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Chen S, Shang K, Chen J, Yu Z, Wei Y, He L, Ding K. Global distribution, cross-species transmission, and receptor binding of canine parvovirus-2: Risks and implications for humans. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 930:172307. [PMID: 38599392 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
For canine parvovirus -2 (CPV-2), a zoonotic virus capable of cross-species transmission in animals, the amino acid changes of capsid protein VP2 are key factors when binding to other species' transferrin receptors (TfR). CPV-2 variants can spread from felines and canines, for example, to Carnivora, Artiodactyla, and Pholidota species, and CPV-2c variants are essential to spread from Carnivora to Artiodactyla and Pholidota species in particular. In our study, a CPV-2a variant maintained a relatively stable trend, and the proportion of CPV-2c gradually rose from 1980 to 2021. The VP2 amino acid sequence analysis showed that five amino acid mutations at 426E/D, 305H/D, and 297S may be necessary for the virus to bind to different host receptors. Meanwhile, receptor-binding loop regions and amino acid sites 87 L, 93 N, 232I, and 305Y were associated with CPV-2 cross-species transmission. The homology of TfRs in different hosts infected with CPV-2 ranged from 77.2 % to 99.0 %, and from pig to feline, canine, and humans was 80.7 %, 80.4 %, and 77.2 %, respectively. The amino acid residues of TfRs involved in the viral binding in those hosts are highly conserved, which suggests that CPV-2 may be capable of pig-to-human transmission. Our analysis of the origin, evolutionary trend, cross-species transmission dynamics, and genetic characteristics of CPV-2 when binding to host receptors provides a theoretical basis for further research on CPV-2's mechanism of cross-species transmission and for establishing an early warning and monitoring mechanism for the possible threat of CPV-2 to animal-human public security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songbiao Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology/Laboratory of Functional Microbiology and Animal Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China; The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan, China
| | - Ke Shang
- College of Animal Science and Technology/Laboratory of Functional Microbiology and Animal Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China; The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Jian Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology/Laboratory of Functional Microbiology and Animal Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China; The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Zuhua Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology/Laboratory of Functional Microbiology and Animal Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China; The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Ying Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology/Laboratory of Functional Microbiology and Animal Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China; The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Lei He
- College of Animal Science and Technology/Laboratory of Functional Microbiology and Animal Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China; The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China.
| | - Ke Ding
- College of Animal Science and Technology/Laboratory of Functional Microbiology and Animal Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China; The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan, China.
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Su X, Zhou H, Xu F, Zhang J, Xiao B, Qi Q, Lin L, Yang B. Chaperonin TRiC/CCT subunit CCT7 is involved in the replication of canine parvovirus in F81 cells. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1346894. [PMID: 38384266 PMCID: PMC10879588 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1346894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Canine parvovirus (CPV) is one of the most common lethal viruses in canines. The virus disease is prevalent throughout the year, with high morbidity and mortality rate, causing serious harm to dogs and the dog industry. Previously, yeast two hybrid method was used to screen the protein chaperonin containing TCP-1 (CCT7) that interacts with VP2. However, the mechanism of interactions between CCT7 and VP2 on CPV replication remains unclear. In this study, we first verified the interaction between CCT7 and viral VP2 proteins using yeast one-to-one experiment and co-immunoprecipitation (CoIP) experiment. Laser confocal microscopy observation showed that CCT7 and VP2 were able to co-localize and were mostly localized in the cytoplasm. In addition, the study of VP2 truncated mutant found that the interaction region of VP2 with CCT7 was located between amino acids 231 and 320. Cycloheximide (CHX) chase experiments showed that CCT7 can improve the stability of VP2 protein. After further regulation of CCT7 expression in F81 cells, it was found that the expression level of VP2 protein was significantly reduced after knocking down CCT7 expression by RNA interference (RNAi) or HSF1A inhibitor, and increased after overexpressing host CCT7. The study reveals the role of VP2 interacting protein CCT7 in the replication process of CPV, which could provide a potential target for the prevention and control of CPV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bing Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
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Zhang R, Liu Y, Yu F, Xu G, Li L, Li B, Lou Z. Structural basis of the recognition of adeno-associated virus by the neurological system-related receptor carbonic anhydrase IV. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011953. [PMID: 38315719 PMCID: PMC10868842 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase IV (Car4) is a newly identified receptor that allows adeno-associated virus (AAV) 9P31 to cross the blood-brain barrier and achieve efficient infection in the central nervous system (CNS) in mouse models. However, the molecular mechanism by which engineered AAV capsids with 7-mer insertion in the variable region (VR) VIII recognize these novel cellular receptors is unknown. Here we report the cryo-EM structures of AAV9P31 and its complex with Mus musculus Car4 at atomic resolution by utilizing the block-based reconstruction (BBR) method. The structures demonstrated that Car4 binds to the protrusions at 3-fold axes of the capsid. The inserted 7-mer extends into a hydrophobic region near the catalytic center of Car4 to form stable interactions. Mutagenesis studies also identified the key residues in Car4 responsible for the AAV9P31 interaction. These findings provide new insights into the novel receptor recognition mechanism of AAV generated by directed evolution and highlight the application of the BBR method to studying the virus-receptor molecular mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Zhang
- Jinshan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yixiao Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Fengxi Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Guangxue Xu
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Lili Li
- Beijing Institute of Biological Products Company Limited, Beijing, China
| | - Baobin Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyong Lou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Xie Q, Sun Z, Xue X, Pan Y, Zhen S, Liu Y, Zhan J, Jiang L, Zhang J, Zhu H, Yu X, Zhang X. China-origin G1 group isolate FPV072 exhibits higher infectivity and pathogenicity than G2 group isolate FPV027. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1328244. [PMID: 38288138 PMCID: PMC10822907 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1328244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Feline parvovirus (FPV), a single-stranded DNA virus, is accountable for causing feline panleukopenia, a highly contagious and often lethal disease that primarily affects cats. The epidemiology prevalence and pathogenicity of FPV in certain regions of China, however, remains unclear. The aim of this research was to investigate the epidemiology of FPV in different regions of China in 2021 and compare its infectivity and pathogenicity. Methods In this research, a total of 36 FPV strains were obtained from diverse regions across China. Phylogenetic analysis was performed based on the VP2 and NS1 sequences, and two representative strains, FPV027 and FPV072, which belonged to different branches, were selected for comparative assessment of infectivity and pathogenicity. Results and discussion The results revealed that all strains were phylogenetically classified into two groups, G1 and G2, with a higher prevalence of G1 strains in China. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that FPV072 (G1 group) exhibited enhanced infectivity and pathogenicity compared to FPV027 (G2 Group). The structural alignment of the VP2 protein between the two viruses revealed mutations in residues 91, 232, and 300 that may contribute to differences in infectivity and pathogenicity. The findings from these observations will contribute significantly to the overall understanding of the molecular epidemiology of FPV in China and facilitate the development of an effective FPV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoqiao Xie
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Pet Infectious Diseases and Public Health in the Middle and Lower Stream Regions of the Yellow River, Yantai, China
- Provincial Engineering Research Center for Pet Animal Vaccines, Yantai, China
| | - Zhen Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Pet Infectious Diseases and Public Health in the Middle and Lower Stream Regions of the Yellow River, Yantai, China
- Provincial Engineering Research Center for Pet Animal Vaccines, Yantai, China
| | - Xiu Xue
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Pet Infectious Diseases and Public Health in the Middle and Lower Stream Regions of the Yellow River, Yantai, China
- Provincial Engineering Research Center for Pet Animal Vaccines, Yantai, China
| | - Yajie Pan
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Pet Infectious Diseases and Public Health in the Middle and Lower Stream Regions of the Yellow River, Yantai, China
- Provincial Engineering Research Center for Pet Animal Vaccines, Yantai, China
| | - Shuye Zhen
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Pet Infectious Diseases and Public Health in the Middle and Lower Stream Regions of the Yellow River, Yantai, China
- Provincial Engineering Research Center for Pet Animal Vaccines, Yantai, China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Pet Infectious Diseases and Public Health in the Middle and Lower Stream Regions of the Yellow River, Yantai, China
- Provincial Engineering Research Center for Pet Animal Vaccines, Yantai, China
| | - Jiuyu Zhan
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Linlin Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Pet Infectious Diseases and Public Health in the Middle and Lower Stream Regions of the Yellow River, Yantai, China
- Provincial Engineering Research Center for Pet Animal Vaccines, Yantai, China
| | - Jianlong Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Pet Infectious Diseases and Public Health in the Middle and Lower Stream Regions of the Yellow River, Yantai, China
- Provincial Engineering Research Center for Pet Animal Vaccines, Yantai, China
| | - Hongwei Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Pet Infectious Diseases and Public Health in the Middle and Lower Stream Regions of the Yellow River, Yantai, China
- Provincial Engineering Research Center for Pet Animal Vaccines, Yantai, China
| | - Xin Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Pet Infectious Diseases and Public Health in the Middle and Lower Stream Regions of the Yellow River, Yantai, China
- Provincial Engineering Research Center for Pet Animal Vaccines, Yantai, China
| | - Xingxiao Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Pet Infectious Diseases and Public Health in the Middle and Lower Stream Regions of the Yellow River, Yantai, China
- Provincial Engineering Research Center for Pet Animal Vaccines, Yantai, China
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Früh SP, Adu OF, López-Astacio RA, Weichert WS, Wasik BR, Parrish CR. Isolation, cloning and analysis of parvovirus-specific canine antibodies from peripheral blood B cells. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 147:104894. [PMID: 37467826 PMCID: PMC10542859 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
B-cell cloning methods enable the analysis of antibody responses against target antigens and can be used to reveal the host antibody repertoire, antigenic sites (epitopes), and details of protective immunity against pathogens. Here, we describe improved methods for isolation of canine peripheral blood B cells producing antibodies against canine parvovirus (CPV) capsids by fluorescence-activated cell sorting, followed by cell cloning. We cultured sorted B cells from an immunized dog in vitro and screened for CPV-specific antibody production. Updated canine-specific primer sets were used to amplify and clone the heavy and light chain immunoglobulin sequences directly from the B cells by reverse transcription and PCR. Monoclonal canine IgGs were produced by cloning heavy and light chain sequences into antibody expression vectors, which were screened for CPV binding. Three different canine monoclonal antibodies were analyzed, including two that shared the same heavy chain, and one that had distinct heavy and light chains. The antibodies showed broad binding to CPV variants, and epitopes were mapped to antigenic sites on the capsid. The methods described here are applicable for the isolation of canine B cells and monoclonal antibodies against many antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon P Früh
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA; Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Oluwafemi F Adu
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Robert A López-Astacio
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Wendy S Weichert
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Brian R Wasik
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Colin R Parrish
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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Hartmann SR, Charnesky AJ, Früh SP, López-Astacio RA, Weichert WS, DiNunno N, Cho SH, Bator CM, Parrish CR, Hafenstein SL. Cryo EM structures map a post vaccination polyclonal antibody response to canine parvovirus. Commun Biol 2023; 6:955. [PMID: 37726539 PMCID: PMC10509169 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05319-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine parvovirus (CPV) is an important pathogen that emerged by cross-species transmission to cause severe disease in dogs. To understand the host immune response to vaccination, sera from dogs immunized with parvovirus are obtained, the polyclonal antibodies are purified and used to solve the high resolution cryo EM structures of the polyclonal Fab-virus complexes. We use a custom software, Icosahedral Subparticle Extraction and Correlated Classification (ISECC) to perform subparticle analysis and reconstruct polyclonal Fab-virus complexes from two different dogs eight and twelve weeks post vaccination. In the resulting polyclonal Fab-virus complexes there are a total of five distinct Fabs identified. In both cases, any of the five antibodies identified would interfere with receptor binding. This polyclonal mapping approach identifies a specific, limited immune response to the live vaccine virus and allows us to investigate the binding of multiple different antibodies or ligands to virus capsids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha R Hartmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Andrew J Charnesky
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Simon P Früh
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Robert A López-Astacio
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Wendy S Weichert
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Nadia DiNunno
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Sung Hung Cho
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Carol M Bator
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Colin R Parrish
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Susan L Hafenstein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
- Department of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.
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Zhao S, Hu H, Lan J, Yang Z, Peng Q, Yan L, Luo L, Wu L, Lang Y, Yan Q. Characterization of a fatal feline panleukopenia virus derived from giant panda with broad cell tropism and zoonotic potential. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1237630. [PMID: 37662912 PMCID: PMC10469695 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1237630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Represented by feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) and canine parvovirus (CPV), the species carnivore protoparvovirus 1 has a worldwide distribution through continuous ci13rculation in companion animals such as cats and dogs. Subsequently, both FPV and CPV had engaged in host-to-host transfer to other wild animal hosts of the order Carnivora. In the present study, we emphasized the significance of cross-species transmission of parvoviruses with the isolation and characterization of an FPV from giant panda displaying severe and fatal symptoms. The isolated virus, designated pFPV-sc, displayed similar morphology as FPV, while phylogenetic analysis indicated that the nucleotide sequence of pFPV-sc clades with Chinese FPV isolates. Despite pFPV-sc is seemingly an outcome of a spillover infection event from domestic cats to giant pandas, our study also provided serological evidence that FPV or other parvoviruses closely related to FPV could be already prevalent in giant pandas in 2011. Initiation of host transfer of pFPV-sc is likely with association to giant panda transferrin receptor (TfR), as TfR of giant panda shares high homology with feline TfR. Strikingly, our data also indicate that pFPV-sc can infect cell lines of other mammal species, including humans. To sum up, observations from this study shall promote future research of cross-host transmission and antiviral intervention of Carnivore protoparvovirus 1, and necessitate surveillance studies in thus far unacknowledged potential reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huanyuan Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingchao Lan
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, China
| | | | - Qianling Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liheng Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Luo
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Wu
- Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, Chengdu, China
| | - Yifei Lang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qigui Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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López-Astacio RA, Adu OF, Lee H, Hafenstein SL, Parrish CR. The Structures and Functions of Parvovirus Capsids and Missing Pieces: the Viral DNA and Its Packaging, Asymmetrical Features, Nonprotein Components, and Receptor or Antibody Binding and Interactions. J Virol 2023; 97:e0016123. [PMID: 37367301 PMCID: PMC10373561 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00161-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Parvoviruses are among the smallest and superficially simplest animal viruses, infecting a broad range of hosts, including humans, and causing some deadly infections. In 1990, the first atomic structure of the canine parvovirus (CPV) capsid revealed a 26-nm-diameter T=1 particle made up of two or three versions of a single protein, and packaging about 5,100 nucleotides of single-stranded DNA. Our structural and functional understanding of parvovirus capsids and their ligands has increased as imaging and molecular techniques have advanced, and capsid structures for most groups within the Parvoviridae family have now been determined. Despite those advances, significant questions remain unanswered about the functioning of those viral capsids and their roles in release, transmission, or cellular infection. In addition, the interactions of capsids with host receptors, antibodies, or other biological components are also still incompletely understood. The parvovirus capsid's apparent simplicity likely conceals important functions carried out by small, transient, or asymmetric structures. Here, we highlight some remaining open questions that may need to be answered to provide a more thorough understanding of how these viruses carry out their various functions. The many different members of the family Parvoviridae share a capsid architecture, and while many functions are likely similar, others may differ in detail. Many of those parvoviruses have not been experimentally examined in detail (or at all in some cases), so we, therefore, focus this minireview on the widely studied protoparvoviruses, as well as the most thoroughly investigated examples of adeno-associated viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. López-Astacio
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Oluwafemi F. Adu
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Hyunwook Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Susan L. Hafenstein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Colin R. Parrish
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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López-Astacio RA, Adu OF, Goetschius DJ, Lee H, Weichert WS, Wasik BR, Frueh SP, Alford BK, Voorhees IEH, Flint JF, Saddoris S, Goodman LB, Holmes EC, Hafenstein SL, Parrish CR. Viral Capsid, Antibody, and Receptor Interactions: Experimental Analysis of the Antibody Escape Evolution of Canine Parvovirus. J Virol 2023; 97:e0009023. [PMID: 37199627 PMCID: PMC10308881 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00090-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a small nonenveloped single-stranded DNA virus that causes serious diseases in dogs worldwide. The original strain of the virus (CPV-2) emerged in dogs during the late 1970s due to a host range switch of a virus similar to the feline panleukopenia virus that infected another host. The virus that emerged in dogs had altered capsid receptor and antibody binding sites, with some changes affecting both functions. Further receptor and antibody binding changes arose when the virus became better adapted to dogs or to other hosts. Here, we used in vitro selection and deep sequencing to reveal how two antibodies with known interactions select for escape mutations in CPV. The antibodies bound two distinct epitopes, and one largely overlapped the host receptor binding site. We also generated mutated antibody variants with altered binding structures. Viruses were passaged with wild-type (WT) or mutated antibodies, and their genomes were deep sequenced during the selective process. A small number of mutations were detected only within the capsid protein gene during the first few passages of selection, and most sites remained polymorphic or were slow to go to fixation. Mutations arose both within and outside the antibody binding footprints on the capsids, and all avoided the transferrin receptor type 1 binding footprint. Many selected mutations matched those that have arisen in the natural evolution of the virus. The patterns observed reveal the mechanisms by which these variants have been selected in nature and provide a better understanding of the interactions between antibody and receptor selections. IMPORTANCE Antibodies protect animals against infection by many different viruses and other pathogens, and we are gaining new information about the epitopes that induce antibody responses against viruses and the structures of the bound antibodies. However, less is known about the processes of antibody selection and antigenic escape and the constraints that apply in this system. Here, we used an in vitro model system and deep genome sequencing to reveal the mutations that arose in the virus genome during selection by each of two monoclonal antibodies or their mutated variants. High-resolution structures of each of the Fab:capsid complexes revealed their binding interactions. The wild-type antibodies or their mutated variants allowed us to examine how changes in antibody structure influence the mutational selection patterns seen in the virus. The results shed light on the processes of antibody binding, neutralization escape, and receptor binding, and they likely have parallels for many other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. López-Astacio
- James A. Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Oluwafemi F. Adu
- James A. Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Daniel J. Goetschius
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hyunwook Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Wendy S. Weichert
- James A. Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Brian R. Wasik
- James A. Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Simon P. Frueh
- James A. Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
- Department for Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Brynn K. Alford
- James A. Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Ian E. H. Voorhees
- James A. Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Joseph F. Flint
- James A. Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Sarah Saddoris
- James A. Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Laura B. Goodman
- James A. Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Edward C. Holmes
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Susan L. Hafenstein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Colin R. Parrish
- James A. Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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10
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López-Astacio RA, Adu OF, Goetschius DJ, Lee H, Weichert WS, Wasik BR, Frueh SP, Alford BK, Voorhees IE, Flint JF, Saddoris S, Goodman LB, Holmes EC, Hafenstein SL, Parrish CR. Viral capsid, antibody, and receptor interactions: experimental analysis of the antibody escape evolution of canine parvovirus. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.18.524668. [PMID: 36711712 PMCID: PMC9882321 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.18.524668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a small non-enveloped single-stranded DNA virus that causes serious diseases in dogs worldwide. The original strain of the virus (CPV-2) emerged in dogs during the late-1970s due to a host range switch of a virus similar to the feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) that infected another host. The virus that emerged in dogs had altered capsid receptor- and antibody-binding sites, with some changes affecting both functions. Further receptor and antibody binding changes arose when the virus became better adapted to dogs or to other hosts. Here, we use in vitro selection and deep sequencing to reveal how two antibodies with known interactions select for escape mutations in CPV. The antibodies bind two distinct epitopes, and one largely overlaps the host receptor binding site. We also engineered antibody variants with altered binding structures. Viruses were passaged with the wild type or mutated antibodies, and their genomes deep sequenced during the selective process. A small number of mutations were detected only within the capsid protein gene during the first few passages of selection, and most sites remained polymorphic or were slow to go to fixation. Mutations arose both within and outside the antibody binding footprints on the capsids, and all avoided the TfR-binding footprint. Many selected mutations matched those that have arisen in the natural evolution of the virus. The patterns observed reveal the mechanisms by which these variants have been selected in nature and provide a better understanding of the interactions between antibody and receptor selections. IMPORTANCE Antibodies protect animals against infection by many different viruses and other pathogens, and we are gaining new information about the epitopes that induce antibody responses against viruses and the structures of the bound antibodies. However, less is known about the processes of antibody selection and antigenic escape and the constraints that apply in this system. Here, we use an in vitro model system and deep genome sequencing to reveal the mutations that arise in the virus genome during selection by each of two monoclonal antibodies or their engineered variants. High-resolution structures of each of the Fab: capsid complexes revealed their binding interactions. The engineered forms of the wild-type antibodies or mutant forms allowed us to examine how changes in antibody structure influence the mutational selection patterns seen in the virus. The results shed light on the processes of antibody binding, neutralization escape, and receptor binding, and likely have parallels for many other viruses.
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11
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Khan MAA, Schoene K, Cashman J, Abd El Wahed A, Truyen U. Evaluation of a simple ultrafiltration method for concentration of infective canine parvovirus and feline coronavirus from cell culture supernatants. J Virol Methods 2022; 310:114628. [PMID: 36209765 PMCID: PMC9535878 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2022.114628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Enrichment of viral infectious titers following its propagation by cell culture is desirable for various experimental studies. The performance of an ultrafiltration (UF) process to concentrate infectious titers of non-enveloped Canine parvovirus 2 (CPV-2) and enveloped Feline coronavirus (FCoV) obtained from cell culture supernatants was evaluated in this study, and compared with ultracentrifugation (UC) process. A mean gain of > 1.0 log10 TCID50/mL was obtained for CPV-2 with UF, which was comparable with the gain obtained by UC. On the other hand, the gain was lower (0.7-1.0 log10 TCID50/mL) for FCoV with UF in contrast to UC (> 2.0 log10 TCID50/mL). However, the lower retentate volume following UC (∼120 fold) compared to that following UF (∼10 fold) for either of the viruses suggests a trend of increased infectious titer retention in UF concentrates relative to UC concentrates. The simplistic UF process evaluated here thus has the potential for use in applications requiring increased infectious titers of CPV-2 and FCoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Anik Ashfaq Khan
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - John Cashman
- Sartorius UK Ltd., Epsom KT19 9QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmed Abd El Wahed
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany,Correspondence to: Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, An den Tierkliniken 43, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Uwe Truyen
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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12
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de Oliveira Santana W, Silveira VP, Wolf JM, Kipper D, Echeverrigaray S, Canal CW, Truyen U, Lunge VR, Streck AF. Molecular phylogenetic assessment of the canine parvovirus 2 worldwide and analysis of the genetic diversity and temporal spreading in Brazil. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 98:105225. [PMID: 35101636 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) is a relevant pathogen for dogs and causes a severe disease in carnivore species. CPV-2 reached pandemic proportions after the 1970s with the worldwide dissemination, generating antigenic and genetic variants (CPV-2a, CPV-2b, and CPV-2c) with different pathobiology in comparison with the original type CPV-2. The present study aimed to assess the current global CPV-2 molecular phylogeny and to analyze genetic diversity and temporal spreading of variants from Brazil. A total of 284 CPV-2 whole-genome sequences (WGS) and 684 VP2 complete genes (including 23 obtained in the present study) were compared to analyze phylogenetic relationships. Bayesian coalescent analysis estimated the time to the most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) and the population dynamics of the different CPV-2 lineages in the last decades. The WGS phylogenetic tree demonstrated two main clades disseminated worldwide today. The VP2 gene tree showed a total of four well-defined clades distributed in different geographic regions, including one with CPV-2 sequences exclusive from Brazil. These clades do not have a relationship with the previous classification into CPV-2a, CPV-2b, and CPV-2c, despite some having a predominance of one or more antigenic types. Temporal analysis demonstrated that the main CPV-2 clades evolved within a few years (from the 1980s to 1990s) in North America and they spread worldwide afterwards. Population dynamics analysis demonstrated that CPV-2 presented a major dissemination increase at the end of the 1980s / beginning of the 1990s followed by a period of stability and a second minor increase from 2000 to 2004.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weslei de Oliveira Santana
- Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade de Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Proença Silveira
- Laboratório de Diagnóstico Molecular, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular aplicada à Saúde, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jonas Michel Wolf
- Laboratório de Diagnóstico Molecular, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular aplicada à Saúde, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Diéssy Kipper
- Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade de Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Sergio Echeverrigaray
- Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade de Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Cláudio Wageck Canal
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Uwe Truyen
- Institut für Tierhygiene und Öffentliches Veterinärwesen, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Vagner Ricardo Lunge
- Laboratório de Diagnóstico Molecular, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular aplicada à Saúde, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Simbios Biotecnologia, Cachoeirinha, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - André Felipe Streck
- Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade de Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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13
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Molecular analysis of the full-length VP2 gene of Brazilian strains of canine parvovirus 2 shows genetic and structural variability between wild and vaccine strains. Virus Res 2022; 313:198746. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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T598 and T601 phosphorylation sites of canine parvovirus NS1 are crucial for viral replication and pathogenicity. Vet Microbiol 2021; 264:109301. [PMID: 34915313 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Canine parvovirus-2 (CPV-2) is an important pathogen causing severe diseases in dogs and other wild carnivores. Phosphorylation of NS1 may be related to CPV-2 pathogenicity, but the exact mechanism is unclear. Here, we conducted parvovirus disease surveillance in Shaanxi Province of China and 51 fecal swabs were detected to be infected with CPV-2. The 7 CPV-2 strains were identified, all of which belonged to CPV-2c. The complete genome sequence of one of the strains (CPV-2c XY) was cloned into pKQLL plasmid to construct a full-length infectious clone plasmid pX-CPV-2c, which carried a genetic marker. The plasmid pX-CPV-2c was transfected into F81 cells for virus rescue. And the rescued virus, which was designed as X-CPV-2c, showed the similar biological property to parental CPV-2c XY in vitro and in vivo. We further constructed four NS1 phosphorylation site mutant strains (X-CPV-2cT584A, X-CPV-2cS592A, X-CPV-2cT598A/T601A and X-CPV-2cT617A) on the basis of X-CPV-2c. After the analysis and comparison of biological characteristics, the low pathogenic strain X-CPV-2cT598A/T601A was further screened out, which emphasized the importance of phosphorylation sites 598 T/601 T for the pathogenicity of CPV-2. Overall, our data indicated that T598 and T601, the C-terminal phosphorylation site of CPV-2 NS1, play important roles in viral pathogenicity and laid the foundation for the development of new attenuated live vaccine vectors.
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15
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Fiorito F, Irace C, Nocera FP, Piccolo M, Ferraro MG, Ciampaglia R, Tenore GC, Santamaria R, De Martino L. MG-132 interferes with iron cellular homeostasis and alters virulence of bovine herpesvirus 1. Res Vet Sci 2021; 137:1-8. [PMID: 33906007 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) requires an iron-replete cell host to replicate efficiently. BoHV-1 infection provokes an increase in ferritin levels and a decrease of transferrin receptor 1 (TfR-1) expression, ultimately lowering iron pool extent. Thus, cells try to limit iron availability for virus spread. It has been demonstrated that MG-132, a proteasome inhibitor, reduces BoHV-1 release. Since ferritin, the major iron storage protein in mammalian cells, undergoes proteasome-mediated degradation, herein, the influence of MG-132 on iron metabolism during BoHV-1 infection was examined. Following infection in bovine cells (MDBK), MG-132 reduced cell death and viral yield. Western blot analysis showed a significant ferritin accumulation, likely due to the inhibition of its proteasome-mediated degradation pathway. In addition, the concomitant down-regulation of TfR-1 expression, observed during infection, was counteracted by proteasome inhibitor. This trend may be explained by enhanced acidic vesicular organelles, detected by acridine orange staining, determining a reduction of intracellular pH, that promotes new synthesis of TfR-1 degraded in a recycling pathway. In addition, MG-132 influences cellular iron distribution during BoHV-1 infection, as revealed by Perls' Prussian blue staining. However, cellular iron content, evaluated by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry, resulted essentially unaltered. These findings reveal that MG-132 may contribute to limit cellular iron availability for virus replication thereby enhancing cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filomena Fiorito
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
| | - Carlo Irace
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Paola Nocera
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Gian Carlo Tenore
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Rita Santamaria
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
| | - Luisa De Martino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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16
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Hoang M, Wu CN, Lin CF, Nguyen HTT, Le VP, Chiou MT, Lin CN. Genetic characterization of feline panleukopenia virus from dogs in Vietnam reveals a unique Thr101 mutation in VP2. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9752. [PMID: 33083102 PMCID: PMC7560322 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) and feline parvovirus (FPV) are known as the main causes of several serious diseases and have a severe impact on puppies and kittens, respectively. FPV and new CPV-2 variants are all able to infect cats, causing diseases indistinguishable from feline panleukopenia. However, FPV only replicates efficiently in feline cells in vitro and replicates in dogs in the thymus and bone marrow without being shed in feces. In our previous study, the genotypes of six parvoviral isolates were unable to be identified using a SimpleProbe® real-time PCR assay. Methods In the present study, we characterized previously unidentified FPV-like viruses isolated from dogs in Vietnam. The six isolates were utilized to complete VP2 gene sequencing and to conduct phylogenetic analyses. Results Sequence analysis of the six parvoviral strains identified the species as being similar to FPV. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the complete VP2 genes of the strains are similar to those of FPV. The FPV-like strains contain a Thr101 mutation in the VP2 protein, which is different from prototype FPV strains. Discussion Our data provide evidence for the existence of changes in the charge, protein contact potential and molecular surface of the core of the receptor-binding size with an Ile101 to Thr101 mutation. This is also the first study to provide reliable evidence that FPV may be a threat to the Vietnamese dog population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Hoang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan.,Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Cheng-Nan Wu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chuen-Fu Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Huong Thanh Thi Nguyen
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Van Phan Le
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ming-Tang Chiou
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan.,Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Nan Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan.,Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
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17
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Nguyen Manh T, Piewbang C, Rungsipipat A, Techangamsuwan S. Molecular and phylogenetic analysis of Vietnamese canine parvovirus 2C originated from dogs reveals a new Asia-IV clade. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:1445-1453. [PMID: 32854156 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) is a small, single-stranded DNA virus causing fatal haemorrhagic enteritis in dogs. Currently, CPV-2 is classified into CPV-2a, CPV-2b and CPV-2c based on genetic variation in the VP2 gene. The CPV-2c variant has become ubiquitous worldwide and gained attention for monitoring parvoviral evolution. In this study, we characterized the full-length genome sequences of CPV-2c strains obtained from 59 dogs in Vietnam. Molecular analysis revealed that Vietnamese CPV-2c shared a common evolutionary pattern with the Asian CPV-2 clade, which is marked by genetic signature patterns in the structural and nonstructural proteins. In addition, these Vietnamese CPV-2c strains exhibited unique Thr112Ile and Ile447Met mutations in the VP1 and VP2 sequence, respectively. Interestingly, phylogenetic analysis indicated that the mutations of amino acid residues in both the structural and nonstructural genes have contributed to the emergence of a new clade, designated here as the Asia-IV clade. The substitution rates, estimated from a dataset containing 199 sequences over the last 42 years, confirmed that CPV-2 showed a high rate of nucleotide substitution, at about 2.49 × 10-4 nucleotide substitutions per site per year (nt/s/y), with VP1/2 and NS1/2 estimates of 3.06 × 10-4 and 3.16 × 10-4 nt/s/y, respectively. Even though no evidence of genetic recombination in these Vietnamese CPV-2c strains was established, potential positive selection sites were observed in both the structural and nonstructural genes, suggesting the viral evolutionary process has occurred in both the structural and nonstructural proteins. Genetic and evolutionary analysis of the full-length genome sequence is necessary to gain evolutionary insight of CPV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuong Nguyen Manh
- International Graduate Program in Veterinary Science and Technology (VST), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Animal Virome and Diagnostic Development Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chutchai Piewbang
- Animal Virome and Diagnostic Development Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Anudep Rungsipipat
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Somporn Techangamsuwan
- Animal Virome and Diagnostic Development Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand
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18
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Serotype specific epitopes identified by neutralizing antibodies underpin immunogenic differences in Enterovirus B. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4419. [PMID: 32887892 PMCID: PMC7474084 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18250-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Echovirus 30 (E30), a serotype of Enterovirus B (EV-B), recently emerged as a major causative agent of aseptic meningitis worldwide. E30 is particularly devastating in the neonatal population and currently no vaccine or antiviral therapy is available. Here we characterize two highly potent E30-specific monoclonal antibodies, 6C5 and 4B10, which efficiently block binding of the virus to its attachment receptor CD55 and uncoating receptor FcRn. Combinations of 6C5 and 4B10 augment the sum of their individual anti-viral activities. High-resolution structures of E30-6C5-Fab and E30-4B10-Fab define the location and nature of epitopes targeted by the antibodies. 6C5 and 4B10 engage the capsid loci at the north rim of the canyon and in-canyon, respectively. Notably, these regions exhibit antigenic variability across EV-Bs, highlighting challenges in development of broad-spectrum antibodies. Our structures of these neutralizing antibodies of E30 are instructive for development of vaccines and therapeutics against EV-B infections. So far no vaccine or antiviral therapy is available for Echovirus 30 (E30) that causes aseptic meningitis. Here, the authors generate and characterise two E30-specific monoclonal antibodies that block binding of the virus to its attachment receptor CD55 and uncoating receptor FcRn, and determine the cryo-EM structures of E30 with the bound neutralizing antibodies.
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19
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Kwan E, Carrai M, Lanave G, Hill J, Parry K, Kelman M, Meers J, Decaro N, Beatty JA, Martella V, Barrs VR. Analysis of canine parvoviruses circulating in Australia reveals predominance of variant 2b and identifies feline parvovirus-like mutations in the capsid proteins. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:656-666. [PMID: 32657506 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a major enteric pathogen of dogs worldwide that emerged in the late 1970s from a feline parvovirus (FPV)-like ancestral virus. Shortly after its emergence, variant CPVs acquired amino acid (aa) mutations in key capsid residues, associated with biological and/or antigenic changes. This study aimed to identify and analyse CPV variants and their capsid mutations amongst Australian dogs, to gain insights into the evolution of CPV in Australia and to investigate relationships between the disease and vaccination status of dogs from which viruses were detected. CPV VP2 sequences were amplified from 79 faecal samples collected from dogs with parvoviral enteritis at 20 veterinary practices in five Australian states. The median age at diagnosis was 4 months (range 1-96 months). Only 3.7% of dogs with vaccination histories had completed recommended vaccination schedules, while 49% were incompletely vaccinated and 47.2% were unvaccinated. For the first time, CPV-2b has emerged as the dominant antigenic CPV variant circulating in dogs with parvoviral enteritis in Australia, comprising 54.4% of viruses, while CPV-2a and CPV-2 comprised 43.1% and 2.5%, respectively. The antigenic variant CPV-2c was not identified. Analysis of translated VP2 sequences revealed a vast repertoire of amino acid (aa) mutations. Several Australian CPV strains displayed signatures in the VP2 protein typical of Asian CPVs, suggesting possible introduction of CPV strains from Asia, and/or CPV circulation between Asia and Australia. Canine parvoviruses were identified containing aa residues typical of FPV at key capsid (VP2) positions, representing reverse mutations or residual mutations retained from CPV-2 during adaptation from an FPV-like ancestor, suggesting that evolutionary intermediates between CPV-2 and FPV are circulating in the field. Similarly, intermediates between CPV-2a-like viruses and CPV-2 were also identified. These findings help inform a better understanding of the evolution of CPV in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Kwan
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Maura Carrai
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Gianvito Lanave
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano (Bari), Italy
| | | | | | - Mark Kelman
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Joanne Meers
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Nicola Decaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano (Bari), Italy
| | - Julia A Beatty
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Vito Martella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano (Bari), Italy
| | - Vanessa R Barrs
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Giraldo-Ramirez S, Rendon-Marin S, Ruiz-Saenz J. Phylogenetic, Evolutionary and Structural Analysis of Canine Parvovirus (CPV-2) Antigenic Variants Circulating in Colombia. Viruses 2020; 12:v12050500. [PMID: 32366040 PMCID: PMC7290427 DOI: 10.3390/v12050500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine parvovirus (CPV-2) is the causative agent of haemorrhagic gastroenteritis in canids. Three antigenic variants—CPV-2a, CPV-2b and CPV-2c—have been described, which are determined by variations at residue 426 of the VP2 capsid protein. In Colombia, the CPV-2a and CPV-2b antigenic variants have previously been reported through partial VP2 sequencing. Mutations at residues Asn428Asp and Ala514Ser of variant CPV-2a were detected, implying the appearance of a possible new CPV-2a variant in Colombia. The purpose of the present study was to characterise the full VP2 capsid protein in samples from Antioquia, Colombia. We conducted a cross-sectional study with 56 stool samples from dogs showing clinical symptoms of parvoviral disease. Following DNA extraction from the samples, VP2 amplification was performed using PCR and positive samples were sequenced. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses were performed by comparison with the VP2 gene sequences of the different CPV-2 worldwide. VP2 was amplified in 51.8% of the analysed samples. Sequencing and sequence alignment showed that 93.1% of the amplified samples belonged to the new CPV-2a antigenic variant previously. Analysing the amino acid sequences revealed that all CPV-2a contain Ala297Asn mutations, which are related to the South America I clade, and the Ala514Ser mutation, which allows characterization as a new CPV-2a sub-variant. The Colombian CPV-2b variant presented Phe267Tyr, Tyr324Ile and Thr440Ala, which are related to the Asia-I clade variants. The CPV-2c was not detected in the samples. In conclusion, two antigenic CPV-2 variants of two geographically distant origins are circulating in Colombia. It is crucial to continue characterising CPV-2 to elucidate the molecular dynamics of the virus and to detect new CPV-2 variants that could be becoming highly prevalent in the region.
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Dai X, Zhang X, Ostrikov K, Abrahamyan L. Host receptors: the key to establishing cells with broad viral tropism for vaccine production. Crit Rev Microbiol 2020; 46:147-168. [PMID: 32202955 PMCID: PMC7113910 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2020.1735992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell culture-based vaccine technology is a flexible and convenient approach for vaccine production that requires adaptation of the vaccine strains to the new cells. Driven by the motivation to develop a broadly permissive cell line for infection with a wide range of viruses, we identified a set of the most relevant host receptors involved in viral attachment and entry. This identification was done through a review of different viral entry pathways and host cell lines, and in the context of the Baltimore classification of viruses. In addition, we indicated the potential technical problems and proposed some solutions regarding how to modify the host cell genome in order to meet industrial requirements for mass production of antiviral vaccines. Our work contributes to a finer understanding of the importance of breaking the host–virus recognition specificities for the possibility of creating a cell line feasible for the production of vaccines against a broad spectrum of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Dai
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xuanhao Zhang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Kostya Ostrikov
- School of Chemistry and Physics and Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Levon Abrahamyan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP), Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Canada
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22
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Goetschius DJ, Lee H, Hafenstein S. CryoEM reconstruction approaches to resolve asymmetric features. Adv Virus Res 2019; 105:73-91. [PMID: 31522709 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Although icosahedral viruses have highly symmetrical capsid features, asymmetric structural elements are also present since the genome and minor structural proteins are usually incorporated without adhering to icosahedral symmetry. Besides this inherent asymmetry, interactions with the host during the virus life cycle are also asymmetric. However, until recently it was impossible to resolve high resolution asymmetric features during single-particle cryoEM image processing. This review summarizes the current approaches that can be used to visualize asymmetric structural features. We have included examples of advanced structural strategies developed to reveal unique features and asymmetry in icosahedral viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Goetschius
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States; Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Hyunwook Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States; Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Susan Hafenstein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States; Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States; Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.
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Limited Intrahost Diversity and Background Evolution Accompany 40 Years of Canine Parvovirus Host Adaptation and Spread. J Virol 2019; 94:JVI.01162-19. [PMID: 31619551 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01162-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a highly successful pathogen that has sustained pandemic circulation in dogs for more than 40 years. Here, integrating full-genome and deep-sequencing analyses, structural information, and in vitro experimentation, we describe the macro- and microscale features that accompany CPV's evolutionary success. Despite 40 years of viral evolution, all CPV variants are more than ∼99% identical in nucleotide sequence, with only a limited number (<40) of substitutions becoming fixed or widespread during this time. Notably, most substitutions in the major capsid protein (VP2) gene are nonsynonymous, altering amino acid residues that fall within, or adjacent to, the overlapping receptor footprint or antigenic regions, suggesting that natural selection has channeled much of CPV evolution. Among the limited number of variable sites, CPV genomes exhibit complex patterns of variation that include parallel evolution, reversion, and recombination, compromising phylogenetic inference. At the intrahost level, deep sequencing of viral DNA in original clinical samples from dogs and other host species sampled between 1978 and 2018 revealed few subconsensus single nucleotide variants (SNVs) above ∼0.5%, and experimental passages demonstrate that substantial preexisting genetic variation is not necessarily required for rapid host receptor-driven adaptation. Together, these findings suggest that although CPV is capable of rapid host adaptation, a relatively low mutation rate, pleiotropy, and/or a lack of selective challenges since its initial emergence have inhibited the long-term accumulation of genetic diversity. Hence, continuously high levels of inter- and intrahost diversity are not necessarily required for virus host adaptation.IMPORTANCE Rapid mutation rates and correspondingly high levels of intra- and interhost diversity are often cited as key features of viruses with the capacity for emergence and sustained transmission in a new host species. However, most of this information comes from studies of RNA viruses, with relatively little known about evolutionary processes in viruses with single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) genomes. Here, we provide a unique model of virus evolution, integrating both long-term global-scale and short-term intrahost evolutionary processes of an ssDNA virus that emerged to cause a pandemic in a new host animal. Our analysis reveals that successful host jumping and sustained transmission does not necessarily depend on a high level of intrahost diversity nor result in the continued accumulation of high levels of long-term evolution change. These findings indicate that all aspects of the biology and ecology of a virus are relevant when considering their adaptability.
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