1
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Dhar T, Bera D, Chaudhuri T, Mukhopadhyay C. Metal and acid-free synthesis of acenaphthenone-2-ylidene ketones in PEG 400 and their radical nitration by TBN in water. Org Biomol Chem 2024. [PMID: 39254654 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00963k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis of acenaphthenone-2-ylidene ketones has been developed using PEG 400 as a solvent under metal and acid-free conditions. Using TBN as a nitrating agent under atmospheric oxygen, nitration of acenaphthenone-2-ylidene ketones has been accomplished for the first time. Upon nitration, (E)-2-(2-oxo-2-phenylethylidene)acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one and alkyl (E)-2-(2-oxoacenaphthylen-1(2H)-ylidene)acetate give the diastereomer with the same geometry. The variety of substrates employed and low cost and non-toxicity of the chemicals used in this process demonstrate its important applicability. Another noteworthy aspect of the procedure is that, in contrast to previous procedures, it does not use HNO3 or metal nitrates during the transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiyasa Dhar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 APC Road, Kolkata-700009, India.
| | - Debasish Bera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 APC Road, Kolkata-700009, India.
| | - Tandrima Chaudhuri
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. Bhupendranath Dutta Smriti Mahavidyalaya, Burdwan 713407, India
| | - Chhanda Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 APC Road, Kolkata-700009, India.
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2
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Emmanuel MA, Bender SG, Bilodeau C, Carceller JM, DeHovitz JS, Fu H, Liu Y, Nicholls BT, Ouyang Y, Page CG, Qiao T, Raps FC, Sorigué DR, Sun SZ, Turek-Herman J, Ye Y, Rivas-Souchet A, Cao J, Hyster TK. Photobiocatalytic Strategies for Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2023; 123:5459-5520. [PMID: 37115521 PMCID: PMC10905417 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalysis has revolutionized chemical synthesis, providing sustainable methods for preparing various organic molecules. In enzyme-mediated organic synthesis, most reactions involve molecules operating from their ground states. Over the past 25 years, there has been an increased interest in enzymatic processes that utilize electronically excited states accessed through photoexcitation. These photobiocatalytic processes involve a diverse array of reaction mechanisms that are complementary to one another. This comprehensive review will describe the state-of-the-art strategies in photobiocatalysis for organic synthesis until December 2022. Apart from reviewing the relevant literature, a central goal of this review is to delineate the mechanistic differences between the general strategies employed in the field. We will organize this review based on the relationship between the photochemical step and the enzymatic transformations. The review will include mechanistic studies, substrate scopes, and protein optimization strategies. By clearly defining mechanistically-distinct strategies in photobiocatalytic chemistry, we hope to illuminate future synthetic opportunities in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Emmanuel
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Sophie G Bender
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Catherine Bilodeau
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Jose M Carceller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Institute of Chemical Technology (ITQ), Universitat Politècnica de València, València 46022,Spain
| | - Jacob S DeHovitz
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Haigen Fu
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Bryce T Nicholls
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Yao Ouyang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Claire G Page
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Tianzhang Qiao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Felix C Raps
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Damien R Sorigué
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Aix-Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnologies, BIAM Cadarache, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Shang-Zheng Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Joshua Turek-Herman
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Yuxuan Ye
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Ariadna Rivas-Souchet
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Jingzhe Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Todd K Hyster
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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3
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Panaccione DG. Derivation of the multiply-branched ergot alkaloid pathway of fungi. Microb Biotechnol 2023; 16:742-756. [PMID: 36636806 PMCID: PMC10034635 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Ergot alkaloids are a large family of fungal specialized metabolites that are important as toxins in agriculture and as the foundation of powerful pharmaceuticals. Fungi from several lineages and diverse ecological niches produce ergot alkaloids from at least one of several branches of the ergot alkaloid pathway. The biochemical and genetic bases for the different branches have been established and are summarized briefly herein. Several pathway branches overlap among fungal lineages and ecological niches, indicating activities of ergot alkaloids benefit fungi in different environments and conditions. Understanding the functions of the multiple genes in each branch of the pathway allows researchers to parse the abundant genomic sequence data available in public databases in order to assess the ergot alkaloid biosynthesis capacity of previously unexplored fungi. Moreover, the characterization of the genes involved in the various branches provides opportunities and resources for the biotechnological manipulation of ergot alkaloids for experimentation and pharmaceutical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Panaccione
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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4
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Shan X, Gao P, Zhang S, Jia X, Yuan Y. 2,2′‐Azodi(2‐methylbutyronitrile) (AMBN) Promoted Alkenylation of Cyclic Ethers via Radical Addition to β‐Nitrostyrenes. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202200425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Shan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225002, Jiangsu Province P. R. China
| | - Pan Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225002, Jiangsu Province P. R. China
| | - Shuwei Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225002, Jiangsu Province P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Jia
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225002, Jiangsu Province P. R. China
| | - Yu Yuan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225002, Jiangsu Province P. R. China
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5
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Křen V, Kroutil W, Hall M. A Career in Biocatalysis: Kurt Faber. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Křen
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Biotransformation, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Mélanie Hall
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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6
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Tsypik O, Makitrynskyy R, Frensch B, Zechel DL, Paululat T, Teufel R, Bechthold A. Oxidative Carbon Backbone Rearrangement in Rishirilide Biosynthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:5913-5917. [PMID: 32182053 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b12736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The structural diversity of type II polyketides is largely generated by tailoring enzymes. In rishirilide biosynthesis by Streptomyces bottropensis, 13C-labeling studies previously implied extraordinary carbon backbone and side-chain rearrangements. In this work, we employ gene deletion experiments and in vitro enzyme studies to identify key biosynthetic intermediates and expose intricate redox tailoring steps for the formation of rishirilides A, B, and D and lupinacidin A. First, the flavin-dependent RslO5 reductively ring-opens the epoxide moiety of an advanced polycyclic intermediate to form an alcohol. Flavin monooxygenase RslO9 then oxidatively rearranges the carbon backbone, presumably via lactone-forming Baeyer-Villiger oxidation and subsequent intramolecular aldol condensation. While RslO9 can further convert the rearranged intermediate to rishirilide D and lupinacidin A, an additional ketoreductase RslO8 is required for formation of the main products rishirilide A and rishirilide B. This work provides insight into the structural diversification of aromatic polyketide natural products via unusual redox tailoring reactions that appear to defy biosynthetic logic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Tsypik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 19, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roman Makitrynskyy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 19, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Britta Frensch
- Faculty of Biology, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - David L Zechel
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston K7L 3N6, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas Paululat
- Organic Chemistry, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Straße 2, 57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Robin Teufel
- Faculty of Biology, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Bechthold
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 19, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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7
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Ipso-nitration of carboxylic acids using a mixture of nitronium tetrafluoroborate, base and 1-hexyl-3,4,5-trimethyl-1H-imidazolium tetrafluoroborate. Tetrahedron Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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8
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Li Y, Izumi T. A Novel Asymmetric reduction of Nitroolefin 2-Nitro-1-Phenyl-1-Propene by Using BINAP-Ruthenium(II) Complexes. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.3184/030823403103173462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The ruthenium BINAP complex, [Ru(OAc)2{(S)-BINAP}], can catalyse the hydrogenation of 2-nitro-1-phenyl-1-propene (1) to give optically active 2-nitro-1-phenylpropane (2) in moderate enantiomeric excess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yamagata University, 3-16 Jonan 4-Chome, Yonezawa, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Taeko Izumi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yamagata University, 3-16 Jonan 4-Chome, Yonezawa, 992-8510, Japan
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9
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Veloso-Silva LLW, Dores-Silva PR, Bertolino-Reis DE, Moreno-Oliveira LF, Libardi SH, Borges JC. Structural studies of Old Yellow Enzyme of Leishmania braziliensis in solution. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 661:87-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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10
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Ambala S, Singh R, Singh M, Cham PS, Gupta R, Munagala G, Yempalla KR, Vishwakarma RA, Singh PP. Metal-free, room temperature, acid-K2S2O8 mediated method for the nitration of olefins: an easy approach for the synthesis of nitroolefins. RSC Adv 2019; 9:30428-30431. [PMID: 35530202 PMCID: PMC9072150 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra06414a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we have developed a simple, room temperature method for the nitration of olefins by using inexpensive sodium nitrite as a source of nitro groups in the presence of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and potassium persulfate (K2S2O8) under an open atmosphere. Styrenes and mono-substituted olefins give stereo-selective corresponding E-nitroolefins under optimized conditions, however, 1,1-bisubstituted olefins give a mixture of E- and Z-nitroolefins. The optimized conditions work well with electron-donating, electron-withdrawing, un-substituted and heterocyclic styrenes and mono-substituted olefins and give corresponding nitroolefins with good to excellent yields. Here, we have developed a simple, room temperature method for the nitration of olefins by using inexpensive sodium nitrite as a source of nitro groups in the presence of TFA and potassium persulphate under an open atmosphere.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Ambala
- Medicinal Chemistry Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research
- India
| | - Rohit Singh
- Medicinal Chemistry Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research
- India
| | - Maninder Singh
- Medicinal Chemistry Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine
- India
| | - Pankaj Singh Cham
- Medicinal Chemistry Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine
- India
| | - Ria Gupta
- Medicinal Chemistry Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research
- India
| | - Gurunadham Munagala
- Medicinal Chemistry Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research
- India
| | - Kushalava Reddy Yempalla
- Medicinal Chemistry Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research
- India
| | - Ram A. Vishwakarma
- Medicinal Chemistry Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research
- India
| | - Parvinder Pal Singh
- Medicinal Chemistry Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research
- India
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11
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Tripathi S, Kapoor R, Yadav LDS. Visible Light Activated Radical Denitrative Benzoylation of β
-Nitrostyrenes: A Photocatalytic Approach to Chalcones. Adv Synth Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201701559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shubhangi Tripathi
- Green Synthesis Lab; Department of Chemistry; University of Allahabad; Allahabad 211002 India
| | - Ritu Kapoor
- Green Synthesis Lab; Department of Chemistry; University of Allahabad; Allahabad 211002 India
| | - Lal Dhar S. Yadav
- Green Synthesis Lab; Department of Chemistry; University of Allahabad; Allahabad 211002 India
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12
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Pitsawong W, Haynes CA, Koder RL, Rodgers DW, Miller AF. Mechanism-Informed Refinement Reveals Altered Substrate-Binding Mode for Catalytically Competent Nitroreductase. Structure 2017; 25:978-987.e4. [PMID: 28578873 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Nitroreductase (NR) from Enterobacter cloacae reduces diverse nitroaromatics including herbicides, explosives, and prodrugs, and holds promise for bioremediation, prodrug activation, and enzyme-assisted synthesis. We solved crystal structures of NR complexes with bound substrate or analog for each of its two half-reactions. We complemented these with kinetic isotope effect (KIE) measurements elucidating H-transfer steps essential to each half-reaction. KIEs indicate hydride transfer from NADH to the flavin consistent with our structure of NR with the NADH analog nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide (NAAD). The KIE on reduction of p-nitrobenzoic acid (p-NBA) also indicates hydride transfer, and requires revision of prior computational mechanisms. Our mechanistic information provided a structural restraint for the orientation of bound substrate, placing the nitro group closer to the flavin N5 in the pocket that binds the amide of NADH. KIEs show that solvent provides a proton, enabling accommodation of different nitro group placements, consistent with the broad repertoire of NR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warintra Pitsawong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40506-0055, USA
| | - Chad A Haynes
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology, University of Kentucky, 741 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA
| | - Ronald L Koder
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40506-0055, USA
| | - David W Rodgers
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology, University of Kentucky, 741 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA.
| | - Anne-Frances Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40506-0055, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology, University of Kentucky, 741 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA.
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13
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Brenna E, Crotti M, Gatti FG, Monti D, Parmeggiani F, Santangelo S. Asymmetric Bioreduction of β-Acylaminonitroalkenes: Easy Access to Chiral Building Blocks with Two Vicinal Nitrogen-Containing Functional Groups. ChemCatChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201700063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Brenna
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta”; Politecnico di Milano; Via Mancinelli 7, I- 20131 Milano Italy
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare; C.N.R.; Via Mario Bianco 9, I- 20131 Milano Italy
| | - Michele Crotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta”; Politecnico di Milano; Via Mancinelli 7, I- 20131 Milano Italy
| | - Francesco G. Gatti
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta”; Politecnico di Milano; Via Mancinelli 7, I- 20131 Milano Italy
| | - Daniela Monti
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare; C.N.R.; Via Mario Bianco 9, I- 20131 Milano Italy
| | - Fabio Parmeggiani
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta”; Politecnico di Milano; Via Mancinelli 7, I- 20131 Milano Italy
| | - Sara Santangelo
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta”; Politecnico di Milano; Via Mancinelli 7, I- 20131 Milano Italy
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14
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Pesic M, Fernández-Fueyo E, Hollmann F. Characterization of the Old Yellow Enzyme Homolog fromBacillus subtilis(YqjM). ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201700724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Milja Pesic
- Department of Biotechnology; Delft University of Technology; Van der Maasewg 9 2629HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Fernández-Fueyo
- Department of Biotechnology; Delft University of Technology; Van der Maasewg 9 2629HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Department of Biotechnology; Delft University of Technology; Van der Maasewg 9 2629HZ Delft, The Netherlands
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15
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Turrini NG, Eger E, Reiter TC, Faber K, Hall M. Sequential Enzymatic Conversion of α-Angelica Lactone to γ-Valerolactone through Hydride-Independent C=C Bond Isomerization. CHEMSUSCHEM 2016; 9:3393-3396. [PMID: 27885835 PMCID: PMC5574032 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201601363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A case of hydride-independent reaction catalyzed by flavin-dependent ene-reductases from the Old Yellow Enzyme (OYE) family was identified. α-Angelica lactone was isomerized to the conjugated β-isomer in a nicotinamide-free and hydride-independent process. The catalytic cycle of C=C bond isomerization appears to be flavin-independent and to rely solely on a deprotonation-reprotonation sequence through acid-base catalysis. Key residues in the enzyme active site were mutated and provided insight on important mechanistic features. The isomerization of α-angelica lactone by OYE2 in aqueous buffer furnished 6.3 mm β-isomer in 15 min at 30 °C. In presence of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), the latter could be further reduced to γ-valerolactone. This enzymatic tool was successfully applied on semi-preparative scale and constitutes a sustainable process for the valorization of platform chemicals from renewable resources.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisabeth Eger
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Tamara C. Reiter
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
- ACIB GmbH, Department of ChemistryUniversity of GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Kurt Faber
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Mélanie Hall
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
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16
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Zhang N, Quan ZJ, Wang XC. Nickel-Catalyzed Denitrated Coupling Reaction of Nitroalkenes with Aliphatic and Aromatic Alkenes. Adv Synth Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201600586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou; Gansu 730070 People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Jun Quan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou; Gansu 730070 People's Republic of China
| | - Xi-Cun Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou; Gansu 730070 People's Republic of China
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17
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Poomathi N, Perumal PT. Cinchona alkaloid and di-tert-butyldicarbonate–DMAP promoted efficient synthesis of (E)-nitroolefins. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra06644e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple and efficient metal-free methodology for the synthesis of β-nitroolefins has been developed from arylidinemalononitrile using bifunctional cinchona alkaloid along with di-tert-butyldicarbonate–DMAP in high yields with total selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataraj Poomathi
- Organic Chemistry Division
- CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute
- Chennai-600020
- India
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18
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Zhang N, Quan ZJ, Zhang Z, Da YX, Wang XC. Synthesis of stilbene derivatives via visible-light-induced cross-coupling of aryl diazonium salts with nitroalkenes using –NO2 as a leaving group. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:14234-14237. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc08182g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photocatalytic coupling of nitroalkenes with diazonium salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Northwest Normal University
- Lanzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Zheng-Jun Quan
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Northwest Normal University
- Lanzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Zhang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Northwest Normal University
- Lanzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Yu-Xia Da
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Northwest Normal University
- Lanzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Xi-Cun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Northwest Normal University
- Lanzhou
- P. R. China
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19
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Applications of protein engineering to members of the old yellow enzyme family. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:624-31. [PMID: 25940546 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In the 20 years since Massey's initial report in 1995, interest in using alkene reductases to prepare chiral intermediates for synthesis has grown rapidly. While native alkene reductases often show very high stereoselectivities toward favorable substrates, these enzymes have somewhat size-restricted active sites that limit their substrate ranges to small alkenes. In addition, most alkene reductases have the same stereoselectivities, which makes it difficult to access the "other" product enantiomers. Protein engineering strategies have been used to address both of these issues and good progress has been made in several cases. This review summarizes published examples through late 2014 and focuses on studies of six enzymes: Saccharomyces pastorianus OYE 1, tomato OPR1, Zymomonas mobilis NCR, Enterobacter cloacae PB2 PETN reductase, Bacillus subtilis YqjM and Pichia stipitis OYE 2.6.
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20
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Hou F, Miyakawa T, Kitamura N, Takeuchi M, Park SB, Kishino S, Ogawa J, Tanokura M. Structure and reaction mechanism of a novel enone reductase. FEBS J 2015; 282:1526-37. [PMID: 25702712 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Recently, a novel gut-bacterial fatty acid metabolism, saturation of polyunsaturated fatty acid, that modifies fatty acid composition of the host and is expected to improve our health by altering lipid metabolism related to the onset of metabolic syndrome, was discovered in Lactobacillus plantarum AKU 1009a. Enzymes constituting the pathway catalyze sequential reactions of free fatty acids without CoA or acyl carrier protein. Among these enzymes, CLA-ER was identified as an enone reductase that can saturate the C=C bond in the 10-oxo-trans-11-octadecenoic acid (KetoB) to produce 10-oxo-octadecanoic acid (KetoC). This enzyme is the sole member of the NADH oxidase/flavin reductase family that has been identified to exert an enone reduction activity. Here, we report both the structure of holo CLA-ER with cofactor FMN and the KetoC-bound structure, which elucidate the structural basis of enone group recognition of free fatty acids and provide the unique catalytic mechanism as an enone reductase in the NADH oxidase/flavin reductase family. A 'cap' structure of CLA-ER underwent a large conformational change upon KetoC binding. The resulting binding site adopts a sandglass shape and is positively charged at one side, which is suitable to recognize a fatty acid molecule with enone group. Based on the crystal structures and enzymatic activities of several mutants, we identified C51, F126 and Y101 as the critical residues for the reaction and proposed an alternative electron transfer pathway of CLA-ER. These findings expand our understanding of the complexity of fatty acid metabolism. DATABASE The atomic coordinates have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank (PDB), www.pdb.org (PDB ID 4QLX, 4QLY).
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Hou
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Japan
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21
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Diversification of ergot alkaloids in natural and modified fungi. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:201-18. [PMID: 25609183 PMCID: PMC4303823 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7010201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Several fungi in two different families--the Clavicipitaceae and the Trichocomaceae--produce different profiles of ergot alkaloids, many of which are important in agriculture and medicine. All ergot alkaloid producers share early steps before their pathways diverge to produce different end products. EasA, an oxidoreductase of the old yellow enzyme class, has alternate activities in different fungi resulting in branching of the pathway. Enzymes beyond the branch point differ among lineages. In the Clavicipitaceae, diversity is generated by the presence or absence and activities of lysergyl peptide synthetases, which interact to make lysergic acid amides and ergopeptines. The range of ergopeptines in a fungus may be controlled by the presence of multiple peptide synthetases as well as by the specificity of individual peptide synthetase domains. In the Trichocomaceae, diversity is generated by the presence or absence of the prenyl transferase encoded by easL (also called fgaPT1). Moreover, relaxed specificity of EasL appears to contribute to ergot alkaloid diversification. The profile of ergot alkaloids observed within a fungus also is affected by a delayed flux of intermediates through the pathway, which results in an accumulation of intermediates or early pathway byproducts to concentrations comparable to that of the pathway end product.
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22
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Xue C, Fu C, Ma S. Highly regio- and stereoselective nitro-oxoamination of mono-substituted allenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:15333-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc05743k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Romano D, Contente ML, Molinari F, Eberini I, Ruvutuso E, Sensi C, Amaretti A, Rossi M, Raimondi S. Recombinant S. cerevisiae expressing Old Yellow Enzymes from non-conventional yeasts: an easy system for selective reduction of activated alkenes. Microb Cell Fact 2014; 13:60. [PMID: 24767246 PMCID: PMC4013436 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-13-60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Old Yellow Enzymes (OYEs) are flavin-dependent enoate reductases (EC 1.6.99.1) that catalyze the stereoselective hydrogenation of electron-poor alkenes. Their ability to generate up to two stereocenters by the trans-hydrogenation of the C = C double bond is highly demanded in asymmetric synthesis. Isolated redox enzymes utilization require the addition of cofactors and systems for their regeneration. Microbial whole-cells may represent a valid alternative combining desired enzymatic activity and efficient cofactor regeneration. Considerable efforts were addressed at developing novel whole-cell OYE biocatalysts, based on recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing OYE genes. Results Recombinant S. cerevisiae BY4741∆Oye2 strains, lacking endogenous OYE and expressing nine separate OYE genes from non-conventional yeasts, were used as whole-cell biocatalysts to reduce substrates with an electron-poor double bond activated by different electron-withdrawing groups. Ketoisophorone, α-methyl-trans-cinnamaldehyde, and trans-β-methyl-β-nitrostyrene were successfully reduced with high rates and selectivity. A series of four alkyl-substituted cyclohex-2-enones was tested to check the versatility and efficiency of the biocatalysts. Reduction of double bond occurred with high rates and enantioselectivity, except for 3,5,5-trimethyl-2-cyclohexenone. DFT (density functional theory) computational studies were performed to investigate whether the steric hindrance and/or the electronic properties of the substrates were crucial for reactivity. The three-dimensional structure of enoate reductases from Kluyveromyces lodderae and Candida castellii, predicted through comparative modeling, resulted similar to that of S. cerevisiae OYE2 and revealed the key role of Trp116 both in substrate specificity and stereocontrol. All the modeling studies indicate that steric hindrance was a major determinant in the enzyme reactivity. Conclusions The OYE biocatalysts, based on recombinant S. cerevisiae expressing OYE genes from non-conventional yeasts, were able to differently reduce the activated double bond of enones, enals and nitro-olefins, exhibiting a wide range of substrate specificity. Moreover whole-cells biocatalysts bypassed the necessity of the cofactor recycling and, tuning reaction parameters, allowed the synthetic exploitation of endogenous carbonyl reductases. Molecular modeling studies highlighted key structural features for further improvement of catalytic properties of OYE enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Stefano Raimondi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via G, Campi 183, 41125 Modena, Italy.
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24
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Gudipati V, Koch K, Lienhart WD, Macheroux P. The flavoproteome of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2014; 1844:535-44. [PMID: 24373875 PMCID: PMC3991850 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2013.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Genome analysis of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae identified 68 genes encoding flavin-dependent proteins (1.1% of protein encoding genes) to which 47 distinct biochemical functions were assigned. The majority of flavoproteins operate in mitochondria where they participate in redox processes revolving around the transfer of electrons to the electron transport chain. In addition, we found that flavoenzymes play a central role in various aspects of iron metabolism, such as iron uptake, the biogenesis of iron-sulfur clusters and insertion of the heme cofactor into apocytochromes. Another important group of flavoenzymes is directly (Dus1-4p and Mto1p) or indirectly (Tyw1p) involved in reactions leading to tRNA-modifications. Despite the wealth of genetic information available for S. cerevisiae, we were surprised that many flavoproteins are poorly characterized biochemically. For example, the role of the yeast flavodoxins Pst2p, Rfs1p and Ycp4p with regard to their electron donor and acceptor is presently unknown. Similarly, the function of the heterodimeric Aim45p/Cir1p, which is homologous to the electron-transferring flavoproteins of higher eukaryotes, in electron transfer processes occurring in the mitochondrial matrix remains to be elucidated. This lack of information extends to the five membrane proteins involved in riboflavin or FAD transport as well as FMN and FAD homeostasis within the yeast cell. Nevertheless, several yeast flavoproteins, were identified as convenient model systems both in terms of their mechanism of action as well as structurally to improve our understanding of diseases caused by dysfunctional human flavoprotein orthologs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venugopal Gudipati
- Graz University of Technology, Institute of Biochemistry, Petersgasse 12, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Karin Koch
- Graz University of Technology, Institute of Biochemistry, Petersgasse 12, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolf-Dieter Lienhart
- Graz University of Technology, Institute of Biochemistry, Petersgasse 12, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Macheroux
- Graz University of Technology, Institute of Biochemistry, Petersgasse 12, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
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25
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Litthauer S, Gargiulo S, van Heerden E, Hollmann F, Opperman D. Heterologous expression and characterization of the ene-reductases from Deinococcus radiodurans and Ralstonia metallidurans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2013.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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26
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Yan G, Borah AJ, Wang L. Recent advances in the synthesis of nitroolefin compounds. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:6049-58. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00573b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on recent achievements in nitroolefin synthesis and the mechanisms of the reactions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guobing Yan
- Department of Chemistry
- Lishui University
- Lishui City 323000, P. R. China
| | - Arun Jyoti Borah
- Department of Chemistry
- Lishui University
- Lishui City 323000, P. R. China
| | - Lianggui Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- Lishui University
- Lishui City 323000, P. R. China
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27
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Pompeu YA, Sullivan B, Stewart JD. X-ray Crystallography Reveals How Subtle Changes Control the Orientation of Substrate Binding in an Alkene Reductase. ACS Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/cs400622e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuri A. Pompeu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Florida, 126 Sisler Hall, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Bradford Sullivan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Florida, 126 Sisler Hall, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Jon D. Stewart
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Florida, 126 Sisler Hall, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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28
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Vitturi DA, Chen CS, Woodcock SR, Salvatore SR, Bonacci G, Koenitzer JR, Stewart NA, Wakabayashi N, Kensler TW, Freeman BA, Schopfer FJ. Modulation of nitro-fatty acid signaling: prostaglandin reductase-1 is a nitroalkene reductase. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:25626-25637. [PMID: 23878198 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.486282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation, characterized by the activation of both resident and infiltrated immune cells, is accompanied by increased production of oxidizing and nitrating species. Nitrogen dioxide, the proximal nitrating species formed under these conditions, reacts with unsaturated fatty acids to yield nitroalkene derivatives. These electrophilic products modulate protein function via post-translational modification of susceptible nucleophilic amino acids. Nitroalkenes react with Keap1 to instigate Nrf2 signaling, activate heat shock response gene expression, and inhibit NF-κB-mediated signaling, inducing net anti-inflammatory and tissue-protective metabolic responses. We report the purification and characterization of a NADPH-dependent liver enzyme that reduces the nitroalkene moiety of nitro-oleic acid, yielding the inactive product nitro-stearic acid. Prostaglandin reductase-1 (PtGR-1) was identified as a nitroalkene reductase by protein purification and proteomic studies. Kinetic measurements, inhibition studies, immunological and molecular biology approaches as well as clinical analyses confirmed this identification. Overexpression of PtGR-1 in HEK293T cells promoted nitroalkene metabolism to inactive nitroalkanes, an effect that abrogated the Nrf2-dependent induction of heme oxygenase-1 expression by nitro-oleic acid. These results situate PtGR-1 as a critical modulator of both the steady state levels and signaling activities of fatty acid nitroalkenes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chen-Shan Chen
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology
| | | | | | | | | | - Nicolas A Stewart
- Biomedical Mass Spectrometry Center. University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
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29
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Li S, Huang K, Zhang J, Wu W, Zhang X. Rh-catalyzed highly enantioselective hydrogenation of nitroalkenes under basic conditions. Chemistry 2013; 19:10840-4. [PMID: 23818425 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201301049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengkun Li
- College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P. R. China
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30
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Maity S, Naveen T, Sharma U, Maiti D. Stereoselective Nitration of Olefins with tBuONO and TEMPO: Direct Access to Nitroolefins under Metal-free Conditions. Org Lett 2013; 15:3384-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ol401426p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Soham Maity
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400 076, India
| | - Togati Naveen
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400 076, India
| | - Upendra Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400 076, India
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400 076, India
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31
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Oberdorfer G, Binter A, Wallner S, Durchschein K, Hall M, Faber K, Macheroux P, Gruber K. The structure of glycerol trinitrate reductase NerA from Agrobacterium radiobacter reveals the molecular reason for nitro- and ene-reductase activity in OYE homologues. Chembiochem 2013; 14:836-45. [PMID: 23606302 PMCID: PMC3659409 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, Old Yellow Enzymes (OYEs) and their homologues have found broad application in the efficient asymmetric hydrogenation of activated C=C bonds with high selectivities and yields. Members of this class of enzymes have been found in many different organisms and are rather diverse on the sequence level, with pairwise identities as low as 20 %, but they exhibit significant structural similarities with the adoption of a conserved (αβ)8-barrel fold. Some OYEs have been shown not only to reduce C=C double bonds, but also to be capable of reducing nitro groups in both saturated and unsaturated substrates. In order to understand this dual activity we determined and analyzed X-ray crystal structures of NerA from Agrobacterium radiobacter, both in its apo form and in complex with 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde and with 1-nitro-2-phenylpropene. These structures, together with spectroscopic studies of substrate binding to several OYEs, indicate that nitro-containing substrates can bind to OYEs in different binding modes, one of which leads to C=C double bond reduction and the other to nitro group reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustav Oberdorfer
- ACIB--Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Petergasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
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32
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Fisher K, Mohr S, Mansell D, Goddard NJ, Fielden PR, Scrutton NS. Electro-enzymatic viologen-mediated substrate reduction using pentaerythritol tetranitrate reductase and a parallel, segmented fluid flow system. Catal Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cy20720j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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33
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Goretti M, Branda E, Turchetti B, Cramarossa MR, Onofri A, Forti L, Buzzini P. Response surface methodology as optimization strategy for asymmetric bioreduction of (4S)-(+)-carvone by Cryptococcus gastricus. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 121:290-297. [PMID: 22858498 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.06.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Revised: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/24/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Response surface methodology was applied in optimizing the asymmetric bioreduction of (4S)-(+)-carvone to dihydrocarvone (with low incidence of unsought side reactions) by using whole-cells of Cryptococcus gastricus. A factorial design (2(5)) including five independent variables was performed: X(1)=incubation time; X(2)=pH; X(3)=amount of whole-cells; X(4)=concentration of (4S)-(+)-carvone; X(5)=concentration of cofactor-recycling system. The utilization of glucose and glycerol as cofactor-recycling systems was checked. On the basis of the results of factorial design, three independent variables (X(1), X(3) and X(4)) out of five were further selected for performing a central composite design (CCD). First and second order polynomial equations obtained by CCD were used to select the optimal values of independent variables in order to maximize the bioreduction yield of (4S)-(+)-carvone and, at the same time, to minimize the occurrence of side reactions (i.e. further reduction of dihydrocarvone to dihydrocarveol).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Goretti
- Department of Applied Biology & Industrial Yeasts Collection DBVPG, University of Perugia, Italy
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34
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Li S, Huang K, Cao B, Zhang J, Wu W, Zhang X. Highly enantioselective hydrogenation of β,β-disubstituted nitroalkenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:8573-6. [PMID: 22807193 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201202715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2012] [Revised: 05/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Building the building blocks: A highly enantioselective hydrogenation of β-aryl-β-alkyl disubstituted nitroalkenes 1 has been developed. This method results in enantiomerically pure nitroalkanes 2, which are versatile precursors for chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengkun Li
- Institute of Pesticide Science and College of Science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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35
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Li S, Huang K, Cao B, Zhang J, Wu W, Zhang X. Highly Enantioselective Hydrogenation of β,β‐Disubstituted Nitroalkenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201202715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengkun Li
- Institute of Pesticide Science and College of Science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 (China)
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854 (USA) http://rutchem.rutgers.edu/∼xumuweb/
| | - Kexuan Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854 (USA) http://rutchem.rutgers.edu/∼xumuweb/
| | - Bonan Cao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854 (USA) http://rutchem.rutgers.edu/∼xumuweb/
| | - Jiwen Zhang
- Institute of Pesticide Science and College of Science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 (China)
| | - Wenjun Wu
- Institute of Pesticide Science and College of Science, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 (China)
| | - Xumu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854 (USA) http://rutchem.rutgers.edu/∼xumuweb/
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36
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Raimondi S, Romano D, Amaretti A, Molinari F, Rossi M. Enoate reductases from non conventional yeasts: Bioconversion, cloning, and functional expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biotechnol 2011; 156:279-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2011.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 07/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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37
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Goretti M, Ponzoni C, Caselli E, Marchegiani E, Cramarossa MR, Turchetti B, Forti L, Buzzini P. Bioreduction of α,β-unsaturated ketones and aldehydes by non-conventional yeast (NCY) whole-cells. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:3993-3998. [PMID: 21232941 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The bioreduction of α,β-unsaturated ketones (ketoisophorone, 2-methyl- and 3-methyl-cyclopentenone) and aldehydes [(S)-(-)-perillaldehyde and α-methyl-cinnamaldehyde] by 23 "non-conventional" yeasts (NCYs) belonging to 21 species of the genera Candida, Cryptococcus, Debaryomyces, Hanseniaspora, Kazachstania, Kluyveromyces, Lindnera, Nakaseomyces, Vanderwaltozyma, and Wickerhamomyces was reported. The results highlight the potential of NCYs as whole-cell biocatalysts for selective biotransformation of electron-poor alkenes. A few NCYs exhibited extremely high (>90%) or even total ketoisophorone and 2-methyl-cyclopentenone bioconversion yields via asymmetric reduction of the conjugated CC bond catalyzed by enoate reductases. Catalytic efficiency declined after switching from ketones to aldehydes. High chemoselectivity due to low competing carbonyl reductases was also sometimes observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Goretti
- Department of Applied Biology and Industrial Yeasts Collection DBVPG, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy
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38
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Yamaguchi K, Okamoto N, Tokuoka K, Sugiyama S, Uchiyama N, Matsumura H, Inaka K, Urade Y, Inoue T. Structure of the inhibitor complex of old yellow enzyme from Trypanosoma cruzi. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2011; 18:66-69. [PMID: 21169695 PMCID: PMC3004258 DOI: 10.1107/s0909049510033595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Old yellow enzyme (OYE) is an NADPH oxidoreductase which contains flavin mononucleotide as prosthetic group. The X-ray structures of OYE from Trypanosoma cruzi (TcOYE) which produces prostaglandin (PG) F(2α) from PGH(2) have been determined in the presence or absence of menadione. The binding motif of menadione, known as one of the inhibitors for TcOYE, should accelerate the structure-based development of novel anti-chagasic drugs that inhibit PGF(2α) production specifically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keishi Yamaguchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamada-Oka 2-1, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naoki Okamoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamada-Oka 2-1, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Keiji Tokuoka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamada-Oka 2-1, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shigeru Sugiyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamada-Oka 2-1, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Nahoko Uchiyama
- National Institute of Health Sciences (NIHS), Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Matsumura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamada-Oka 2-1, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Koji Inaka
- MARUWA Foods and Biosciences, Tsutsui-cho 170-1, Yamatokoriyama, Nara 639-1123, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Urade
- Department of Molecular Behavior Biology, Osaka Bioscience Institute, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Inoue
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamada-Oka 2-1, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Mohr S, Fisher K, Scrutton NS, Goddard NJ, Fielden PR. Continuous two-phase flow miniaturised bioreactor for monitoring anaerobic biocatalysis by pentaerythritol tetranitrate reductase. LAB ON A CHIP 2010; 10:1929-1936. [PMID: 20526519 DOI: 10.1039/c003561k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A novel continuous recirculating two-phase flow miniaturised bioreactor was developed for biocatalytic transformations with the enzyme pentaerythritol tetranitrate reductase using on-chip spectroscopic detection of the organic and aqueous phases. A phase separation technique is described that uses electrostatic attraction to force charged droplets to merge back into the aqueous phase and thus allow the monitoring of both reaction phases during enzymatic turnover. We report an increased rate of enzyme catalysed reduction of trans-2-(2-nitrovinyl)thiophene, which was used as a model system to demonstrate the principles of the bioreactor design, compared to conventional macroscale experiments. Additional data obtained with ketoisophorone, trans-cinnamaldehyde and 2-methylmaleimide support our findings and provide a basis for improving the chemistry of biocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Mohr
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, M13 9PL, UK.
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Brenna E, Fronza G, Fuganti C, Gatti FG. Stereochemical Analysis of the Enzymic Reduction of the Double Bond of α- and β-Substituted Nitrostyrenes and α-Ethoxycinnamaldehyde through Deuterium Labelling Experiments. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201000442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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41
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Toogood H, Gardiner J, Scrutton N. Biocatalytic Reductions and Chemical Versatility of the Old Yellow Enzyme Family of Flavoprotein Oxidoreductases. ChemCatChem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201000094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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42
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An old yellow enzyme gene controls the branch point between Aspergillus fumigatus and Claviceps purpurea ergot alkaloid pathways. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:3898-903. [PMID: 20435769 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02914-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ergot fungi in the genus Claviceps and several related fungal groups in the family Clavicipitaceae produce toxic ergot alkaloids. These fungi produce a variety of ergot alkaloids, including clavines as well as lysergic acid derivatives. Ergot alkaloids are also produced by the distantly related, opportunistic human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. However, this fungus produces festuclavine and fumigaclavines A, B, and C, which collectively differ from clavines of clavicipitaceous fungi in saturation of the last assembled of four rings in the ergoline ring structure. The two lineages are hypothesized to share early steps of the ergot alkaloid pathway before diverging at some point after the synthesis of the tricyclic intermediate chanoclavine-I. Disruption of easA, a gene predicted to encode a flavin-dependent oxidoreductase of the old yellow enzyme class, in A. fumigatus led to accumulation of chanoclavine-I and chanoclavine-I-aldehyde. Complementation of the A. fumigatus easA mutant with a wild-type allele from the same fungus restored the wild-type profile of ergot alkaloids. These data demonstrate that the product of A. fumigatus easA is required for incorporation of chanoclavine-I-aldehyde into more-complex ergot alkaloids, presumably by reducing the double bond conjugated to the aldehyde group, thus facilitating ring closure. Augmentation of the A. fumigatus easA mutant with a homologue of easA from Claviceps purpurea resulted in accumulation of ergot alkaloids typical of clavicipitaceous fungi (agroclavine, setoclavine, and its diastereoisomer isosetoclavine). These data indicate that functional differences in the easA-encoded old yellow enzymes of A. fumigatus and C. purpurea result in divergence of their respective ergot alkaloid pathways.
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43
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Crystal structure of a thermostable Old Yellow Enzyme from Thermus scotoductus SA-01. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 393:426-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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44
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Goretti M, Ponzoni C, Caselli E, Marchigiani E, Cramarossa MR, Turchetti B, Buzzini P, Forti L. Biotransformation of electron-poor alkenes by yeasts: Asymmetric reduction of (4S)-(+)-carvone by yeast enoate reductases. Enzyme Microb Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2009.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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45
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Grau MM, van der Toorn J, Otten L, Macheroux P, Taglieber A, Zilly F, Arends IW, Hollmann F. Photoenzymatic Reduction of CC Double Bonds. Adv Synth Catal 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200900560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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46
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Fryszkowska A, Toogood H, Sakuma M, Gardiner J, Stephens G, Scrutton N. Asymmetric Reduction of Activated Alkenes by Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate Reductase: Specificity and Control of Stereochemical Outcome by Reaction Optimisation. Adv Synth Catal 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200900574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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47
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Fryszkowska A, Toogood H, Sakuma M, Gardiner JM, Stephens GM, Scrutton NS. Asymmetric Reduction of Activated Alkenes by Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate Reductase: Specificity and Control of Stereochemical Outcome by Reaction Optimisation. Adv Synth Catal 2009; 351:2976-2990. [PMID: 20396613 PMCID: PMC2854813 DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200900603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We show that pentaerythritol tetranitrate reductase (PETNR), a member of the 'ene' reductase old yellow enzyme family, catalyses the asymmetric reduction of a variety of industrially relevant activated alpha,beta-unsaturated alkenes including enones, enals, maleimides and nitroalkenes. We have rationalised the broad substrate specificity and stereochemical outcome of these reductions by reference to molecular models of enzyme-substrate complexes based on the crystal complex of the PETNR with 2-cyclohexenone 4a. The optical purity of products is variable (49-99% ee), depending on the substrate type and nature of substituents. Generally, high enantioselectivity was observed for reaction products with stereogenic centres at Cbeta (>99% ee). However, for the substrates existing in two isomeric forms (e.g., citral 11a or nitroalkenes 18-19a), an enantiodivergent course of the reduction of E/Z-forms may lead to lower enantiopurities of the products. We also demonstrate that the poor optical purity obtained for products with stereogenic centres at Calpha is due to non-enzymatic racemisation. In reactions with ketoisophorone 3a we show that product racemisation is prevented through reaction optimisation, specifically by shortening reaction time and through control of solution pH. We suggest this as a general strategy for improved recovery of optically pure products with other biocatalytic conversions where there is potential for product racemisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fryszkowska
- Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, The School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - Helen Toogood
- Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - Michiyo Sakuma
- Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - John M. Gardiner
- Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, The School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - Gill M. Stephens
- Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, The School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - Nigel S. Scrutton
- Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
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Structural basis of substrate specificity of plant 12-oxophytodienoate reductases. J Mol Biol 2009; 392:1266-77. [PMID: 19660473 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2009.07.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2009] [Revised: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 07/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
12-Oxophytodienoate reductase 3 (OPR3) is a FMN-dependent oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reduction of the cyclopentenone (9S,13S)-12-oxophytodienoate [(9S,13S)-OPDA] to the corresponding cyclopentanone in the biosynthesis of the plant hormone jasmonic acid. In vitro, however, OPR3 reduces the jasmonic acid precursor (9S,13S)-OPDA as well as the enantiomeric (9R,13R)-OPDA, while its isozyme OPR1 is highly selective, accepting only (9R,13R)-OPDA as a substrate. To uncover the molecular determinants of this remarkable enantioselectivity, we determined the crystal structures of OPR1 and OPR3 in complex with the ligand p-hydroxybenzaldehyde. Structural comparison with the OPR1:(9R,13R)-OPDA complex and further biochemical and mutational analyses revealed that two active-site residues, Tyr78 and Tyr246 in OPR1 and Phe74 and His244 in OPR3, are critical for substrate filtering. The relatively smaller OPR3 residues allow formation of a wider substrate binding pocket that is less enantio-restrictive. Substitution of Phe74 and His244 by the corresponding OPR1 tyrosines resulted in an OPR3 mutant showing enhanced, OPR1-like substrate selectivity. Moreover, sequence analysis of the OPR family supports the filtering function of Tyr78 and Tyr246 and allows predictions with respect to substrate specificity and biological function of thus far uncharacterized OPR isozymes. The discovered structural features may also be relevant for other stereoselective proteins and guide the rational design of stereospecific enzymes for biotechnological applications.
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Padhi SK, Bougioukou DJ, Stewart JD. Site-Saturation Mutagenesis of Tryptophan 116 of Saccharomyces pastorianus Old Yellow Enzyme Uncovers Stereocomplementary Variants. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:3271-80. [DOI: 10.1021/ja8081389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar Padhi
- Department of Chemistry, 127 Chemistry Research Building, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - Despina J. Bougioukou
- Department of Chemistry, 127 Chemistry Research Building, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - Jon D. Stewart
- Department of Chemistry, 127 Chemistry Research Building, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
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50
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Toogood HS, Fryszkowska A, Hare V, Fisher K, Roujeinikova A, Leys D, Gardiner JM, Stephens GM, Scrutton NS. Structure-Based Insight into the Asymmetric Bioreduction of the C=C Double Bond of alpha,beta-Unsaturated Nitroalkenes by Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate Reductase. Adv Synth Catal 2008; 350:2789-2803. [PMID: 20396603 PMCID: PMC2854801 DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200800561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Biocatalytic reduction of alpha- or beta-alkyl-beta-arylnitroalkenes provides a convenient and efficient method to prepare chiral substituted nitroalkanes. Pentaerythritol tetranitrate reductase (PETN reductase) from Enterobacter cloacae st. PB2 catalyses the reduction of nitroolefins such as 1-nitrocyclohexene (1) with steady state and rapid reaction kinetics comparable to other old yellow enzyme homologues. Furthermore, it reduces 2-aryl-1-nitropropenes (4a-d) to their equivalent (S)-nitropropanes 9a-d. The enzyme shows a preference for the (Z)-isomer of substrates 4a-d, providing almost pure enantiomeric products 9a-d (ees up to > 99%) in quantitative yield, whereas the respective (E)-isomers are reduced with lower enantioselectivity (63-89% ee) and lower product yields. 1-Aryl-2-nitropropenes (5a, b) are also reduced efficiently, but the products (R)-10 have lower optical purities. The structure of the enzyme complex with 1-nitrocyclohexene (1) was determined by X-ray crystallography, revealing two substrate-binding modes, with only one compatible with hydride transfer. Models of nitropropenes 4 and 5 in the active site of PETN reductase predicted that the enantioselectivity of the reaction was dependent on the orientation of binding of the (E)- and (Z)-substrates. This work provides a structural basis for understanding the mechanism of asymmetric bioreduction of nitroalkenes by PETN reductase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen S Toogood
- Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
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