medical College of, Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53226;
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33
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Tuettenberg A, Becker C, Huter E, Knop J, Enk AH, Jonuleit H. Induction of strong and persistent MelanA/MART-1-specific immune responses by adjuvant dendritic cell-based vaccination of stage II melanoma patients. Int J Cancer 2006; 118:2617-27. [PMID: 16353138 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A significant percentage of stage II melanoma patients (tumor thickness>1 mm) remain at risk of tumor recurrence after primary tumor excision. In this study, we used tumor antigen-pulsed dendritic cells as an adjuvant for immunization of these "high-risk" melanoma patients after resection of the primary tumor. A total of 13 patients were included and vaccinated 6 times every 14 days with autologous dendritic cells pulsed with a MelanA/MART-1 peptide in combination with a recall antigen. Antigen-specific immune responses were monitored before, during and up to 1 year after the last vaccination. The majority of patients exhibited increased recall antigen-specific CD4+ T cell responses upon vaccination. MelanA/MART-1-specific CD8+ T cells were expanded in 9/13 patients resulting in increased frequencies of memory cells in these patients. CD8+ T cells acquired the capacity to secrete IFN-gamma, to proliferate in culture in response to the tumor antigen used for vaccination and postvaccine samples contained MelanA/MART-1-specific T cells that recognized also the natural MelanA/MART-1-antigen expressed by tumor cells. Moreover, vaccination induced a long-lived tumor antigen-specific DTH-reactivity in the majority of the patients, detectable even 12 months after the last immunization. These data demonstrate for the first time that vaccination with tumor antigen-pulsed dendritic cells in a clinically adjuvant setting induces strong and persistent antigen-specific T-cell responses in tumor-free stage II melanoma patients, suggesting that tumor protective T cell immunity can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Tuettenberg
- Department of Dermatology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, D-55101 Mainz, Germany
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34
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Devêvre E, Romero P, Mahnke YD. LiveCount Assay: concomitant measurement of cytolytic activity and phenotypic characterisation of CD8(+) T-cells by flow cytometry. J Immunol Methods 2006; 311:31-46. [PMID: 16527300 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2006.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2005] [Revised: 12/26/2005] [Accepted: 01/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tumour immunologists strive to develop efficient tumour vaccination and adoptive transfer therapies that enlarge the pool of tumour-specific and -reactive effector T-cells in vivo. To assess the efficiency of the various strategies, ex vivo assays are needed for the longitudinal monitoring of the patient's specific immune responses providing both quantitative and qualitative data. In particular, since tumour cell cytolysis is the end goal of tumour immunotherapy, routine immune monitoring protocols need to include a read-out for the cytolytic efficiency of Ag-specific cells. We propose to combine current immune monitoring techniques in a highly sensitive and reproducible multi-parametric flow cytometry based cytotoxicity assay that has been optimised to require low numbers of Ag-specific T-cells. The possibility of re-analysing those T-cells that have undergone lytic activity is illustrated by the concomitant detection of CD107a upregulation on the surface of degranulated T-cells. To date, the LiveCount Assay provides the only possibility of assessing the ex vivo cytolytic activity of low-frequency Ag-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes from patient material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Devêvre
- Division of Clinical Onco-Immunology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
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35
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Yang S, Tsang KY, Schlom J. Induction of higher-avidity human CTLs by vector-mediated enhanced costimulation of antigen-presenting cells. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 11:5603-15. [PMID: 16061879 PMCID: PMC1351007 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-0670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of antigen-specific CD8(+) CTLs depends not only on the quantity of CTLs generated but also perhaps, more importantly, on the avidity of the CTLs. To date, however, no strategy has been shown to preferentially induce higher-avidity human CTLs. In the present study, antigen-presenting cells (APC) generated from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were infected with a recombinant avipox vector (rF-) containing the transgenes for a triad of costimulatory molecules (human B7.1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and LFA-3, designated as rF-TRICOM) and then used to elicit peptide-specific CTLs from autologous T cells. Compared with peptide-pulsed noninfected APCs or peptide-pulsed APCs infected with wild-type vector, peptide-pulsed APCs infected with rF-TRICOM induced not only more CTLs but also higher-avidity CTLs; this was shown by tetramer staining, tetramer dissociation, IFN-gamma production, and cytolytic assays. Peptide-pulsed rF-TRICOM-infected dendritic cells were also shown to induce CTLs with a >10-fold higher avidity than CTLs induced using CD40L-matured dendritic cells; the use of peptide-pulsed CD40L-matured dendritic cells infected with rF-TRICOM as APCs induced CTLs of even greater avidity. To our knowledge, these studies are the first to show a methodology to induce higher-avidity human CTLs and have implications for the development of more efficient vaccines for a range of human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jeffrey Schlom
- Requests for reprints: Jeffrey Schlom, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 10 Center Drive, Room 8B09, Bethesda, MD 20892-1750. Phone: (301) 496-4343; Fax: (301) 496-2756; E-mail:
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36
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Carreño LJ, González PA, Kalergis AM. Modulation of T cell function by TCR/pMHC binding kinetics. Immunobiology 2006; 211:47-64. [PMID: 16446170 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2005.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2005] [Accepted: 09/05/2005] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between the T cell receptor (TCR) and the peptide-MHC complex (pMHC) at the interface between the T cell and the antigen presenting cell (APC) is the main event controlling the specificity of antigen recognition by T cells. It is thought that TCR/pMHC binding kinetics are critical for the selection of the T cell repertoire in the thymus, as well as the activation of mature T cells in the periphery. One of the binding parameters that conditions T cell activation by pMHC ligands is the half-life of the TCR/pMHC interaction. This kinetic parameter is highly significant for the regulation of T cell activation and therefore determines the capacity of T cells to respond against pathogen- and tumor-derived antigens, avoiding self-reactivity. Several studies support the notion that T cells are activated only by TCR/pMHC interactions that are above a threshold of half-life. pMHC complexes that bind TCRs with half-lives below that threshold behave as null or antagonistic ligands. However, since prolonged half-lives can also impair T cell activation, there seems to be a ceiling for the TCR/pMHC half life that leads to efficient activation of T cells. According to these observations, efficient T cell activation would require an optimal half-life of TCR/pMHC interaction. These kinetic restrictions for T cell activation are important to generate a protective adaptive immune response minimizing cross-reactivity against self-constituents. The nature of the TCR/pMHC interaction defines in the thymus whether a thymocyte develops into a mature T cell or is eliminated by apoptosis. In addition, the kinetics of TCR/pMHC binding can determine the type of response shown by mature T cells in the periphery. Although several studies have focused on the modulation of T cell function by the affinity of the TCR/pMHC interaction, the binding kinetics rules governing T cell activation remain poorly understood. Here we review recent data and propose a new model for the regulation of T cell function by TCR/pMHC binding kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro J Carreño
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda #340, Santiago, Chile
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37
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de Vries IJM, Bernsen MR, Lesterhuis WJ, Scharenborg NM, Strijk SP, Gerritsen MJP, Ruiter DJ, Figdor CG, Punt CJA, Adema GJ. Immunomonitoring tumor-specific T cells in delayed-type hypersensitivity skin biopsies after dendritic cell vaccination correlates with clinical outcome. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23:5779-87. [PMID: 16110035 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2005.06.478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Tumor-specific immunomonitoring is essential to evaluate the efficacy of vaccination against cancer. In this study, we investigated the predictive value of the presence or absence of antigen-specific T cells in biopsies from delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) sites. PATIENTS AND METHODS In our ongoing clinical trials, HLA-A2.1+ melanoma patients were vaccinated with mature dendritic cells (DC) pulsed with melanoma-associated peptides (gp100 and tyrosinase) and keyhole limpet hemocyanin. RESULTS After intradermal administration of a DTH challenge with gp100- and tyrosinase peptide-loaded DC, essentially all patients showed a positive induration. In clinically responding patients, T cells specific for the antigen preferentially accumulated in the DTH site, as visualized by in situ tetramer staining. Furthermore, significant numbers of functional gp100 and tyrosinase tetramer-positive T cells could be isolated from these DTH biopsies, in accordance with the applied antigen in the DTH challenge. We observed a direct correlation between the presence of DC vaccine-related T cells in the DTH biopsies of stage IV melanoma patients and a positive clinical outcome (P = .0012). CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate the potency of this novel approach in the monitoring of vaccination studies in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Jolanda M de Vries
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radbond University Nijmegen Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26-28, 6500 HB Nijmegen, Netherlands
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38
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Hodge JW, Chakraborty M, Kudo-Saito C, Garnett CT, Schlom J. Multiple costimulatory modalities enhance CTL avidity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:5994-6004. [PMID: 15879092 PMCID: PMC1924685 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.10.5994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies in both animal models and clinical trials have demonstrated that the avidity of T cells is a major determinant of antitumor and antiviral immunity. In this study, we evaluated several different vaccine strategies for their ability to enhance both the quantity and avidity of CTL responses. CD8(+) T cell quantity was measured by tetramer binding precursor frequency, and avidity was measured by both tetramer dissociation and quantitative cytolytic function. We have evaluated a peptide, a viral vector expressing the Ag transgene alone, with one costimulatory molecule (B7-1), and with three costimulatory molecules (B7-1, ICAM-1, and LFA-3), with anti-CTLA-4 mAb, with GM-CSF, and combinations of the above. We have evaluated these strategies in both a foreign Ag model using beta-galactosidase as immunogen, and in a "self" Ag model, using carcinoembryonic Ag as immunogen in carcinoembryonic Ag transgenic mice. The combined use of several of these strategies was shown to enhance not only the quantity, but, to a greater magnitude, the avidity of T cells generated; a combination strategy is also shown to enhance antitumor effects. The results reported in this study thus demonstrate multiple strategies that can be used in both antitumor and antiviral vaccine settings to generate higher avidity host T cell responses.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/genetics
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antigens, CD
- Antigens, Differentiation/immunology
- CTLA-4 Antigen
- Cancer Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Cancer Vaccines/genetics
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Carcinoembryonic Antigen/administration & dosage
- Carcinoembryonic Antigen/genetics
- Carcinoembryonic Antigen/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Colonic Neoplasms/immunology
- Colonic Neoplasms/pathology
- Colonic Neoplasms/prevention & control
- Combined Modality Therapy
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic/methods
- Female
- Genetic Vectors
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/administration & dosage
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Peptide Fragments/administration & dosage
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Protein Binding/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- beta-Galactosidase/administration & dosage
- beta-Galactosidase/genetics
- beta-Galactosidase/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Hodge
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Dorothée G, Vergnon I, El Hage F, Le Maux Chansac B, Ferrand V, Lécluse Y, Opolon P, Chouaib S, Bismuth G, Mami-Chouaib F. In Situ Sensory Adaptation of Tumor-Infiltrating T Lymphocytes to Peptide-MHC Levels Elicits Strong Antitumor Reactivity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:6888-97. [PMID: 15905531 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.11.6888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We have isolated from tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) and PBL of a lung carcinoma patient several tumor-specific T cell clones displaying similar peptide-MHC tetramer staining and expressing a unique TCR. Although these clones elicited identical functional avidity and similar cytolytic potential, only T cell clones derived from TIL efficiently lysed autologous tumor cells. Interestingly, all of these clones expressed the same T cell surface markers except for the TCR inhibitory molecule CD5, which was expressed at much lower levels in TIL than in PBL. Video-imaging recordings demonstrated that, although both T cell clones could form stable conjugates with tumor cells, the Ca(2+) response occurred in TIL clones only. Significantly, analysis of a panel of circulating clones indicated that antitumor cytolytic activity was inversely proportional to CD5 expression levels. Importantly, CD5 levels in TIL appeared to parallel the signaling intensity of the TCR/peptide-MHC interaction. Thus, in situ regulation of CD5 expression may be a strategy used by CTL to adapt their sensitivity to intratumoral peptide-MHC levels.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptation, Physiological/immunology
- CD5 Antigens/biosynthesis
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/immunology
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/prevention & control
- Cell Communication/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Clone Cells
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/biosynthesis
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/metabolism
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/physiology
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/immunology
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Lung Neoplasms/prevention & control
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/pathology
- Peptide Fragments/biosynthesis
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Peptide Fragments/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Staining and Labeling
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Dorothée
- Laboratoire Cytokines et Immunologie des Tumeurs Humaines, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 487, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 54, Villejuif, France
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40
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Ercolini AM, Ladle BH, Manning EA, Pfannenstiel LW, Armstrong TD, Machiels JPH, Bieler JG, Emens LA, Reilly RT, Jaffee EM. Recruitment of latent pools of high-avidity CD8(+) T cells to the antitumor immune response. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 201:1591-602. [PMID: 15883172 PMCID: PMC2212915 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20042167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 349] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A major barrier to successful antitumor vaccination is tolerance of high-avidity T cells specific to tumor antigens. In keeping with this notion, HER-2/neu (neu)-targeted vaccines, which raise strong CD8+ T cell responses to a dominant peptide (RNEU420-429) in WT FVB/N mice and protect them from a neu-expressing tumor challenge, fail to do so in MMTV-neu (neu-N) transgenic mice. However, treatment of neu-N mice with vaccine and cyclophosphamide-containing chemotherapy resulted in tumor protection in a proportion of mice. This effect was specifically abrogated by the transfer of neu-N–derived CD4+CD25+ T cells. RNEU420-429-specific CD8+ T cells were identified only in neu-N mice given vaccine and cyclophosphamide chemotherapy which rejected tumor challenge. Tetramer-binding studies demonstrated that cyclophosphamide pretreatment allowed the activation of high-avidity RNEU420-429-specific CD8+ T cells comparable to those generated from vaccinated FVB/N mice. Cyclophosphamide seemed to inhibit regulatory T (T reg) cells by selectively depleting the cycling population of CD4+CD25+ T cells in neu-N mice. These findings demonstrate that neu-N mice possess latent pools of high-avidity neu-specific CD8+ T cells that can be recruited to produce an effective antitumor response if T reg cells are blocked or removed by using approaches such as administration of cyclophosphamide before vaccination.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Cancer Vaccines/genetics
- Cell Communication/drug effects
- Cell Communication/immunology
- Cyclophosphamide/administration & dosage
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Genes, erbB-2/immunology
- Immunosuppressive Agents/administration & dosage
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/immunology
- Vaccination
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Ercolini
- Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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41
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Woll MM, Fisher CM, Ryan GB, Gurney JM, Storrer CE, Ioannides CG, Shriver CD, Moul JW, McLeod DG, Ponniah S, Peoples GE. Direct measurement of peptide-specific CD8+ T cells using HLA-A2:Ig dimer for monitoring the in vivo immune response to a HER2/neu vaccine in breast and prostate cancer patients. J Clin Immunol 2005; 24:449-61. [PMID: 15163902 DOI: 10.1023/b:joci.0000029117.10791.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
HER2/neu is a proto-oncogene and a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor family of proteins that is overexpressed in numerous types of human cancer. We are currently conducting clinical trials with the HER2/neu E75 peptide vaccine in breast and prostate cancer patients. We have evaluated the use of HLA-A2 dimer molecule for the immunological monitoring of cancer patients receiving the E75 peptide vaccine. Peripheral blood samples from patients receiving the vaccine were stained with HLA-A2 dimers containing the vaccine peptide E75 or control peptides and analyzed by flow cytometry. We compared the HLA-A2 dimer assay to standard methods of immunologic monitoring (IFN-gamma release, lymphocyte proliferation, and cytotoxicity). The HLA-A2 dimer assay was also compared with the HLA-A2 tetramer assay. E75 peptide-specific CD8 T cells were detected directly in the peripheral blood of patients by staining with E75-HLA-A2 dimers and CD8 antibodies. T cell cultures generated by repeated stimulations using E75 peptide-pulsed dendritic cells showed increased staining with E75-peptide loaded HLA-A2 dimers. Simultaneously analysis by the dimer assay and standard immunologic assays demonstrated that the dimer-staining assay correlated well with these methods of immunologic monitoring. A direct comparison using E75-specific HLA-A2 tetramers and HLA-A2 dimers for the detection of E75-specific CD8 T cells in peripheral blood showed comparable results with the two assays. Our findings indicate that the HLA-A2 dimer is a powerful new tool for directly quantifying and monitoring immune responses of antigen-specific T cells in peptide vaccine clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Woll
- Department of General Surgery, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, 6900 Georgia Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20307-5001, USA
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42
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González PA, Carreño LJ, Coombs D, Mora JE, Palmieri E, Goldstein B, Nathenson SG, Kalergis AM. T cell receptor binding kinetics required for T cell activation depend on the density of cognate ligand on the antigen-presenting cell. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:4824-9. [PMID: 15772168 PMCID: PMC555720 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0500922102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8(+) T cells recognize peptides of eight to nine amino acid residues long in the context of MHC class I molecules on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). This recognition event is highly sensitive, as evidenced by the fact that T cells can be activated by cognate peptide/MHC complex (pMHC) at extremely low densities (1-50 molecules). High sensitivity is particularly valuable for detection of antigens at low density, such as those derived from tumor cells and intracellular pathogens, which can down-modulate cognate pMHCs from the surface of APCs to evade recognition by the adaptive immune system. T cell activation is only triggered in response to interactions between the T cell receptor (TCR) and the pMHC ligand that reach a specific half-life threshold. However, interactions with excessively long half-lives result in impaired T cell activation. Thus, efficient T cell activation by pMHC on the surface of APCs requires an optimal dwell time of TCR-pMHC interaction. Here, we show that, although this is a requirement at low cognate pMHC density on the APC surface, at high epitope density there is no impairment of T cell activation by extended TCR-pMHC dwell times. This observation was predicted by mathematical simulations for T cell activation by pMHC at different densities and supported by experiments performed on APCs selected for varied expression of cognate pMHC. According to these results, effective T cell activation depends on a complex interplay between inherent TCR-pMHC binding kinetics and the epitope density on the APC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo A González
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331010, Chile
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43
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Engelhardt KR, Richter K, Baur K, Staeheli P, Hausmann J. The functional avidity of virus-specific CD8+ T?cells is down-modulated in Borna disease virus-induced immunopathology of the central nervous system. Eur J Immunol 2005; 35:487-97. [PMID: 15627979 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200425232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Borna disease virus (BDV) infection of the central nervous system (CNS) leads to severe neurological symptoms in susceptible MRL mice. The disease is mainly mediated by CD8+ T cells specific for the immunodominant epitope TELEISSI in the BDV nucleoprotein. In this study, TELEISSI/MHC class I tetramers were used to directly visualize antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. We found that on average approximately 30% of the ex vivo analyzed CD8+ T cells in the CNS of diseased mice were specific for TELEISSI. Unexpectedly, the frequency of tetramer-reactive brain-derived CD8+ T cells doubled following overnight culture in the absence of antigen. The majority of CD8+ T cells showed enhanced tetramer binding without up-regulation of T cell receptor surface expression. The frequency of IFN-gamma-secreting CD8+ T cells after antigen-specific stimulation was higher in overnight cultures than in freshly isolated BDV-specific brain lymphocytes, and enhanced tetramer binding correlated with elevated sensitivity to lower levels of peptide antigen in cytotoxicity assays. These results indicate that the functional avidity of virus-specific CD8+ T cells was down-modulated in vivo. Thus, quantification of tissue-infiltrating CD8+ T cells by the tetramer technique must be interpreted with caution as it may underestimate the real frequency of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin R Engelhardt
- Department of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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44
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Nolte-'t Hoen ENM, Amoroso MG, Veenstra J, Grosfeld-Stulemeyer MC, van Eden W, Broeren CPM, Wauben MHM. Effector and regulatory T?cells derived from the same T?cell clone differ in MHC class II-peptide multimer binding. Eur J Immunol 2004; 34:3359-69. [PMID: 15549773 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200425563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
MHC class II-peptide multimers are a valuable tool for antigen-specific detection of CD4(+) T cells. However, it has been proposed that T cells in a hypo-responsive state can have diminished binding of such multimers. In the present study, we investigated this phenomenon at the clonal level. We found that anergic CD4(+) T cells had a reduced capacity to bind MHC class II-peptide multimers compared to their non-anergic counterparts. Increasing the incubation temperature, time, or MHC-peptide valency could not equalize multimer binding by anergic and non-anergic T cells. Neither anergic T cells nor non-anergic T cells internalized the MHC class II-peptide dimers efficiently, and in both cases the dimers bound to the plasma membrane at locations containing a low amount of raft-associated lipids. Disruption of lipid rafts, however, led to decreased dimer binding by non-anergic T cells and to a lesser extent by anergic T cells. Finally, we show that the depth of the anergic state of the T cell, which determines its ability to regulate other T cell responses, correlates with the reduced dimer binding. We here demonstrate for the first time differential MHC class II-peptide multimer binding by regulatory (anergic) and effector T cells with identical TCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther N M Nolte-'t Hoen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Division of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Stuge TB, Holmes SP, Saharan S, Tuettenberg A, Roederer M, Weber JS, Lee PP. Diversity and recognition efficiency of T cell responses to cancer. PLoS Med 2004; 1:e28. [PMID: 15578105 PMCID: PMC529423 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2004] [Accepted: 08/24/2004] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanoma patients vaccinated with tumor-associated antigens frequently develop measurable peptide-specific CD8+ T cell responses; however, such responses often do not confer clinical benefit. Understanding why vaccine-elicited responses are beneficial in some patients but not in others will be important to improve targeted cancer immunotherapies. METHODS AND FINDINGS We analyzed peptide-specific CD8+ T cell responses in detail, by generating and characterizing over 200 cytotoxic T lymphocyte clones derived from T cell responses to heteroclitic peptide vaccination, and compared these responses to endogenous anti-tumor T cell responses elicited naturally (a heteroclitic peptide is a modification of a native peptide sequence involving substitution of an amino acid at an anchor residue to enhance the immunogenicity of the peptide). We found that vaccine-elicited T cells are diverse in T cell receptor variable chain beta expression and exhibit a different recognition profile for heteroclitic versus native peptide. In particular, vaccine-elicited T cells respond to native peptide with predominantly low recognition efficiency--a measure of the sensitivity of a T cell to different cognate peptide concentrations for stimulation--and, as a result, are inefficient in tumor lysis. In contrast, endogenous tumor-associated-antigen-specific T cells show a predominantly high recognition efficiency for native peptide and efficiently lyse tumor targets. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that factors that shape the peptide-specific T cell repertoire after vaccination may be different from those that affect the endogenous response. Furthermore, our findings suggest that current heteroclitic peptide vaccination protocols drive expansion of peptide-specific T cells with a diverse range of recognition efficiencies, a significant proportion of which are unable to respond to melanoma cells. Therefore, it is critical that the recognition efficiency of vaccine-elicited T cells be measured, with the goal of advancing those modalities that elicit T cells with the greatest potential of tumor reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tor B Stuge
- 1Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford UniversityStanford, CaliforniaUnited States of America
| | - Susan P Holmes
- 2Department of Statistics, Stanford UniversityStanford, CaliforniaUnited States of America
| | - Sahdev Saharan
- 1Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford UniversityStanford, CaliforniaUnited States of America
| | | | - Mario Roederer
- 4ImmunoTechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of HealthBethesda, MarylandUnited States of America
| | - Jeffrey S Weber
- 5Norris Cancer Center, University of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, CaliforniaUnited States of America
| | - Peter P Lee
- 1Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford UniversityStanford, CaliforniaUnited States of America
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Dikopoulos N, Riedl P, Schirmbeck R, Reimann J. Novel peptide-based vaccines efficiently prime murine "help"-independent CD8+ T cell responses in the liver. Hepatology 2004; 40:300-9. [PMID: 15368434 DOI: 10.1002/hep.20330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines for the prophylactic and/or therapeutic immunization against hepatotropic pathogens (e.g., hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus) should establish long-lasting, specific antiviral effector/memory CD8+ T cell immunity in the liver. We describe a novel peptide-based vaccine in which antigenic major histocompatibility complex Class I-binding peptides are fused to a cationic (e.g., human immunodeficiency virus tat-derived) domain and complexed to immune-stimulating oligonucleotides. This vaccine formulation efficiently primes liver-homing, Class I-restricted CD8+ effector/memory T cell responses. In different antigen systems, this formulation was more potent in priming liver-homing CD8+ T cell responses than DNA-based vaccines delivering the same epitopes. CD8+ T cell priming was independent of CD4+ T cell "help" but submitted to regulatory control by CD25+ CD4+ T cells. The vaccine efficiently primed memory/effector CD8+ T cells detectable in the liver for more than 3 months after a single injection. With increasing time after priming, the phenotype of these specific memory CD8+ T cells shifted from an effector memory to a central memory type. The vaccine could override T cell tolerance in mice expressing the relevant antigen from a transgene in the liver. The CD8+ T cell immunity in the liver primed by this peptide formulation could be boosted by challenge injections. In conclusion, we describe a simple and potent vaccine formulation that has the potential to generate or reconstitute specific CD8+ T cell immunity to hepatotropic pathogens in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nektarios Dikopoulos
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
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47
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van Oijen M, Bins A, Elias S, Sein J, Weder P, de Gast G, Mallo H, Gallee M, Van Tinteren H, Schumacher T, Haanen J. On the Role of Melanoma-Specific CD8+ T-Cell Immunity in Disease Progression of Advanced-Stage Melanoma Patients. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10:4754-60. [PMID: 15269149 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-0260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T-cell immunity directed against melanosomal differentiation antigens is arguably the best-studied and most prevalent form of tumor-specific T-cell immunity in humans. Despite this, the role of T-cell responses directed against melanosomal antigens in disease progression has not been elucidated. To address this issue, we have related the presence of circulating melanoma-specific T cells with disease progression and survival in a large cohort of patients with advanced-stage melanoma who had not received prior treatment. In 42 (68%) of 62 patients, melanoma-specific T cells were detected, sometimes in surprisingly large numbers. Disease progression during treatment was more frequent in patients with circulating melanoma-specific T cells, and mean survival of patients with circulating melanoma-specific T cells was equal to the survival of patients without melanoma-specific T cells. These data suggest that the induction of melanosomal differentiation antigen-specific T-cell reactivity in advanced stage melanoma is a late event most likely due to antigen load and spreading and is not accompanied by a clinically significant antitumor effect. These melanoma-specific T cells may be functionally distinct from T cells raised during spontaneous regression or up vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique van Oijen
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Zajac P, Oertli D, Marti W, Adamina M, Bolli M, Guller U, Noppen C, Padovan E, Schultz-Thater E, Heberer M, Spagnoli G. Phase I/II clinical trial of a nonreplicative vaccinia virus expressing multiple HLA-A0201-restricted tumor-associated epitopes and costimulatory molecules in metastatic melanoma patients. Hum Gene Ther 2004; 14:1497-510. [PMID: 14577912 DOI: 10.1089/104303403322495016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed a phase I/II clinical trial in metastatic melanoma patients with an ultraviolet (UV)-inactivated nonreplicating recombinant vaccinia virus enabling the expression, from a single construct, of endoplasmic reticulum-targeted HLA-A0201-restricted Melan-A/MART-1(27-35), gp100(280-288), and tyrosinase(1-9) epitopes, together with CD80 and CD86 costimulatory proteins. Corresponding soluble peptides were used to boost responses and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor was used as systemic adjuvant. Safety and immunogenicity, as monitored with in vitro-restimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells by cytotoxic T lymphocyte precursor (CTLp) frequency analysis and tetramer staining, were specifically addressed. Of 20 patients entering the protocol, 2 had to withdraw because of rapidly progressing disease. Immune responses were evaluated in 18 patients (stage III, n = 5; stage IV, n = 13) and increases in specific CTLp frequencies were observed in 15. In 16 patients responsiveness against all 3 antigens could be analyzed: 7 (43%), including all stage III cases, showed evidence of induction of CTLs specific for the three epitopes, and 2 (12%) and 4 (25%), respectively, showed reactivity against two or one tumor-associated antigen. In three stage IV patients no specific CTL reactivity could be induced. Increases in CTLp frequency were detected mostly after viral vaccine injections. However, in a majority of patients final CTLp levels were comparable to initial levels. Tetramer characterization of Melan-A/MART-1(27-35)-specific CTLs during the protocol also suggested preferential expansion after recombinant virus administration. Vector-specific humoral responses, frequently undetectable in stage IV patients, did not appear to prevent tumor-associated antigen-specific CTL induction. Aside from a single occurrence of transient grade 3 leukopenia, no major clinical toxicity was reported. Seventeen of 18 patients completed the 3-month trial (one patient died before the last delayed-type hypersensitivity test). Three displayed regression of individual metastases, seven had stable disease, and progressive disease was observed in seven patients. This is the first report on the administration of a UV-inactivated recombinant vaccinia virus coexpressing five transgenes in cancer patients. The results described here, in terms of safety and immunogenicity, support the use of this reagent in active specific immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Zajac
- Institute of Surgical Research and Hospital Management, Department of Research, University Hospital of Basel, ZLF, Laboratory 404, Hebelstrasse 20, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland.
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Rodriguez WR, Addo MM, Rathod A, Fitzpatrick CA, Yu XG, Perkins B, Rosenberg ES, Altfeld M, Walker BD. CD8+ T lymphocyte responses target functionally important regions of Protease and Integrase in HIV-1 infected subjects. J Transl Med 2004; 2:15. [PMID: 15154967 PMCID: PMC441415 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-2-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2004] [Accepted: 05/21/2004] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CD8+ T cell responses are known to be important to the control of HIV-1 infection. While responses to reverse transcriptase and most structural and accessory proteins have been extensively studied, CD8 T cell responses specifically directed to the HIV-1 enzymes Protease and Integrase have not been well characterized, and few epitopes have been described in detail. Methods We assessed comprehensively the CD8 T cell responses to synthetic peptides spanning Protease and Integrase in 56 HIV-1 infected subjects with acute, chronic, or controlled infection using IFN-γ-Elispot assays and intracellular cytokine staining. Fine-characterization of novel CTL epitopes was performed on peptide-specific CTL lines in Elispot and 51Chromium-release assays. Results Thirteen (23%) and 38 (68%) of the 56 subjects had detectable responses to Protease and Integrase, respectively, and together these targeted most regions within both proteins. Sequence variability analysis confirmed that responses cluster largely around conserved regions of Integrase, but responses against a large, highly conserved region of the N-terminal DNA-binding domain of Integrase were not readily detected. CD8 T cell responses targeted regions of Protease that contain known Protease inhibitor mutation residues, but strong Protease-specific CD8 T cell responses were rare. Fine-mapping of targeted epitopes allowed the identification of three novel, HLA class I-restricted, frequently-targeted optimal epitopes. There were no significant correlations between CD8 T cell responses to Protease and Integrase and clinical disease category in the study subjects, nor was there a correlation with viral load. Conclusions These findings confirm that CD8 T cell responses directed against HIV-1 include potentially important functional regions of Protease and Integrase, and that pharmacologic targeting of these enzymes will place them under both drug and immune selection pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Rodriguez
- Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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Di Modugno F, Bronzi G, Scanlan MJ, Del Bello D, Cascioli S, Venturo I, Botti C, Nicotra MR, Mottolese M, Natali PG, Santoni A, Jager E, Nisticò P. Human Mena protein, a serex-defined antigen overexpressed in breast cancer eliciting both humoral and CD8+ T-cell immune response. Int J Cancer 2004; 109:909-18. [PMID: 15027125 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.20094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Screening of a cDNA expression library from a primary breast tumor with the autologous patient serum led to the isolation of 6 cDNA clones corresponding to 3 different genes, including a novel gene that maps to chromosome 1 and encodes the human homologue of mouse Mena (hMena, cDNA clone RMNY-BR-55), a protein of the Ena/VASP family involved in the regulation of cell motility and adhesion. A cancer-restricted antibody response against hMena was demonstrated, since 18/93 cancer patient sera, the majority (10/52) from breast cancer, showed anti-hMena-specific IgG, while no antibodies were present in healthy donors. When hMena protein expression was analyzed by Western blot and immunohistochemistry, the antigen was overexpressed in the majority of breast cancer cell lines and in 75% of primary breast tumor lesions evaluated. Furthermore, when HLA-A2-restricted peptides from the hMena sequence were used to stimulate CD8+ T cells, an hMena-specific response was found in 9 out of 12 HLA-A2+ breast cancer patients. In 4 patients, this cell-mediated immune response was concomitant with antibody response to hMena. Furthermore, an hMena-specific T-cell line was established from an HLA-A2+ breast cancer patient whose primary tumor lesion overexpressed the hMena protein. The present findings highlight the emerging role that overexpression of cytoskeleton regulatory components may have in the induction of a specific antitumor immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Di Modugno
- Laboratory of Experimental Chemotherapy, Regina Elena Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
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