1
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Finan JD, Vogt TE, Samei Y. Cavitation in blunt impact traumatic brain injury. EXPERIMENTS IN FLUIDS 2024; 65:114. [PMID: 39036013 PMCID: PMC11255084 DOI: 10.1007/s00348-024-03853-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) poses a major public health challenge. No proven therapies for the condition exist so protective equipment that prevents or mitigates these injuries plays a critical role in minimizing the societal burden of this condition. Our ability to optimize protective equipment depends on our capacity to relate the mechanics of head impact events to morbidity and mortality. This capacity, in turn, depends on correctly identifying the mechanisms of injury. For several decades, a controversial theory of TBI biomechanics has attributed important classes of injury to cavitation inside the cranial vault during blunt impact. This theory explains counter-intuitive clinical observations, including the coup-contre-coup pattern of injury. However, it is also difficult to validate experimentally in living subjects. Also, blunt impact TBI is a broad term that covers a range of different head impact events, some of which may be better described by cavitation theory than others. This review surveys what has been learned about cavitation through mathematical modeling, physical modeling, and experimentation with living tissues and places it in context with competing theories of blunt injury biomechanics and recent research activity in the field in an attempt to understand what the theory has to offer the next generation of innovators in TBI biomechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D. Finan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Thea E. Vogt
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Yasaman Samei
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
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2
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Xian RP, Brunet J, Huang Y, Wagner WL, Lee PD, Tafforeau P, Walsh CL. A closer look at high-energy X-ray-induced bubble formation during soft tissue imaging. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2024; 31:566-577. [PMID: 38682274 DOI: 10.1107/s160057752400290x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Improving the scalability of tissue imaging throughput with bright, coherent X-rays requires identifying and mitigating artifacts resulting from the interactions between X-rays and matter. At synchrotron sources, long-term imaging of soft tissues in solution can result in gas bubble formation or cavitation, which dramatically compromises image quality and integrity of the samples. By combining in-line phase-contrast imaging with gas chromatography in real time, we were able to track the onset and evolution of high-energy X-ray-induced gas bubbles in ethanol-embedded soft tissue samples for tens of minutes (two to three times the typical scan times). We demonstrate quantitatively that vacuum degassing of the sample during preparation can significantly delay bubble formation, offering up to a twofold improvement in dose tolerance, depending on the tissue type. However, once nucleated, bubble growth is faster in degassed than undegassed samples, indicating their distinct metastable states at bubble onset. Gas chromatography analysis shows increased solvent vaporization concurrent with bubble formation, yet the quantities of dissolved gasses remain unchanged. By coupling features extracted from the radiographs with computational analysis of bubble characteristics, we uncover dose-controlled kinetics and nucleation site-specific growth. These hallmark signatures provide quantitative constraints on the driving mechanisms of bubble formation and growth. Overall, the observations highlight bubble formation as a critical yet often overlooked hurdle in upscaling X-ray imaging for biological tissues and soft materials and we offer an empirical foundation for their understanding and imaging protocol optimization. More importantly, our approaches establish a top-down scheme to decipher the complex, multiscale radiation-matter interactions in these applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Patrick Xian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Brunet
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yuze Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Willi L Wagner
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter D Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Tafforeau
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France
| | - Claire L Walsh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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3
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Wagner RJ, Lamont SC, White ZT, Vernerey FJ. Catch bond kinetics are instrumental to cohesion of fire ant rafts under load. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2314772121. [PMID: 38621122 PMCID: PMC11047079 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2314772121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Dynamic networks composed of constituents that break and reform bonds reversibly are ubiquitous in nature owing to their modular architectures that enable functions like energy dissipation, self-healing, and even activity. While bond breaking depends only on the current configuration of attachment in these networks, reattachment depends also on the proximity of constituents. Therefore, dynamic networks composed of macroscale constituents (not benefited by the secondary interactions cohering analogous networks composed of molecular-scale constituents) must rely on primary bonds for cohesion and self-repair. Toward understanding how such macroscale networks might adaptively achieve this, we explore the uniaxial tensile response of 2D rafts composed of interlinked fire ants (S. invicta). Through experiments and discrete numerical modeling, we find that ant rafts adaptively stabilize their bonded ant-to-ant interactions in response to tensile strains, indicating catch bond dynamics. Consequently, low-strain rates that should theoretically induce creep mechanics of these rafts instead induce elastic-like response. Our results suggest that this force-stabilization delays dissolution of the rafts and improves toughness. Nevertheless, above 35[Formula: see text] strain low cohesion and stress localization cause nucleation and growth of voids whose coalescence patterns result from force-stabilization. These voids mitigate structural repair until initial raft densities are restored and ants can reconnect across defects. However mechanical recovery of ant rafts during cyclic loading suggests that-even upon reinstatement of initial densities-ants exhibit slower repair kinetics if they were recently loaded at faster strain rates. These results exemplify fire ants' status as active agents capable of memory-driven, stimuli-response for potential inspiration of adaptive structural materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Wagner
- Sibley School of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Samuel C. Lamont
- Paul M. Rady School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO
| | - Zachary T. White
- Paul M. Rady School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO
| | - Franck J. Vernerey
- Paul M. Rady School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO
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4
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Wilcox K, Yamagami KR, Roopnarine BK, Linscott A, Morozova S. Effect of Polymer Gel Elasticity on Complex Coacervate Phase Behavior. ACS POLYMERS AU 2024; 4:109-119. [PMID: 38618006 PMCID: PMC11010254 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.3c00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Gels are key materials in biological systems such as tissues and may control biocondensate formation and structure. To further understand the effects of elastic environments on biomacromolecular assembly, we have investigated the phase behavior and radii of complex coacervate droplets in polyacrylamide (PAM) networks as a function of gel modulus. Poly-l-lysine (PLL) and sodium hyaluronate (HA) complex coacervate phases were prepared in PAM gels with moduli varying from 0.035 to 15.0 kPa. The size of the complex coacervate droplets is reported from bright-field microscopy and confocal fluorescence microscopy. Overall, the complex coacervate droplet volume decreases inversely with the modulus. Fluorescence microscopy is also used to determine the phase behavior and concentration of fluorescently tagged HA in the complex coacervate phases as a function of ionic strength (100-270 mM). We find that the critical ionic strength and complex coacervate stability are nonmonotonic as a function of the network modulus and that the local gel concentration can be used to control phase behavior and complex coacervate droplet size scale. By understanding how elastic environments influence simple electrostatic assembly, we can further understand how biomacromolecules exist in complex, crowded, and elastic cellular environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn
G. Wilcox
- Department of Macromolecular
Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve
University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Kai R. Yamagami
- Department of Macromolecular
Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve
University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Brittany K. Roopnarine
- Department of Macromolecular
Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve
University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Adam Linscott
- Department of Macromolecular
Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve
University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Svetlana Morozova
- Department of Macromolecular
Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve
University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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5
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Dougan CE, Roberts BL, Crosby AJ, Karatsoreos I, Peyton SR. Acute and Chronic Neural and Glial Response to Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in the Hippocampus. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.01.587620. [PMID: 38617329 PMCID: PMC11014627 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.01.587620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an established risk factor for developing neurodegenerative disease. However, how TBI leads from acute injury to chronic neurodegeneration is limited to post-mortem models. There is a lack of connections between in vitro and in vivo TBI models that can relate injury forces to both macroscale tissue damage and brain function at the cellular level. Needle-induced cavitation (NIC) is a technique that can produce small cavitation bubbles in soft tissues, which allows us to relate small strains and strain rates in living tissue to ensuing acute and chronic cell death, tissue damage, and tissue remodeling. Here, we applied NIC to mouse brain slices to create a new model of TBI with high spatial and temporal resolution. We specifically targeted the hippocampus, which is a brain region critical for learning and memory and an area in which injury causes cognitive pathologies in humans and rodent models. By combining NIC with patch-clamp electrophysiology, we demonstrate that NIC in the Cornu Ammonis (CA)3 region of the hippocampus dynamically alters synaptic release onto CA1 pyramidal neurons in a cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1R)-dependent manner. Further, we show that NIC induces an increase in extracellular matrix proteins associated with neural repair that is mitigated by CB1R antagonism. Together, these data lay the groundwork for advanced approaches in understanding how TBI impacts neural function at the cellular level, and the development of treatments that promote neural repair in response to brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carey E. Dougan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Engineering, Smith College, Northampton, MA 01063
| | - Brandon L. Roberts
- Neuroscience and Behavior Program, and Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Department of Zoology & Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 83072, USA
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 83072, USA
| | - Alfred J. Crosby
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Ilia Karatsoreos
- Neuroscience and Behavior Program, and Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Shelly R. Peyton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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6
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Shrivastava A, M S, Gundiah N. Crack propagation and arrests in gelatin hydrogels are linked to tip curvatures. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:6911-6919. [PMID: 37656061 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00637a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Gelatin hydrogels are attractive scaffold materials for tissue engineering applications as they provide motifs for cell attachment, undergo large deformations, and are tunable. Low toughness and brittle fractures however limit their use in load bearing applications. An investigation of crack tip processes and mechanisms of crack propagation is warranted to link fracture properties with material microstructure. We cross-linked gelatin using glutaraldehyde to obtain low cross-linked control hydrogels and used an additional cross-linker, methylglyoxal, to fabricate MGO hydrogels with higher cross-links. We quantified fractures in the gelatin hydrogels from both groups using pure shear notch tests and characterized strain fields near the crack tip using 2-D digital image correlation. We used a numerical method based on Taylor's series expansion to measure the crack tip curvatures in the hydrogels. This method captures tip curvatures better than the parabolic method routinely used in studies. Results from our study show that cracks in gelatin hydrogels underwent frequent arrests during propagation through the specimen width in both groups. MGO hydrogels had 85% enhanced fracture toughness and a significantly higher number of stalls compared to the control group. Crack initiations following stalls in the sample correlated with low tip curvatures in both hydrogel groups. We also show that mechanical stretching blunts the crack tip before crack propagation; the degree of blunting was independent of the cross-link density and elastic modulus of the gelatin hydrogels. These results show a link between crack growth and the tip curvature in cross-linked gelatin hydrogels, and offer potential insights for the development of tougher hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshul Shrivastava
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.
| | - Supreeth M
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.
| | - Namrata Gundiah
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.
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7
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Saintyves B, Pic R, Mahadevan L, Bischofberger I. Evaporation-Driven Cellular Patterns in Confined Hyperelastic Hydrogels. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:118202. [PMID: 37774285 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.118202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
When a hyperelastic hydrogel confined between two parallel glass plates begins to dry from a lateral boundary, the volume lost by evaporation is accommodated by an inward displacement of the air-hydrogel interface that induces an elastic deformation of the hydrogel. Once a critical front displacement is reached, we observe intermittent fracture events initiated by a geometric instability resulting in localized bursts at the interface. These bursts relax the stresses and irreversibly form air cavities that lead to cellular networks. We show that the spatial extent of the strain field prior to a burst, influenced by the air-hydrogel interfacial tension and the confinement of the gel, determines the characteristic size of the cavities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baudouin Saintyves
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- James Franck Institute and Department of Physics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Romain Pic
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - L Mahadevan
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Department of Physics, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Irmgard Bischofberger
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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8
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Hill MJ, Fuentes-Caparrós AM, Adams DJ. Effect of Imposing Spatial Constraints on Low Molecular Weight Gels. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:4253-4262. [PMID: 37595056 PMCID: PMC10498449 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
We outline the effect of imposing spatial constraints during gelation on hydrogels formed by dipeptide-based low molecular weight gelators. The gels were formed via either a solvent switch or a change in pH and formed in different sized vessels to produce gels of different thickness while maintaining the same volume. The different methods of gelation led to gels with different underlying microstructure. Confocal microscopy was used to visualize the resulting microstructures, while the corresponding mechanical properties were probed via cavitation rheology. We show that solvent-switch-triggered gels are sensitive to imposed spatial constraints, in both altered microstructure and mechanical properties, while their pH-triggered equivalents are not. These results are significant because it is often necessary to form gels of different thicknesses for different analytical techniques. Also, gels of different thicknesses are utilized between various applications of these materials. Our data show that it is important to consider the spatial constraints imposed in these situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max J.
S. Hill
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | | | - Dave J. Adams
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
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9
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Derganc J, Zemljič-Jokhadar Š, Majaron B, Kokot G. Locally induced shockwaves for selective perforation of cargo loaded lipid vesicles with temporal and spatial control. RSC Adv 2023; 13:24830-24834. [PMID: 37608975 PMCID: PMC10440727 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra03988a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Controlled poration of lipid membranes is crucial for numerous biomimetic applications such as targeted drug delivery. Although several chemical and physical mechanisms have been proposed for the poration of synthetic membranes, achieving good temporal and spatial control remains a challenge. In this study, we introduce a novel method for membrane poration that utilizes the mechanical shockwave generated by the photo-acoustic effect, which occurs when an optically opaque microparticle is illuminated by a near-infrared laser of optical tweezers. We show that the shockwave effectively porates membranes of giant unilamellar vesicles in close proximity to the microparticle without damaging nearby cells, which is a desirable outcome for potential targeted drug delivery. The poration effect is nonspecific and operates on both liquid and gel phase membranes. Since the photo-acoustic effect can be triggered by standard optical tweezers, this method holds broad applicability in various experimental settings within the field of soft matter research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jure Derganc
- Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Špela Zemljič-Jokhadar
- Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Boris Majaron
- Jožef Stefan Institute Ljubljana Slovenia
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Gašper Kokot
- Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan Institute Ljubljana Slovenia
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10
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Mohammadigoushki H, Shoele K. Cavitation Rheology of Model Yield Stress Fluids Based on Carbopol. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023. [PMID: 37220652 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Measuring the surface tension of yield stress fluids has remained a critical challenge due to limitations of the traditional tensiometry techniques. Here, we overcome those limits and successfully measure the surface tension and mechanical properties of a model yield stress fluid based on Carbopol gels via a needle-induced cavitation (NIC) technique. Our results indicate that the surface tension is approximately 70 ± 3 mN/m, and is independent of the rheology of yield stress fluid over a wide range of yield stress values σy = 0.5-120 Pa. In addition, we demonstrate that a Young modulus smaller than E < 1 kPa can be successfully measured for Carbopol gels with NIC method. Finally, we present a time-resolved flow structure around the cavity in a host of yield stress fluids, and assess the impact of fluid rheology on the detailed form of flow around the cavity. Interestingly, prior to the critical point associated with cavitation, the yield stress fluid is weakly deformed suggesting that the measured surface tension data reflect the near equilibrium values. Beyond the critical point, the yield stress fluid experiences a strong flow that is controlled by both the critical pressure and the non-Newtonian rheology of the yield stress fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Mohammadigoushki
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Kourosh Shoele
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
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11
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Koukas E, Papoutsakis A, Gavaises M. Numerical investigation of shock-induced bubble collapse dynamics and fluid-solid interactions during shock-wave lithotripsy. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2023; 95:106393. [PMID: 37031534 PMCID: PMC10114246 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we investigate the bubble collapse dynamics under shock-induced loading near soft and rigid bio-materials, during shock wave lithotripsy. A novel numerical framework was developed, that employs a Diffuse Interface Method (DIM) accounting for the interaction across fluid-solid-gas interfaces. For the resolution of the extended variety of length scales, due to the dynamic and fine interfacial structures, an Adaptive Mesh Refinement (AMR) framework for unstructured grids was incorporated. This multi-material multi-scale approach aims to reduce the numerical diffusion and preserve sharp interfaces. The presented numerical framework is validated for cases of bubble dynamics, under high and low ambient pressure ratios, shock-induced collapses, and wave transmission problems across a fluid-solid interface, against theoretical and numerical results. Three different configurations of shock-induced collapse applications near a kidney stone and soft tissue have been simulated for different stand-off distances and bubble attachment configurations. The obtained results reveal the detailed collapse dynamics, jet formation, solid deformation, rebound, primary and secondary shock wave emissions, and secondary collapse that govern the near-solid collapse and penetration mechanisms. Significant correlations of the problem configuration to the overall collapse mechanisms were found, stemming from the contact angle/attachment of the bubble and from the properties of solid material. In general, bubbles with their center closer to the kidney stone surface produce more violent collapses. For the soft tissue, the bubble movement prior to the collapse is of great importance as new structures can emerge which can trap the liquid jet into induced crevices. Finally, the tissue penetration is examined for these cases and a novel tension-driven tissue injury mechanism is elucidated, emanating from the complex interaction of the bubble/tissue interaction during the secondary collapse phase of an entrapped bubble in an induced crevice with the liquid jet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Koukas
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, School of Mathematics, Computer Science and Engineering, City University of London, Northampton Square, EC1V 0HB London, UK.
| | - Andreas Papoutsakis
- Department of Engineering, School of Physics Engineering and Computer Science (SPECS), University of Hertfordshire, College Lane Campus, AL10 9AB Hatfield, UK
| | - Manolis Gavaises
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, School of Mathematics, Computer Science and Engineering, City University of London, Northampton Square, EC1V 0HB London, UK
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12
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Pickard D, Martynowych D, Lem J, Koshakji A, Lin S, Zhao X, Nelson K, Giovanardi B, Radovitzky R. Converging-diverging shock-driven instabilities along soft hydrogel surfaces. Phys Rev E 2023; 107:L022601. [PMID: 36932538 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.107.l022601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Intense surface eruptions are observed along the curved surface of a confined cylindrical film of hydrogel subject to laser-induced converging-diverging shock loading. Detailed numerical simulations are used to identify the dominant mechanisms causing mechanical instability. The mechanisms that produce surface instability are found to be fundamentally different from both acoustic parametric instability and shock-driven Richtmyer-Meshkov instability. The time scale of observed and simulated eruption formation is much larger than that of a single shock reflection, in stark contrast to previously studied shock-driven instabilities. Moreover, surface undulations are only found along external, as opposed to internal, soft solid boundaries. Specifically, classic bubble surface instability mechanisms do not occur in our experiments and here we comment only on the new surface undulations found along the outer boundary of solid hydrogel cylinders. Our findings indicate a new class of impulsively excited surface instability that is driven by cycles of internal shock reflections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pickard
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Dmitro Martynowych
- Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Jet Lem
- Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Anwar Koshakji
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Shaoting Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Xuanhe Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Keith Nelson
- Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Bianca Giovanardi
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, Netherlands
| | - Raul Radovitzky
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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13
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Little J, Levine AJ, Singh AR, Bruinsma R. Finite-strain elasticity theory and liquid-liquid phase separation in compressible gels. Phys Rev E 2023; 107:024418. [PMID: 36932516 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.107.024418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The theory of finite-strain elasticity is applied to the phenomenon of cavitation observed in polymer gels following liquid-liquid phase separation of the solvent, which opens a fascinating window on the role of finite-strain elasticity theory in soft materials in general. We show that compressibility effects strongly enhance cavitation in simple materials that obey neo-Hookean elasticity. On the other hand, cavitation phenomena in gels of flexible polymers in a binary solvent that phase separates are surprisingly similar to those of incompressible materials. We find that, as a function of the interfacial energy between the two solvent components, there is a sharp transition between cavitation and classical nucleation and growth. Next, biopolymer gels are characterized by strain hardening and even very low levels of strain hardening turn out to suppress cavitation in polymer gels that obey Flory-Huggins theory in the absence of strain hardening. Our results indicate that cavitation is, in essence, not possible for polymer networks that show strain hardening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Little
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Alex J Levine
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Amit R Singh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, RJ 333031, India
| | - Robijn Bruinsma
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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14
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Tai JSB, Ferrell MJ, Yan J, Waters CM. New Insights into Vibrio cholerae Biofilms from Molecular Biophysics to Microbial Ecology. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1404:17-39. [PMID: 36792869 PMCID: PMC10726288 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-22997-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
With the discovery that 48% of cholera infections in rural Bangladesh villages could be prevented by simple filtration of unpurified waters and the detection of Vibrio cholerae aggregates in stools from cholera patients it was realized V. cholerae biofilms had a central function in cholera pathogenesis. We are currently in the seventh cholera pandemic, caused by O1 serotypes of the El Tor biotypes strains, which initiated in 1961. It is estimated that V. cholerae annually causes millions of infections and over 100,000 deaths. Given the continued emergence of cholera in areas that lack access to clean water, such as Haiti after the 2010 earthquake or the ongoing Yemen civil war, increasing our understanding of cholera disease remains a worldwide public health priority. The surveillance and treatment of cholera is also affected as the world is impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, raising significant concerns in Africa. In addition to the importance of biofilm formation in its life cycle, V. cholerae has become a key model system for understanding bacterial signal transduction networks that regulate biofilm formation and discovering fundamental principles about bacterial surface attachment and biofilm maturation. This chapter will highlight recent insights into V. cholerae biofilms including their structure, ecological role in environmental survival and infection, regulatory systems that control them, and biomechanical insights into the nature of V. cholerae biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Shen B Tai
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Micah J Ferrell
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jing Yan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Christopher M Waters
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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15
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Clarke BR, Kim H, Ilton M, Watkins JJ, Crosby AJ, Tew GN. The Impact of Polymerization Chemistry on the Mechanical Properties of Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Bottlebrush Elastomers. Macromolecules 2022. [PMID: 37502106 PMCID: PMC10373355 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We compare the low-strain mechanical properties of bottlebrush elastomers (BBEs) synthesized using ring-opening metathesis and free radical polymerization. Through comparison of experimentally measured elastic moduli and those predicted by an ideal, affine model, we evaluate the efficiency of our networks in forming stress-supporting strands. This comparison allowed us to develop a structural efficiency ratio that facilitates the prediction of mechanical properties relative to polymerization chemistry (e.g., softer BBEs when polymerizing under dilute conditions). This work highlights the impact that polymerization chemistry has on the structural efficiency ratio and the resultant mechanical properties of BBEs with identical side chains, providing another "knob" by which to control polymer network properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon R. Clarke
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Hyemin Kim
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Mark Ilton
- Department of Physics, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, California 91711, United States
| | - James J. Watkins
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Alfred J. Crosby
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Gregory N. Tew
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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16
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Henzel T, Nijjer J, Chockalingam S, Wahdat H, Crosby AJ, Yan J, Cohen T. Interfacial cavitation. PNAS NEXUS 2022; 1:pgac217. [PMID: 36714841 PMCID: PMC9802248 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cavitation has long been recognized as a crucial predictor, or precursor, to the ultimate failure of various materials, ranging from ductile metals to soft and biological materials. Traditionally, cavitation in solids is defined as an unstable expansion of a void or a defect within a material. The critical applied load needed to trigger this instability -- the critical pressure -- is a lengthscale independent material property and has been predicted by numerous theoretical studies for a breadth of constitutive models. While these studies usually assume that cavitation initiates from defects in the bulk of an otherwise homogeneous medium, an alternative and potentially more ubiquitous scenario can occur if the defects are found at interfaces between two distinct media within the body. Such interfaces are becoming increasingly common in modern materials with the use of multimaterial composites and layer-by-layer additive manufacturing methods. However, a criterion to determine the threshold for interfacial failure, in analogy to the bulk cavitation limit, has yet to be reported. In this work, we fill this gap. Our theoretical model captures a lengthscale independent limit for interfacial cavitation, and is shown to agree with our observations at two distinct lengthscales, via two different experimental systems. To further understand the competition between the two cavitation modes (bulk versus interface), we expand our investigation beyond the elastic response to understand the ensuing unstable propagation of delamination at the interface. A phase diagram summarizes these results, showing regimes in which interfacial failure becomes the dominant mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hares Wahdat
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Alfred J Crosby
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Jing Yan
- To whom correspondence should be addressed:
| | - Tal Cohen
- To whom correspondence should be addressed:
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17
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Leng Y, Vlachos PP, Juanes R, Gomez H. Cavitation in a soft porous material. PNAS NEXUS 2022; 1:pgac150. [PMID: 36714866 PMCID: PMC9802157 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We study the collapse and expansion of a cavitation bubble in a deformable porous medium. We develop a continuum-scale model that couples compressible fluid flow in the pore network with the elastic response of a solid skeleton. Under the assumption of spherical symmetry, our model can be reduced to an ordinary differential equation that extends the Rayleigh-Plesset equation to bubbles in soft porous media. The extended Rayleigh-Plesset equation reveals that finite-size effects lead to the breakdown of the universal scaling relation between bubble radius and time that holds in the infinite-size limit. Our data indicate that the deformability of the porous medium slows down the collapse and expansion processes, a result with important consequences for wide-ranging phenomena, from drug delivery to spore dispersion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Leng
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Pavlos P Vlachos
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Ruben Juanes
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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18
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Biomechanical Sensing Using Gas Bubbles Oscillations in Liquids and Adjacent Technologies: Theory and Practical Applications. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12080624. [PMID: 36005019 PMCID: PMC9406219 DOI: 10.3390/bios12080624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Gas bubbles present in liquids underpin many natural phenomena and human-developed technologies that improve the quality of life. Since all living organisms are predominantly made of water, they may also contain bubbles—introduced both naturally and artificially—that can serve as biomechanical sensors operating in hard-to-reach places inside a living body and emitting signals that can be detected by common equipment used in ultrasound and photoacoustic imaging procedures. This kind of biosensor is the focus of the present article, where we critically review the emergent sensing technologies based on acoustically driven oscillations of bubbles in liquids and bodily fluids. This review is intended for a broad biosensing community and transdisciplinary researchers translating novel ideas from theory to experiment and then to practice. To this end, all discussions in this review are written in a language that is accessible to non-experts in specific fields of acoustics, fluid dynamics and acousto-optics.
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19
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Dougan CE, Song Z, Fu H, Crosby AJ, Cai S, Peyton SR. Cavitation induced fracture of intact brain tissue. Biophys J 2022; 121:2721-2729. [PMID: 35711142 PMCID: PMC9382329 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonpenetrating traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) are linked to cavitation. The structural organization of the brain makes it particularly susceptible to tears and fractures from these cavitation events, but limitations in existing characterization methods make it difficult to understand the relationship between fracture and cavitation in this tissue. More broadly, fracture energy is an important, yet often overlooked, mechanical property of all soft tissues. We combined needle-induced cavitation with hydraulic fracture models to induce and quantify fracture in intact brains at precise locations. We report here the first measurements of the fracture energy of intact brain tissue that range from 1.5 to 8.9 J/m2, depending on the location in the brain and the model applied. We observed that fracture consistently occurs along interfaces between regions of brain tissue. These fractures along interfaces allow cavitation-related damage to propagate several millimeters away from the initial injury site. Quantifying the forces necessary to fracture brain and other soft tissues is critical for understanding how impact and blast waves damage tissue in vivo and has implications for the design of protective gear and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carey E Dougan
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Zhaoqiang Song
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Hongbo Fu
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Alfred J Crosby
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Shengqiang Cai
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Shelly R Peyton
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts.
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20
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Que X, Jin Z, Hou Y, Zhou Y, Zhang Y. Experimental Study on the Time-Dependent Characteristics of MLPS Transparent Soil Strength. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15144990. [PMID: 35888457 PMCID: PMC9317852 DOI: 10.3390/ma15144990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The time-dependent characteristics of transparent soil strength, composed of magnesium lithium phyllosilicate, is important for applying a thixotropic clay surrogate. The gas injection method was employed to obtain the strength, represented as cracking pressure, which was then correlated to variables including rest time, disturbance time, and recovery time. Three concentrations (3, 4, and 5%) were tested. The results show that the strength was directly proportional to the rest time, recovery time, and concentration while the disturbance time reversed. The calculated limit strengths for 3%, 4%, and 5% transparent soils were 3.831 kPa, 8.849 kPa, and 12.048 kPa, respectively. Experimental data also showed that the residual strength for higher concentration transparent soil was more significant than the lower ones. The elastic property immediately generated partial strength recovery after disturbance, while the viscosity property resulted in a slow recovery stage similar to the rest stage. The strength recovery rate was also sensitive to concentration. Furthermore, the strength with 3%, 4%, and 5% concentrations could regain limit values after sufficient recovery, which were calculated as 4.303 kPa, 8.255 kPa, and 14.884 kPa, respectively.
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21
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Barney CW, Sacligil I, Tew GN, Crosby AJ. Linking cavitation and fracture to molecular scale structural damage of model networks. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:4220-4226. [PMID: 35607851 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00400c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Rapid expansion of soft solids subjected to a negative hydrostatic stress can occur through cavitation or fracture. Understanding how these two mechanisms relate to a material's molecular structure is important to applications in materials characterization, adhesive design, and tissue damage. Here, a recently improved needle-induced cavitation (NIC) protocol is applied to a set of model end-linked PEG gels with quantitatively linked elastic and fracture properties. This quantitative link between molecular scale structure and macroscopic properties is exploited to experimentally probe the relationship between cavitation, fracture, and molecular scale damage. This work indicates that rational tuning of the elastofracture length relative to the crack geometry can be used to alter the expansion mechanism from cavitation to fracture during NIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Barney
- Polymer Science & Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Ipek Sacligil
- Polymer Science & Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Gregory N Tew
- Polymer Science & Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Alfred J Crosby
- Polymer Science & Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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22
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Abstract
We report the synthesis of novel poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PEG and PDMS, respectively) bottlebrush amphiphilic polymer co-networks (B-APCNs) with high gel fractions by a grafting-through ring-opening metathesis polymerization. By varying the volume fraction of PEG (ϕPEG), we alter the crystallinity of the networks, achieving complete suppression of PEG crystallinity at ϕPEG=0.35. Furthermore, we show that the crystallinity of these networks can be tuned to alter their moduli. Through dynamic mechanical analysis, we show that the storage and loss moduli of networks with completely suppressed crystallinity (ϕPEG=0.35) behave similarly to a PDMS homopolymer bottlebrush network. These bottlebrush networks represent an unexplored architecture for the field of amphiphilic polymer co-networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon R. Clarke
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Gregory N. Tew
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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23
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Kim C, Choi WJ, Kang W. Cavitation nucleation and its ductile-to-brittle shape transition in soft gels under translational mechanical impact. Acta Biomater 2022; 142:160-173. [PMID: 35189381 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cavitation bubbles in the human body, when subjected to impact, are being increasingly considered as a possible brain injury mechanism. However, the onset of cavitation and its complex dynamics in biological materials remain unclear. Our experimental results using soft gels as a tissue simulant show that the critical acceleration (acr) at cavitation nucleation monotonically increases with increasing stiffness of gelatin A/B, while acr for agarose and agar initially increases but is followed by a plateau or even decrease after stiffness reach to ∼100 kPa. Our image analyses of cavitation bubbles and theoretical work reveal that the observed trends in acr are directly linked to how bubbles grow in each gel. Gelatin A/B, regardless of their stiffness, form a localized damaged zone (tens of nanometers) at the gel-bubble interface during bubble growth. In contrary, the damaged zone in agar/agarose becomes significantly larger (> 100 times) with increasing shear modulus, which triggers the transition from formation of a small, damaged zone to activation of crack propagation. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: We have studied cavitation nucleation and bubble growth in four different types of soft gels (i.e., tissue simulants) under translational impact. The critical linear acceleration for cavitation nucleation has been measured in the simulants by utilizing a recently developed method that mimics acceleration profiles of typical head blunt events. Each gel type exhibits significantly different trends in the critical acceleration and bubble shape (e.g., A gel-specific sphere-to-saucer transition) with increasing gel stiffness. Our theoretical framework, based on the concepts of a damaged zone and crack propagation in each gel, explains underlying mechanisms of the experimental observations. Our in-depth studies shed light on potential links between traumatic brain injuries and cavitation bubbles induced by translational acceleration, the overlooked mechanism in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunghwan Kim
- Mechanical Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, United States
| | - Won June Choi
- Mechanical Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, United States
| | - Wonmo Kang
- Mechanical Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, United States.
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24
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Yang Q, Liu X, Shi H, Zou L, Cheng K, Li T, Chang B, Liu C, Shen C. Influence of crystal orientation on stretching induced void formation in poly(4‐methyl‐1‐pentene) investigated by in‐situ small‐angle and wide‐angle
X‐
ray scattering. POLYMER CRYSTALLIZATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pcr2.10215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Honghui Shi
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Lin Zou
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Kaichang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Taolin Li
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Baobao Chang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Chuntai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Changyu Shen
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
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25
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Yang J, Tzoumaka A, Murakami K, Johnsen E, Henann DL, Franck C. Predicting complex nonspherical instability shapes of inertial cavitation bubbles in viscoelastic soft matter. Phys Rev E 2021; 104:045108. [PMID: 34781461 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.104.045108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Inertial cavitation in soft matter is an important phenomenon featured in a wide array of biological and engineering processes. Recent advances in experimental, theoretical, and numerical techniques have provided access to a world full of nonlinear physics, yet most of our quantitative understanding to date has been centered on a spherically symmetric description of the cavitation process in water. However, cavitation bubble growth and collapse rarely occur in a perfectly symmetrical fashion, particularly in soft materials. Predicting the onset of dynamically arising, nonspherical instabilities in soft matter has remained a significant, unresolved challenge, in part due to the additional constitutive complexities introduced by the surrounding nonlinear viscoelastic solid. Here, we provide a new theoretical framework capable of accurately predicting the onset of nonspherical instability shapes of a bubble in a soft material by explicitly accounting for all pertinent nonlinear interactions between the cavitation bubble and the solid surroundings. Comparison with high-resolution experimental images from laser-induced cavitation events in a polyacrylamide hydrogel show excellent agreement. Interestingly, and consistent with experimental findings, our model predicts the emergence of various dynamic instability shapes for circumferential bubble stretch ratios greater than 1, in contrast to most quasistatic investigations. Our new theoretical framework not only provides unprecedented insight into the cavitation dynamics in a soft, nonlinear solid, but also provides a quantitative means of interpreting bubble dynamics relevant to a wide array of engineering and medical applications as well as natural phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Anastasia Tzoumaka
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Kazuya Murakami
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Eric Johnsen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - David L Henann
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Christian Franck
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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26
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Bain N, Jagota A, Smith-Mannschott K, Heyden S, Style RW, Dufresne ER. Surface Tension and the Strain-Dependent Topography of Soft Solids. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:208001. [PMID: 34860052 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.208001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
When stretched in one direction, most solids shrink in the transverse directions. In soft silicone gels, however, we observe that small-scale topographical features grow upon stretching. A quantitative analysis of the topography shows that this counterintuitive response is nearly linear, allowing us to tackle it through a small-strain analysis. We find that the surprising increase of small-scale topography with stretch is due to a delicate interplay of the bulk and surface responses to strain. Specifically, we find that surface tension changes as the material is deformed. This response is expected on general grounds for solid materials, but challenges the standard description of gel and elastomer surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Bain
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anand Jagota
- Departments of Bioengineering, and of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18017, USA
| | | | - Stefanie Heyden
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Robert W Style
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Eric R Dufresne
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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27
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Hasan F, Al Mahmud KAH, Khan MI, Kang W, Adnan A. Effect of random fiber networks on bubble growth in gelatin hydrogels. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:9293-9314. [PMID: 34647568 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00587a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In hydrodynamics, the event of dynamic bubble growth in a pure liquid under tensile pressure is known as cavitation. The same event can also be observed in soft materials (e.g., elastomers and hydrogels). However, for soft materials, bubble/cavity growth is either defined as cavitation if the bubble growth is elastic and reversible or as fracture if the cavity growth is by material failure and irreversible. In any way, bubble growth can cause damage to soft materials (e.g., tissue) by inducing high strain and strain-rate deformation. Additionally, a high-strength pressure wave is generated upon the collapse of the bubble. Therefore, it is crucial to identify the critical condition of spontaneous bubble growth in soft materials. Experimental and theoretical observations have agreed that the onset of bubble growth in soft materials requires higher tensile pressure than pure water. The extra tensile pressure is required since the cavitating bubble needs to overcome the elastic and surface energy in soft materials. In this manuscript, we developed two models to study and quantify the extra tensile pressure for different gelatin concentrations. Both the models are then compared with the existing cavitation onset criteria of rubber-like materials. Validation is done with the experimental results of threshold tensile pressure for different gelatin concentrations. Both models can moderately predict the extra tensile pressure within the intermediate range of gelatin concentrations (3-7% [w/v]). For low concentration (∼1%), the network's non-affinity plays a significant role and must be incorporated. On the other hand, for higher concentrations (∼10%), the entropic deformation dominates, and the strain energy formulation is not adequate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuad Hasan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, USA.
- Woolf Hall, Room 315C, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - K A H Al Mahmud
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, USA.
- Woolf Hall, Room 315C, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Md Ishak Khan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, USA.
- Woolf Hall, Room 315C, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Wonmo Kang
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, USA
| | - Ashfaq Adnan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, USA.
- Woolf Hall, Room 315C, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
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28
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Cavitation controls droplet sizes in elastic media. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2102014118. [PMID: 34588303 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2102014118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological cells use droplets to separate components and spatially control their interior. Experiments demonstrate that the complex, crowded cellular environment affects the droplet arrangement and their sizes. To understand this behavior, we here construct a theoretical description of droplets growing in an elastic matrix, which is motivated by experiments in synthetic systems where monodisperse emulsions form during a temperature decrease. We show that large droplets only form when they break the surrounding matrix in a cavitation event. The energy barrier associated with cavitation stabilizes small droplets on the order of the mesh size and diminishes the stochastic effects of nucleation. Consequently, the cavitated droplets have similar sizes and highly correlated positions. In particular, we predict the density of cavitated droplets, which increases with faster cooling, as in the experiments. Our model also suggests how adjusting the cooling protocol and the density of nucleation sites affects the droplet size distribution. In summary, our theory explains how elastic matrices affect droplets in the synthetic system, and it provides a framework for understanding the biological case.
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29
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Nan K, Abritta P, Hoy RS. How Does the Character of Glassy-Polymeric Cavitation Depend on Entanglement Density and the Local Poisson Ratio? Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Nan
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Pedro Abritta
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Robert S. Hoy
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
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30
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Abstract
Biofilms are aggregates of bacterial cells surrounded by an extracellular matrix. Much progress has been made in studying biofilm growth on solid substrates; however, little is known about the biophysical mechanisms underlying biofilm development in three-dimensional confined environments in which the biofilm-dwelling cells must push against and even damage the surrounding environment to proliferate. Here, combining single-cell imaging, mutagenesis, and rheological measurement, we reveal the key morphogenesis steps of Vibrio cholerae biofilms embedded in hydrogels as they grow by four orders of magnitude from their initial size. We show that the morphodynamics and cell ordering in embedded biofilms are fundamentally different from those of biofilms on flat surfaces. Treating embedded biofilms as inclusions growing in an elastic medium, we quantitatively show that the stiffness contrast between the biofilm and its environment determines biofilm morphology and internal architecture, selecting between spherical biofilms with no cell ordering and oblate ellipsoidal biofilms with high cell ordering. When embedded in stiff gels, cells self-organize into a bipolar structure that resembles the molecular ordering in nematic liquid crystal droplets. In vitro biomechanical analysis shows that cell ordering arises from stress transmission across the biofilm-environment interface, mediated by specific matrix components. Our imaging technique and theoretical approach are generalizable to other biofilm-forming species and potentially to biofilms embedded in mucus or host tissues as during infection. Our results open an avenue to understand how confined cell communities grow by means of a compromise between their inherent developmental program and the mechanical constraints imposed by the environment.
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31
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Govetto A, Mazzotta F, Al-Sheikh M, Mauro A, Romano MR. Macular capillary displacement in exudative and tractional macular oedema: a multimodal imaging study and pathophysiological hypothesis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2021; 259:3675-3685. [PMID: 34236472 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-021-05289-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to describe vessel density differences in tractional versus exudative macular oedema with the aid of novel custom imaging analysis techniques. METHODS In this retrospective study, patients with exudative and tractional macular oedema were imaged with optical coherence tomography (OCT), en-face OCT, OCT-angiography and fluorescein angiography. A novel image processing algorithm was developed to extrapolate data from the vessel density maps. RESULTS Forty-one eyes of 36 patients were included. A total of 30 control eyes comprised the control group. At the deep capillary plexus (DCP), exudative eyes presented with a vessel density of 62.12 ± 5.7, significantly higher if compared to both tractional lamellar macular hole (57.6 ± 4.6, p = 0.004) and controls (52.07 ± 2.3, p < 0.001). At the superficial capillary plexus (SCP), there were no differences in vessel density between exudative eyes (51.9 ± 4.4) and both the tractional lamellar hole (54.9 ± 3.1, p = 0.083) and the control (51.72 ± 2.2, p = 0.083) groups. In the exudative subgroup, there was a direct correlation between areas of low flow and those of high flow at both the DCP and SCP (p = 0.001 and p = 0.042, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Intraretinal expansion of fluid may cause the displacement of the surrounding retinal parenchyma and capillaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Govetto
- Ophthalmology Department, Fatebenefratelli and Ophthalmic Hospital, ASSt-Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy.
| | - Fabiana Mazzotta
- Department of Engineering, University of Naples "Parthenope", Naples, Italy
| | - Mayss Al-Sheikh
- Ophthalmology Department, University of Zurich, Zurich, CH, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Mauro
- Department of Engineering, University of Naples "Parthenope", Naples, Italy
| | - Mario R Romano
- Ophthalmology Department, Humanitas Gavazzeni, Humanitas University, Bergamo, Italy
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32
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Kim C, Choi WJ, Ng Y, Kang W. Mechanically Induced Cavitation in Biological Systems. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11060546. [PMID: 34200753 PMCID: PMC8230379 DOI: 10.3390/life11060546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cavitation bubbles form in soft biological systems when subjected to a negative pressure above a critical threshold, and dynamically change their size and shape in a violent manner. The critical threshold and dynamic response of these bubbles are known to be sensitive to the mechanical characteristics of highly compliant biological systems. Several recent studies have demonstrated different biological implications of cavitation events in biological systems, from therapeutic drug delivery and microsurgery to blunt injury mechanisms. Due to the rapidly increasing relevance of cavitation in biological and biomedical communities, it is necessary to review the current state-of-the-art theoretical framework, experimental techniques, and research trends with an emphasis on cavitation behavior in biologically relevant systems (e.g., tissue simulant and organs). In this review, we first introduce several theoretical models that predict bubble response in different types of biological systems and discuss the use of each model with physical interpretations. Then, we review the experimental techniques that allow the characterization of cavitation in biologically relevant systems with in-depth discussions of their unique advantages and disadvantages. Finally, we highlight key biological studies and findings, through the direct use of live cells or organs, for each experimental approach.
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33
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Wahdat H, Elzière P, Chan N, Crosby AJ. Mechanics of adhesives under annular confinement: internal pressure, force, and interfacial area. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:5540-5547. [PMID: 33978048 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00089f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Closed annular adhesive interfaces are commonly found in nature as well as in many existing and developing technologies. Such contacts provide enhanced control of interfacial history by prescribing whether interfacial separation occurs at the outer or inner edge, and whether internal pressure affects the required force for separation. To facilitate the development of technologies involving annular contacts, we have experimentally measured the relationship between applied displacement, resulting force and internal pressure, and annular interface dimensions for the contact between a rigid annular probe and an adhesive layer with finite thickness. Experiments were validated by finite element analysis models, which were used to develop semi-empirical analytical relationships for the changes in contact compliance as a function of material properties and geometric constraints. Additionally, the change in internal pressure was modeled as a function of annular contact dimensions and adhesive layer material properties. This model predicts the critical volume where internal pressure changes alters critical force for separating an annular contact interface. The results discussed here provide a foundation for new experimental protocols for characterizing soft materials, including pressure-sensitive adhesives, as well as guidelines for designing annular interfacial materials with controlled separation histories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hares Wahdat
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Paul Elzière
- Saint-Gobain Research North America, 9 Goddard Road, Northborough, MA 01532, USA
| | - Nicky Chan
- Saint-Gobain Research North America, 9 Goddard Road, Northborough, MA 01532, USA
| | - Alfred J Crosby
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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34
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Morelle XP, Sanoja GE, Castagnet S, Creton C. 3D fluorescent mapping of invisible molecular damage after cavitation in hydrogen exposed elastomers. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:4266-4274. [PMID: 33908597 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00325a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Elastomers saturated with gas at high pressure suffer from cavity nucleation, inflation, and deflation upon rapid or explosive decompression. Although this process often results in undetectable changes in appearance, it causes internal damage, hampers functionality (e.g., permeability), and shortens lifetime. Here, we tag a model poly(ethyl acrylate) elastomer with π-extended anthracene-maleimide adducts that fluoresce upon network chain scission, and map in 3D the internal damage present after a cycle of gas saturation and rapid decompression. Interestingly, we observe that each cavity observable during decompression results in a damaged region, the shape of which reveals a fracture locus of randomly oriented penny-shape cracks (i.e., with a flower-like morphology) that contain crack arrest lines. Thus, cavity growth likely proceeds discontinuously (i.e., non-steadily) through the stable and unstable fracture of numerous 2D crack planes. This non-destructive methodology to visualize in 3D molecular damage in polymer networks is novel and serves to understand how fracture occurs under complex 3D loads, predict mechanical aging of pristine looking elastomers, and holds potential to optimize cavitation-resistance in soft materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier P Morelle
- SIMM, ESPCI Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 10 Rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Gabriel E Sanoja
- SIMM, ESPCI Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 10 Rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Sylvie Castagnet
- Institut Pprime (UPR 3346 CNRS - ENSMA - Université de Poitiers), Department of Physics and Mechanics of Materials, 1 Avenue Clément Ader, BP 40109, 86961 Futuroscope Cedex, France
| | - Costantino Creton
- SIMM, ESPCI Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 10 Rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France. and Global Station for Soft Matter, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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35
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Mancia L, Yang J, Spratt JS, Sukovich JR, Xu Z, Colonius T, Franck C, Johnsen E. Acoustic cavitation rheometry. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:2931-2941. [PMID: 33587083 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm02086a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of soft materials is challenging due to their high compliance and the strain-rate dependence of their mechanical properties. The inertial microcavitation-based high strain-rate rheometry (IMR) method [Estrada et al., J. Mech. Phys. Solids, 2018, 112, 291-317] combines laser-induced cavitation measurements with a model for the bubble dynamics to measure local properties of polyacrylamide hydrogel under high strain-rates from 103 to 108 s-1. While promising, laser-induced cavitation involves plasma formation and optical breakdown during nucleation, a process that could alter local material properties before measurements are obtained. In the present study, we extend the IMR method to another means to generate cavitation, namely high-amplitude focused ultrasound, and apply the resulting acoustic-cavitation-based IMR to characterize the mechanical properties of agarose hydrogels. Material properties including viscosity, elastic constants, and a stress-free bubble radius are inferred from bubble radius histories in 0.3% and 1% agarose gels. An ensemble-based data assimilation is used to further help interpret the obtained estimates. The resulting parameter distributions are consistent with available measurements of agarose gel properties and with expected trends related to gel concentration and high strain-rate loading. Our findings demonstrate the utility of applying IMR and data assimilation methods with single-bubble acoustic cavitation data for measurement of viscoelastic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Mancia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Jin Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jean-Sebastien Spratt
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan R Sukovich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Zhen Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Tim Colonius
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Christian Franck
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
| | - Eric Johnsen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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36
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WILSON BRYCEG, FAN ZHENKUN, SREEDASYAM RAHUL, BOTVINICK ELLIOT, VENUGOPALAN VASAN. Single-shot interferometric measurement of cavitation bubble dynamics. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:1409-1412. [PMID: 33720199 PMCID: PMC9233925 DOI: 10.1364/ol.416923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate an interferometric method to provide direct, single-shot measurements of cavitation bubble dynamics with nanoscale spatial and temporal resolution with results that closely match theoretical predictions. Implementation of this method reduces the need for expensive and complex ultra-high speed camera systems for the measurement of single cavitation events. This method can capture dynamics over large time intervals with sub-nanosecond temporal resolution and spatial precision surpassing the optical diffraction limit. We expect this method to have broad utility for examination of cavitation bubble dynamics, as well as for metrology applications such as optorheological materials characterization. This method provides an accurate approach for precise measurement of cavitation bubble dynamics suitable for metrology applications such as optorheological materials characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- BRYCE G. WILSON
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering,
University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2580
| | - ZHENKUN FAN
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering,
University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2580
| | - RAHUL SREEDASYAM
- Department of Biomedical Engineering University of
California, Irvine, CA 92697-2715
| | - ELLIOT BOTVINICK
- Department of Biomedical Engineering University of
California, Irvine, CA 92697-2715
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, 1002 Health
Sciences Rd E, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3010
| | - VASAN VENUGOPALAN
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering,
University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2580
- Department of Biomedical Engineering University of
California, Irvine, CA 92697-2715
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, 1002 Health
Sciences Rd E, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3010
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37
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Marsh JL, Bentil SA. Cerebrospinal Fluid Cavitation as a Mechanism of Blast-Induced Traumatic Brain Injury: A Review of Current Debates, Methods, and Findings. Front Neurol 2021; 12:626393. [PMID: 33776887 PMCID: PMC7994250 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.626393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cavitation has gained popularity in recent years as a potential mechanism of blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI). This review presents the most prominent debates on cavitation; how bubbles can form or exist within the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brain vasculature, potential mechanisms of cellular, and tissue level damage following the collapse of bubbles in response to local pressure fluctuations, and a survey of experimental and computational models used to address cavitation research questions. Due to the broad and varied nature of cavitation research, this review attempts to provide a necessary synthesis of cavitation findings relevant to bTBI, and identifies key areas where additional work is required. Fundamental questions about the viability and likelihood of CSF cavitation during blast remain, despite a variety of research regarding potential injury pathways. Much of the existing literature on bTBI evaluates cavitation based off its prima facie plausibility, while more rigorous evaluation of its likelihood becomes increasingly necessary. This review assesses the validity of some of the common assumptions in cavitation research, as well as highlighting outstanding questions that are essential in future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny L Marsh
- The Bentil Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Sarah A Bentil
- The Bentil Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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38
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Shen LQ, Yu JH, Tang XC, Sun BA, Liu YH, Bai HY, Wang WH. Observation of cavitation governing fracture in glasses. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/14/eabf7293. [PMID: 33789905 PMCID: PMC8011974 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf7293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Crack propagation is the major vehicle for material failure, but the mechanisms by which cracks propagate remain longstanding riddles, especially for glassy materials with a long-range disordered atomic structure. Recently, cavitation was proposed as an underlying mechanism governing the fracture of glasses, but experimental determination of the cavitation behavior of fracture is still lacking. Here, we present unambiguous experimental evidence to firmly establish the cavitation mechanism in the fracture of glasses. We show that crack propagation in various glasses is dominated by the self-organized nucleation, growth, and coalescence of nanocavities, eventually resulting in the nanopatterns on the fracture surfaces. The revealed cavitation-induced nanostructured fracture morphologies thus confirm the presence of nanoscale ductility in the fracture of nominally brittle glasses, which has been debated for decades. Our observations would aid a fundamental understanding of the failure of disordered systems and have implications for designing tougher glasses with excellent ductility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai-Quan Shen
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ji-Hao Yu
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiao-Chang Tang
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bao-An Sun
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Yan-Hui Liu
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hai-Yang Bai
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei-Hua Wang
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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39
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The retardation effects of lamellar slip or/and chain slip on void initiation during uniaxial stretching of oriented iPP. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.123342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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40
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Kim J, Shin J, Kong C, Lee SH, Chang WS, Han SH. The synergistic effect of focused ultrasound and biophotonics to overcome the barrier of light transmittance in biological tissue. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 33:102173. [PMID: 33529746 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.102173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Optical technology is a tool to diagnose and treat human diseases. Shallow penetration depth caused by the high optical scattering nature of biological tissues is a significant obstacle to utilizing light in the biomedical field. In this paper, light transmission enhancement in the rat brain induced by focused ultrasound (FUS) was observed and the cause of observed enhancement was analyzed. Both air bubbles and mechanical deformation generated by FUS were cited as the cause. The Monte Carlo simulation was performed to investigate effects on transmission by air bubbles and finite element method was also used to describe mechanical deformation induced by motions of acoustic particles. As a result, it was found that the mechanical deformation was more suitable to describe the transmission change according to the FUS pulse observed in the experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehyuk Kim
- Molecular Imaging, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada; Health and Medical Equipment, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewoo Shin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanho Kong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Lee
- Molecular Imaging, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Won Seok Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hee Han
- Molecular Imaging, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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41
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Zhang Y, Etzold MA, Lefauve A. Growth of gas-filled penny-shaped cracks in decompressed hydrogels. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:815-825. [PMID: 33411877 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01795g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We report that the decompression of soft brittle materials can lead to the growth of internal gas-filled cracks. These cracks are oblate spheroids ('penny shape'), whose major radius grows linearly in time, irreversibly fracturing the surrounding material. Our optical measurements in hydrogels characterise and quantify the three-dimensional crack geometry and growth rate. These results are in good agreement with our analytical model coupling fracture mechanics and gas diffusion, and predicting the dependence on the mechanical properties, gas diffusivity and super-saturation conditions (gas pressure, solubility, temperature). Our results suggest a new potential mechanism for decompression sickness in scuba diving and for indirect optical measurements of the fracture properties of hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yansheng Zhang
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, UK.
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42
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Garcia Garcia C, Patkar SS, Jovic N, Mittal J, Kiick KL. Alteration of Microstructure in Biopolymeric Hydrogels via Compositional Modification of Resilin-Like Polypeptides. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:4244-4257. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristobal Garcia Garcia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Sai S. Patkar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Nina Jovic
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Jeetain Mittal
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Kristi L. Kiick
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19176, United States
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43
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Saint-Michel B, Garbin V. Acoustic bubble dynamics in a yield-stress fluid. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:10405-10418. [PMID: 33047763 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01044h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Yield-stress fluids naturally trap small bubbles when their buoyancy applies an insufficient stress to induce local yielding of the material. Under acoustic excitation, trapped bubbles can be driven into volumetric oscillations and apply an additional local strain and stress that can trigger yielding and assist their release. In this paper we explore different regimes of microbubble oscillation and translation driven by an ultrasound field in a model yield-stress fluid, a Carbopol microgel. We first analyse the linear bubble oscillation dynamics to measure the local, high-frequency viscosity of the material. We then use acoustic pressure gradients to induce bubble translation and examine the elastic part of the response of the material below yielding. We find that, at moderate pressure amplitude, the additional stresses applied by volumetric oscillations and acoustic radiation forces do not lead to any detectable irreversible bubble motion. At high pressure amplitude, we observe non-spherical shape oscillations that result in erratic bubble motion. The critical pressures we observe differ from the predictions of a recent model of shape oscillations in soft solids. Based on our findings, we discuss possible reasons for the lack of bubble release in Carbopol and suggest other systems in which ultrasound-assisted bubble rise may be observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice Saint-Michel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Valeria Garbin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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44
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Saint-Michel B, Garbin V. Bubble dynamics for broadband microrheology of complex fluids. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2020.101392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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45
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Narasimhan BN, Ting MS, Kollmetz T, Horrocks MS, Chalard AE, Malmström J. Mechanical Characterization for Cellular Mechanobiology: Current Trends and Future Prospects. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:595978. [PMID: 33282852 PMCID: PMC7689259 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.595978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate mechanical characterization of adherent cells and their substrates is important for understanding the influence of mechanical properties on cells themselves. Recent mechanobiology studies outline the importance of mechanical parameters, such as stress relaxation and strain stiffening on the behavior of cells. Numerous techniques exist for probing mechanical properties and it is vital to understand the benefits of each technique and how they relate to each other. This mini review aims to guide the reader through the toolbox of mechanical characterization techniques by presenting well-established and emerging methods currently used to assess mechanical properties of substrates and cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badri Narayanan Narasimhan
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Matthew S. Ting
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Tarek Kollmetz
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Matthew S. Horrocks
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Anaïs E. Chalard
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Jenny Malmström
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington, New Zealand
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46
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Fang WJ, Liu JW, Zheng HJ, Shen BB, Wang X, Kong Y, Jing ZY, Gao JQ. Protein Sub-Visible Particle and Free Radical formation of a Freeze-Dried Monoclonal Antibody Formulation During Dropping. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:1625-1634. [PMID: 33049261 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Dropping during shipping and handling of liquid biopharmaceutical formulations has long been known to cause protein degradation and aggregation. On the other hand, accidental dropping of freeze-dried protein formulations is generally considered not a major issue for biopharmaceutical quality. Reports of stability and especially the underling degradation mechanism(s) during shipping and handling of freeze-dried protein formulations were rarely seen in literature. In this manuscript, we report an interesting phenomenon in which repeated dropping of freeze-dried monoclonal antibody X (mAb-X) formulation powder resulted in significant protein sub-visible particles (SbVPs) in the reconstituted liquid as determined by the sensitive particle analyzing technique micro-flow imaging (MFI). Free radicals were observed after repeated dropping by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). Formation of SbVPs could be partially inhibited by the free radical scavengers methionine and 3-carbamoyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidin-yloxy free radical (CTPO). The amount of free radicals and SbVPs was correlated to the sample temperature during dropping. Therefore we propose that the high temperature formed during dropping was probably the root cause for protein aggregation and free radical formation, which could further cause protein aggregation. Our observations suggest that similar to liquid protein formulations, dropping of freeze-dried protein formulations should also be avoided or mitigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jie Fang
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China; Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016 China.
| | - Jia-Wei Liu
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China; Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016 China
| | - Hong-Jian Zheng
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China; Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016 China
| | - Bin-Bin Shen
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China; Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016 China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310013 China
| | - Yi Kong
- The First People's Hospital of Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou, 311200 China
| | - Zhen-Yi Jing
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China; Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016 China
| | - Jian-Qing Gao
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Ye
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Robert A. Riggleman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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48
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Tiwari S, Kazemi-Moridani A, Zheng Y, Barney CW, McLeod KR, Dougan CE, Crosby AJ, Tew GN, Peyton SR, Cai S, Lee JH. Seeded laser-induced cavitation for studying high-strain-rate irreversible deformation of soft materials. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:9006-9013. [PMID: 33021618 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00710b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing the high-strain-rate and high-strain mechanics of soft materials is critical to understanding the complex behavior of polymers and various dynamic injury mechanisms, including traumatic brain injury. However, their dynamic mechanical deformation under extreme conditions is technically difficult to quantify and often includes irreversible damage. To address such challenges, we investigate an experimental method, which allows quantification of the extreme mechanical properties of soft materials using ultrafast stroboscopic imaging of highly reproducible laser-induced cavitation events. As a reference material, we characterize variably cross-linked polydimethylsiloxane specimens using this method. The consistency of the laser-induced cavitation is achieved through the introduction of laser absorbing seed microspheres. Based on a simplified viscoelastic model, representative high-strain-rate shear moduli and viscosities of the soft specimens are quantified across different degrees of crosslinking. The quantified rheological parameters align well with the time-temperature superposition prediction of dynamic mechanical analysis. The presented method offers significant advantages with regard to quantifying high-strain rate, irreversible mechanical properties of soft materials and tissues, compared to other methods that rely upon the cyclic dynamics of cavitation. These advances are anticipated to aid in the understanding of how damage and injury develop in soft materials and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sacchita Tiwari
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Amir Kazemi-Moridani
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Yue Zheng
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 9209, USA
| | - Christopher W Barney
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Kelly R McLeod
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Carey E Dougan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Alfred J Crosby
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Gregory N Tew
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Shelly R Peyton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Shengqiang Cai
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 9209, USA
| | - Jae-Hwang Lee
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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49
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Luo JC, Ching H, Wilson BG, Mohraz A, Botvinick EL, Venugopalan V. Laser cavitation rheology for measurement of elastic moduli and failure strain within hydrogels. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13144. [PMID: 32753667 PMCID: PMC7403306 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68621-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We introduce laser cavitation rheology (LCR) as a minimally-invasive optical method to characterize mechanical properties within the interior of biological and synthetic aqueous soft materials at high strain-rates. We utilized time-resolved photography to measure cavitation bubble dynamics generated by the delivery of focused 500 ps duration laser radiation at λ = 532 nm within fibrin hydrogels at pulse energies of Ep = 12, 18 µJ and within polyethylene glycol (600) diacrylate (PEG (600) DA) hydrogels at Ep = 2, 5, 12 µJ. Elastic moduli and failure strains of fibrin and PEG (600) DA hydrogels were calculated from these measurements by determining parameter values which provide the best fit of the measured data to a theoretical model of cavitation bubble dynamics in a Neo-Hookean viscoelastic medium subject to material failure. We demonstrate the use of this method to retrieve the local, interior elastic modulus of these hydrogels and both the radial and circumferential failure strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C Luo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-2715, USA
- Beckman Laser Institute & Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-2575, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Herman Ching
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, 916 Engineering Tower, Irvine, CA, 92697-2580, USA
| | - Bryce G Wilson
- Beckman Laser Institute & Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-2575, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, 916 Engineering Tower, Irvine, CA, 92697-2580, USA
| | - Ali Mohraz
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, 916 Engineering Tower, Irvine, CA, 92697-2580, USA
| | - Elliot L Botvinick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-2715, USA
- Beckman Laser Institute & Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-2575, USA
| | - Vasan Venugopalan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-2715, USA.
- Beckman Laser Institute & Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-2575, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, 916 Engineering Tower, Irvine, CA, 92697-2580, USA.
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