1
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Eckardt NA, Avin-Wittenberg T, Bassham DC, Chen P, Chen Q, Fang J, Genschik P, Ghifari AS, Guercio AM, Gibbs DJ, Heese M, Jarvis RP, Michaeli S, Murcha MW, Mursalimov S, Noir S, Palayam M, Peixoto B, Rodriguez PL, Schaller A, Schnittger A, Serino G, Shabek N, Stintzi A, Theodoulou FL, Üstün S, van Wijk KJ, Wei N, Xie Q, Yu F, Zhang H. The lowdown on breakdown: Open questions in plant proteolysis. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:2931-2975. [PMID: 38980154 PMCID: PMC11371169 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Proteolysis, including post-translational proteolytic processing as well as protein degradation and amino acid recycling, is an essential component of the growth and development of living organisms. In this article, experts in plant proteolysis pose and discuss compelling open questions in their areas of research. Topics covered include the role of proteolysis in the cell cycle, DNA damage response, mitochondrial function, the generation of N-terminal signals (degrons) that mark many proteins for degradation (N-terminal acetylation, the Arg/N-degron pathway, and the chloroplast N-degron pathway), developmental and metabolic signaling (photomorphogenesis, abscisic acid and strigolactone signaling, sugar metabolism, and postharvest regulation), plant responses to environmental signals (endoplasmic-reticulum-associated degradation, chloroplast-associated degradation, drought tolerance, and the growth-defense trade-off), and the functional diversification of peptidases. We hope these thought-provoking discussions help to stimulate further research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tamar Avin-Wittenberg
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Diane C Bassham
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Poyu Chen
- School of Biological Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Qian Chen
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jun Fang
- Section of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Pascal Genschik
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 12, rue du Général Zimmer, Strasbourg 67084, France
| | - Abi S Ghifari
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Angelica M Guercio
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Daniel J Gibbs
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B1 2RU, UK
| | - Maren Heese
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststr. 18, Hamburg 22609, Germany
| | - R Paul Jarvis
- Section of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Simon Michaeli
- Department of Postharvest Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Monika W Murcha
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Sergey Mursalimov
- Department of Postharvest Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Sandra Noir
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 12, rue du Général Zimmer, Strasbourg 67084, France
| | - Malathy Palayam
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Bruno Peixoto
- Section of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Pedro L Rodriguez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas-Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, Valencia ES-46022, Spain
| | - Andreas Schaller
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart 70599, Germany
| | - Arp Schnittger
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststr. 18, Hamburg 22609, Germany
| | - Giovanna Serino
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza Universita’ di Roma, p.le A. Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Nitzan Shabek
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Annick Stintzi
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart 70599, Germany
| | | | - Suayib Üstün
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Bochum 44780, Germany
| | - Klaas J van Wijk
- Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Sciences (SIPS), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Ning Wei
- School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Feifei Yu
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hongtao Zhang
- Plant Sciences and the Bioeconomy, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
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2
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Kourelis J, Schuster M, Demir F, Mattinson O, Krauter S, Kahlon PS, O’Grady R, Royston S, Bravo-Cazar AL, Mooney BC, Huesgen PF, Kamoun S, van der Hoorn RAL. Bioengineering secreted proteases converts divergent Rcr3 orthologs and paralogs into extracellular immune co-receptors. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:3260-3276. [PMID: 38923940 PMCID: PMC11371160 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Secreted immune proteases "Required for Cladosporium resistance-3" (Rcr3) and "Phytophthora-inhibited protease-1" (Pip1) of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) are both inhibited by Avirulence-2 (Avr2) from the fungal plant pathogen Cladosporium fulvum. However, only Rcr3 acts as a decoy co-receptor that detects Avr2 in the presence of the Cf-2 immune receptor. Here, we identified crucial residues in tomato Rcr3 that are required for Cf-2-mediated signaling and bioengineered various proteases to trigger Avr2/Cf-2-dependent immunity. Despite substantial divergence in Rcr3 orthologs from eggplant (Solanum melongena) and tobacco (Nicotiana spp.), minimal alterations were sufficient to trigger Avr2/Cf-2-mediated immune signaling. By contrast, tomato Pip1 was bioengineered with 16 Rcr3-specific residues to initiate Avr2/Cf-2-triggered immune signaling. These residues cluster on one side of the protein next to the substrate-binding groove, indicating a potential Cf-2 interaction site. Our findings also revealed that Rcr3 and Pip1 have distinct substrate preferences determined by two variant residues and that both are suboptimal for binding Avr2. This study advances our understanding of Avr2 perception and opens avenues to bioengineer proteases to broaden pathogen recognition in other crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiorgos Kourelis
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3RB Oxford, UK
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7UH, Norwich, UK
| | - Mariana Schuster
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3RB Oxford, UK
| | - Fatih Demir
- Central Institute for Engineering, Department of Electronics and Analytics (ZEA), Analytics (ZEA-3), Research Centre Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Str., 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Oliver Mattinson
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3RB Oxford, UK
| | - Sonja Krauter
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3RB Oxford, UK
| | - Parvinderdeep S Kahlon
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3RB Oxford, UK
| | - Ruby O’Grady
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3RB Oxford, UK
| | - Samantha Royston
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3RB Oxford, UK
| | - Ana Lucía Bravo-Cazar
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3RB Oxford, UK
| | - Brian C Mooney
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3RB Oxford, UK
| | - Pitter F Huesgen
- Central Institute for Engineering, Department of Electronics and Analytics (ZEA), Analytics (ZEA-3), Research Centre Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Str., 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7UH, Norwich, UK
| | - Renier A L van der Hoorn
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3RB Oxford, UK
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3
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Liu Y, Jackson E, Liu X, Huang X, van der Hoorn RAL, Zhang Y, Li X. Proteolysis in plant immunity. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:3099-3115. [PMID: 38723588 PMCID: PMC11371161 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Compared with transcription and translation, protein degradation machineries can act faster and be targeted to different subcellular compartments, enabling immediate regulation of signaling events. It is therefore not surprising that proteolysis has been used extensively to control homeostasis of key regulators in different biological processes and pathways. Over the past decades, numerous studies have shown that proteolysis, where proteins are broken down to peptides or amino acids through ubiquitin-mediated degradation systems and proteases, is a key regulatory mechanism to control plant immunity output. Here, we briefly summarize the roles various proteases play during defence activation, focusing on recent findings. We also update the latest progress of ubiquitin-mediated degradation systems in modulating immunity by targeting plant membrane-localized pattern recognition receptors, intracellular nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat receptors, and downstream signaling components. Additionally, we highlight recent studies showcasing the importance of proteolysis in maintaining broad-spectrum resistance without obvious yield reduction, opening new directions for engineering elite crops that are resistant to a wide range of pathogens with high yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Edan Jackson
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Xueru Liu
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Xingchuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Regional Characteristic Agricultural Resources, College of Life Sciences, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang, Sichuan 641100, China
| | | | - Yuelin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xin Li
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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4
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Del Corpo D, Coculo D, Greco M, De Lorenzo G, Lionetti V. Pull the fuzes: Processing protein precursors to generate apoplastic danger signals for triggering plant immunity. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 5:100931. [PMID: 38689495 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2024.100931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The apoplast is one of the first cellular compartments outside the plasma membrane encountered by phytopathogenic microbes in the early stages of plant tissue invasion. Plants have developed sophisticated surveillance mechanisms to sense danger events at the cell surface and promptly activate immunity. However, a fine tuning of the activation of immune pathways is necessary to mount a robust and effective defense response. Several endogenous proteins and enzymes are synthesized as inactive precursors, and their post-translational processing has emerged as a critical mechanism for triggering alarms in the apoplast. In this review, we focus on the precursors of phytocytokines, cell wall remodeling enzymes, and proteases. The physiological events that convert inactive precursors into immunomodulatory active peptides or enzymes are described. This review also explores the functional synergies among phytocytokines, cell wall damage-associated molecular patterns, and remodeling, highlighting their roles in boosting extracellular immunity and reinforcing defenses against pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Del Corpo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin," Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Coculo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin," Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Greco
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin," Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia De Lorenzo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin," Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Lionetti
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin," Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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5
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Zheng K, Lyu JC, Thomas EL, Schuster M, Sanguankiattichai N, Ninck S, Kaschani F, Kaiser M, van der Hoorn RAL. The proteome of Nicotiana benthamiana is shaped by extensive protein processing. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 243:1034-1049. [PMID: 38853453 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Processing by proteases irreversibly regulates the fate of plant proteins and hampers the production of recombinant proteins in plants, yet only few processing events have been described in agroinfiltrated Nicotiana benthamiana, which has emerged as the main transient protein expression platform in plant science and molecular pharming. Here, we used in-gel digests and mass spectrometry to monitor the migration and topography of 5040 plant proteins within a protein gel. By plotting the peptides over the gel slices, we generated peptographs that reveal where which part of each protein was detected within the protein gel. These data uncovered that 60% of the detected proteins have proteoforms that migrate at lower than predicted molecular weights, implicating extensive proteolytic processing. This analysis confirms the proteolytic removal and degradation of autoinhibitory prodomains of most but not all proteases, and revealed differential processing within pectinemethylesterase and lipase families. This analysis also uncovered intricate processing of glycosidases and uncovered that ectodomain shedding might be common for a diverse range of receptor-like kinases. Transient expression of double-tagged candidate proteins confirmed processing events in vivo. This large proteomic dataset implicates an elaborate proteolytic machinery shaping the proteome of N. benthamiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaijie Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RD, UK
| | - Joy C Lyu
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RD, UK
| | - Emma L Thomas
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RD, UK
| | - Mariana Schuster
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RD, UK
| | | | - Sabrina Ninck
- Chemical Biology, Center of Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, 45141, Germany
| | - Farnusch Kaschani
- Chemical Biology, Center of Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, 45141, Germany
| | - Markus Kaiser
- Chemical Biology, Center of Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, 45141, Germany
| | - Renier A L van der Hoorn
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RD, UK
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6
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Song Q, Han S, Hu S, Xu Y, Zuo K. The Verticillium dahliae Effector VdPHB1 Promotes Pathogenicity in Cotton and Interacts with the Immune Protein GhMC4. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 65:1173-1183. [PMID: 38619117 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcae043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae is a kind of pathogenic fungus that brings about wilt disease and great losses in cotton. The molecular mechanism of the effectors in V. dahliae regulating cotton immunity remains largely unknown. Here, we identified an effector of V. dahliae, VdPHB1, whose gene expression is highly induced by infection. The VdPHB1 protein is localized to the intercellular space of cotton plants. Knock-out of the VdPHB1 gene in V. dahliae had no effect on pathogen growth, but decreased the virulence in cotton. VdPHB1 ectopically expressed Arabidopsis plants were growth-inhibited and significantly susceptible to V. dahliae. Further, VdPHB1 interacted with the type II metacaspase GhMC4. GhMC4 gene-silenced cotton plants were more sensitive to V. dahliae with reduced expression of pathogen defense-related and programmed cell death genes. The accumulation of GhMC4 protein was concurrently repressed when VdPHB1 protein was expressed during infection. In summary, these results have revealed a novel molecular mechanism of virulence regulation that the secreted effector VdPHB1 represses the activity of cysteine protease for helping V. dahliae infection in cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwei Song
- Single Cell Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Song Han
- Single Cell Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shi Hu
- Single Cell Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yiyang Xu
- Single Cell Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Kaijing Zuo
- Single Cell Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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7
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Zhang W, Planas-Marquès M, Mazier M, Šimkovicová M, Rocafort M, Mantz M, Huesgen PF, Takken FLW, Stintzi A, Schaller A, Coll NS, Valls M. The tomato P69 subtilase family is involved in resistance to bacterial wilt. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 118:388-404. [PMID: 38150324 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
The intercellular space or apoplast constitutes the main interface in plant-pathogen interactions. Apoplastic subtilisin-like proteases-subtilases-may play an important role in defence and they have been identified as targets of pathogen-secreted effector proteins. Here, we characterise the role of the Solanaceae-specific P69 subtilase family in the interaction between tomato and the vascular bacterial wilt pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum. R. solanacearum infection post-translationally activated several tomato P69s. Among them, P69D was exclusively activated in tomato plants resistant to R. solanacearum. In vitro experiments showed that P69D activation by prodomain removal occurred in an autocatalytic and intramolecular reaction that does not rely on the residue upstream of the processing site. Importantly P69D-deficient tomato plants were more susceptible to bacterial wilt and transient expression of P69B, D and G in Nicotiana benthamiana limited proliferation of R. solanacearum. Our study demonstrates that P69s have conserved features but diverse functions in tomato and that P69D is involved in resistance to R. solanacearum but not to other vascular pathogens like Fusarium oxysporum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqi Zhang
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Marc Planas-Marquès
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | - Margarita Šimkovicová
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Faculty of Science, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mercedes Rocafort
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Melissa Mantz
- Central Institute for Engineering, Electronics and Analytics, ZEA-3, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- CECAD, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Pitter F Huesgen
- Central Institute for Engineering, Electronics and Analytics, ZEA-3, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- CECAD, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institute for Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Frank L W Takken
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Faculty of Science, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annick Stintzi
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andreas Schaller
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nuria S Coll
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Valls
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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8
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Liu M, Wang F, He B, Hu J, Dai Y, Chen W, Yi M, Zhang H, Ye Y, Cui Z, Zheng X, Wang P, Xing W, Zhang Z. Targeting Magnaporthe oryzae effector MoErs1 and host papain-like protease OsRD21 interaction to combat rice blast. NATURE PLANTS 2024; 10:618-632. [PMID: 38409290 PMCID: PMC11162578 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-024-01642-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Effector proteins secreted by plant pathogenic fungi are important artilleries against host immunity, but there is no precedent of such effectors being explored as antifungal targets. Here we demonstrate that MoErs1, a species-specific effector protein secreted by the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, inhibits the function of rice papain-like cysteine protease OsRD21 involved in rice immunity. Disrupting MoErs1-OsRD21 interaction effectively controls rice blast. In addition, we show that FY21001, a structure-function-based designer compound, specifically binds to and inhibits MoErs1 function. FY21001 significantly and effectively controls rice blast in field tests. Our study revealed a novel concept of targeting pathogen-specific effector proteins to prevent and manage crop diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muxing Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, and Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Fangfang Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo He
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, and Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiexiong Hu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, and Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Dai
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, and Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Weizhong Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, and Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingxi Yi
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, and Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, and Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Yonghao Ye
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, and Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhongli Cui
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaobo Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, and Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, and Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Weiman Xing
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhengguang Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, and Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China.
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9
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Kumar P, Sharma R, Kumar K. A perspective on varied fungal virulence factors causing infection in host plants. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:392. [PMID: 38446264 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09314-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Pathogenic fungi and their spores are ubiquitously present and invade the tissues of higher living plants causing pathogenesis and inevitably death or retarded growth. A group of fungi kills its hosts and consume the dead tissues (necrotrophs), while others feed on living tissue (biotrophs) or combination of two (hemibiotrophs). A number of virulent factors is used by fungal pathogens to inhabit new hosts and cause illness. Fungal pathogens develop specialized structures for complete invasion into plant organs to regulate pathogenic growth. Virulence factors like effectors, mycotoxins, cell wall degrading enzymes and organic acids have varied roles depending on the infection strategy and assist the pathogens to possess control on living tissues of the plants. Infection strategies employed by fungi generally masks the plant defense mechanism, however necrotrophs are best known to harm plant tissues with their poisonous secretion. Interestingly, the effector chemicals released by Biotrophs reduce plant cell growth and regulate plant metabolism in their advantage causing no direct death. All these virulence tools cause huge loss to the agricultural product of pre- harvest crops and post-harvest yields causing low output leading to huge economic losses. This review focusses on comprehensive study of range of virulence factors of the pathogenic fungi responsible for their invasion inside the healthy tissues of plants. The compiled information would influence researchers to design antidote against all virulence factors of fungi relevant to their area of research which could pave way for protection against plant pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prince Kumar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Jharkhand, Ranchi, 834004, India
| | - Rajani Sharma
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Jharkhand, Ranchi, 834004, India
| | - Kunal Kumar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Jharkhand, Ranchi, 834004, India.
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Li C, Luo S, Feng L, Wang Q, Cheng J, Xie J, Lin Y, Fu Y, Jiang D, Chen T. Protist ubiquitin ligase effector PbE3-2 targets cysteine protease RD21A to impede plant immunity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 194:1764-1778. [PMID: 38035763 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Clubroot, caused by the soil-borne protist pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae, is one of the most devastating diseases of Brassica oil and vegetable crops worldwide. Understanding the pathogen infection strategy is crucial for the development of disease control. However, because of its obligate biotrophic nature, the molecular mechanism by which this pathogen promotes infection remains largely unknown. P. brassicae E3 ubiquitin ligase 2 (PbE3-2) is a Really Interesting New Gene (RING)-type E3 ubiquitin ligase in P. brassicae with E3 ligase activity in vitro. Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) invertase assay and apoplast washing fluid extraction showed that PbE3-2 harbors a functional signal peptide. Overexpression of PbE3-2 in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) resulted in higher susceptibility to P. brassicae and decreases in chitin-triggered reactive oxygen species burst and expression of marker genes in salicylic acid signaling. PbE3-2 interacted with and ubiquitinated host cysteine protease RESPONSIVE TO DEHYDRATION 21A (RD21A) in vitro and in vivo. Mutant plants deficient in RD21A exhibited similar susceptibility and compromised immune responses as in PbE3-2 overexpression plants. We show that PbE3-2, which targets RD21A, is an important virulence factor for P. brassicae. Two other secretory RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligases in P. brassicae performed the same function as PbE3-2 and ubiquitinated RD21A. This study reveals a substantial virulence functional role of protist E3 ubiquitin ligases and demonstrates a mechanism by which protist E3 ubiquitin ligases degrade host immune-associated cysteine proteases to impede host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Shaofeng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lu Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiasen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiatao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yang Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yanping Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Daohong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Tao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
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11
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Zeng Y, Zheng Z, Hessler G, Zou K, Leng J, Bautor J, Stuttmann J, Xue L, Parker JE, Cui H. Arabidopsis PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT 4 promotes the maturation and nuclear accumulation of immune-related cysteine protease RD19. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:1530-1546. [PMID: 37976211 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT 4 (PAD4) has an essential role in pathogen resistance as a heterodimer with ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY 1 (EDS1). Here we investigated an additional PAD4 role in which it associates with and promotes the maturation of the immune-related cysteine protease RESPONSIVE TO DEHYDRATION 19 (RD19). We found that RD19 and its paralog RD19c promoted EDS1- and PAD4-mediated effector-triggered immunity to an avirulent Pseudomonas syringae strain, DC3000, expressing the effector AvrRps4 and basal immunity against the fungal pathogen Golovinomyces cichoracearum. Overexpression of RD19, but not RD19 protease-inactive catalytic mutants, in Arabidopsis transgenic lines caused EDS1- and PAD4-dependent autoimmunity and enhanced pathogen resistance. In these lines, RD19 maturation to a pro-form required its catalytic residues, suggesting that RD19 undergoes auto-processing. In transient assays, PAD4 interacted preferentially with the RD19 pro-protease and promoted its nuclear accumulation in leaf cells. Our results lead us to propose a model for PAD4-stimulated defense potentiation. PAD4 promotes maturation and nuclear accumulation of processed RD19, and RD19 then stimulates EDS1-PAD4 dimer activity to confer pathogen resistance. This study highlights potentially important additional PAD4 functions that eventually converge on canonical EDS1-PAD4 dimer signaling in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Zeng
- State Key Laboratory Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zichao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Giuliana Hessler
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Ke Zou
- State Key Laboratory Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Junchen Leng
- State Key Laboratory Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jaqueline Bautor
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Johannes Stuttmann
- CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR7265, LEMiRE (Rhizosphère et Interactions sol-plante-microbiote), Aix Marseille University, 13115 Saint-Paul lez Durance, France
| | - Li Xue
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Jane E Parker
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
- Cologne-Duesseldorf Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Haitao Cui
- State Key Laboratory Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
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12
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Waqar S, Bhat AA, Khan AA. Endophytic fungi: Unravelling plant-endophyte interaction and the multifaceted role of fungal endophytes in stress amelioration. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 206:108174. [PMID: 38070242 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Endophytic fungi colonize interior plant tissue and mostly form mutualistic associations with their host plant. Plant-endophyte interaction is a complex mechanism and is currently a focus of research to understand the underlying mechanism of endophyte asymptomatic colonization, the process of evading plant immune response, modulation of gene expression, and establishment of a balanced mutualistic relationship. Fungal endophytes rely on plant hosts for nutrients, shelter, and transmission and improve the host plant's tolerance against biotic stresses, including -herbivores, nematodes, bacterial, fungal, viral, nematode, and other phytopathogens. Endophytic fungi have been reported to improve plant health by reducing and eradicating the harmful effect of phytopathogens through competition for space or nutrients, mycoparasitism, and through direct or indirect defense systems by producing secondary metabolites as well as by induced systemic resistance (ISR). Additionally, for efficient crop improvement, practicing them would be a fruitful step for a sustainable approach. This review article summarizes the current research progress in plant-endophyte interaction and the fungal endophyte mechanism to overcome host defense responses, their subsequent colonization, and the establishment of a balanced mutualistic interaction with host plants. This review also highlighted the potential of fungal endophytes in the amelioration of biotic stress. We have also discussed the relevance of various bioactive compounds possessing antimicrobial potential against a variety of agricultural pathogens. Furthermore, endophyte-mediated ISR is also emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Waqar
- Section of Environmental Botany and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India.
| | - Adil Ameen Bhat
- Section of Environmental Botany and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India.
| | - Abrar Ahmad Khan
- Section of Environmental Botany and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India.
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13
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Sueldo DJ, Godson A, Kaschani F, Krahn D, Kessenbrock T, Buscaill P, Schofield CJ, Kaiser M, van der Hoorn RAL. Activity-based proteomics uncovers suppressed hydrolases and a neo-functionalised antibacterial enzyme at the plant-pathogen interface. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:394-408. [PMID: 36866975 PMCID: PMC10952330 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular space of plant tissues contains hundreds of hydrolases that might harm colonising microbes. Successful pathogens may suppress these hydrolases to enable disease. Here, we report the dynamics of extracellular hydrolases in Nicotiana benthamiana upon infection with Pseudomonas syringae. Using activity-based proteomics with a cocktail of biotinylated probes, we simultaneously monitored 171 active hydrolases, including 109 serine hydrolases (SHs), 49 glycosidases (GHs) and 13 cysteine proteases (CPs). The activity of 82 of these hydrolases (mostly SHs) increases during infection, while the activity of 60 hydrolases (mostly GHs and CPs) is suppressed during infection. Active β-galactosidase-1 (BGAL1) is amongst the suppressed hydrolases, consistent with production of the BGAL1 inhibitor by P. syringae. One of the other suppressed hydrolases, the pathogenesis-related NbPR3, decreases bacterial growth when transiently overexpressed. This is dependent on its active site, revealing a role for NbPR3 activity in antibacterial immunity. Despite being annotated as a chitinase, NbPR3 does not possess chitinase activity and contains an E112Q active site substitution that is essential for antibacterial activity and is present only in Nicotiana species. This study introduces a powerful approach to reveal novel components of extracellular immunity, exemplified by the discovery of the suppression of neo-functionalised Nicotiana-specific antibacterial NbPR3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela J. Sueldo
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of BiologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3RBUK
| | - Alice Godson
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of BiologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3RBUK
| | - Farnusch Kaschani
- ZMB Chemical Biology, Faculty of BiologyUniversity of Duisburg‐Essen45117EssenGermany
| | - Daniel Krahn
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of BiologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3RBUK
- ZMB Chemical Biology, Faculty of BiologyUniversity of Duisburg‐Essen45117EssenGermany
| | - Till Kessenbrock
- ZMB Chemical Biology, Faculty of BiologyUniversity of Duisburg‐Essen45117EssenGermany
| | - Pierre Buscaill
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of BiologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3RBUK
| | - Christopher J. Schofield
- Chemistry Research LaboratoryDepartment of Chemistry and the Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial ResearchOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Markus Kaiser
- ZMB Chemical Biology, Faculty of BiologyUniversity of Duisburg‐Essen45117EssenGermany
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14
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Yang H, Kim X, Skłenar J, Aubourg S, Sancho-Andrés G, Stahl E, Guillou MC, Gigli-Bisceglia N, Tran Van Canh L, Bender KW, Stintzi A, Reymond P, Sánchez-Rodríguez C, Testerink C, Renou JP, Menke FLH, Schaller A, Rhodes J, Zipfel C. Subtilase-mediated biogenesis of the expanded family of SERINE RICH ENDOGENOUS PEPTIDES. NATURE PLANTS 2023; 9:2085-2094. [PMID: 38049516 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01583-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant signalling peptides are typically released from larger precursors by proteolytic cleavage to regulate plant growth, development and stress responses. Recent studies reported the characterization of a divergent family of Brassicaceae-specific peptides, SERINE RICH ENDOGENOUS PEPTIDES (SCOOPs), and their perception by the leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase MALE DISCOVERER 1-INTERACTING RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE 2 (MIK2). Here, we reveal that the SCOOP family is highly expanded, containing at least 50 members in the Columbia-0 reference Arabidopsis thaliana genome. Notably, perception of these peptides is strictly MIK2-dependent. How bioactive SCOOP peptides are produced, and to what extent their perception is responsible for the multiple physiological roles associated with MIK2 are currently unclear. Using N-terminomics, we validate the N-terminal cleavage site of representative PROSCOOPs. The cleavage sites are determined by conserved motifs upstream of the minimal SCOOP bioactive epitope. We identified subtilases necessary and sufficient to process PROSCOOP peptides at conserved cleavage motifs. Mutation of these subtilases, or their recognition motifs, suppressed PROSCOOP cleavage and associated overexpression phenotypes. Furthermore, we show that higher-order mutants of these subtilases show phenotypes reminiscent of mik2 null mutant plants, consistent with impaired PROSCOOP biogenesis, and demonstrating biological relevance of SCOOP perception by MIK2. Together, this work provides insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the functions of the recently identified SCOOP peptides and their receptor MIK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanjie Yang
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xeniya Kim
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Skłenar
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Sébastien Aubourg
- Université Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, Angers, France
| | | | - Elia Stahl
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Nora Gigli-Bisceglia
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Plant Stress Resilience, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Loup Tran Van Canh
- Université Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, Angers, France
| | - Kyle W Bender
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annick Stintzi
- Institute of Biology, Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Philippe Reymond
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Christa Testerink
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jean-Pierre Renou
- Université Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, Angers, France
| | - Frank L H Menke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Andreas Schaller
- Institute of Biology, Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jack Rhodes
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
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15
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Homma F, Huang J, van der Hoorn RAL. AlphaFold-Multimer predicts cross-kingdom interactions at the plant-pathogen interface. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6040. [PMID: 37758696 PMCID: PMC10533508 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41721-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Adapted plant pathogens from various microbial kingdoms produce hundreds of unrelated small secreted proteins (SSPs) with elusive roles. Here, we used AlphaFold-Multimer (AFM) to screen 1879 SSPs of seven tomato pathogens for interacting with six defence-related hydrolases of tomato. This screen of 11,274 protein pairs identified 15 non-annotated SSPs that are predicted to obstruct the active site of chitinases and proteases with an intrinsic fold. Four SSPs were experimentally verified to be inhibitors of pathogenesis-related subtilase P69B, including extracellular protein-36 (Ecp36) and secreted-into-xylem-15 (Six15) of the fungal pathogens Cladosporium fulvum and Fusarium oxysporum, respectively. Together with a P69B inhibitor from the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas perforans and Kazal-like inhibitors of the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans, P69B emerges as an effector hub targeted by different microbial kingdoms, consistent with a diversification of P69B orthologs and paralogs. This study demonstrates the power of artificial intelligence to predict cross-kingdom interactions at the plant-pathogen interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Homma
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, OX1 3RB, Oxford, UK
| | - Jie Huang
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, OX1 3RB, Oxford, UK
| | - Renier A L van der Hoorn
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, OX1 3RB, Oxford, UK.
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16
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Han Z, Xiong D, Schneiter R, Tian C. The function of plant PR1 and other members of the CAP protein superfamily in plant-pathogen interactions. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:651-668. [PMID: 36932700 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins of plants have originally been identified as proteins that are strongly induced upon biotic and abiotic stress. These proteins fall into 17 distinct classes (PR1-PR17). The mode of action of most of these PR proteins has been well characterized, except for PR1, which belongs to a widespread superfamily of proteins that share a common CAP domain. Proteins of this family are not only expressed in plants but also in humans and in many different pathogens, including phytopathogenic nematodes and fungi. These proteins are associated with a diverse range of physiological functions. However, their precise mode of action has remained elusive. The importance of these proteins in immune defence is illustrated by the fact that PR1 overexpression in plants results in increased resistance against pathogens. However, PR1-like CAP proteins are also produced by pathogens and deletion of these genes results in reduced virulence, suggesting that CAP proteins can exert both defensive and offensive functions. Recent progress has revealed that plant PR1 is proteolytically cleaved to release a C-terminal CAPE1 peptide, which is sufficient to activate an immune response. The release of this signalling peptide is blocked by pathogenic effectors to evade immune defence. Moreover, plant PR1 forms complexes with other PR family members, including PR5, also known as thaumatin, and PR14, a lipid transfer protein, to enhance the host's immune response. Here, we discuss possible functions of PR1 proteins and their interactors, particularly in light of the fact that these proteins can bind lipids, which have important immune signalling functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Han
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Dianguang Xiong
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Roger Schneiter
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Chengming Tian
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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17
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Mesarich CH, Barnes I, Bradley EL, de la Rosa S, de Wit PJGM, Guo Y, Griffiths SA, Hamelin RC, Joosten MHAJ, Lu M, McCarthy HM, Schol CR, Stergiopoulos I, Tarallo M, Zaccaron AZ, Bradshaw RE. Beyond the genomes of Fulvia fulva (syn. Cladosporium fulvum) and Dothistroma septosporum: New insights into how these fungal pathogens interact with their host plants. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:474-494. [PMID: 36790136 PMCID: PMC10098069 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Fulvia fulva and Dothistroma septosporum are closely related apoplastic pathogens with similar lifestyles but different hosts: F. fulva is a pathogen of tomato, whilst D. septosporum is a pathogen of pine trees. In 2012, the first genome sequences of these pathogens were published, with F. fulva and D. septosporum having highly fragmented and near-complete assemblies, respectively. Since then, significant advances have been made in unravelling their genome architectures. For instance, the genome of F. fulva has now been assembled into 14 chromosomes, 13 of which have synteny with the 14 chromosomes of D. septosporum, suggesting these pathogens are even more closely related than originally thought. Considerable advances have also been made in the identification and functional characterization of virulence factors (e.g., effector proteins and secondary metabolites) from these pathogens, thereby providing new insights into how they promote host colonization or activate plant defence responses. For example, it has now been established that effector proteins from both F. fulva and D. septosporum interact with cell-surface immune receptors and co-receptors to activate the plant immune system. Progress has also been made in understanding how F. fulva and D. septosporum have evolved with their host plants, whilst intensive research into pandemics of Dothistroma needle blight in the Northern Hemisphere has shed light on the origins, migration, and genetic diversity of the global D. septosporum population. In this review, we specifically summarize advances made in our understanding of the F. fulva-tomato and D. septosporum-pine pathosystems over the last 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl H. Mesarich
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, School of Agriculture and EnvironmentMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
- Bioprotection AotearoaMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | - Irene Barnes
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology InstituteUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
| | - Ellie L. Bradley
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, School of Agriculture and EnvironmentMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | - Silvia de la Rosa
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, School of Agriculture and EnvironmentMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | | | - Yanan Guo
- Bioprotection AotearoaMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, School of Natural SciencesMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | | | - Richard C. Hamelin
- Department of Forest and Conservation SciencesUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des SystèmesUniversité LavalQuébec CityQuébecCanada
| | | | - Mengmeng Lu
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | - Hannah M. McCarthy
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, School of Natural SciencesMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | - Christiaan R. Schol
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen UniversityWageningenNetherlands
- Plant BreedingWageningen University & ResearchWageningenNetherlands
| | | | - Mariana Tarallo
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, School of Natural SciencesMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | - Alex Z. Zaccaron
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of California DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Rosie E. Bradshaw
- Bioprotection AotearoaMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, School of Natural SciencesMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
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18
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Fernández-Fernández ÁD, Stael S, Van Breusegem F. Mechanisms controlling plant proteases and their substrates. Cell Death Differ 2023; 30:1047-1058. [PMID: 36755073 PMCID: PMC10070405 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-023-01120-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In plants, proteolysis is emerging as an important field of study due to a growing understanding of the critical involvement of proteases in plant cell death, disease and development. Because proteases irreversibly modify the structure and function of their target substrates, proteolytic activities are stringently regulated at multiple levels. Most proteases are produced as dormant isoforms and only activated in specific conditions such as altered ion fluxes or by post-translational modifications. Some of the regulatory mechanisms initiating and modulating proteolytic activities are restricted in time and space, thereby ensuring precision activity, and minimizing unwanted side effects. Currently, the activation mechanisms and the substrates of only a few plant proteases have been studied in detail. Most studies focus on the role of proteases in pathogen perception and subsequent modulation of the plant reactions, including the hypersensitive response (HR). Proteases are also required for the maturation of coexpressed peptide hormones that lead essential processes within the immune response and development. Here, we review the known mechanisms for the activation of plant proteases, including post-translational modifications, together with the effects of proteinaceous inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Daniel Fernández-Fernández
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, 8008, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Stael
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Uppsala BioCenter, Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Frank Van Breusegem
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
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19
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Kiselev A, Camborde L, Carballo LO, Kaschani F, Kaiser M, van der Hoorn RAL, Gaulin E. The root pathogen Aphanomyces euteiches secretes modular proteases in pea apoplast during host infection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1140101. [PMID: 37051076 PMCID: PMC10084794 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1140101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
To successfully colonize the host, phytopathogens have developed a large repertoire of components to both combat the host plant defense mechanisms and to survive in adverse environmental conditions. Microbial proteases are predicted to be crucial components of these systems. In the present work, we aimed to identify active secreted proteases from the oomycete Aphanomyces euteiches, which causes root rot diseases on legumes. Genome mining and expression analysis highlighted an overrepresentation of microbial tandemly repeated proteases, which are upregulated during host infection. Activity Based Protein Profiling and mass spectrometry (ABPP-MS) on apoplastic fluids isolated from pea roots infected by the pathogen led to the identification of 35 active extracellular microbial proteases, which represents around 30% of the genes expressed encoding serine and cysteine proteases during infection. Notably, eight of the detected active secreted proteases carry an additional C-terminal domain. This study reveals novel active modular extracellular eukaryotic proteases as potential pathogenicity factors in Aphanomyces genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Kiselev
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales (LRSV), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse INP, Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Laurent Camborde
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales (LRSV), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse INP, Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Laura Ossorio Carballo
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Farnusch Kaschani
- ZMB Chemical Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Markus Kaiser
- ZMB Chemical Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Renier A. L. van der Hoorn
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Elodie Gaulin
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales (LRSV), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse INP, Auzeville-Tolosane, France
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20
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Planthopper salivary sheath protein LsSP1 contributes to manipulation of rice plant defenses. Nat Commun 2023; 14:737. [PMID: 36759625 PMCID: PMC9911632 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36403-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Salivary elicitors secreted by herbivorous insects can be perceived by host plants to trigger plant immunity. However, how insects secrete other salivary components to subsequently attenuate the elicitor-induced plant immunity remains poorly understood. Here, we study the small brown planthopper, Laodelphax striatellus salivary sheath protein LsSP1. Using Y2H, BiFC and LUC assays, we show that LsSP1 is secreted into host plants and binds to salivary sheath via mucin-like protein (LsMLP). Rice plants pre-infested with dsLsSP1-treated L. striatellus are less attractive to L. striatellus nymphs than those pre-infected with dsGFP-treated controls. Transgenic rice plants with LsSP1 overexpression rescue the insect feeding defects caused by a deficiency of LsSP1 secretion, consistent with the potential role of LsSP1 in manipulating plant defenses. Our results illustrate the importance of salivary sheath proteins in mediating the interactions between plants and herbivorous insects.
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21
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Molecular Analysis of MgO Nanoparticle-Induced Immunity against Fusarium Wilt in Tomato. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032941. [PMID: 36769262 PMCID: PMC9918173 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL), is a devastating soilborne disease in tomatoes. Magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) induce strong immunity against Fusarium wilt in tomatoes. However, the mechanisms underlying this immunity remain poorly understood. Comparative transcriptome analysis and microscopy of tomato roots were performed to determine the mechanism of MgO NP-induced immunity against FOL. Eight transcriptomes were prepared from tomato roots treated under eight different conditions. Differentially expressed genes were compared among the transcriptomes. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis revealed that in tomato roots pretreated with MgO NPs, Rcr3 encoding apoplastic protease and RbohD encoding NADPH oxidase were upregulated when challenge-inoculated with FOL. The gene encoding glycine-rich protein 4 (SlGRP4) was chosen for further analysis. SlGRP4 was rapidly transcribed in roots pretreated with MgO NPs and inoculated with FOL. Immunomicroscopy analysis showed that SlGRP4 accumulated in the cell walls of epidermal and vascular vessel cells of roots pretreated with MgO NPs, but upon FOL inoculation, SlGRP4 further accumulated in the cell walls of cortical tissues within 48 h. The results provide new insights into the probable mechanisms of MgO NP-induced tomato immunity against Fusarium wilt.
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22
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Dai M, Zhou N, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Ni K, Wu Z, Liu L, Wang X, Chen Q. Genome-wide analysis of the SBT gene family involved in drought tolerance in cotton. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1097732. [PMID: 36714777 PMCID: PMC9875013 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1097732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The subtilisin-like proteases (SBTs) are a large family of serine peptidases that are unique to plants. Previous studies have shown that SBTs are associated with developmental processes and environmental responses. However, comprehensive identification and systematic analysis of the SBT family have not been conducted in cotton. We used bioinformatics methods to analyze the structural characteristics, phylogenetic relationships, gene structures, expression modes, evolutionary relationships, selection pressures and stress responses of SBT gene family members in upland cotton. In this study, we identified 120 and 112 SBTs in the tetraploid cotton species G. hirsutum and G. barbadense, while 67 and 69 SBTs were identified in the diploid species G. arboreum and G. raimondii, respectively; these SBTs were divided into five distinct subfamilies. We identified the SBT gene GhSBT27A, and explore its function through virus-induced gene silencing and transmission electron microscopy. These results suggested that the GhSBT27A gene was involved in the response to drought stress. These results lay a foundation for further study on the drought stress mechanism of cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maohua Dai
- Engineering Research Centre of Cotton, Ministry of Education/College of Agriculture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
- Dryland Farming Institute, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences/Hebei Key Laboratory of Crops Drought Resistance, Hengshui, China
| | - Na Zhou
- Dryland Farming Institute, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences/Hebei Key Laboratory of Crops Drought Resistance, Hengshui, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Dryland Farming Institute, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences/Hebei Key Laboratory of Crops Drought Resistance, Hengshui, China
| | - Yuexin Zhang
- Dryland Farming Institute, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences/Hebei Key Laboratory of Crops Drought Resistance, Hengshui, China
| | - Kesong Ni
- Engineering Research Centre of Cotton, Ministry of Education/College of Agriculture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Zhenliang Wu
- Dryland Farming Institute, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences/Hebei Key Laboratory of Crops Drought Resistance, Hengshui, China
| | - Liying Liu
- Dryland Farming Institute, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences/Hebei Key Laboratory of Crops Drought Resistance, Hengshui, China
| | - Xiaoge Wang
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Quanjia Chen
- Engineering Research Centre of Cotton, Ministry of Education/College of Agriculture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
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23
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Secretomic Insights into the Pathophysiology of Venturia inaequalis: The Causative Agent of Scab, a Devastating Apple Tree Disease. Pathogens 2022; 12:pathogens12010066. [PMID: 36678413 PMCID: PMC9860705 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Apple scab, caused by Venturia inaequalis, is one of the world's most commercially significant apple diseases. The fungi have a catastrophic impact on apples, causing considerable losses in fruit quality and productivity in many apple-growing locations despite numerous control agents. Fungi secrete various effectors and other virulence-associated proteins that suppress or alter the host's immune system, and several such proteins were discovered in this work. Using state-of-the-art bioinformatics techniques, we examined the V. inaequalis reference genome (EU-B04), resulting in the identification of 647 secreted proteins, of which 328 were classified as small secreted proteins (SSPs), with 76.52% of SSPs identified as anticipated effector proteins. The more prevalent CAZyme proteins were the enzymes engaged in plant cell wall disintegration (targeting pectin and xylanase), adhesion and penetration (Cutinases/acetyl xylan esterase), and reactive oxygen species formation (multicopper oxidases). Furthermore, members of the S9 prolyl oligopeptidase family were identified as the most abundant host defense peptidases. Several known effector proteins were discovered to be expressed during the V. inaequalis infection process on apple leaves. The present study provides valuable data that can be used to develop new strategies for controlling apple scab.
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24
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Waheed A, Haxim Y, Islam W, Kahar G, Liu X, Zhang D. Role of pathogen's effectors in understanding host-pathogen interaction. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2022; 1869:119347. [PMID: 36055522 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens can pose challenges to plant growth and development at various stages of their life cycle. Two interconnected defense strategies prevent the growth of pathogens in plants, i.e., molecular patterns triggered immunity (PTI) and pathogenic effector-triggered immunity (ETI) that often provides resistance when PTI no longer functions as a result of pathogenic effectors. Plants may trigger an ETI defense response by directly or indirectly detecting pathogen effectors via their resistance proteins. A typical resistance protein is a nucleotide-binding receptor with leucine-rich sequences (NLRs) that undergo structural changes as they recognize their effectors and form associations with other NLRs. As a result of dimerization or oligomerization, downstream components activate "helper" NLRs, resulting in a response to ETI. It was thought that ETI is highly dependent on PTI. However, recent studies have found that ETI and PTI have symbiotic crosstalk, and both work together to create a robust system of plant defense. In this article, we have summarized the recent advances in understanding the plant's early immune response, its components, and how they cooperate in innate defense mechanisms. Moreover, we have provided the current perspective on engineering strategies for crop protection based on up-to-date knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Waheed
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Turpan Eremophytes Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan 838008, China
| | - Yakupjan Haxim
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Turpan Eremophytes Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan 838008, China
| | - Waqar Islam
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Desert Plant Roots Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Gulnaz Kahar
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Turpan Eremophytes Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan 838008, China
| | - Xiaojie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Turpan Eremophytes Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan 838008, China
| | - Daoyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Turpan Eremophytes Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan 838008, China.
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25
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Li T, Ai G, Fu X, Liu J, Zhu H, Zhai Y, Pan W, Shen D, Jing M, Xia A, Dou D. A Phytophthora capsici RXLR effector manipulates plant immunity by targeting RAB proteins and disturbing the protein trafficking pathway. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:1721-1736. [PMID: 36193624 PMCID: PMC9644280 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The oomycete pathogen Phytophthora capsici encodes hundreds of RXLR effectors that enter the plant cells and suppress host immunity. Only a few of these genes are conserved across different strains and species. Such core effectors might target hub genes and immune pathways in hosts. Here, we describe the functional characterization of the core P. capsici RXLR effector RXLR242. The expression of RXLR242 was up-regulated during infection, and its ectopic expression in Nicotiana benthamiana, an experimental plant host, further promoted Phytophthora infection. RXLR242 physically interacted with a group of RAB proteins that belong to the small GTPase family and play a role in regulating transport pathways in the intracellular membrane trafficking system. In addition, RXLR242 impeded the secretion of PATHOGENESIS-RELATED 1 (PR1) protein to the apoplast. This phenomenon resulted from the competitive binding of RXLR242 to RABE1-7. We also found that RXLR242 interfered with the association between RABA4-3 and its binding protein, thereby disrupting the trafficking of the membrane receptor FLAGELLIN-SENSING 2. Thus, RXLR242 manipulates plant immunity by targeting RAB proteins and disrupting protein trafficking in the host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianli Li
- College of Plant Protection, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Gan Ai
- College of Plant Protection, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xiaowei Fu
- College of Plant Protection, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jin Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Hai Zhu
- College of Plant Protection, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Ying Zhai
- Department of Plant PathologyWashington State UniversityPullmanWashingtonUSA
| | - Weiye Pan
- College of Plant Protection, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Danyu Shen
- College of Plant Protection, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Maofeng Jing
- College of Plant Protection, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Ai Xia
- College of Plant Protection, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Daolong Dou
- College of Plant Protection, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
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26
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Apoplastic and vascular defences. Essays Biochem 2022; 66:595-605. [PMID: 36062526 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20220159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The apoplast comprises the intercellular space between cell membranes, includes the xylem, and extends to the rhizoplane and the outer surfaces of the plant. The apoplast plays roles in different biological processes including plant immunity. This highly specialised space is often the first place where pathogen recognition occurs, and this then triggers the immune response. The immune response in the apoplast involves different mechanisms that restrict pathogen infection. Among these responses, secretion of different molecules like proteases, proteins related to immunity, small RNAs and secondary metabolites play important and often additive or synergistic roles. In addition, production of reactive oxygen species occurs to cause direct deleterious effects on the pathogen as well as reinforce the plant's immune response by triggering modifications to cell wall composition and providing additional defence signalling capabilities. The pool of available sugar in the apoplast also plays a role in immunity. These sugars can be manipulated by both interactors, pathogens gaining access to nutrients whilst the plant's responses restrict the pathogen's access to nutrients. In this review, we describe the latest findings in the field to highlight the importance of the apoplast in plant-pathogen interactions and plant immunity. We also indicate where new discoveries are needed.
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27
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Morimoto K, Krahn D, Kaschani F, Hopkinson‐Woolley D, Gee A, Buscaill P, Mohammed S, Sieber SA, Cravatt BF, Schofield CJ, van der Hoorn RAL. Broad-range metalloprotease profiling in plants uncovers immunity provided by defence-related metalloenzyme. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:1287-1301. [PMID: 35510806 PMCID: PMC9322406 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plants encode > 100 metalloproteases representing > 19 different protein families. Tools to study this large and diverse class of proteases have not yet been introduced into plant research. We describe the use of hydroxamate-based photoaffinity probes to explore plant proteomes for metalloproteases. We detected labelling of 23 metalloproteases in leaf extracts of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana that belong to nine different metalloprotease families and localize to different subcellular compartments. The probes identified several chloroplastic FtsH proteases, vacuolar aspartyl aminopeptidase DAP1, peroxisomal metalloprotease PMX16, extracellular matrix metalloproteases and many cytosolic metalloproteases. We also identified nonproteolytic metallohydrolases involved in the release of auxin and in the urea cycle. Studies on tobacco plants (Nicotiana benthamiana) infected with the bacterial plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae uncovered the induced labelling of PRp27, a secreted protein with implicated metalloprotease activity. PRp27 overexpression increases resistance, and PRp27 mutants lacking metal binding site are no longer labelled, but still show increased immunity. Collectively, these studies reveal the power of broad-range metalloprotease profiling in plants using hydroxamate-based probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Morimoto
- The Plant Chemetics LaboratoryDepartment of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3RBUK
| | - Daniel Krahn
- The Plant Chemetics LaboratoryDepartment of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3RBUK
- Department of Chemistry and the Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimcrobial ResearchUniversity of OxfordMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Farnusch Kaschani
- The Plant Chemetics LaboratoryMax Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologne50829Germany
| | - Digby Hopkinson‐Woolley
- The Plant Chemetics LaboratoryDepartment of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3RBUK
| | - Anna Gee
- The Plant Chemetics LaboratoryDepartment of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3RBUK
| | - Pierre Buscaill
- The Plant Chemetics LaboratoryDepartment of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3RBUK
| | - Shabaz Mohammed
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3QUUK
| | - Stephan A. Sieber
- Department of ChemistryThe Skaggs Institute for Chemical BiologyThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCA92037USA
| | - Benjamin F. Cravatt
- Department of ChemistryThe Skaggs Institute for Chemical BiologyThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCA92037USA
| | - Christopher J. Schofield
- Department of Chemistry and the Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimcrobial ResearchUniversity of OxfordMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Renier A. L. van der Hoorn
- The Plant Chemetics LaboratoryDepartment of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3RBUK
- The Plant Chemetics LaboratoryMax Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologne50829Germany
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28
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Wang Y, Pruitt RN, Nürnberger T, Wang Y. Evasion of plant immunity by microbial pathogens. Nat Rev Microbiol 2022; 20:449-464. [PMID: 35296800 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-022-00710-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Plant pathogenic viruses, bacteria, fungi and oomycetes cause destructive diseases in natural habitats and agricultural settings, thereby threatening plant biodiversity and global food security. The capability of plants to sense and respond to microbial infection determines the outcome of plant-microorganism interactions. Host-adapted microbial pathogens exploit various infection strategies to evade or counter plant immunity and eventually establish a replicative niche. Evasion of plant immunity through dampening host recognition or the subsequent immune signalling and defence execution is a crucial infection strategy used by different microbial pathogens to cause diseases, underpinning a substantial obstacle for efficient deployment of host genetic resistance genes for sustainable disease control. In this Review, we discuss current knowledge of the varied strategies microbial pathogens use to evade the complicated network of plant immunity for successful infection. In addition, we discuss how to exploit this knowledge to engineer crop resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rory N Pruitt
- Centre for Molecular Biology of Plants (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Nürnberger
- Centre for Molecular Biology of Plants (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China. .,The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
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29
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Xu X, Chen Y, Li B, Zhang Z, Qin G, Chen T, Tian S. Molecular mechanisms underlying multi-level defense responses of horticultural crops to fungal pathogens. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac066. [PMID: 35591926 PMCID: PMC9113409 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The horticultural industry helps to enrich and improve the human diet while contributing to growth of the agricultural economy. However, fungal diseases of horticultural crops frequently occur during pre- and postharvest periods, reducing yields and crop quality and causing huge economic losses and wasted food. Outcomes of fungal diseases depend on both horticultural plant defense responses and fungal pathogenicity. Plant defense responses are highly sophisticated and are generally divided into preformed and induced defense responses. Preformed defense responses include both physical barriers and phytochemicals, which are the first line of protection. Induced defense responses, which include innate immunity (pattern-triggered immunity and effector-triggered immunity), local defense responses, and systemic defense signaling, are triggered to counterstrike fungal pathogens. Therefore, to develop regulatory strategies for horticultural plant resistance, a comprehensive understanding of defense responses and their underlying mechanisms is critical. Recently, integrated multi-omics analyses, CRISPR-Cas9-based gene editing, high-throughput sequencing, and data mining have greatly contributed to identification and functional determination of novel phytochemicals, regulatory factors, and signaling molecules and their signaling pathways in plant resistance. In this review, research progress on defense responses of horticultural crops to fungal pathogens and novel regulatory strategies to regulate induction of plant resistance are summarized, and then the problems, challenges, and future research directions are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Boqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Zhanquan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Guozheng Qin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Tong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Shiping Tian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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30
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Stintzi A, Stührwohldt N, Royek S, Schaller A. Identification of Cognate Protease/Substrate Pairs by Use of Class-Specific Inhibitors. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2447:67-81. [PMID: 35583773 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2079-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Many proteins are regulated post-translationally by proteolytic processing. This includes plant signaling peptides that are proteolytically released from larger precursor proteins. The proteases involved in the biogenesis of signaling peptides and in regulation of other proteins by limited proteolysis are largely unknown. Here we describe how protease inhibitors that are specific for a certain class of proteases can be employed for the identification of proteases that are responsible for the processing of a given target protein. After having identified the protease family to which the processing enzyme belongs, candidate proteases and the GFP-tagged target protein are agro-infiltrated for transient expression in N. benthamiana leaves. Cleavage products are analyzed on immuno-blots and specificity of cleavage is confirmed by co-expression of class-specific inhibitors. For the identification of processing sites within the target protein, cleavage product(s) are purified by immunoprecipitation followed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and analyzed by mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annick Stintzi
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Nils Stührwohldt
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Stefanie Royek
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andreas Schaller
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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31
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Schuster M, Paulus JK, Kourelis J, van der Hoorn RAL. Purification of His-Tagged Proteases from the Apoplast of Agroinfiltrated N. benthamiana. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2447:53-66. [PMID: 35583772 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2079-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Protein expression in plants by agroinfiltration and subsequent purification is increasingly used for the biochemical characterization of plant proteins. In this chapter we describe the purification of secreted, His-tagged proteases from the apoplast of agroinfiltrated Nicotiana benthamiana using immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC). We show quality checks for the purified protease and discuss potential problems and ways to circumvent them. As a proof of concept, we produce and purify tomato immune protease Pip1 and demonstrate that the protein is active after purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Schuster
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Judith K Paulus
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jiorgos Kourelis
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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32
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Elmore JM, Griffin BD, Walley JW. Advances in functional proteomics to study plant-pathogen interactions. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:102061. [PMID: 34102449 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen infection triggers complex signaling networks in plant cells that ultimately result in either susceptibility or resistance. We have made substantial progress in dissecting many of these signaling events, and it is becoming clear that changes in proteome composition and protein activity are major drivers of plant-microbe interactions. Here, we highlight different approaches to analyze the functional proteomes of hosts and pathogens and discuss how they have been used to further our understanding of plant disease. Global proteome profiling can quantify the dynamics of proteins, posttranslational modifications, and biological pathways that contribute to immune-related outcomes. In addition, emerging techniques such as enzyme activity-based profiling, proximity labeling, and kinase-substrate profiling are being used to dissect biochemical events that operate during infection. Finally, we discuss how these functional approaches can be integrated with other profiling data to gain a mechanistic, systems-level view of plant and pathogen signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Elmore
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50014, USA.
| | - Brianna D Griffin
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50014, USA
| | - Justin W Walley
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50014, USA.
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33
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Jin X, Liu Y, Hou Z, Zhang Y, Fang Y, Huang Y, Cai H, Qin Y, Cheng Y. Genome-Wide Investigation of SBT Family Genes in Pineapple and Functional Analysis of AcoSBT1.12 in Floral Transition. Front Genet 2021; 12:730821. [PMID: 34557223 PMCID: PMC8452990 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.730821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
SBT (Subtilisin-like serine protease), a clan of serine proteolytic enzymes, plays a versatile role in plant growth and defense. Although SBT family genes have been obtained from studies of dicots such as Arabidopsis, little is known about the potential functions of SBT in the monocots. In this study, 54 pineapple SBT genes (AcoSBTs) were divided into six subfamilies and then identified to be experienced strong purifying selective pressure and distributed on 25 chromosomes unevenly. Cis-acting element analysis indicated that almost all AcoSBTs promoters contain light-responsive elements. Further, the expression pattern via RNA-seq data showed that different AcoSBTs were preferentially expressed in different above-ground tissues. Transient expression in tobacco showed that AcoSBT1.12 was located in the plasma membrane. Moreover, Transgenic Arabidopsis ectopically overexpressing AcoSBT1.12 exhibited delayed flowering time. In addition, under the guidance of bioinformatic prediction, we found that AcoSBT1.12 could interact with AcoCWF19L, AcoPUF2, AcoCwfJL, Aco012905, and AcoSZF1 by yeast-two hybrid (Y2H). In summary, this study provided valuable information on pineapple SBT genes and illuminated the biological function of AcoSBT1.12 in floral transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyue Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Life Sciences, College of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yanhui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Life Sciences, College of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhimin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Life Sciences, College of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yunfei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Life Sciences, College of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yunying Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Life Sciences, College of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Youmei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Life Sciences, College of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hanyang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Life Sciences, College of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuan Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Life Sciences, College of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Life Sciences, College of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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34
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Pérez-López E, Hossain MM, Wei Y, Todd CD, Bonham-Smith PC. A clubroot pathogen effector targets cruciferous cysteine proteases to suppress plant immunity. Virulence 2021; 12:2327-2340. [PMID: 34515618 PMCID: PMC8451464 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1968684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant pathogen effector proteins are key to pathogen virulence. In susceptible host Brassicas, the clubroot pathogen, Plasmodiophora brassicae, induces the production of nutrient-sink root galls, at the site of infection. Among a list of 32 P. brassiae effector candidates previously reported by our group, we identified SSPbP53 as a putative apoplastic cystatin-like protein highly expressed during the secondary infection. Here we found that SSPbP53 encoding gene is conserved among several P. brassicae pathotypes and that SSPbP53 is an apoplastic protein able to directly interact with and inhibit cruciferous papain-like cysteine proteases (PLCPs), specifically Arabidopsis XYLEM CYSTEINE PEPTIDASE 1 (AtXCP1). The severity of clubroot disease is greatly reduced in the Arabidopsis xcp1 null mutant (AtΔxcp1) after infection with P. brassicae resting spores, indicating that the interaction of P. brassicae SSPbP53 with XCP1 is important to clubroot susceptibility. SSPbP53 is the first cystatin-like effector identified and characterized for a plant pathogenic protist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edel Pérez-López
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.,Department of Plant Sciences, University Laval, Criv, Quebec City, Canada
| | | | - Yangdou Wei
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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35
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Hou S, Zhang J, He P. Stress-induced activation of receptor signaling by protease-mediated cleavage. Biochem J 2021; 478:1847-1852. [PMID: 34003253 PMCID: PMC9059214 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Plants encode a large number of proteases in activating intracellular signaling through proteolytic cleavages of various protein substrates. One type of the substrates is proligands, including peptide hormones, which are perceived by cell surface-resident receptors. The peptide hormones are usually first synthesized as propeptides, and then cleaved by specific proteases for activation. Accumulating evidence indicates that the protease-mediated cleavage of proligands can be triggered by environmental stresses and subsequently activates plant stress signaling. In this perspective, we highlight several recent publications and provide an update about stress-induced cleavage of propeptides and receptor-associated components by proteases in the activation of cell surface-resident receptor signaling in plants. We also discuss some questions and future challenges in the research of protease functions in plant stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuguo Hou
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Ping He
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, U.S.A
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36
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Santos RB, Figueiredo A. Two sides of the same story in grapevine-pathogen interactions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:3367-3380. [PMID: 33631010 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Proteases are an integral part of plant defence systems, and their role in plant-pathogen interactions is unequivocal. Emerging evidence suggests that different protease families contribute to the establishment not only of hypersensitive response, priming, and signalling, but also of recognition events through complex proteolytic cascades. Moreover, they play a crucial role in pathogen/microbe-associated molecular pattern (PAMP/MAMP)-triggered immunity as well as in effector-triggered immunity. However, despite important advances in our understanding of the role of proteases in plant defence, the contribution of proteases to pathogen defence in grapevine remains poorly understood. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of the main grapevine pathosystems and explore the role of serine, cysteine, and aspartic proteases from both the host and pathogen point of views.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita B Santos
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Andreia Figueiredo
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
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37
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Passarge A, Demir F, Green K, Depotter JRL, Scott B, Huesgen PF, Doehlemann G, Misas Villamil JC. Host apoplastic cysteine protease activity is suppressed during the mutualistic association of Lolium perenne and Epichloë festucae. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:3410-3426. [PMID: 33630999 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plants secrete various defence-related proteins into the apoplast, including proteases. Papain-like cysteine proteases (PLCPs) are central components of the plant immune system. To overcome plant immunity and successfully colonize their hosts, several plant pathogens secrete effector proteins inhibiting plant PLCPs. We hypothesized that not only pathogens, but also mutualistic microorganisms interfere with PLCP-meditated plant defences to maintain endophytic colonization with their hosts. Epichloë festucae forms mutualistic associations with cool season grasses and produces a range of secondary metabolites that protect the host against herbivores. In this study, we performed a genome-wide identification of Lolium perenne PLCPs, analysed their evolutionary relationship, and classified them into nine PLCP subfamilies. Using activity-based protein profiling, we identified four active PLCPs in the apoplast of L. perenne leaves that are inhibited during endophyte interactions. We characterized the L. perenne cystatin LpCys1 for its inhibitory capacity against ryegrass PLCPs. LpCys1 abundance is not altered during the mutualistic interaction and it mainly inhibits LpCP2. However, since the activity of other L. perenne PLCPs is not sensitive to LpCys1, we propose that additional inhibitors, likely of fungal origin, are involved in the suppression of apoplastic PLCPs during E. festucae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Passarge
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Fatih Demir
- Central Institute for Engineering, Electronics and Analytics, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Kimberly Green
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - Barry Scott
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Pitter F Huesgen
- Central Institute for Engineering, Electronics and Analytics, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Institute for Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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38
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Godson A, van der Hoorn RAL. The front line of defence: a meta-analysis of apoplastic proteases in plant immunity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:3381-3394. [PMID: 33462613 PMCID: PMC8042752 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Secreted proteases act at the front line of defence and play pivotal roles in disease resistance. However, the criteria for apoplastic immune proteases are not always defined and followed. Here, we critically reviewed 46 apoplastic proteases that function in plant defence. We found that most apoplastic immune proteases are induced upon infection, and 17 proteases are genetically required for the immune response. Proteolytic activity has been confirmed for most of the proteases but is rarely shown to be required for biological function, and the apoplastic location of proteases can be subjective and dynamic. Pathogen-derived inhibitors have only been described for cysteine and serine proteases, and the selection pressure acting on immune proteases is rarely investigated. We discuss six different mechanisms by which these proteases mediate plant immunity and summarize the challenges for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Godson
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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39
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Roudaire T, Héloir MC, Wendehenne D, Zadoroznyj A, Dubrez L, Poinssot B. Cross Kingdom Immunity: The Role of Immune Receptors and Downstream Signaling in Animal and Plant Cell Death. Front Immunol 2021; 11:612452. [PMID: 33763054 PMCID: PMC7982415 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.612452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Both plants and animals are endowed with sophisticated innate immune systems to combat microbial attack. In these multicellular eukaryotes, innate immunity implies the presence of cell surface receptors and intracellular receptors able to detect danger signal referred as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Membrane-associated pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs), C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), receptor-like kinases (RLKs), and receptor-like proteins (RLPs) are employed by these organisms for sensing different invasion patterns before triggering antimicrobial defenses that can be associated with a form of regulated cell death. Intracellularly, animals nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors or plants nucleotide-binding domain (NBD)-containing leucine rich repeats (NLRs) immune receptors likely detect effectors injected into the host cell by the pathogen to hijack the immune signaling cascade. Interestingly, during the co-evolution between the hosts and their invaders, key cross-kingdom cell death-signaling macromolecular NLR-complexes have been selected, such as the inflammasome in mammals and the recently discovered resistosome in plants. In both cases, a regulated cell death located at the site of infection constitutes a very effective mean for blocking the pathogen spread and protecting the whole organism from invasion. This review aims to describe the immune mechanisms in animals and plants, mainly focusing on cell death signaling pathways, in order to highlight recent advances that could be used on one side or the other to identify the missing signaling elements between the perception of the invasion pattern by immune receptors, the induction of defenses or the transmission of danger signals to other cells. Although knowledge of plant immunity is less advanced, these organisms have certain advantages allowing easier identification of signaling events, regulators and executors of cell death, which could then be exploited directly for crop protection purposes or by analogy for medical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Roudaire
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Marie-Claire Héloir
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - David Wendehenne
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Aymeric Zadoroznyj
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), LNC UMR1231, Dijon, France.,LNC UMR1231, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Laurence Dubrez
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), LNC UMR1231, Dijon, France.,LNC UMR1231, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Benoit Poinssot
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
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40
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Wang S, Xing R, Wang Y, Shu H, Fu S, Huang J, Paulus JK, Schuster M, Saunders DGO, Win J, Vleeshouwers V, Wang Y, Zheng X, van der Hoorn RAL, Dong S. Cleavage of a pathogen apoplastic protein by plant subtilases activates host immunity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:3424-3439. [PMID: 33251609 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The plant apoplast is a harsh environment in which hydrolytic enzymes, especially proteases, accumulate during pathogen infection. However, the defense functions of most apoplastic proteases remain largely elusive. We show here that a newly identified small cysteine-rich secreted protein PC2 from the potato late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans induces immunity in Solanum plants only after cleavage by plant apoplastic subtilisin-like proteases, such as tomato P69B. A minimal 61 amino acid core peptide carrying two key cysteines, conserved widely in most oomycete species, is sufficient for PC2-induced cell death. Furthermore, we showed that Kazal-like protease inhibitors, such as EPI1, produced by P. infestans prevent PC2 cleavage and dampen PC2 elicited host immunity. This study reveals that cleavage of pathogen proteins to release immunogenic peptides is an important function of plant apoplastic proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaishuai Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Rongkang Xing
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Haidong Shu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shenggui Fu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Judith K Paulus
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Mariana Schuster
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Diane G O Saunders
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Joe Win
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Vivianne Vleeshouwers
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, 6708 PB, the Netherlands
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaobo Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Renier A L van der Hoorn
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Suomeng Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
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41
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Puchol Tarazona AA, Maresch D, Grill A, Bakalarz J, Torres Acosta JA, Castilho A, Steinkellner H, Mach L. Identification of two subtilisin-like serine proteases engaged in the degradation of recombinant proteins in Nicotiana benthamiana. FEBS Lett 2021; 595:379-388. [PMID: 33263189 PMCID: PMC8221030 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The tobacco variant Nicotiana benthamiana has recently emerged as a versatile host for the manufacturing of protein therapeutics, but the fidelity of many recombinant proteins generated in this system is compromised by inadvertent proteolysis. Previous studies have revealed that the anti-HIV-1 antibodies 2F5 and PG9 as well as the protease inhibitor α1 -antitrypsin (A1AT) are particularly susceptible to N. benthamiana proteases. Here, we identify two subtilisin-like serine proteases (NbSBT1 and NbSBT2) whose combined action is sufficient to account for all major cleavage events observed upon expression of 2F5, PG9 and A1AT in N. benthamiana. We propose that downregulation of NbSBT1 and NbSBT2 activities could constitute a powerful means to optimize the performance of this promising platform for the production of biopharmaceuticals. DATABASES: NbSBT sequence data are available in the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank databases under the accession numbers MN534996 to MN535005.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Maresch
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Annette Grill
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Janet Bakalarz
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Juan A. Torres Acosta
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Alexandra Castilho
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Herta Steinkellner
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Lukas Mach
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
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Buscaill P, Sanguankiattichai N, Lee YJ, Kourelis J, Preston G, van der Hoorn RAL. Agromonas: a rapid disease assay for Pseudomonas syringae growth in agroinfiltrated leaves. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:831-840. [PMID: 33124734 PMCID: PMC7898395 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The lengthy process to generate transformed plants is a limitation in current research on the interactions of the model plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae with plant hosts. Here we present an easy method called agromonas, where we quantify P. syringae growth in agroinfiltrated leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana using a cocktail of antibiotics to select P. syringae on plates. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate that transient expression of PAMP receptors reduces bacterial growth, and that transient depletion of a host immune gene and transient expression of a type-III effector increase P. syringae growth in agromonas assays. We show that we can rapidly achieve structure-function analysis of immune components and test the function of immune hydrolases. The agromonas method is easy, fast and robust for routine disease assays with various Pseudomonas strains without transforming plants or bacteria. The agromonas assay offers a reliable approach for further comprehensive analysis of plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Buscaill
- Plant Chemetics LabDepartment of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3RBUK
| | - Nattapong Sanguankiattichai
- Plant Chemetics LabDepartment of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3RBUK
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3RBUK
| | - Yoon Joo Lee
- Plant Chemetics LabDepartment of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3RBUK
| | - Jiorgos Kourelis
- Plant Chemetics LabDepartment of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3RBUK
| | - Gail Preston
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3RBUK
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Buscaill P, Sanguankiattichai N, Lee YJ, Kourelis J, Preston G, van der Hoorn RAL. Agromonas: a rapid disease assay for Pseudomonas syringae growth in agroinfiltrated leaves. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:831-840. [PMID: 33124734 DOI: 10.1101/2020.08.10.243808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The lengthy process to generate transformed plants is a limitation in current research on the interactions of the model plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae with plant hosts. Here we present an easy method called agromonas, where we quantify P. syringae growth in agroinfiltrated leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana using a cocktail of antibiotics to select P. syringae on plates. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate that transient expression of PAMP receptors reduces bacterial growth, and that transient depletion of a host immune gene and transient expression of a type-III effector increase P. syringae growth in agromonas assays. We show that we can rapidly achieve structure-function analysis of immune components and test the function of immune hydrolases. The agromonas method is easy, fast and robust for routine disease assays with various Pseudomonas strains without transforming plants or bacteria. The agromonas assay offers a reliable approach for further comprehensive analysis of plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Buscaill
- Plant Chemetics Lab, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Nattapong Sanguankiattichai
- Plant Chemetics Lab, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Yoon Joo Lee
- Plant Chemetics Lab, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Jiorgos Kourelis
- Plant Chemetics Lab, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Gail Preston
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
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Interrogating Plant-Microbe Interactions with Chemical Tools: Click Chemistry Reagents for Metabolic Labeling and Activity-Based Probes. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26010243. [PMID: 33466477 PMCID: PMC7796436 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Continued expansion of the chemical biology toolbox presents many new and diverse opportunities to interrogate the fundamental molecular mechanisms driving complex plant-microbe interactions. This review will examine metabolic labeling with click chemistry reagents and activity-based probes for investigating the impacts of plant-associated microbes on plant growth, metabolism, and immune responses. While the majority of the studies reviewed here used chemical biology approaches to examine the effects of pathogens on plants, chemical biology will also be invaluable in future efforts to investigate mutualistic associations between beneficial microbes and their plant hosts.
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Zheng Q, Putker V, Goverse A. Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms Involved in Host-Specific Resistance to Cyst Nematodes in Crops. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:641582. [PMID: 33767723 PMCID: PMC7986850 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.641582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Cyst nematodes are able to infect a wide range of crop species and are regarded as a major threat in crop production. In response to invasion of cyst nematodes, plants activate their innate immune system to defend themselves by conferring basal and host-specific defense responses depending on the plant genotype. Basal defense is dependent on the detection of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), while host-specific defense mainly relies on the activation of canonical and non-canonical resistance (R) genes or quantitative trait loci (QTL). Currently, application of R genes and QTLs in crop species is a major approach to control cyst nematode in crop cultivation. However, emerging virulent cyst nematode field populations are threatening crop production due to host genetic selection by the application of a limited set of resistance genes in current crop cultivars. To counteract this problem, increased knowledge about the mechanisms involved in host-specific resistance mediated by R genes and QTLs to cyst nematodes is indispensable to improve their efficient and sustainable use in field crops. Despite the identification of an increasing number of resistance traits to cyst nematodes in various crops, the underlying genes and defense mechanisms are often unknown. In the last decade, indebt studies on the functioning of a number of cyst nematode R genes and QTLs have revealed novel insights in how plants respond to cyst nematode infection by the activation of host-specific defense responses. This review presents current knowledge of molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the recognition of cyst nematodes, the activation of defense signaling and resistance response types mediated by R genes or QTLs. Finally, future directions for research are proposed to develop management strategies to better control cyst nematodes in crop cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zheng
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Vera Putker
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Aska Goverse
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Stührwohldt N, Ehinger A, Thellmann K, Schaller A. Processing and Formation of Bioactive CLE40 Peptide Are Controlled by Posttranslational Proline Hydroxylation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 184:1573-1584. [PMID: 32907884 PMCID: PMC7608152 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.00528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Small posttranslationally modified signaling peptides are proteolytically derived from larger precursor proteins and subject to several additional steps of modification, including Pro hydroxylation, Hyp glycosylation, and/or Tyr sulfation. The processing proteases and the relevance of posttranslational modifications for peptide biogenesis and activity are largely unknown. In this study these questions were addressed for the Clavata3/Endosperm Surrounding Region (CLE) peptide CLE40, a peptide regulator of stem cell differentiation in the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) root meristem. We identify three subtilases (SBT1.4, SBT1.7, and SBT4.13) that cleave the CLE40 precursor redundantly at two sites. C-terminal processing releases the mature peptide from its precursor and is thus required for signal biogenesis. SBT-mediated cleavage at a second site within the mature peptide attenuates the signal. The second cleavage is prevented by Pro hydroxylation, resulting in the formation of mature and bioactive CLE40 in planta. Our data reveal a role for posttranslational modification by Pro hydroxylation in the regulation of CLE40 formation and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Stührwohldt
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Alexandra Ehinger
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kerstin Thellmann
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andreas Schaller
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
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