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Qi J, Shi L, Zhu L, Chen Y, Zhu H, Cheng W, Chen AF, Fu C. Functions, Mechanisms, and therapeutic applications of the inositol pyrophosphates 5PP-InsP 5 and InsP 8 in mammalian cells. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2024; 17:197-215. [PMID: 37615888 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-023-10427-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble myo-inositol phosphates have long been characterized as second messengers. The signaling properties of these compounds are determined by the number and arrangement of phosphate groups on the myo-inositol backbone. Recently, higher inositol phosphates with pyrophosphate groups were recognized as signaling molecules. 5-Diphosphoinositol 1,2,3,4,6-pentakisphosphate (5PP-InsP5) is the most abundant isoform, constituting more than 90% of intracellular inositol pyrophosphates. 5PP-InsP5 can be further phosphorylated to 1,5-bisdiphosphoinositol 2,3,4,6-tetrakisphosphate (InsP8). These two molecules, 5PP-InsP5 and InsP8, are present in various subcellular compartments, where they participate in regulating diverse cellular processes such as cell death, energy homeostasis, and cytoskeletal dynamics. The synthesis and metabolism of inositol pyrophosphates are subjected to tight regulation, allowing for their highly specific functions. Blocking the 5PP-InsP5/InsP8 signaling pathway by inhibiting the biosynthesis of 5PP-InsP5 demonstrates therapeutic benefits in preclinical studies, and thus holds promise as a therapeutic approach for certain diseases treatment, such as metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Qi
- Institute for Developmental and Regenerative Cardiovascular Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Linhui Shi
- Department of Critical Care Unit, Ningbo Medical Center Li Huili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315040, Zhejiang, China
| | - Limei Zhu
- Department of Trauma Orthopedics, Ningbo No.6 Hospital, Ningbo, 315040, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Institute for Developmental and Regenerative Cardiovascular Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Weiwei Cheng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Alex F Chen
- Institute for Developmental and Regenerative Cardiovascular Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Chenglai Fu
- Institute for Developmental and Regenerative Cardiovascular Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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Sunder S, Bauman JS, Decker SJ, Lifton AR, Kumar A. The yeast AMP-activated protein kinase Snf1 phosphorylates the inositol polyphosphate kinase Kcs1. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105657. [PMID: 38224949 PMCID: PMC10851228 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.105657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The yeast Snf1/AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) maintains energy homeostasis, controlling metabolic processes and glucose derepression in response to nutrient levels and environmental cues. Under conditions of nitrogen or glucose limitation, Snf1 regulates pseudohyphal growth, a morphological transition characterized by the formation of extended multicellular filaments. During pseudohyphal growth, Snf1 is required for wild-type levels of inositol polyphosphate (InsP), soluble phosphorylated species of the six-carbon cyclitol inositol that function as conserved metabolic second messengers. InsP levels are established through the activity of a family of inositol kinases, including the yeast inositol polyphosphate kinase Kcs1, which principally generates pyrophosphorylated InsP7. Here, we report that Snf1 regulates Kcs1, affecting Kcs1 phosphorylation and inositol kinase activity. A snf1 kinase-defective mutant exhibits decreased Kcs1 phosphorylation, and Kcs1 is phosphorylated in vivo at Ser residues 537 and 646 during pseudohyphal growth. By in vitro analysis, Snf1 directly phosphorylates Kcs1, predominantly at amino acids 537 and 646. A yeast strain carrying kcs1 encoding Ser-to-Ala point mutations at these residues (kcs1-S537A,S646A) shows elevated levels of pyrophosphorylated InsP7, comparable to InsP7 levels observed upon deletion of SNF1. The kcs1-S537A,S646A mutant exhibits decreased pseudohyphal growth, invasive growth, and cell elongation. Transcriptional profiling indicates extensive perturbation of metabolic pathways in kcs1-S537A,S646A. Growth of kcs1-S537A,S646A is affected on medium containing sucrose and antimycin A, consistent with decreased Snf1p signaling. This work identifies Snf1 phosphorylation of Kcs1, collectively highlighting the interconnectedness of AMPK activity and InsP signaling in coordinating nutrient availability, energy homoeostasis, and cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sham Sunder
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Joshua S Bauman
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Stuart J Decker
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Alexandra R Lifton
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Anuj Kumar
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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3
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Ito M, Fujii N, Kohara S, Tanaka M, Takao M, Mihara B, Saito Y, Mizuma A, Nakayama T, Netsu S, Suzuki N, Kakita A, Nagata E. Elevation of inositol pyrophosphate IP 7 in the mammalian spinal cord of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Front Neurol 2024; 14:1334004. [PMID: 38274887 PMCID: PMC10808411 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1334004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder associated with progressive impairment of spinal motor neurons. Continuous research endeavor is underway to fully understand the molecular mechanisms associating with this disorder. Although several studies have implied the involvement of inositol pyrophosphate IP7 in ALS, there is no direct experimental evidence proving this notion. In this study, we analyzed inositol pyrophosphate IP7 and its precursor IP6 in the mouse and human ALS biological samples to directly assess whether IP7 level and/or its metabolism are altered in ALS disease state. Methods We used a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) protocol originally-designed for mammalian IP6 and IP7 analysis. We measured the abundance of these molecules in the central nervous system (CNS) of ALS mouse model SOD1(G93A) transgenic (TG) mice as well as postmortem spinal cord of ALS patients. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from ALS patients were also analyzed to assess if IP7 status in these biofluids is associated with ALS disease state. Results SOD1(G93A) TG mice showed significant increase of IP7 level in the spinal cord compared with control mice at the late stage of disease progression, while its level in cerebrum and cerebellum remains constant. We also observed significantly elevated IP7 level and its product-to-precursor ratio (IP7/IP6) in the postmortem spinal cord of ALS patients, suggesting enhanced enzymatic activity of IP7-synthesizing kinases in the human ALS spinal cord. In contrast, human CSF did not contain detectable level of IP6 and IP7, and neither the IP7 level nor the IP7/IP6 ratio in human PBMCs differentiated ALS patients from age-matched healthy individuals. Conclusion By directly analyzing IP7 in the CNS of ALS mice and humans, the findings of this study provide direct evidence that IP7 level and/or the enzymatic activity of IP7-generating kinases IP6Ks are elevated in ALS spinal cord. On the other hand, this study also showed that IP7 is not suitable for biofluid-based ALS diagnosis. Further investigation is required to elucidate a role of IP7 in ALS pathology and utilize IP7 metabolism on the diagnostic application of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Ito
- Department of Neurology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
- Department of Legal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Natsuko Fujii
- Department of Neurology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Saori Kohara
- Department of Neurology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Masayuki Tanaka
- Support Center for Medical Research and Education, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan
| | - Masaki Takao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, National Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Mihara Memorial Hospital, Isesaki, Japan
| | - Ban Mihara
- Department of Neurology, Mihara Memorial Hospital, Isesaki, Japan
| | - Yuko Saito
- Department of Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Mizuma
- Department of Neurology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Taira Nakayama
- Department of Neurology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Shizuka Netsu
- Department of Neurology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Naoto Suzuki
- Department of Neurology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Kakita
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Nagata
- Department of Neurology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
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4
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Hostachy S, Wang H, Zong G, Franke K, Riley AM, Schmieder P, Potter BVL, Shears SB, Fiedler D. Fluorination Influences the Bioisostery of Myo-Inositol Pyrophosphate Analogs. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302426. [PMID: 37773020 PMCID: PMC7615343 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Inositol pyrophosphates (PP-IPs) are densely phosphorylated messenger molecules involved in numerous biological processes. PP-IPs contain one or two pyrophosphate group(s) attached to a phosphorylated myo-inositol ring. 5PP-IP5 is the most abundant PP-IP in human cells. To investigate the function and regulation by PP-IPs in biological contexts, metabolically stable analogs have been developed. Here, we report the synthesis of a new fluorinated phosphoramidite reagent and its application for the synthesis of a difluoromethylene bisphosphonate analog of 5PP-IP5 . Subsequently, the properties of all currently reported analogs were benchmarked using a number of biophysical and biochemical methods, including co-crystallization, ITC, kinase activity assays and chromatography. Together, the results showcase how small structural alterations of the analogs can have notable effects on their properties in a biochemical setting and will guide in the choice of the most suitable analog(s) for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Hostachy
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP)Robert-Rössle-Straße 1013125BerlinGermany
| | - Huanchen Wang
- Inositol Signaling GroupNational Institutes of HealthResearch Triangle ParkNorth Carolina27709USA
| | - Guangning Zong
- Inositol Signaling GroupNational Institutes of HealthResearch Triangle ParkNorth Carolina27709USA
| | - Katy Franke
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP)Robert-Rössle-Straße 1013125BerlinGermany
| | - Andrew M. Riley
- Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Discovery Department of PharmacologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3QTUK
| | - Peter Schmieder
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP)Robert-Rössle-Straße 1013125BerlinGermany
| | - Barry V. L. Potter
- Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Discovery Department of PharmacologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3QTUK
| | - Stephen B. Shears
- Inositol Signaling GroupNational Institutes of HealthResearch Triangle ParkNorth Carolina27709USA
| | - Dorothea Fiedler
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP)Robert-Rössle-Straße 1013125BerlinGermany
- Institut für ChemieHumboldt-Universität zu BerlinBrook-Taylor-Str. 212489BerlinGermany
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5
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Arabiotorre A, Bankaitis VA, Grabon A. Regulation of phosphoinositide metabolism in Apicomplexan parasites. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1163574. [PMID: 37791074 PMCID: PMC10543664 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1163574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositides are a biologically essential class of phospholipids that contribute to organelle membrane identity, modulate membrane trafficking pathways, and are central components of major signal transduction pathways that operate on the cytosolic face of intracellular membranes in eukaryotes. Apicomplexans (such as Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium spp.) are obligate intracellular parasites that are important causative agents of disease in animals and humans. Recent advances in molecular and cell biology of Apicomplexan parasites reveal important roles for phosphoinositide signaling in key aspects of parasitosis. These include invasion of host cells, intracellular survival and replication, egress from host cells, and extracellular motility. As Apicomplexans have adapted to the organization of essential signaling pathways to accommodate their complex parasitic lifestyle, these organisms offer experimentally tractable systems for studying the evolution, conservation, and repurposing of phosphoinositide signaling. In this review, we describe the regulatory mechanisms that control the spatial and temporal regulation of phosphoinositides in the Apicomplexan parasites Plasmodium and T. gondii. We further discuss the similarities and differences presented by Apicomplexan phosphoinositide signaling relative to how these pathways are regulated in other eukaryotic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Arabiotorre
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine Texas A&M Health Sciences Center College Station, Bryan, TX, United States
| | - Vytas A. Bankaitis
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine Texas A&M Health Sciences Center College Station, Bryan, TX, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics Texas A&M University College Station, College Station, TX, United States
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University College Station, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Aby Grabon
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine Texas A&M Health Sciences Center College Station, Bryan, TX, United States
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6
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Solis-Miranda J, Chodasiewicz M, Skirycz A, Fernie AR, Moschou PN, Bozhkov PV, Gutierrez-Beltran E. Stress-related biomolecular condensates in plants. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:3187-3204. [PMID: 37162152 PMCID: PMC10473214 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Biomolecular condensates are membraneless organelle-like structures that can concentrate molecules and often form through liquid-liquid phase separation. Biomolecular condensate assembly is tightly regulated by developmental and environmental cues. Although research on biomolecular condensates has intensified in the past 10 years, our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms and components underlying their formation remains in its infancy, especially in plants. However, recent studies have shown that the formation of biomolecular condensates may be central to plant acclimation to stress conditions. Here, we describe the mechanism, regulation, and properties of stress-related condensates in plants, focusing on stress granules and processing bodies, 2 of the most well-characterized biomolecular condensates. In this regard, we showcase the proteomes of stress granules and processing bodies in an attempt to suggest methods for elucidating the composition and function of biomolecular condensates. Finally, we discuss how biomolecular condensates modulate stress responses and how they might be used as targets for biotechnological efforts to improve stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Solis-Miranda
- Institutode Bioquimica Vegetal y Fotosintesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC)-Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Monika Chodasiewicz
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Panagiotis N Moschou
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion 71409, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion 70013, Greece
| | - Peter V Bozhkov
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Emilio Gutierrez-Beltran
- Institutode Bioquimica Vegetal y Fotosintesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC)-Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquimica Vegetal y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Biologia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
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7
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Qi J, Cheng W, Gao Z, Chen Y, Shipton ML, Furkert D, Chin AC, Riley AM, Fiedler D, Potter BVL, Fu C. Itraconazole inhibits endothelial cell migration by disrupting inositol pyrophosphate-dependent focal adhesion dynamics and cytoskeletal remodeling. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 161:114449. [PMID: 36857911 PMCID: PMC7614367 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The antifungal drug itraconazole has been repurposed to anti-angiogenic agent, but the mechanisms of action have been elusive. Here we report that itraconazole disrupts focal adhesion dynamics and cytoskeletal remodeling, which requires 5-diphosphoinositol 1,2,3,4,6-pentakisphosphate (5-InsP7). We find that inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1 (IP6K1) binds Arp2 and generates 5-InsP7 to recruit coronin, a negative regulator of the Arp2/3 complex. IP6K1 also produces focal adhesion-enriched 5-InsP7, which binds focal adhesion kinase (FAK) at the FERM domain to promote its dimerization and phosphorylation. Itraconazole treatment elicits displacement of IP6K1/5-InsP7, thus augments 5-InsP7-mediated inhibition of Arp2/3 complex and reduces 5-InsP7-mediated FAK dimerization. Itraconazole-treated cells display reduced focal adhesion dynamics and actin cytoskeleton remodeling. Accordingly, itraconazole severely disrupts cell motility, an essential component of angiogenesis. These results demonstrate critical roles of IP6K1-generated 5-InsP7 in regulating focal adhesion dynamics and actin cytoskeleton remodeling and reveal functional mechanisms by which itraconazole inhibits cell motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Qi
- The province and ministry co-sponsored collaborative innovation center for medical epigenetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Weiwei Cheng
- Institute for Developmental and Regenerative Cardiovascular Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhe Gao
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Institute for Developmental and Regenerative Cardiovascular Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Megan L Shipton
- Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - David Furkert
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alfred C Chin
- Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew M Riley
- Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Dorothea Fiedler
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Barry V L Potter
- Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Chenglai Fu
- The province and ministry co-sponsored collaborative innovation center for medical epigenetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Institute for Developmental and Regenerative Cardiovascular Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China.
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8
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Ito M, Fujii N, Kohara S, Hori S, Tanaka M, Wittwer C, Kikuchi K, Iijima T, Kakimoto Y, Hirabayashi K, Kurotaki D, Jessen HJ, Saiardi A, Nagata E. Inositol pyrophosphate profiling reveals regulatory roles of IP6K2-dependent enhanced IP 7 metabolism in the enteric nervous system. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102928. [PMID: 36681123 PMCID: PMC9957762 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.102928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Inositol pyrophosphates regulate diverse physiological processes; to better understand their functional roles, assessing their tissue-specific distribution is important. Here, we profiled inositol pyrophosphate levels in mammalian organs using an originally designed liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) protocol and discovered that the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) contained the highest levels of diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate (IP7) and its precursor inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6). Although their absolute levels in the GIT are diet dependent, elevated IP7 metabolism still exists under dietary regimens devoid of exogenous IP7. Of the major GIT cells, enteric neurons selectively express the IP7-synthesizing enzyme IP6K2. We found that IP6K2-knockout mice exhibited significantly impaired IP7 metabolism in the various organs including the proximal GIT. In addition, our LC-MS analysis displayed that genetic ablation of IP6K2 significantly impaired IP7 metabolism in the gut and duodenal muscularis externa containing myenteric plexus. Whole transcriptome analysis of duodenal muscularis externa further suggested that IP6K2 inhibition significantly altered expression levels of the gene sets associated with mature neurons, neural progenitor/stem cells, and glial cells, as well as of certain genes modulating neuronal differentiation and functioning, implying critical roles of the IP6K2-IP7 axis in developmental and functional regulation of the enteric nervous system. These results collectively reveal an unexpected role of mammalian IP7-a highly active IP6K2-IP7 pathway is conducive to the enteric nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Ito
- Support Center for Medical Research and Education, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan.
| | - Natsuko Fujii
- Department of Neurology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Saori Kohara
- Department of Neurology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Shuho Hori
- Support Center for Medical Research and Education, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan
| | - Masayuki Tanaka
- Support Center for Medical Research and Education, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan
| | | | - Kenta Kikuchi
- Laboratory of Chromatin Organization in Immune Cell Development, International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Iijima
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Yu Kakimoto
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Kenichi Hirabayashi
- Department of Pathology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kurotaki
- Laboratory of Chromatin Organization in Immune Cell Development, International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Henning J Jessen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Adolfo Saiardi
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eiichiro Nagata
- Department of Neurology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan.
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9
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Qiu D, Gu C, Liu G, Ritter K, Eisenbeis VB, Bittner T, Gruzdev A, Seidel L, Bengsch B, Shears SB, Jessen HJ. Capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry identifies new isomers of inositol pyrophosphates in mammalian tissues. Chem Sci 2023; 14:658-667. [PMID: 36741535 PMCID: PMC9847636 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05147h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Technical challenges have to date prevented a complete profiling of the levels of myo-inositol phosphates (InsPs) and pyrophosphates (PP-InsPs) in mammalian tissues. Here, we have deployed capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry to identify and record the levels of InsPs and PP-InsPs in several tissues obtained from wild type mice and a newly created PPIP5K2 knockout strain. We observe that the mouse colon harbours unusually high levels of InsPs and PP-InsPs. Additionally, the PP-InsP profile is considerably more complex than previously reported for animal cells: using chemically synthesized internal stable isotope references and high-resolution mass spectra, we characterize two new PP-InsP isomers as 4/6-PP-InsP5 and 2-PP-InsP5. The latter has not previously been described in nature. The analysis of feces and the commercial mouse diet suggests that the latter is one potential source of noncanonical isomers in the colon. However, we also identify both molecules in the heart, indicating unknown synthesis pathways in mammals. We also demonstrate that the CE-MS method is sensitive enough to measure PP-InsPs from patient samples such as colon biopsies and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Strikingly, PBMCs also contain 4/6-PP-InsP5 and 2-PP-InsP5. In summary, our study substantially expands PP-InsP biology in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danye Qiu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Freiburg79104FreiburgGermany,CIBSS – Centre for Integrative Biological Signaling Studies, University of FreiburgGermany
| | - Chunfang Gu
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of HealthResearch Triangle ParkNC27709USA
| | - Guizhen Liu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Freiburg79104FreiburgGermany
| | - Kevin Ritter
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Freiburg79104FreiburgGermany
| | - Verena B. Eisenbeis
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Freiburg79104FreiburgGermany
| | - Tamara Bittner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Freiburg79104FreiburgGermany
| | - Artiom Gruzdev
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of HealthResearch Triangle ParkNC27709USA
| | - Lea Seidel
- CIBSS – Centre for Integrative Biological Signaling Studies, University of FreiburgGermany,Clinic for Internal Medicine II (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology and Infectious Diseases), Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany,SGBM – Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of FreiburgGermany
| | - Bertram Bengsch
- CIBSS – Centre for Integrative Biological Signaling Studies, University of FreiburgGermany,Clinic for Internal Medicine II (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology and Infectious Diseases), Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Stephen B. Shears
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of HealthResearch Triangle ParkNC27709USA
| | - Henning J. Jessen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Freiburg79104FreiburgGermany,CIBSS – Centre for Integrative Biological Signaling Studies, University of FreiburgGermany
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10
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Sahu S, Gordon J, Gu C, Sobhany M, Fiedler D, Stanley RE, Shears SB. Nucleolar Architecture Is Modulated by a Small Molecule, the Inositol Pyrophosphate 5-InsP 7. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13010153. [PMID: 36671538 PMCID: PMC9855682 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Inositol pyrophosphates (PP-InsPs); are a functionally diverse family of eukaryotic molecules that deploy a highly-specialized array of phosphate groups as a combinatorial cell-signaling code. One reductive strategy to derive a molecular-level understanding of the many actions of PP-InsPs is to individually characterize the proteins that bind them. Here, we describe an alternate approach that seeks a single, collective rationalization for PP-InsP binding to an entire group of proteins, i.e., the multiple nucleolar proteins previously reported to bind 5-InsP7 (5-diphospho-inositol-1,2,3,4,6-pentakisphosphate). Quantitative confocal imaging of the outer nucleolar granular region revealed its expansion when cellular 5-InsP7 levels were elevated by either (a) reducing the 5-InsP7 metabolism by a CRISPR-based knockout (KO) of either NUDT3 or PPIP5Ks; or (b), the heterologous expression of wild-type inositol hexakisphosphate kinase, i.e., IP6K2; separate expression of a kinase-dead IP6K2 mutant did not affect granular volume. Conversely, the nucleolar granular region in PPIP5K KO cells shrank back to the wild-type volume upon attenuating 5-InsP7 synthesis using either a pan-IP6K inhibitor or the siRNA-induced knockdown of IP6K1+IP6K2. Significantly, the inner fibrillar volume of the nucleolus was unaffected by 5-InsP7. We posit that 5-InsP7 acts as an 'electrostatic glue' that binds together positively charged surfaces on separate proteins, overcoming mutual protein-protein electrostatic repulsion the latter phenomenon is a known requirement for the assembly of a non-membranous biomolecular condensate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumyadip Sahu
- Inositol Signaling Group, Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Jacob Gordon
- Nucleolar Integrity Group, Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Keith Peters Building, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Chunfang Gu
- Inositol Signaling Group, Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Mack Sobhany
- Nucleolar Integrity Group, Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Dorothea Fiedler
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robin E. Stanley
- Nucleolar Integrity Group, Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Stephen B. Shears
- Inositol Signaling Group, Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-984-287-3483
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11
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Li H, Datunashvili M, Reyes RC, Voglmaier SM. Inositol hexakisphosphate kinases differentially regulate trafficking of vesicular glutamate transporters 1 and 2. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:926794. [PMID: 35936490 PMCID: PMC9355605 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.926794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inositol pyrophosphates have been implicated in cellular signaling and membrane trafficking, including synaptic vesicle (SV) recycling. Inositol hexakisphosphate kinases (IP6Ks) and their product, diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate (PP-IP5 or IP7), directly and indirectly regulate proteins important in vesicle recycling by the activity-dependent bulk endocytosis pathway (ADBE). In the present study, we show that two isoforms, IP6K1 and IP6K3, are expressed in axons. The role of the kinases in SV recycling are investigated using pharmacologic inhibition, shRNA knockdown, and IP6K1 and IP6K3 knockout mice. Live-cell imaging experiments use optical reporters of SV recycling based on vesicular glutamate transporter isoforms, VGLUT1- and VGLUT2-pHluorins (pH), which recycle differently. VGLUT1-pH recycles by classical AP-2 dependent endocytosis under moderate stimulation conditions, while VGLUT2-pH recycles using AP-1 and AP-3 adaptor proteins as well. Using a short stimulus to release the readily releasable pool (RRP), we show that IP6K1 KO increases exocytosis of both VGLUT1-and VGLUT2-pH, while IP6K3 KO decreases the amount of both transporters in the RRP. In electrophysiological experiments we measure glutamate signaling with short stimuli and under the intense stimulation conditions that trigger bulk endocytosis. IP6K1 KO increases synaptic facilitation and IP6K3 KO decreases facilitation compared to wild type in CA1 hippocampal Schaffer collateral synapses. After intense stimulation, the rate of endocytosis of VGLUT2-pH, but not VGLUT1-pH, is increased by knockout, knockdown, and pharmacologic inhibition of IP6Ks. Thus IP6Ks differentially affect the endocytosis of two SV protein cargos that use different endocytic pathways. However, while IP6K1 KO and IP6K3 KO exert similar effects on endocytosis after stimulation, the isoforms exert different effects on exocytosis earlier in the stimulus and on the early phase of glutamate release. Taken together, the data indicate a role for IP6Ks both in exocytosis early in the stimulation period and in endocytosis, particularly under conditions that may utilize AP-1/3 adaptors.
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12
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Nguyen Trung M, Furkert D, Fiedler D. Versatile signaling mechanisms of inositol pyrophosphates. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2022; 70:102177. [PMID: 35780751 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.102177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Inositol pyrophosphates (PP-InsPs) constitute a group of highly charged messengers, which regulate central biological processes in health and disease, such as cellular phosphate and general energy homeostasis. Deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying PP-InsP-mediated signaling remains a challenge due to the unique properties of these molecules, the different modes of action they can access, and a somewhat limited chemical and analytical toolset. Herein, we summarize the most recent mechanistic insights into PP-InsP signaling, which illustrate our progress in connecting mechanism and function of PP-InsPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Nguyen Trung
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany; Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - David Furkert
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany; Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dorothea Fiedler
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany; Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
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13
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Structural Insight into Molecular Inhibitory Mechanism of InsP 6 on African Swine Fever Virus mRNA-Decapping Enzyme g5Rp. J Virol 2022; 96:e0190521. [PMID: 35481780 PMCID: PMC9131872 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01905-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Removal of 5′ cap on cellular mRNAs by the African swine fever virus (ASFV) decapping enzyme g5R protein (g5Rp) is beneficial to viral gene expression during the early stages of infection. As the only nucleoside diphosphate-linked moiety X (Nudix) decapping enzyme encoded in the ASFV genome, g5Rp works in both the degradation of cellular mRNA and the hydrolyzation of the diphosphoinositol polyphosphates. Here, we report the structures of dimeric g5Rp and its complex with inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP6). The two g5Rp protomers interact head to head to form a dimer, and the dimeric interface is formed by extensive polar and nonpolar interactions. Each protomer is composed of a unique N-terminal helical domain and a C-terminal classic Nudix domain. As g5Rp is an mRNA-decapping enzyme, we identified key residues, including K8, K94, K95, K98, K175, R221, and K243 located on the substrate RNA binding interfaces of g5Rp which are important to RNA binding and decapping enzyme activity. Furthermore, the g5Rp-mediated mRNA decapping was inhibited by InsP6. The g5Rp-InsP6 complex structure showed that the InsP6 molecules occupy the same regions that primarily mediate g5Rp-RNA interaction, elucidating the roles of InsP6 in the regulation of the viral decapping activity of g5Rp in mRNA degradation. Collectively, these results provide the structural basis of interaction between RNA and g5Rp and highlight the inhibitory mechanism of InsP6 on mRNA decapping by g5Rp. IMPORTANCE ASF is a highly contagious hemorrhagic viral disease in domestic pigs which causes high mortality. Currently, there are still no effective vaccines or specific drugs available against this particular virus. The protein g5Rp is the only viral mRNA-decapping enzyme, playing an essential role in the machinery assembly of mRNA regulation and translation initiation. In this study, we solved the crystal structures of g5Rp dimer and complex with InsP6. Structure-based mutagenesis studies revealed critical residues involved in a candidate RNA binding region, which also play pivotal roles in complex with InsP6. Notably, InsP6 can inhibit g5Rp activity by competitively blocking the binding of substrate mRNA to the enzyme. Our structure-function studies provide the basis for potential anti-ASFV inhibitor designs targeting the critical enzyme.
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14
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Nsengimana B, Khan FA, Ngowi EE, Zhou X, Jin Y, Jia Y, Wei W, Ji S. Processing body (P-body) and its mediators in cancer. Mol Cell Biochem 2022; 477:1217-1238. [PMID: 35089528 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04359-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, processing bodies (P-bodies) formed by liquid-liquid phase separation, have attracted growing scientific attention due to their involvement in numerous cellular activities, including the regulation of mRNAs decay or storage. These cytoplasmic dynamic membraneless granules contain mRNA storage and decay components such as deadenylase and decapping factors. In addition, different mRNA metabolic regulators, including m6A readers and gene-mediated miRNA-silencing, are also associated with such P-bodies. Cancerous cells may profit from these mRNA decay shredders by up-regulating the expression level of oncogenes and down-regulating tumor suppressor genes. The main challenges of cancer treatment are drug resistance, metastasis, and cancer relapse likely associated with cancer stem cells, heterogeneity, and plasticity features of different tumors. The mRNA metabolic regulators based on P-bodies play a great role in cancer development and progression. The dysregulation of P-bodies mediators affects mRNA metabolism. However, less is known about the relationship between P-bodies mediators and cancerous behavior. The current review summarizes the recent studies on P-bodies mediators, their contribution to tumor development, and their potential in the clinical setting, particularly highlighting the P-bodies as potential drug-carriers such as exosomes to anticancer in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Nsengimana
- Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Henan, 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Faiz Ali Khan
- Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Henan, 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Ebenezeri Erasto Ngowi
- Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Henan, 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuefeng Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Dongtai Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Dongtai, 224200, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Jin
- Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Henan, 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuting Jia
- Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Henan, 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenqiang Wei
- Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Henan, 475004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shaoping Ji
- Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Henan, 475004, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Shah A, Bhandari R. IP6K1 upregulates the formation of processing bodies by influencing protein-protein interactions on the mRNA cap. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:273758. [PMID: 34841428 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1 (IP6K1) is a small molecule kinase that catalyzes the conversion of the inositol phosphate IP6 to 5-IP7. We show that IP6K1 acts independently of its catalytic activity to upregulate the formation of processing bodies (P-bodies), which are cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein granules that store translationally repressed mRNA. IP6K1 does not localise to P-bodies, but instead binds to ribosomes, where it interacts with the mRNA decapping complex - the scaffold protein EDC4, activator proteins DCP1A/B, decapping enzyme DCP2 and RNA helicase DDX6. Along with its partner 4E-T, DDX6 is known to nucleate protein-protein interactions on the 5' mRNA cap to facilitate P-body formation. IP6K1 binds the translation initiation complex eIF4F on the mRNA cap, augmenting the interaction of DDX6 with 4E-T (also known as EIF4ENIF1) and the cap-binding protein eIF4E. Cells with reduced IP6K1 show downregulated microRNA-mediated translational suppression and increased stability of DCP2-regulated transcripts. Our findings unveil IP6K1 as a novel facilitator of proteome remodelling on the mRNA cap, tipping the balance in favour of translational repression over initiation, thus leading to P-body assembly. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akruti Shah
- Laboratory of Cell Signalling, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad 500039, India.,Graduate Studies, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Rashna Bhandari
- Laboratory of Cell Signalling, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad 500039, India
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16
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Samper-Martín B, Sarrias A, Lázaro B, Pérez-Montero M, Rodríguez-Rodríguez R, Ribeiro MPC, Bañón A, Wolfgeher D, Jessen HJ, Alsina B, Clotet J, Kron SJ, Saiardi A, Jiménez J, Bru S. Polyphosphate degradation by Nudt3-Zn 2+ mediates oxidative stress response. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110004. [PMID: 34788624 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyphosphate (polyP) is a polymer of hundreds of phosphate residues present in all organisms. In mammals, polyP is involved in crucial physiological processes, including coagulation, inflammation, and stress response. However, after decades of research, the metabolic enzymes are still unknown. Here, we purify and identify Nudt3, a NUDIX family member, as the enzyme responsible for polyP phosphatase activity in mammalian cells. We show that Nudt3 shifts its substrate specificity depending on the cation; specifically, Nudt3 is active on polyP when Zn2+ is present. Nudt3 has in vivo polyP phosphatase activity in human cells, and importantly, we show that cells with altered polyP levels by modifying Nudt3 protein amount present reduced viability upon oxidative stress and increased DNA damage, suggesting that polyP and Nudt3 play a role in oxidative stress protection. Finally, we show that Nudt3 is involved in the early stages of embryo development in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bàrbara Samper-Martín
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Sarrias
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Blanca Lázaro
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Pérez-Montero
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosalía Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariana P C Ribeiro
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aitor Bañón
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra-Parc de Recerca Biomèdica, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Don Wolfgeher
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Henning J Jessen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Berta Alsina
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra-Parc de Recerca Biomèdica, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Clotet
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stephen J Kron
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Adolfo Saiardi
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E6BT, UK
| | - Javier Jiménez
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Samuel Bru
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
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17
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Zhang X, Li N, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Yang X, Luo Y, Zhang B, Xu Z, Zhu Z, Yang X, Yan Y, Lin B, Wang S, Chen D, Ye C, Ding Y, Lou M, Wu Q, Hou Z, Zhang K, Liang Z, Wei A, Wang B, Wang C, Jiang N, Zhang W, Xiao G, Ma C, Ren Y, Qi X, Han W, Wang C, Rao F. 5-IP 7 is a GPCR messenger mediating neural control of synaptotagmin-dependent insulin exocytosis and glucose homeostasis. Nat Metab 2021; 3:1400-1414. [PMID: 34663975 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-021-00468-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
5-diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate (5-IP7) is a signalling metabolite linked to various cellular processes. How extracellular stimuli elicit 5-IP7 signalling remains unclear. Here we show that 5-IP7 in β cells mediates parasympathetic stimulation of synaptotagmin-7 (Syt7)-dependent insulin release. Mechanistically, vagal stimulation and activation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors triggers Gαq-PLC-PKC-PKD-dependent signalling and activates IP6K1, the 5-IP7 synthase. Whereas both 5-IP7 and its precursor IP6 compete with PIP2 for binding to Syt7, Ca2+ selectively binds 5-IP7 with high affinity, freeing Syt7 to enable fusion of insulin-containing vesicles with the cell membrane. β-cell-specific IP6K1 deletion diminishes insulin secretion and glucose clearance elicited by muscarinic stimulation, whereas mice carrying a phosphorylation-mimicking, hyperactive IP6K1 mutant display augmented insulin release, congenital hyperinsulinaemia and obesity. These phenotypes are absent in mice lacking Syt7. Our study proposes a new conceptual framework for inositol pyrophosphate physiology in which 5-IP7 acts as a GPCR second messenger at the interface between peripheral nervous system and metabolic organs, transmitting Gq-coupled GPCR stimulation to unclamp Syt7-dependent, and perhaps other, exocytotic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhe Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Na Li
- School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanshen Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles & Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoli Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yifan Luo
- School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bobo Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhixue Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhenhua Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiuyan Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuan Yan
- School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Biao Lin
- School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Da Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles & Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Caichao Ye
- Department of Physics and Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science & Technology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yan Ding
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mingliang Lou
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingcui Wu
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhanfeng Hou
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Keren Zhang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone 11th building, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ziming Liang
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, the Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Anqi Wei
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bianbian Wang
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Changhe Wang
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, the Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenqing Zhang
- Department of Physics and Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science & Technology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guozhi Xiao
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Shenzhen, China
| | - Cong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Ren
- BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone 11th building, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiangbing Qi
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weiping Han
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Center for Neuro-Metabolism and Regeneration Research, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles & Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Feng Rao
- School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
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18
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Hostachy S, Utesch T, Franke K, Dornan GL, Furkert D, Türkaydin B, Haucke V, Sun H, Fiedler D. Dissecting the activation of insulin degrading enzyme by inositol pyrophosphates and their bisphosphonate analogs. Chem Sci 2021; 12:10696-10702. [PMID: 34476054 PMCID: PMC8372538 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02975d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inositol poly- and pyrophosphates (InsPs and PP-InsPs) are densely phosphorylated eukaryotic messengers, which are involved in numerous cellular processes. To elucidate their signaling functions at the molecular level, non-hydrolyzable bisphosphonate analogs of inositol pyrophosphates, PCP-InsPs, have been instrumental. Here, an efficient synthetic strategy to obtain these analogs in unprecedented quantities is described - relying on the use of combined phosphate ester-phosphoramidite reagents. The PCP-analogs, alongside their natural counterparts, were applied to investigate their regulatory effect on insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE), using a range of biochemical, biophysical and computational methods. A unique interplay between IDE, its substrates and the PP-InsPs was uncovered, in which the PP-InsPs differentially modulated the activity of the enzyme towards short peptide substrates. Aided by molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations, a flexible binding mode for the InsPs/PP-InsPs was identified at the anion binding site of IDE. Targeting IDE for therapeutic purposes should thus take regulation by endogenous PP-InsP metabolites into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Hostachy
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) Robert-Rössle Str. 10 13125 Berlin Germany
| | - Tillmann Utesch
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) Robert-Rössle Str. 10 13125 Berlin Germany
| | - Katy Franke
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) Robert-Rössle Str. 10 13125 Berlin Germany
| | - Gillian Leigh Dornan
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) Robert-Rössle Str. 10 13125 Berlin Germany
| | - David Furkert
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) Robert-Rössle Str. 10 13125 Berlin Germany
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor-Straße 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Berke Türkaydin
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) Robert-Rössle Str. 10 13125 Berlin Germany
| | - Volker Haucke
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) Robert-Rössle Str. 10 13125 Berlin Germany
| | - Han Sun
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) Robert-Rössle Str. 10 13125 Berlin Germany
| | - Dorothea Fiedler
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) Robert-Rössle Str. 10 13125 Berlin Germany
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor-Straße 2 12489 Berlin Germany
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Lavalée M, Curdy N, Laurent C, Fournié JJ, Franchini DM. Cancer cell adaptability: turning ribonucleoprotein granules into targets. Trends Cancer 2021; 7:902-915. [PMID: 34144941 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2021.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Stress granules (SGs) and processing bodies (P-bodies) are membraneless cytoplasmic condensates of ribonucleoproteins (RNPs). They both regulate RNA fate under physiological and pathological conditions, and are thereby involved in the regulation and maintenance of cellular integrity. During tumorigenesis, cancer cells use these granules to thrive, to adapt to the harsh conditions of the tumor microenvironment (TME), and to protect themselves from anticancer treatments. This ability to provide multiple outcomes not only makes RNP granules promising targets for cancer therapy but also emphasizes the need for more knowledge about the biology of these granules to achieve clinical use. In this review we focus on the role of RNP granules in cancer, and on how their composition and regulation might be used to elaborate therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot Lavalée
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1037, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 5071, 31037 Toulouse, France; Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31330 Toulouse, France; Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse-Oncopole, 31100 Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas Curdy
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1037, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 5071, 31037 Toulouse, France; Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31330 Toulouse, France; Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse-Oncopole, 31100 Toulouse, France
| | - Camille Laurent
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1037, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 5071, 31037 Toulouse, France; Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31330 Toulouse, France; Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse-Oncopole, 31100 Toulouse, France; Département de Pathologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Fournié
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1037, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 5071, 31037 Toulouse, France; Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31330 Toulouse, France; Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse-Oncopole, 31100 Toulouse, France
| | - Don-Marc Franchini
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1037, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 5071, 31037 Toulouse, France; Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31330 Toulouse, France; Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse-Oncopole, 31100 Toulouse, France.
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20
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Lev S, Bowring B, Desmarini D, Djordjevic JT. Inositol polyphosphate-protein interactions: Implications for microbial pathogenicity. Cell Microbiol 2021; 23:e13325. [PMID: 33721399 PMCID: PMC9286782 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Inositol polyphosphates (IPs) and inositol pyrophosphates (PP-IPs) regulate diverse cellular processes in eukaryotic cells. IPs and PP-IPs are highly negatively charged and exert their biological effects by interacting with specific protein targets. Studies performed predominantly in mammalian cells and model yeasts have shown that IPs and PP-IPs modulate target function through allosteric regulation, by promoting intra- and intermolecular stabilization and, in the case of PP-IPs, by donating a phosphate from their pyrophosphate (PP) group to the target protein. Technological advances in genetics have extended studies of IP function to microbial pathogens and demonstrated that disrupting PP-IP biosynthesis and PP-IP-protein interaction has a profound impact on pathogenicity. This review summarises the complexity of IP-mediated regulation in eukaryotes, including microbial pathogens. It also highlights examples of poor conservation of IP-protein interaction outcome despite the presence of conserved IP-binding domains in eukaryotic proteomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Lev
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School-Westmead, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bethany Bowring
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School-Westmead, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Desmarini Desmarini
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School-Westmead, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Julianne Teresa Djordjevic
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School-Westmead, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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21
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Laha D, Portela-Torres P, Desfougères Y, Saiardi A. Inositol phosphate kinases in the eukaryote landscape. Adv Biol Regul 2020; 79:100782. [PMID: 33422459 PMCID: PMC8024741 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2020.100782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Inositol phosphate encompasses a large multifaceted family of signalling molecules that originate from the combinatorial attachment of phosphate groups to the inositol ring. To date, four distinct inositol kinases have been identified, namely, IPK, ITPK, IPPK (IP5-2K), and PPIP5K. Although, ITPKs have recently been identified in archaea, eukaryotes have taken advantage of these enzymes to create a sophisticated signalling network based on inositol phosphates. However, it remains largely elusive what fundamental biochemical principles control the signalling cascade. Here, we present an evolutionary approach to understand the development of the 'inositol phosphate code' in eukaryotes. Distribution analyses of these four inositol kinase groups throughout the eukaryotic landscape reveal the loss of either ITPK, or of PPIP5K proteins in several species. Surprisingly, the loss of IPPK, an enzyme thought to catalyse the rate limiting step of IP6 (phytic acid) synthesis, was also recorded. Furthermore, this study highlights a noteworthy difference between animal (metazoan) and plant (archaeplastida) lineages. While metazoan appears to have a substantial amplification of IPK enzymes, archaeplastida genomes show a considerable increase in ITPK members. Differential evolution of IPK and ITPK between plant and animal lineage is likely reflective of converging functional adaptation of these two types of inositol kinases. Since, the IPK family comprises three sub-types IPMK, IP6K, and IP3-3K each with dedicated enzymatic specificity in metazoan, we propose that the amplified ITPK group in plant could be classified in sub-types with distinct enzymology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debabrata Laha
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, WC1E6BT, London, UK
| | - Paloma Portela-Torres
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, WC1E6BT, London, UK
| | - Yann Desfougères
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, WC1E6BT, London, UK
| | - Adolfo Saiardi
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, WC1E6BT, London, UK.
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22
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Shears SB, Wang H. Metabolism and Functions of Inositol Pyrophosphates: Insights Gained from the Application of Synthetic Analogues. Molecules 2020; 25:E4515. [PMID: 33023101 PMCID: PMC7583957 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inositol pyrophosphates (PP-InsPs) comprise an important group of intracellular, diffusible cellular signals that a wide range of biological processes throughout the yeast, plant, and animal kingdoms. It has been difficult to gain a molecular-level mechanistic understanding of the actions of these molecules, due to their highly phosphorylated nature, their low levels, and their rapid metabolic turnover. More recently, these obstacles to success are being surmounted by the chemical synthesis of a number of insightful PP-InsP analogs. This review will describe these analogs and will indicate the important chemical and biological information gained by using them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B. Shears
- Inositol Signaling Group, Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA;
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