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Haga K, Tokui T, Miyamoto K, Takai-Todaka R, Kudo S, Ishikawa A, Ishiyama R, Kato A, Yokoyama M, Katayama K, Nakanishi A. Neonatal Fc receptor is a functional receptor for classical human astrovirus. Genes Cells 2024. [PMID: 39266307 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.13160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
Human astrovirus (HAstV) is a global cause of gastroenteritis in infants, the elderly, and the immunocompromised. However, the molecular mechanisms that control its susceptibility are not fully understood, as the functional receptor used by the virus has yet to be identified. Here, a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 library screen in Caco2 cells revealed that the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) can function as a receptor for classical HAstV (Mamastrovirus genotype 1). Deletion of FCGRT or B2M, which encode subunits of FcRn, rendered Caco2 cells and intestinal organoid cells resistant to HAstV infection. We also showed that human FcRn expression renders non-susceptible cells permissive to viral infection and that FcRn binds directly to the HAstV spike protein. Therefore, our findings provide insight into the entry mechanism of HAstV into susceptible cells. We anticipate that this information can be used to develop new therapies targeting human astroviruses, providing new strategies to treat this global health issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Haga
- Laboratory of Viral Infection Control, Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute & Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Tokui
- Laboratory of Viral Infection Control, Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute & Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kana Miyamoto
- Laboratory of Viral Infection Control, Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute & Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reiko Takai-Todaka
- Laboratory of Viral Infection Control, Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute & Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiori Kudo
- Laboratory of Viral Infection Control, Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute & Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Azusa Ishikawa
- Laboratory of Viral Infection Control, Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute & Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryoka Ishiyama
- Laboratory of Viral Infection Control, Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute & Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Kato
- National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Aging Intervention, Laboratory of Gene Therapy, and Laboratory for Radiation safety, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masaru Yokoyama
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Katayama
- Laboratory of Viral Infection Control, Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute & Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Nakanishi
- National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Aging Intervention, Laboratory of Gene Therapy, and Laboratory for Radiation safety, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, Japan
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2
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Qian S, Zhang D, Yang Z, Li R, Zhang X, Gao F, Yu L. The role of immunoglobulin transport receptor, neonatal Fc receptor in mucosal infection and immunity and therapeutic intervention. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 138:112583. [PMID: 38971109 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) can transport IgG and antigen-antibody complexes participating in mucosal immune responses that protect the host from most pathogens' invasion via the respiratory, digestive, and urogenital tracts. FcRn expression can be triggered upon stimulation with pathogenic invasion on mucosal surfaces, which may significantly modulate the innate immune response of the host. As an immunoglobulin transport receptor, FcRn is implicated in the pathophysiology of immune-related diseases such as infection and autoimmune disorders. In this review, we thoroughly summarize the recent advancement of FcRn in mucosal immunity and its therapeutic strategy. This includes insights into its regulation mechanisms of FcRn expression influenced by pathogens, its emerging role in mucosal immunity and its potential probability as a therapeutic target in infection and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoju Qian
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China; Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Tumor Vaccine and Immunotherapy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China; Xinxiang Engineering Technology Research Center of Immune Checkpoint Drug for Liver-Intestinal Tumors, Henan 453003, China
| | - Danqiong Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China; Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Tumor Vaccine and Immunotherapy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China; Xinxiang Engineering Technology Research Center of Immune Checkpoint Drug for Liver-Intestinal Tumors, Henan 453003, China
| | - Zishan Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China; Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Tumor Vaccine and Immunotherapy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China; Xinxiang Engineering Technology Research Center of Immune Checkpoint Drug for Liver-Intestinal Tumors, Henan 453003, China
| | - Ruixue Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Xuehan Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China; Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Tumor Vaccine and Immunotherapy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China; Xinxiang Engineering Technology Research Center of Immune Checkpoint Drug for Liver-Intestinal Tumors, Henan 453003, China
| | - Feifei Gao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China; Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Tumor Vaccine and Immunotherapy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China; Xinxiang Engineering Technology Research Center of Immune Checkpoint Drug for Liver-Intestinal Tumors, Henan 453003, China
| | - Lili Yu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China; Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Tumor Vaccine and Immunotherapy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China; Xinxiang Engineering Technology Research Center of Immune Checkpoint Drug for Liver-Intestinal Tumors, Henan 453003, China.
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3
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Shaw TM, Huey D, Mousa-Makky M, Compaleo J, Nennig K, Shah AP, Jiang F, Qiu X, Klipsic D, Rowland RRR, Slukvin II, Sullender ME, Baldridge MT, Li H, Warren CJ, Bailey AL. The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) is a pan-arterivirus receptor. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6726. [PMID: 39112502 PMCID: PMC11306234 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51142-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Arteriviruses infect a variety of mammalian hosts, but the receptors used by these viruses to enter cells are poorly understood. We identified the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) as an important pro-viral host factor via comparative genome-wide CRISPR-knockout screens with multiple arteriviruses. Using a panel of cell lines and divergent arteriviruses, we demonstrate that FcRn is required for the entry step of arterivirus infection and serves as a molecular barrier to arterivirus cross-species infection. We also show that FcRn synergizes with another known arterivirus entry factor, CD163, to mediate arterivirus entry. Overexpression of FcRn and CD163 sensitizes non-permissive cells to infection and enables the culture of fastidious arteriviruses. Treatment of multiple cell lines with a pre-clinical anti-FcRn monoclonal antibody blocked infection and rescued cells from arterivirus-induced death. Altogether, this study identifies FcRn as a novel pan-arterivirus receptor, with implications for arterivirus emergence, cross-species infection, and host-directed pan-arterivirus countermeasure development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teressa M Shaw
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Devra Huey
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Makky Mousa-Makky
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jared Compaleo
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kylie Nennig
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Aadit P Shah
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Fei Jiang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Xueer Qiu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Devon Klipsic
- Research Animal Resources and Compliance (RARC), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Raymond R R Rowland
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Igor I Slukvin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Meagan E Sullender
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Megan T Baldridge
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Haichang Li
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Cody J Warren
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
- Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Adam L Bailey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.
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4
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Ayyub M, Thomas JG, Hodeify R. An Overview of the Characteristics, Pathogenesis, Epidemiology, and Detection of Human Enterovirus in the Arabian Gulf Region. Viruses 2024; 16:1187. [PMID: 39205162 PMCID: PMC11359295 DOI: 10.3390/v16081187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses are RNA viruses that initiate infections through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and are associated with enteric illness in individuals of all ages. Most serious infections of enteroviruses are in infants and young children where it is the common cause of aseptic meningitis and other systemic diseases, leading to a high mortality rate. Enteroviruses belong to the small non-enveloped family of the Picornaviridae family. The virus can spread mainly through fecal-oral and respiratory routes. In the Arabian Gulf countries, the incidence of enteroviral infections is only restricted to a few reports, and thus, knowledge of the epidemiology, characteristics, and pathogenesis of the virus in the gulf countries remains scarce. In this minireview, we sought to provide an overview of the characteristics of enterovirus and its pathogenesis, in addition to gathering the reports of enterovirus infection prevalence in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. We also present a summary of the common methods used in its detection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rawad Hodeify
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Arts and Sciences, American University of Ras Al Khaimah, Ras Al Khaimah 72603, United Arab Emirates; (M.A.); (J.G.T.)
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5
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Luo W, Wang L, Chen Z, Liu M, Zhao Y, Wu Y, Huang B, Wang P. Pathoimmunological analyses of fatal E11 infection in premature infants. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1391824. [PMID: 39045132 PMCID: PMC11263194 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1391824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
E11 causes acute fulminant hepatitis in newborns. We investigated the pathological changes of different tissues from premature male twins who died due to E11 infection. The E11 expression level was higher in the liver than in other tissues. IP10 was upregulated in liver tissue in the patient group, and might be regulated by IFNAR and IRF7, whereas IFNα was regulated by IFNAR or IRF5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Luo
- Department of Neonatology, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lixia Wang
- College of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengrong Chen
- Department of Pathology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yixue Zhao
- Department of Neonatology, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yucan Wu
- Department of Neonatology, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bing Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Neonatology, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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6
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Qiao W, Richards CM, Kim Y, Zengel JR, Ding S, Greenberg HB, Carette JE. MYADM binds human parechovirus 1 and is essential for viral entry. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3469. [PMID: 38658526 PMCID: PMC11043367 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47825-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Human parechoviruses (PeV-A) are increasingly being recognized as a cause of infection in neonates and young infants, leading to a spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from mild gastrointestinal and respiratory illnesses to severe sepsis and meningitis. However, the host factors required for parechovirus entry and infection remain poorly characterized. Here, using genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 loss-of-function screens, we identify myeloid-associated differentiation marker (MYADM) as a host factor essential for the entry of several human parechovirus genotypes including PeV-A1, PeV-A2 and PeV-A3. Genetic knockout of MYADM confers resistance to PeV-A infection in cell lines and in human gastrointestinal epithelial organoids. Using immunoprecipitation, we show that MYADM binds to PeV-A1 particles via its fourth extracellular loop, and we identify critical amino acid residues within the loop that mediate binding and infection. The demonstrated interaction between MYADM and PeV-A1, and its importance specifically for viral entry, suggest that MYADM is a virus receptor. Knockout of MYADM does not reduce PeV-A1 attachment to cells pointing to a role at the post-attachment stage. Our study suggests that MYADM is a multi-genotype receptor for human parechoviruses with potential as an antiviral target to combat disease associated with emerging parechoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Qiao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Christopher M Richards
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Youlim Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - James R Zengel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Siyuan Ding
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Harry B Greenberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Jan E Carette
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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7
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Nishimura Y, Sato K, Koyanagi Y, Wakita T, Muramatsu M, Shimizu H, Bergelson JM, Arita M. Enterovirus A71 does not meet the uncoating receptor SCARB2 at the cell surface. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012022. [PMID: 38359079 PMCID: PMC10901359 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) infection involves a variety of receptors. Among them, two transmembrane protein receptors have been investigated in detail and shown to be critical for infection: P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) in lymphocytes (Jurkat cells), and scavenger receptor class B member 2 (SCARB2) in rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells. PSGL-1 and SCARB2 have been reported to be expressed on the surface of Jurkat and RD cells, respectively. In the work reported here, we investigated the roles of PSGL-1 and SCARB2 in the process of EV-A71 entry. We first examined the expression of SCARB2 in Jurkat cells, and detected it within the cytoplasm, but not on the cell surface. Further, using PSGL-1 and SCARB2 knockout cells, we found that although both PSGL-1 and SCARB2 are essential for virus infection of Jurkat cells, virus attachment to these cells requires only PSGL-1. These results led us to evaluate the cell surface expression and the roles of SCARB2 in other EV-A71-susceptible cell lines. Surprisingly, in contrast to the results of previous studies, we found that SCARB2 is absent from the surface of RD cells and other susceptible cell lines we examined, and that although SCARB2 is essential for infection of these cells, it is dispensable for virus attachment. These results indicate that a receptor other than SCARB2 is responsible for virus attachment to the cell and probably for internalization of virions, not only in Jurkat cells but also in RD cells and other EV-A71-susceptible cells. SCARB2 is highly concentrated in lysosomes and late endosomes, where it is likely to trigger acid-dependent uncoating of virions, the critical final step of the entry process. Our results suggest that the essential interactions between EV-A71 and SCARB2 occur, not at the cell surface, but within the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yorihiro Nishimura
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kei Sato
- Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshio Koyanagi
- Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takaji Wakita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masamichi Muramatsu
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Infectious Disease Research, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe, Kobe-shi, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Shimizu
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jeffrey M Bergelson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Minetaro Arita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, Japan
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8
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Raju S, Adams LJ, Diamond MS. The many ways in which alphaviruses bind to cells. Trends Immunol 2024; 45:85-93. [PMID: 38135598 PMCID: PMC10997154 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2023.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Only a subset of viruses can productively infect many different host species. Some arthropod-transmitted viruses, such as alphaviruses, can infect invertebrate and vertebrate species including insects, reptiles, birds, and mammals. This broad tropism may be explained by their ability to engage receptors that are conserved across vertebrate and invertebrate classes. Through several genome-wide loss-of-function screens, new alphavirus receptors have been identified, some of which bind to multiple related viruses in different antigenic complexes. Structural analysis has revealed that distinct sites on the alphavirus glycoprotein can mediate receptor binding, which opposes the idea that a single receptor-binding site mediates viral entry. Here, we discuss how different paradigms of receptor engagement on cells might explain the promiscuity of alphaviruses for multiple hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanan Raju
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Lucas J Adams
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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9
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Torii S, David SC, Larivé O, Cariti F, Kohn T. Observed Kinetics of Enterovirus Inactivation by Free Chlorine Are Host Cell-Dependent. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:18483-18490. [PMID: 36649532 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Virucidal efficacies of disinfectants are typically assessed by infectivity assay utilizing a single type of host cell. Enteroviruses infect multiple host cells via various entry routes, and each entry route may be impaired differently by a given disinfectant. Yet, it is unknown how the choice of host cells affects the observed inactivation kinetics. Here, we evaluated the inactivation kinetics of echovirus 11 (E11) by free chlorine, ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, and heat, using three different host cells (BGMK, RD, and A549). Inactivation rates were independent of the host cell for treatment of E11 by UV or heat. Conversely, E11 inactivation by free chlorine occurred 2-fold faster when enumerated on BGMK cells compared with RD and A549 cells. Host cell-dependent inactivation kinetics by free chlorine were also observed for echovirus 7, 9, and 13, and coxsackievirus A9. E11 inactivation by free chlorine was partly caused by a loss in host cell attachment, which was most pronounced for BGMK cells. BGMK cells lack the attachment receptor CD55 and a key subunit of the uncoating receptor β2M, which may contribute to the differential inactivation kinetics for this cell type. Consequently, inactivation kinetics of enteroviruses should be assessed using host cells with different receptor profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Torii
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Shannon Christa David
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Odile Larivé
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Federica Cariti
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tamar Kohn
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015Lausanne, Switzerland
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10
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Porto PS, Rivera A, Moonrinta R, Wobus CE. Entry and egress of human astroviruses. Adv Virus Res 2023; 117:81-119. [PMID: 37832992 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2023.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Astroviruses encapsidate a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome into ∼30nm icosahedral particles that infect a wide range of mammalian and avian species, but their biology is not well understood. Human astroviruses (HAstV) are divided into three clades: classical HAstV serotypes 1-8, and novel or non-classical HAstV of the MLB and VA clades. These viruses are part of two genogroups and phylogenetically cluster with other mammalian astroviruses, highlighting their zoonotic potential. HAstV are a highly prevalent cause of nonbacterial gastroenteritis, primarily in children, the elderly and immunocompromised. Additionally, asymptomatic infections and extraintestinal disease (e.g., encephalitis), are also observed, mostly in immunocompetent or immunocompromised individuals, respectively. While these viruses are highly prevalent, no approved vaccines or antivirals are available to prevent or treat infections. This is in large part due to their understudied nature and the limited understanding of even very basic features of their life cycle and pathogenesis at the cellular and organismal level. This review will summarize molecular features of human astrovirus biology, pathogenesis, and tropism, and then focus on two stages of the viral life cycle, namely entry and egress, since these are proven targets for therapeutic interventions. We will further highlight gaps in knowledge in hopes of stimulating future research into these understudied viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Soares Porto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United states
| | - Andres Rivera
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United states
| | - Rootjikarn Moonrinta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United states
| | - Christiane E Wobus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United states.
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11
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Aguglia G, Coyne CB, Dermody TS, Williams JV, Freeman MC. Contemporary enterovirus-D68 isolates infect human spinal cord organoids. mBio 2023; 14:e0105823. [PMID: 37535397 PMCID: PMC10470749 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01058-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is a nonpolio enterovirus associated with severe respiratory illness and acute flaccid myelitis (AFM), a polio-like illness causing paralysis in children. AFM outbreaks have been associated with increased circulation and genetic diversity of EV-D68 since 2014, although the virus was discovered in the 1960s. The mechanisms by which EV-D68 targets the central nervous system are unknown. Since enteroviruses are human pathogens that do not routinely infect other animal species, establishment of a human model of the central nervous system is essential for understanding pathogenesis. Here, we describe two human spinal cord organoid (hSCO)-based models for EV-D68 infection derived from induced, pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines. One hSCO model consists primarily of spinal motor neurons, while the another model comprises multiple neuronal cell lineages, including motor neurons, interneurons, and glial cells. These hSCOs can be productively infected with contemporary strains, but not a historic strain, of EV-D68 and produce extracellular virus for at least 2 weeks without appreciable cytopathic effect. By comparison, infection with hSCO with another enterovirus, echovirus 11, causes significant structural destruction and apoptosis. Together, these findings suggest that EV-D68 infection is not the sole mediator of neuronal cell death in the spinal cord in those with AFM and that secondary injury from the immune response likely contributes to pathogenesis. IMPORTANCE AFM is a rare condition that causes significant morbidity in affected children, often contributing to life-long sequelae. It is unknown how EV-D68 causes paralysis in children, and effective therapeutic and preventative strategies are not available. Mice are not native hosts for EV-D68, and thus, existing mouse models use immunosuppressed or neonatal mice, mouse-adapted viruses, or intracranial inoculations. To complement existing models, we report two hSCO models for EV-D68 infection. These three-dimensional, multicellular models comprised human cells and include multiple neural lineages, including motor neurons, interneurons, and glial cells. These new hSCO models for EV-D68 infection will contribute to understanding how EV-D68 damages the human spinal cord, which could lead to new therapeutic and prophylactic strategies for this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Aguglia
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Carolyn B. Coyne
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Terence S. Dermody
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Institute for Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity (i4Kids), UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John V. Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Institute for Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity (i4Kids), UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Megan Culler Freeman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Institute for Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity (i4Kids), UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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12
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Liang Y, Chen J, Wang C, Yu B, Zhang Y, Liu Z. Investigating the mechanism of Echovirus 30 cell invasion. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1174410. [PMID: 37485505 PMCID: PMC10359910 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1174410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses invade susceptible cells through a complex mechanism before injecting their genetic material into them. This causes direct damage to the host cell, as well as resulting in disease in the corresponding system. Echovirus type 30 (E30) is a member of the Enterovirus B group and has recently been reported to cause central nervous system (CNS) disorders, leading to viral encephalitis and viral meningitis in children. In this review, we aim to help in improving the understanding of the mechanisms of CNS diseases caused by E30 for the subsequent development of relevant drugs and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucai Liang
- Department of Microbiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Junbing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Gastrointestinal Cancer Center, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Congcong Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Bowen Yu
- Department of Immunology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zhijun Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
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13
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Pyzik M, Kozicky LK, Gandhi AK, Blumberg RS. The therapeutic age of the neonatal Fc receptor. Nat Rev Immunol 2023; 23:415-432. [PMID: 36726033 PMCID: PMC9891766 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-022-00821-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
IgGs are essential soluble components of the adaptive immune response that evolved to protect the body from infection. Compared with other immunoglobulins, the role of IgGs is distinguished and enhanced by their high circulating levels, long half-life and ability to transfer from mother to offspring, properties that are conferred by interactions with neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn). FcRn binds to the Fc portion of IgGs in a pH-dependent manner and protects them from intracellular degradation. It also allows their transport across polarized cells that separate tissue compartments, such as the endothelium and epithelium. Further, it is becoming apparent that FcRn functions to potentiate cellular immune responses when IgGs, bound to their antigens, form IgG immune complexes. Besides the protective role of IgG, IgG autoantibodies are associated with numerous pathological conditions. As such, FcRn blockade is a novel and effective strategy to reduce circulating levels of pathogenic IgG autoantibodies and curtail IgG-mediated diseases, with several FcRn-blocking strategies on the path to therapeutic use. Here, we describe the current state of knowledge of FcRn-IgG immunobiology, with an emphasis on the functional and pathological aspects, and an overview of FcRn-targeted therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Pyzik
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Lisa K Kozicky
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amit K Gandhi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard S Blumberg
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Digestive Diseases Center, Boston, MA, USA.
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14
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Garand M, Huang SSY, Goessling LS, Wan F, Santillan DA, Santillan MK, Brar A, Wylie TN, Wylie KM, Eghtesady P. Virome Analysis and Association of Positive Coxsackievirus B Serology during Pregnancy with Congenital Heart Disease. Microorganisms 2023; 11:262. [PMID: 36838226 PMCID: PMC9963073 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously shown coxsackievirus B (CVB) to be a potent inducer of congenital heart disease (CHD) in mice. The clinical relevance of these findings in humans and the roles of other viruses in the pathogenesis of CHD remain unknown. METHODS We obtained plasma samples, collected at all trimesters, from 89 subjects (104 pregnancies), 73 healthy controls (88 pregnancies), and 16 with CHD-affected birth (16 pregnancies), from the Perinatal Family Tissue Bank (PFTB). We performed CVB IgG/IgM serological assays on plasma. We also used ViroCap sequencing and PCR to test for viral nucleic acid in plasma, circulating leukocytes from the buffy coat, and in the media of a co-culture system. RESULTS CVB IgG/IgM results indicated that prior exposure was 7.8 times more common in the CHD group (95% CI, 1.14-54.24, adj. p-value = 0.036). However, the CVB viral genome was not detected in plasma, buffy coat, or co-culture supernatant by molecular assays, although other viruses were detected. CONCLUSION Detection of viral nucleic acid in plasma was infrequent and specifically no CVB genome was detected. However, serology demonstrated that prior CVB exposure is higher in CHD-affected pregnancies. Further studies are warranted to understand the magnitude of the contribution of the maternal blood virome to the pathogenesis of CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Garand
- Division of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Susie S. Y. Huang
- Division of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Lisa S. Goessling
- Division of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Fei Wan
- Department of Public Health Sciences and Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Donna A. Santillan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Mark K. Santillan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Anoop Brar
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Todd N. Wylie
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kristine M. Wylie
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Pirooz Eghtesady
- Division of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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15
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Matía A, Lorenzo MM, Romero-Estremera YC, Sánchez-Puig JM, Zaballos A, Blasco R. Identification of β2 microglobulin, the product of B2M gene, as a Host Factor for Vaccinia Virus Infection by Genome-Wide CRISPR genetic screens. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010800. [PMID: 36574441 PMCID: PMC9829182 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide genetic screens are powerful tools to identify genes that act as host factors of viruses. We have applied this technique to analyze the infection of HeLa cells by Vaccinia virus, in an attempt to find genes necessary for infection. Infection of cell populations harboring single gene inactivations resulted in no surviving cells, suggesting that no single gene knock-out was able to provide complete resistance to Vaccinia virus and thus allow cells to survive infection. In the absence of an absolute infection blockage, we explored if some gene inactivations could provide partial protection leading to a reduced probability of infection. Multiple experiments using modified screening procedures involving replication restricted viruses led to the identification of multiple genes whose inactivation potentially increase resistance to infection and therefore cell survival. As expected, significant gene hits were related to proteins known to act in virus entry, such as ITGB1 and AXL as well as genes belonging to their downstream related pathways. Additionally, we consistently found β2-microglobulin, encoded by the B2M gene, among the screening top hits, a novel finding that was further explored. Inactivation of B2M resulted in 54% and 91% reduced VV infection efficiency in HeLa and HAP1 cell lines respectively. In the absence of B2M, while virus binding to the cells was unaffected, virus internalization and early gene expression were significantly diminished. These results point to β2-microglobulin as a relevant factor in the Vaccinia virus entry process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Matía
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (INIA–CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria M. Lorenzo
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (INIA–CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Yolimar C. Romero-Estremera
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (INIA–CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juana M. Sánchez-Puig
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (INIA–CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel Zaballos
- Unidad de Genómica, Centro Nacional de Microbiología-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Blasco
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (INIA–CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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16
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Human FcRn Is a Two-in-One Attachment-Uncoating Receptor for Echovirus 18. mBio 2022; 13:e0116622. [PMID: 35862785 PMCID: PMC9426509 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01166-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus-receptor interactions determine viral host range and tissue tropism. CD55 and human neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) were found to be the binding and uncoating receptors for some of the echovirus-related enterovirus species B serotypes in our previous study. Echovirus 18 (E18), as a member of enterovirus species B, is a significant causative agent of aseptic meningitis and viral encephalitis in children. However, it does not use CD55 as a critical host factor. We conducted CRISPR/Cas9 knockout screening to determine the receptors and entry mechanisms and identified FcRn working as a dual-function receptor for E18. Knockout of FCGRT and B2M, which encode the two subunits of FcRn, prevented infection by E18 and other echoviruses in the same physiological cluster. We then elucidated the underlying molecular mechanism of receptor recognition by E18 using cryogenic electron microscopy. The binding of the FCGRT subunit to the canyon region rotates the residues around the pocket, triggering the release of the pocket factor as observed for other enterovirus species B members.
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17
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An In Vivo Model of Echovirus-Induced Meningitis Defines the Differential Roles of Type I and Type III Interferon Signaling in Central Nervous System Infection. J Virol 2022; 96:e0033022. [PMID: 35699446 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00330-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Echoviruses are among the most common worldwide causes of aseptic meningitis, which can cause long-term sequelae and death, particularly in neonates. However, the mechanisms by which these viruses induce meningeal inflammation are poorly understood, owing at least in part to the lack of in vivo models that recapitulate this aspect of echovirus pathogenesis. Here, we developed an in vivo neonatal mouse model that recapitulates key aspects of echovirus-induced meningitis. We show that expression of the human homologue of the primary echovirus receptor, the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn), is not sufficient for infection of the brains of neonatal mice. However, ablation of type I, but not III, interferon (IFN) signaling in mice expressing human FcRn permitted high levels of echovirus replication in the brain, with corresponding clinical symptoms, including delayed motor skills and hind-limb weakness. Using this model, we defined the immunological response of the brain to echovirus infection and identified key cytokines, such as granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and interleukin 6 (IL-6), that were induced by this infection. Lastly, we showed that echoviruses specifically replicate in the leptomeninges, where they induce profound inflammation and cell death. Together, this work establishes an in vivo model of aseptic meningitis associated with echovirus infections that delineates the differential roles of type I and type III IFNs in echovirus-associated neuronal disease and defines the specificity of echoviral infections within the meninges. IMPORTANCE Echoviruses are among the most common worldwide causes of aseptic meningitis, which can cause long-term sequelae or even death. The mechanisms by which echoviruses infect the brain are poorly understood, largely owing to the lack of robust in vivo models that recapitulate this aspect of echovirus pathogenesis. Here, we establish a neonatal mouse model of echovirus-induced aseptic meningitis and show that expression of the human homologue of the FcRn, the primary receptor for echoviruses, and ablation of type I IFN signaling are required to recapitulate echovirus-induced meningitis and clinical disease. These findings provide key insights into the host factors that control echovirus-induced meningitis and a model that could be used to test anti-echovirus therapeutics.
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18
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Enterovirus Replication and Dissemination Are Differentially Controlled by Type I and III Interferons in the Gastrointestinal Tract. mBio 2022; 13:e0044322. [PMID: 35604122 PMCID: PMC9239134 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00443-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Echovirus infections are associated with a broad spectrum of illness, particularly in neonates, and are primarily transmitted through the fecal-oral route. Little is known regarding how echoviruses infect the gastrointestinal tract and how the intestinal epithelium controls echoviral replication.
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Abstract
Echovirus 30 (E30), a member of species B enterovirus, is associated with outbreaks of aseptic meningitis and has become a global health emergency. However, the pathogenesis of E30 remains poorly understood due to the lack of appropriate animal models. In this study, we established a mouse infection model to explore the pathogenicity of E30. The 2-day-old IFNAR-/- mice infected with E30 strain WZ16 showed lethargy and paralysis, and some died. Obvious pathological changes were observed in the skeletal muscle, brain tissue, and other tissues, with the highest viral load in the skeletal muscles. Transcriptome analysis of brain and skeletal muscle tissues from infected mice showed that significant differentially expressed genes were enriched in complement response and neuropathy-related pathways. Using immunofluorescence assay, we found that the viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) was detected in the mouse brain region and could infect human glioma (U251) cells. These results indicated that E30 affects the nervous system, and they provide a theoretical basis for understanding its pathogenesis. IMPORTANCE Echovirus 30 (E30) infection causes a wide spectrum of diseases with mild symptoms, such as hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), acute flaccid paralysis, and aseptic meningitis and other diseases, especially one of the most common pathogens causing aseptic meningitis outbreaks. We established a novel mouse model of E30 infection by inoculating neonatal mice with clinical isolates of E30 and observed the pathological changes induced by E30. Using the E30 infection model, we found complement responses and neuropathy-related genes in the mice tissues at the transcriptome level. Moreover, we found that the viral dsRNA localized in the mouse brain and could replicate in human glioma cell line U251 rather than in the neuroblastoma cell line, SK-N-SH.
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20
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Singh S, Mane SS, Kasniya G, Cartaya S, Rahman MM, Maheshwari A, Motta M, Dudeja P. Enteroviral Infections in Infants. NEWBORN (CLARKSVILLE, MD.) 2022; 1:297-305. [PMID: 36304567 PMCID: PMC9599990 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-11002-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Enteroviruses (EVs) are major pathogens in young infants. These viruses were traditionally classified into the following four subgenera: polio, coxsackie A and B, and echoviruses. Now that poliomyelitis seems to be controlled in most parts of the world, coxsackie and echoviruses are gaining more attention because (i) the structural and pathophysiological similarities and (ii) the consequent possibilities in translational medicine. Enteroviruses are transmitted mainly by oral and fecal-oral routes; the clinical manifestations include a viral prodrome including fever, feeding intolerance, and lethargy, which may be followed by exanthema; aseptic meningitis and encephalitis; pleurodynia; myopericarditis; and multi-system organ failure. Laboratory diagnosis is largely based on reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, cell culture, and serology. Prevention and treatment can be achieved using vaccination, and administration of immunoglobulins and antiviral drugs. In this article, we have reviewed the properties of these viruses, their clinical manifestations, and currently available methods of detection, treatment, and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srijan Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, Grant Government Medical College and Sir JJ Group of Hospitals, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sushant Satish Mane
- Department of Pediatrics, Grant Government Medical College and Sir JJ Group of Hospitals, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Gangajal Kasniya
- Department of Pediatrics, Cohen Children’s Medical Center, New Hyde Park, New York, United States of America
| | - Sofia Cartaya
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Mohd Mujibur Rahman
- Department of Neonatology, Institute of Child and Mother Health, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Akhil Maheshwari
- Global Newborn Society, Clarksville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mario Motta
- Neonatologia e Terapia Intensiva Neonatale ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Italy
| | - Pradeep Dudeja
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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21
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Heckenberg E, Steppe JT, Coyne CB. Enteroviruses: The role of receptors in viral pathogenesis. Adv Virus Res 2022; 113:89-110. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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22
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Fan W, Mar KB, Sari L, Gaszek IK, Cheng Q, Evers BM, Shelton JM, Wight-Carter M, Siegwart DJ, Lin MM, Schoggins JW. TRIM7 inhibits enterovirus replication and promotes emergence of a viral variant with increased pathogenicity. Cell 2021; 184:3410-3425.e17. [PMID: 34062120 PMCID: PMC8276836 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To control viral infection, vertebrates rely on both inducible interferon responses and less well-characterized cell-intrinsic responses composed of "at the ready" antiviral effector proteins. Here, we show that E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM7 is a cell-intrinsic antiviral effector that restricts multiple human enteroviruses by targeting viral 2BC, a membrane remodeling protein, for ubiquitination and proteasome-dependent degradation. Selective pressure exerted by TRIM7 results in emergence of a TRIM7-resistant coxsackievirus with a single point mutation in the viral 2C ATPase/helicase. In cultured cells, the mutation helps the virus evade TRIM7 but impairs optimal viral replication, and this correlates with a hyperactive and structurally plastic 2C ATPase. Unexpectedly, the TRIM7-resistant virus has a replication advantage in mice and causes lethal pancreatitis. These findings reveal a unique mechanism for targeting enterovirus replication and provide molecular insight into the benefits and trade-offs of viral evolution imposed by a host restriction factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchun Fan
- Department of Microbiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Katrina B Mar
- Department of Microbiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Levent Sari
- Green Center for Molecular, Computational, and Systems Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ilona K Gaszek
- Green Center for Molecular, Computational, and Systems Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Qiang Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Bret M Evers
- Departments of Pathology and Ophthalmology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - John M Shelton
- Department of Internal Medicine, Histo Pathology Core Division, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Mary Wight-Carter
- Animal Resource Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Daniel J Siegwart
- Department of Biochemistry, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Milo M Lin
- Green Center for Molecular, Computational, and Systems Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - John W Schoggins
- Department of Microbiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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23
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Bakoa F, Préhaud C, Beauclair G, Chazal M, Mantel N, Lafon M, Jouvenet N. Genomic diversity contributes to the neuroinvasiveness of the Yellow fever French neurotropic vaccine. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:64. [PMID: 33903598 PMCID: PMC8076279 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00318-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mass vaccination with the live attenuated vaccine YF-17D is the current way to prevent infection with Yellow fever virus (YFV). However, 0.000012-0.00002% of vaccinated patients develop post-vaccination neurological syndrome (YEL-AND). Understanding the factors responsible for neuroinvasion, neurotropism, and neurovirulence of the vaccine is critical for improving its biosafety. The YF-FNV vaccine strain, known to be associated with a higher frequency of YEL-AND (0.3-0.4%) than YF-17D, is an excellent model to study vaccine neuroinvasiveness. We determined that neuroinvasiveness of YF-FNV occured both via infection and passage through human brain endothelial cells. Plaque purification and next generation sequencing (NGS) identified several neuroinvasive variants. Their neuroinvasiveness was not higher than that of YF-FNV. However, rebuilding the YF-FNV population diversity from a set of isolated YF-FNV-N variants restored the original neuroinvasive phenotype of YF-FNV. Therefore, we conclude that viral population diversity is a critical factor for YFV vaccine neuroinvasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Bakoa
- Unité de Neuroimmunologie Virale, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Research and External Innovation Department, Sanofi Pasteur, Marcy L'Etoile, France
- Sorbonne Université, Collège doctoral, Paris, France
- Unité de Signalisation Antivirale, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Guillaume Beauclair
- Unité de Signalisation Antivirale, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule, UMR9198, Équipe Autophagie et Immunité Antivirale, Faculté de Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Maxime Chazal
- Unité de Signalisation Antivirale, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Mantel
- Research and External Innovation Department, Sanofi Pasteur, Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | - Monique Lafon
- Unité de Neuroimmunologie Virale, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
| | - Nolwenn Jouvenet
- Unité de Signalisation Antivirale, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
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Patel DD, Bussel JB. Neonatal Fc receptor in human immunity: Function and role in therapeutic intervention. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 146:467-478. [PMID: 32896307 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The humoral immune response provides specific, long-lived protection against invading pathogens, via immunoglobulin production and other memory functions. IgG, the most abundant immunoglobulin isotype, has the longest half-life and protects against bacterial and viral infections. The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) transports IgG across barriers, for example, the placenta, enhancing fetal humoral immunity to levels similar to their mothers'. Importantly, FcRn, by protecting IgG from intracellular degradation, results in an approximately 21-day circulating IgG half-life and high plasma levels; similarly, FcRn recycles albumin and is the portal of entry for enteric cytopathic human orphan (echo) virus infection. Dysregulated immune responses may lead to antibodies against self-antigens (autoantibodies), resulting in organ-specific or systemic autoimmune diseases. Autoantibody-mediated diseases have been treated by nonspecific immunoglobulin-lowering/modulating therapies, including immunoadsorption, plasma exchange, and high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin. However, targeting FcRn with specific inhibitors results in reduction in only IgG levels. The effectiveness of FcRn inhibitors in autoimmune diseases, including myasthenia gravis and immune thrombocytopenia, provides further evidence that IgG is a primary driver in these autoantibody-mediated diseases. We describe the role of FcRn in human biology, including insights that clinical testing of FcRn inhibitors have provided into FcRn biology and autoimmune disease mechanisms, allowing fact-based speculation on their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhavalkumar D Patel
- UCB Pharma, Brussels, Belgium; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC.
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25
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Peters CE, Carette JE. Return of the Neurotropic Enteroviruses: Co-Opting Cellular Pathways for Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020166. [PMID: 33499355 PMCID: PMC7911124 DOI: 10.3390/v13020166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses are among the most common human infectious agents. While infections are often mild, the severe neuropathogenesis associated with recent outbreaks of emerging non-polio enteroviruses, such as EV-A71 and EV-D68, highlights their continuing threat to public health. In recent years, our understanding of how non-polio enteroviruses co-opt cellular pathways has greatly increased, revealing intricate host-virus relationships. In this review, we focus on newly identified mechanisms by which enteroviruses hijack the cellular machinery to promote their replication and spread, and address their potential for the development of host-directed therapeutics. Specifically, we discuss newly identified cellular receptors and their contribution to neurotropism and spread, host factors required for viral entry and replication, and recent insights into lipid acquisition and replication organelle biogenesis. The comprehensive knowledge of common cellular pathways required by enteroviruses could expose vulnerabilities amenable for host-directed therapeutics against a broad spectrum of enteroviruses. Since this will likely include newly arising strains, it will better prepare us for future epidemics. Moreover, identifying host proteins specific to neurovirulent strains may allow us to better understand factors contributing to the neurotropism of these viruses.
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26
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Wells AI, Grimes KA, Kim K, Branche E, Bakkenist CJ, DePas WH, Shresta S, Coyne CB. Human FcRn expression and Type I Interferon signaling control Echovirus 11 pathogenesis in mice. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009252. [PMID: 33513208 PMCID: PMC7875378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal echovirus infections are characterized by severe hepatitis and neurological complications that can be fatal. Here, we show that expression of the human homologue of the neonatal Fc receptor (hFcRn), the primary receptor for echoviruses, and ablation of type I interferon (IFN) signaling are key host determinants involved in echovirus pathogenesis. We show that expression of hFcRn alone is insufficient to confer susceptibility to echovirus infections in mice. However, expression of hFcRn in mice deficient in type I interferon (IFN) signaling, hFcRn-IFNAR-/-, recapitulate the echovirus pathogenesis observed in humans. Luminex-based multianalyte profiling from E11 infected hFcRn-IFNAR-/- mice revealed a robust systemic immune response to infection, including the induction of type I IFNs. Furthermore, similar to the severe hepatitis observed in humans, E11 infection in hFcRn-IFNAR-/- mice caused profound liver damage. Our findings define the host factors involved in echovirus pathogenesis and establish in vivo models that recapitulate echovirus disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra I. Wells
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kalena A. Grimes
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kenneth Kim
- Kord Animal Health Diagnostic Laboratory, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Emilie Branche
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher J. Bakkenist
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - William H. DePas
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sujan Shresta
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Carolyn B. Coyne
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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27
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Wang K, Zhu L, Sun Y, Li M, Zhao X, Cui L, Zhang L, Gao GF, Zhai W, Zhu F, Rao Z, Wang X. Structures of Echovirus 30 in complex with its receptors inform a rational prediction for enterovirus receptor usage. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4421. [PMID: 32887891 PMCID: PMC7474057 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18251-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor usage that determines cell tropism and drives viral classification closely correlates with the virus structure. Enterovirus B (EV-B) consists of several subgroups according to receptor usage, among which echovirus 30 (E30), a leading causative agent for human aseptic meningitis, utilizes FcRn as an uncoating receptor. However, receptors for many EVs remain unknown. Here we analyzed the atomic structures of E30 mature virion, empty- and A-particles, which reveals serotype-specific epitopes and striking conformational differences between the subgroups within EV-Bs. Of these, the VP1 BC loop markedly distinguishes E30 from other EV-Bs, indicative of a role as a structural marker for EV-B. By obtaining cryo-electron microscopy structures of E30 in complex with its receptor FcRn and CD55 and comparing its homologs, we deciphered the underlying molecular basis for receptor recognition. Together with experimentally derived viral receptor identifications, we developed a structure-based in silico algorithm to inform a rational prediction for EV receptor usage. Echovirus 30 (E30) belongs to the Enterovirus-B group and causes aseptic meningitis in humans. Here, the authors present the cryo-EM structures of the E30 E-particle, A-particle and the mature virion, as well as structures of E30 in complex with its receptor FcRn and CD55, and furthermore they describe a structure-based algorithm that allows the prediction of EV receptor usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,NHC Key Laboratories of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210009, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences and College of Pharmacy and Drug Discovery Center for Infectious Diseases, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300353, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yao Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Minhao Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Lunbiao Cui
- NHC Key Laboratories of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Li Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratories of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - George F Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Weiwei Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Fengcai Zhu
- NHC Key Laboratories of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Zihe Rao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences and College of Pharmacy and Drug Discovery Center for Infectious Diseases, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300353, China
| | - Xiangxi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences and College of Pharmacy and Drug Discovery Center for Infectious Diseases, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300353, China.
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28
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Serotype specific epitopes identified by neutralizing antibodies underpin immunogenic differences in Enterovirus B. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4419. [PMID: 32887892 PMCID: PMC7474084 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18250-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Echovirus 30 (E30), a serotype of Enterovirus B (EV-B), recently emerged as a major causative agent of aseptic meningitis worldwide. E30 is particularly devastating in the neonatal population and currently no vaccine or antiviral therapy is available. Here we characterize two highly potent E30-specific monoclonal antibodies, 6C5 and 4B10, which efficiently block binding of the virus to its attachment receptor CD55 and uncoating receptor FcRn. Combinations of 6C5 and 4B10 augment the sum of their individual anti-viral activities. High-resolution structures of E30-6C5-Fab and E30-4B10-Fab define the location and nature of epitopes targeted by the antibodies. 6C5 and 4B10 engage the capsid loci at the north rim of the canyon and in-canyon, respectively. Notably, these regions exhibit antigenic variability across EV-Bs, highlighting challenges in development of broad-spectrum antibodies. Our structures of these neutralizing antibodies of E30 are instructive for development of vaccines and therapeutics against EV-B infections. So far no vaccine or antiviral therapy is available for Echovirus 30 (E30) that causes aseptic meningitis. Here, the authors generate and characterise two E30-specific monoclonal antibodies that block binding of the virus to its attachment receptor CD55 and uncoating receptor FcRn, and determine the cryo-EM structures of E30 with the bound neutralizing antibodies.
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29
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Wang Y, Zhang H, Ma D, Deng X, Wu D, Li F, Wu Q, Liu H, Wang J. Hsp70 Is a Potential Therapeutic Target for Echovirus 9 Infection. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:146. [PMID: 32766279 PMCID: PMC7379509 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Echovirus is an important cause of viral pneumonia and encephalitis in infants, neonates, and young children worldwide. However, the exact mechanism of its pathogenesis is still not well understood. Here, we established an echovirus type 9 infection mice model, and performed two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS)-based comparative proteomics analysis to investigate the differentially expressed host proteins in mice brain. A total of 21 differentially expressed proteins were identified by MS/MS. The annotation of the differentially expressed proteins by function using the UniProt and GO databases identified one viral protein (5%), seven cytoskeletal proteins (33%), six macromolecular biosynthesis and metabolism proteins (28%), two stress response and chaperone binding proteins (9%), and five other cellular proteins (25%). The subcellular locations of these proteins were mainly found in the cytoskeleton, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, and Golgi apparatus. The protein expression profiles and the results of quantitative RT-PCR in the detection of gene transcripts were found to complement each other. The differential protein interaction network was predicted using the STRING database. Of the identified proteins, heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70), showing consistent results in the proteomics and transcriptomic analyses, was analyzed through Western blotting to verify the reliability of differential protein expression data in this study. Further, evaluation of the function of Hsp70 using siRNA and quercetin, an inhibitor of Hsp70, showed that Hsp70 was necessary for the infection of echovirus type 9. This study revealed that echovirus infection could cause the differential expression of a series of host proteins, which is helpful to reveal the pathogenesis of viral infection and identify therapeutic drug targets. Additionally, our results suggest that Hsp70 could be a useful therapeutic host protein target for echovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dongbo Ma
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiang Deng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dongdong Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qiuge Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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30
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Laajala M, Reshamwala D, Marjomäki V. Therapeutic targets for enterovirus infections. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 24:745-757. [DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1784141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mira Laajala
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Dhanik Reshamwala
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Varpu Marjomäki
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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31
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Vandesande H, Laajala M, Kantoluoto T, Ruokolainen V, Lindberg AM, Marjomäki V. Early Entry Events in Echovirus 30 Infection. J Virol 2020; 94:e00592-20. [PMID: 32295914 PMCID: PMC7307138 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00592-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Echovirus 30 (E30), a member of the enterovirus B species, is a major cause of viral meningitis, targeting children and adults alike. While it is a frequently isolated enterovirus and the cause of several outbreaks all over the world, surprisingly little is known regarding its entry and replication strategy within cells. In this study, we used E30 strain Bastianni (E30B) generated from an infectious cDNA clone in order to study early entry events during infection in human RD cells. E30B required the newly discovered Fc echovirus receptor (FcRn) for successful infection, but not the coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) or decay-accelerating factor (DAF), although an interaction with DAF was observed. Double-stranded RNA replication intermediate was generated between 2 and 3 h postinfection (p.i.), and viral capsid production was initiated between 4 and 5 h p.i. The drugs affecting Rac1 (NSC 23766) and cholesterol (filipin III) compromised infection, whereas bafilomycin A1, dyngo, U-73122, wortmannin, and nocodazole did not, suggesting the virus follows an enterovirus-triggered macropinocytic pathway rather than the clathrin pathway. Colocalization with early endosomes and increased infection due to constitutively active Rab5 expression suggests some overlap and entry to classical early endosomes. Taken together, these results suggest that E30B induces an enterovirus entry pathway, leading to uncoating in early endosomes.IMPORTANCE Echovirus 30 (E30) is a prevalent enterovirus causing regular outbreaks in both children and adults in different parts of the world. It is therefore surprising that relatively little is known of its infectious entry pathway. We set out to generate a cDNA clone and gradient purified the virus in order to study the early entry events in human cells. We have recently studied other enterovirus B group viruses, like echovirus 1 (EV1) and coxsackievirus A9 (CVA9), and found many similarities between those viruses, allowing us to define a so-called "enterovirus entry pathway." Here, E30 is reminiscent of these viruses, for example, by not relying on acidification for infectious entry. However, despite not using the clathrin entry pathway, E30 accumulates in classical early endosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Vandesande
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Mira Laajala
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tino Kantoluoto
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Visa Ruokolainen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - A Michael Lindberg
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Varpu Marjomäki
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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32
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Majer A, McGreevy A, Booth TF. Molecular Pathogenicity of Enteroviruses Causing Neurological Disease. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:540. [PMID: 32328043 PMCID: PMC7161091 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses are single-stranded positive-sense RNA viruses that primarily cause self-limiting gastrointestinal or respiratory illness. In some cases, these viruses can invade the central nervous system, causing life-threatening neurological diseases including encephalitis, meningitis and acute flaccid paralysis (AFP). As we near the global eradication of poliovirus, formerly the major cause of AFP, the number of AFP cases have not diminished implying a non-poliovirus etiology. As the number of enteroviruses linked with neurological disease is expanding, of which many had previously little clinical significance, these viruses are becoming increasingly important to public health. Our current understanding of these non-polio enteroviruses is limited, especially with regards to their neurovirulence. Elucidating the molecular pathogenesis of these viruses is paramount for the development of effective therapeutic strategies. This review summarizes the clinical diseases associated with neurotropic enteroviruses and discusses recent advances in the understanding of viral invasion of the central nervous system, cell tropism and molecular pathogenesis as it correlates with host responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Majer
- Viral Diseases Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Alan McGreevy
- Viral Diseases Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Biology, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Timothy F Booth
- Viral Diseases Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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33
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Cain MD, Salimi H, Diamond MS, Klein RS. Mechanisms of Pathogen Invasion into the Central Nervous System. Neuron 2020; 103:771-783. [PMID: 31487528 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
CNS infections continue to rise in incidence in conjunction with increases in immunocompromised populations or conditions that contribute to the emergence of pathogens, such as global travel, climate change, and human encroachment on animal territories. The severity and complexity of these diseases is impacted by the diversity of etiologic agents and their routes of neuroinvasion. In this review, we present historical, clinical, and molecular concepts regarding the mechanisms of pathogen invasion of the CNS. We also discuss the structural components of CNS compartments that influence pathogen entry and recent discoveries of the pathways exploited by pathogens to facilitate CNS infections. Advances in our understanding of the CNS invasion mechanisms of different neurotropic pathogens may enable the development of strategies to control their entry and deliver drugs to mitigate established infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Cain
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Hamid Salimi
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Robyn S Klein
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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34
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Segrist E, Cherry S. Using Diverse Model Systems to Define Intestinal Epithelial Defenses to Enteric Viral Infections. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 27:329-344. [PMID: 32164844 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The intestine is an essential physical and immunological barrier comprised of a monolayer of diverse and specialized epithelial cells that perform functions ranging from nutrient absorption to pathogen sensing and intestinal homeostasis. The intestinal barrier prevents translocation of intestinal microbes into internal compartments. The microbiota is comprised of a complex community largely populated by diverse bacterial species that provide metabolites, nutrients, and immune stimuli that promote intestinal and organismal health. Although commensal organisms promote health, enteric pathogens, including a diverse plethora of enteric viruses, cause acute and chronic diseases. The barrier epithelium plays fundamental roles in immune defenses against enteric viral infections by integrating diverse signals, including those from the microbiota, to prevent disease. Importantly, many model systems have contributed to our understanding of this complex interface. This review will focus on the antiviral mechanisms at play within the intestinal epithelium and how these responses are shaped by the microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisha Segrist
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sara Cherry
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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35
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Zhao Y, Zhou D, Ni T, Karia D, Kotecha A, Wang X, Rao Z, Jones EY, Fry EE, Ren J, Stuart DI. Hand-foot-and-mouth disease virus receptor KREMEN1 binds the canyon of Coxsackie Virus A10. Nat Commun 2020; 11:38. [PMID: 31911601 PMCID: PMC6946704 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13936-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus A10 (CV-A10) is responsible for an escalating number of severe infections in children, but no prophylactics or therapeutics are currently available. KREMEN1 (KRM1) is the entry receptor for the largest receptor-group of hand-foot-and-mouth disease causing viruses, which includes CV-A10. We report here structures of CV-A10 mature virus alone and in complex with KRM1 as well as of the CV-A10 A-particle. The receptor spans the viral canyon with a large footprint on the virus surface. The footprint has some overlap with that seen for the neonatal Fc receptor complexed with enterovirus E6 but is larger and distinct from that of another enterovirus receptor SCARB2. Reduced occupancy of a particle-stabilising pocket factor in the complexed virus and the presence of both unbound and expanded virus particles suggests receptor binding initiates a cascade of conformational changes that produces expanded particles primed for viral uncoating.
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MESH Headings
- Enterovirus A, Human/chemistry
- Enterovirus A, Human/genetics
- Enterovirus A, Human/physiology
- Enterovirus A, Human/ultrastructure
- Enterovirus Infections/genetics
- Enterovirus Infections/metabolism
- Enterovirus Infections/virology
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus/genetics
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus/physiology
- Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/genetics
- Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/metabolism
- Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/virology
- Humans
- Membrane Proteins/chemistry
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Receptors, Virus/chemistry
- Receptors, Virus/genetics
- Receptors, Virus/metabolism
- Virus Uncoating
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuguang Zhao
- Division of Structural Biology, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Daming Zhou
- Division of Structural Biology, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Tao Ni
- Division of Structural Biology, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Dimple Karia
- Division of Structural Biology, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Abhay Kotecha
- Division of Structural Biology, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Materials and Structural Analysis, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Xiangxi Wang
- National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Zihe Rao
- National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - E Yvonne Jones
- Division of Structural Biology, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Elizabeth E Fry
- Division of Structural Biology, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Jingshan Ren
- Division of Structural Biology, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK.
| | - David I Stuart
- Division of Structural Biology, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK.
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK.
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36
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Sridhar A, Karelehto E, Brouwer L, Pajkrt D, Wolthers KC. Parechovirus A Pathogenesis and the Enigma of Genotype A-3. Viruses 2019; 11:v11111062. [PMID: 31739613 PMCID: PMC6893760 DOI: 10.3390/v11111062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parechovirus A is a species in the Parechovirus genus within the Picornaviridae family that can cause severe disease in children. Relatively little is known on Parechovirus A epidemiology and pathogenesis. This review aims to explore the Parechovirus A literature and highlight the differences between Parechovirus A genotypes from a pathogenesis standpoint. In particular, the curious case of Parechovirus-A3 and the genotype-specific disease association will be discussed. Finally, a brief outlook on Parechovirus A research is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adithya Sridhar
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.K.); (L.B.); (K.C.W.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Eveliina Karelehto
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.K.); (L.B.); (K.C.W.)
| | - Lieke Brouwer
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.K.); (L.B.); (K.C.W.)
| | - Dasja Pajkrt
- Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Katja C. Wolthers
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.K.); (L.B.); (K.C.W.)
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37
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Wen X, Sun D, Guo J, Elgner F, Wang M, Hildt E, Cheng A. Multifunctionality of structural proteins in the enterovirus life cycle. Future Microbiol 2019; 14:1147-1157. [PMID: 31368347 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2019-0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the genus Enterovirus have a significant effect on human health, especially in infants and children. Since the viral genome has limited coding capacity, Enteroviruses subvert a range of cellular processes for viral infection via the interaction of viral proteins and numerous cellular factors. Intriguingly, the capsid-receptor interaction plays a crucial role in viral entry and has significant implications in viral pathogenesis. Moreover, interactions between structural proteins and host factors occur directly or indirectly in multiple steps of viral replication. In this review, we focus on the current understanding of the multifunctionality of structural proteins in the viral life cycle, which may constitute valuable targets for antiviral and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingjian Wen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, PR China.,Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Department of Virology, Langen, Germany
| | - Di Sun
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Jinlong Guo
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Fabian Elgner
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Department of Virology, Langen, Germany
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Eberhard Hildt
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Department of Virology, Langen, Germany
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, PR China
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38
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Pyzik M, Sand KMK, Hubbard JJ, Andersen JT, Sandlie I, Blumberg RS. The Neonatal Fc Receptor (FcRn): A Misnomer? Front Immunol 2019; 10:1540. [PMID: 31354709 PMCID: PMC6636548 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies are essential components of an adaptive immune response. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is the most common type of antibody found in circulation and extracellular fluids. Although IgG alone can directly protect the body from infection through the activities of its antigen binding region, the majority of IgG immune functions are mediated via proteins and receptors expressed by specialized cell subsets that bind to the fragment crystallizable (Fc) region of IgG. Fc gamma (γ) receptors (FcγR) belong to a broad family of proteins that presently include classical membrane-bound surface receptors as well as atypical intracellular receptors and cytoplasmic glycoproteins. Among the atypical FcγRs, the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) has increasingly gained notoriety given its intimate influence on IgG biology and its ability to also bind to albumin. FcRn functions as a recycling or transcytosis receptor that is responsible for maintaining IgG and albumin in the circulation, and bidirectionally transporting these two ligands across polarized cellular barriers. More recently, it has been appreciated that FcRn acts as an immune receptor by interacting with and facilitating antigen presentation of peptides derived from IgG immune complexes (IC). Here we review FcRn biology and focus on newer advances including how emerging FcRn-targeted therapies may affect the immune responses to IgG and IgG IC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Pyzik
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kine M K Sand
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jonathan J Hubbard
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jan Terje Andersen
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Inger Sandlie
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Richard S Blumberg
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Harvard Digestive Diseases Center, Boston, MA, United States
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39
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Laajala M, Marjomäki V. A Common Receptor Found for Echoviruses. Trends Microbiol 2019; 27:475-477. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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40
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Wells AI, Coyne CB. Enteroviruses: A Gut-Wrenching Game of Entry, Detection, and Evasion. Viruses 2019; 11:E460. [PMID: 31117206 PMCID: PMC6563291 DOI: 10.3390/v11050460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses are a major source of human disease, particularly in neonates and young children where infections can range from acute, self-limited febrile illness to meningitis, endocarditis, hepatitis, and acute flaccid myelitis. The enterovirus genus includes poliovirus, coxsackieviruses, echoviruses, enterovirus 71, and enterovirus D68. Enteroviruses primarily infect by the fecal-oral route and target the gastrointestinal epithelium early during their life cycles. In addition, spread via the respiratory tract is possible and some enteroviruses such as enterovirus D68 are preferentially spread via this route. Once internalized, enteroviruses are detected by intracellular proteins that recognize common viral features and trigger antiviral innate immune signaling. However, co-evolution of enteroviruses with humans has allowed them to develop strategies to evade detection or disrupt signaling. In this review, we will discuss how enteroviruses infect the gastrointestinal tract, the mechanisms by which cells detect enterovirus infections, and the strategies enteroviruses use to escape this detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra I Wells
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA.
| | - Carolyn B Coyne
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA.
- Richard K. Mellon Institute for Pediatric Research, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA.
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