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Ghamgui S, Dahmen R. The Effect of Aerobic Exercise on Visuospatial Attention in Young Adults. Percept Mot Skills 2024:315125241272660. [PMID: 39140830 DOI: 10.1177/00315125241272660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Our objective in this study was to investigate the effect of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on visuospatial attention bias. We examined line bisection performance at rest before exercise and then immediately after exercise in 20 young adults. Pre-exercise, there was a larger leftward bias in subjective midpoint judgment of all participants than post-exercise (p < .001). Thus, leftward error magnitude decreased according to aerobic exercise, as there were rightward shifts after the exercise. The participants' performancse were modulated by the hand used to perform manual bisection tasks (p < .02). Participants erred to the left of the true midpoint with the non-dominant hand and to the right of the true midpoint with the dominant hand. The use of the non-dominant hand led to greater leftward error than the errors obtained using the dominant hand, though there was no interaction effect between hand use and effort. These findings suggest that moderate aerobic exercise can benefit visuospatial attention in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Ghamgui
- Humanities and Social Sciences, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Gafsa, Gafsa, Tunisia
| | - Riadh Dahmen
- Humanities and Social Sciences, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
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2
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Choucry A, Nomoto M, Inokuchi K. Engram mechanisms of memory linking and identity. Nat Rev Neurosci 2024; 25:375-392. [PMID: 38664582 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00814-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Memories are thought to be stored in neuronal ensembles referred to as engrams. Studies have suggested that when two memories occur in quick succession, a proportion of their engrams overlap and the memories become linked (in a process known as prospective linking) while maintaining their individual identities. In this Review, we summarize the key principles of memory linking through engram overlap, as revealed by experimental and modelling studies. We describe evidence of the involvement of synaptic memory substrates, spine clustering and non-linear neuronal capacities in prospective linking, and suggest a dynamic somato-synaptic model, in which memories are shared between neurons yet remain separable through distinct dendritic and synaptic allocation patterns. We also bring into focus retrospective linking, in which memories become associated after encoding via offline reactivation, and discuss key temporal and mechanistic differences between prospective and retrospective linking, as well as the potential differences in their cognitive outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Choucry
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- Research Center for Idling Brain Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Masanori Nomoto
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- Research Center for Idling Brain Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaoru Inokuchi
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
- Research Center for Idling Brain Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
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3
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Hendrickson AS, Francis KL, Kumar A, Le JP, Scarlett JM, Keene CD, Tovar DA, Alonge KM. Assessing translational applicability of perineuronal net dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease across species. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1396101. [PMID: 38745932 PMCID: PMC11091253 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1396101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
In the context of aging and age-associated neurodegenerative disorders, the brain's extracellular matrix (ECM) serves as a critical regulator for neuronal health and cognitive function. Within the extracellular space, proteoglycans and their glycosaminoglycan attachments play essential roles in forming, stabilizing, and protecting neural circuits throughout neurodevelopment and adulthood. Recent studies in rodents reveal that chondroitin sulfate-glycosaminoglycan (CS-GAG) containing perineuronal nets (PNNs) exhibit both structural and compositional differences throughout the brain. While animal studies are illuminating, additional research is required to translate these interregional PNN/CS-GAG variations to human brain tissue. In this perspective article, we first investigate the translational potential for interregional CS-GAG variances across species as novel targets for region-specific therapeutic development. We specifically focus on the observation that alterations in brain PNN-associated CS-GAGs have been linked with the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathology in humans, but these changes have not been fully recapitulated in rodent models of this disease. A second highlight of this perspective article investigates whether AD-associated shifts in CS-GAGs in humans may be dependent on region-specific baseline differences in CS-GAG sulfation patterning. The current findings begin to disentangle the intricate relationships between the interregional differences in brain PNN/CS-GAG matrices across species, while emphasizing the need to better understand the close relationship between dementia and changes in brain CS-GAG sulfation patterns in patients with AD and related dementias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarun S. Hendrickson
- Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kendra L. Francis
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Asmit Kumar
- Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jaden P. Le
- Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jarrad M. Scarlett
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - C. Dirk Keene
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - David A. Tovar
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Kimberly M. Alonge
- Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
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4
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Pastötter B, Frings C. Prestimulus alpha power signals attention to retrieval. Eur J Neurosci 2023; 58:4328-4340. [PMID: 37936521 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
The human brain is in distinct processing modes at different times. Specifically, a distinction can be made between encoding and retrieval modes, which refer to the brain's state when it is storing new information or searching for old information, respectively. Recent research proposed the idea of a "ready-to-encode" mode, which describes a prestimulus effect in brain activity that signals (external) attention to encoding and predicts subsequent memory performance. Whether there is also a corresponding "ready-to-retrieve" mode in human brain activity is currently unclear. In this study, we examined whether prestimulus oscillations can be linked to (internal) attention to retrieval. We show that task cues to prepare for retrieval (or testing) in comparison with restudy of previously studied vocabulary word pairs led to a significant decrease of prestimulus alpha power just before the onset of word stimuli. Beamformer analysis localized this effect in the right secondary visual cortex (Brodmann area 18). Correlation analysis showed that the task cue-induced, prestimulus alpha power effect is positively related to stimulus-induced alpha/beta power, which in turn predicted participants' memory performance. The results are consistent with the idea that prestimulus alpha power signals internal attention to retrieval, which promotes the elaborative processing of episodic memories. Future research on brain-computer interfaces may find the findings interesting regarding the potential of using online measures of fluctuating alpha oscillations to trigger the presentation and sequencing of restudy and testing trials, ultimately enhancing instructional learning strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Pastötter
- Department of Psychology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany
- Institute for Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience (ICAN), University of Trier, Trier, Germany
| | - Christian Frings
- Department of Psychology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany
- Institute for Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience (ICAN), University of Trier, Trier, Germany
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5
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Ramli NZ, Yahaya MF, Mohd Fahami NA, Abdul Manan H, Singh M, Damanhuri HA. Brain volumetric changes in menopausal women and its association with cognitive function: a structured review. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1158001. [PMID: 37818479 PMCID: PMC10561270 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1158001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The menopausal transition has been proposed to put women at risk for undesirable neurological symptoms, including cognitive decline. Previous studies suggest that alterations in the hormonal milieu modulate brain structures associated with cognitive function. This structured review provides an overview of the relevant studies that have utilized MRI to report volumetric differences in the brain following menopause, and its correlations with the evaluated cognitive functions. We performed an electronic literature search using Medline (Ovid) and Scopus to identify studies that assessed the influence of menopause on brain structure with MRI. Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Brain volumetric differences have been reported most frequently in the frontal and temporal cortices as well as the hippocampus. These regions are important for higher cognitive tasks and memory. Additionally, the deficit in verbal and visuospatial memory in postmenopausal women has been associated with smaller regional brain volumes. Nevertheless, the limited number of eligible studies and cross-sectional study designs warrant further research to draw more robust conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Zuliani Ramli
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Fairuz Yahaya
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nur Azlina Mohd Fahami
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hanani Abdul Manan
- Functional Image Processing Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Meharvan Singh
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States
| | - Hanafi Ahmad Damanhuri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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6
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Rubinstein DY, Weidemann CT, Sperling MR, Kahana MJ. Direct brain recordings suggest a causal subsequent-memory effect. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:6891-6901. [PMID: 36702495 PMCID: PMC10233277 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Endogenous variation in brain state and stimulus-specific evoked activity can both contribute to successful encoding. Previous studies, however, have not clearly distinguished among these components. We address this question by analysing intracranial EEG recorded from epilepsy patients as they studied and subsequently recalled lists of words. We first trained classifiers to predict recall of either single items or entire lists and found that both classifiers exhibited similar performance. We found that list-level classifier output-a biomarker of successful encoding-tracked item presentation and recall events, despite having no information about the trial structure. Across widespread brain regions, decreased low- and increased high-frequency activity (HFA) marked successful encoding of both items and lists. We found regional differences in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, where in the hippocampus HFA correlated more strongly with item recall, whereas, in the prefrontal cortex, HFA correlated more strongly with list performance. Despite subtle differences in item- and list-level features, the similarity in overall classification performance, spectral signatures of successful recall and fluctuations of spectral activity across the encoding period argue for a shared endogenous process that causally impacts the brain's ability to learn new information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Y Rubinstein
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Christoph T Weidemann
- Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
- Department of Bioengineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Michael R Sperling
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Michael J Kahana
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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7
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Jun S, Kim JS, Chung CK. Hippocampal Neuronal Activity Preceding Stimulus Predicts Later Memory Success. eNeuro 2023; 10:ENEURO.0252-22.2023. [PMID: 36720645 PMCID: PMC9933931 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0252-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal neuronal activity at a time preceding stimulus onset affects episodic memory performance. We hypothesized that neuronal activity preceding an event supports successful memory formation; therefore, we explored whether a characterized encoding-associated brain activity, viz. the neuronal activity preceding a stimulus, predicts subsequent memory formation. To address this issue, we assessed the activity of single neurons recorded from the hippocampus in humans, while participants performed word memory tasks. Human hippocampal single-unit activity elicited by a fixation cue preceding words increased the firing rates (FRs) and predicted whether the words are recalled in a subsequent memory test; this indicated that successful memory formation in humans can be predicted by a preceding stimulus activity during encoding. However, the predictive effect of preceding stimulus activity did not occur during retrieval. These findings suggest that the preparative arrangement of brain activity before stimulus encoding improves subsequent memory performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyeon Jun
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea, 03080
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea, 03080
| | - June Sic Kim
- Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea, 03080
| | - Chun Kee Chung
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea, 08826
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea, 03080
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8
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Poh JH, Vu MAT, Stanek JK, Hsiung A, Egner T, Adcock RA. Hippocampal convergence during anticipatory midbrain activation promotes subsequent memory formation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6729. [PMID: 36344524 PMCID: PMC9640528 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34459-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus has been a focus of memory research since H.M's surgery abolished his ability to form new memories, yet its mechanistic role in memory remains debated. Here, we identify a candidate memory mechanism: an anticipatory hippocampal "convergence state", observed while awaiting valuable information, and which predicts subsequent learning. During fMRI, participants viewed trivia questions eliciting high or low curiosity, followed seconds later by its answer. We reasoned that encoding success requires a confluence of conditions, so that hippocampal states more conducive to memory formation should converge in state space. To operationalize convergence of neural states, we quantified the typicality of multivoxel patterns in the medial temporal lobes during anticipation and encoding of trivia answers. We found that the typicality of anticipatory hippocampal patterns increased during high curiosity. Crucially, anticipatory hippocampal pattern typicality increased with dopaminergic midbrain activation and uniquely accounted for the association between midbrain activation and subsequent recall. We propose that hippocampal convergence states may complete a cascade from motivation and midbrain activation to memory enhancement, and may be a general predictor of memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Hou Poh
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Mai-Anh T Vu
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica K Stanek
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Abigail Hsiung
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tobias Egner
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - R Alison Adcock
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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9
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Billig AJ, Lad M, Sedley W, Griffiths TD. The hearing hippocampus. Prog Neurobiol 2022; 218:102326. [PMID: 35870677 PMCID: PMC10510040 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus has a well-established role in spatial and episodic memory but a broader function has been proposed including aspects of perception and relational processing. Neural bases of sound analysis have been described in the pathway to auditory cortex, but wider networks supporting auditory cognition are still being established. We review what is known about the role of the hippocampus in processing auditory information, and how the hippocampus itself is shaped by sound. In examining imaging, recording, and lesion studies in species from rodents to humans, we uncover a hierarchy of hippocampal responses to sound including during passive exposure, active listening, and the learning of associations between sounds and other stimuli. We describe how the hippocampus' connectivity and computational architecture allow it to track and manipulate auditory information - whether in the form of speech, music, or environmental, emotional, or phantom sounds. Functional and structural correlates of auditory experience are also identified. The extent of auditory-hippocampal interactions is consistent with the view that the hippocampus makes broad contributions to perception and cognition, beyond spatial and episodic memory. More deeply understanding these interactions may unlock applications including entraining hippocampal rhythms to support cognition, and intervening in links between hearing loss and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meher Lad
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - William Sedley
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Timothy D Griffiths
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; Human Brain Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, USA
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10
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Safron A, Çatal O, Verbelen T. Generalized Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (G-SLAM) as unification framework for natural and artificial intelligences: towards reverse engineering the hippocampal/entorhinal system and principles of high-level cognition. Front Syst Neurosci 2022; 16:787659. [PMID: 36246500 PMCID: PMC9563348 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2022.787659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) represents a fundamental problem for autonomous embodied systems, for which the hippocampal/entorhinal system (H/E-S) has been optimized over the course of evolution. We have developed a biologically-inspired SLAM architecture based on latent variable generative modeling within the Free Energy Principle and Active Inference (FEP-AI) framework, which affords flexible navigation and planning in mobile robots. We have primarily focused on attempting to reverse engineer H/E-S "design" properties, but here we consider ways in which SLAM principles from robotics may help us better understand nervous systems and emergent minds. After reviewing LatentSLAM and notable features of this control architecture, we consider how the H/E-S may realize these functional properties not only for physical navigation, but also with respect to high-level cognition understood as generalized simultaneous localization and mapping (G-SLAM). We focus on loop-closure, graph-relaxation, and node duplication as particularly impactful architectural features, suggesting these computational phenomena may contribute to understanding cognitive insight (as proto-causal-inference), accommodation (as integration into existing schemas), and assimilation (as category formation). All these operations can similarly be describable in terms of structure/category learning on multiple levels of abstraction. However, here we adopt an ecological rationality perspective, framing H/E-S functions as orchestrating SLAM processes within both concrete and abstract hypothesis spaces. In this navigation/search process, adaptive cognitive equilibration between assimilation and accommodation involves balancing tradeoffs between exploration and exploitation; this dynamic equilibrium may be near optimally realized in FEP-AI, wherein control systems governed by expected free energy objective functions naturally balance model simplicity and accuracy. With respect to structure learning, such a balance would involve constructing models and categories that are neither too inclusive nor exclusive. We propose these (generalized) SLAM phenomena may represent some of the most impactful sources of variation in cognition both within and between individuals, suggesting that modulators of H/E-S functioning may potentially illuminate their adaptive significances as fundamental cybernetic control parameters. Finally, we discuss how understanding H/E-S contributions to G-SLAM may provide a unifying framework for high-level cognition and its potential realization in artificial intelligences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Safron
- Center for Psychedelic and Consciousness Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Cognitive Science Program, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
- Institute for Advanced Consciousness Studies, Santa Monica, CA, United States
| | - Ozan Çatal
- IDLab, Department of Information Technology, Ghent University—imec, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tim Verbelen
- IDLab, Department of Information Technology, Ghent University—imec, Ghent, Belgium
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11
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Topçu Ç, Marks VS, Saboo KV, Lech M, Nejedly P, Kremen V, Worrell GA, Kucewicz MT. Hotspot of human verbal memory encoding in the left anterior prefrontal cortex. EBioMedicine 2022; 82:104135. [PMID: 35785617 PMCID: PMC9254338 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Treating memory and cognitive deficits requires knowledge about anatomical sites and neural activities to be targeted with particular therapies. Emerging technologies for local brain stimulation offer attractive therapeutic options but need to be applied to target specific neural activities, at distinct times, and in specific brain regions that are critical for memory formation. Methods The areas that are critical for successful encoding of verbal memory as well as the underlying neural activities were determined directly in the human brain with intracranial electrophysiological recordings in epilepsy patients. We recorded a broad range of spectral activities across the cortex of 135 patients as they memorised word lists for subsequent free recall. Findings The greatest differences in the spectral power between encoding subsequently recalled and forgotten words were found in low theta frequency (3–5 Hz) activities of the left anterior prefrontal cortex. This subsequent memory effect was proportionally greater in the lower frequency bands and in the more anterior cortical regions. We found the peak of this memory signal in a distinct part of the prefrontal cortex at the junction between the Broca's area and the frontal pole. The memory effect in this confined area was significantly higher (Tukey–Kramer test, p<0.05) than in other anatomically distinct areas. Interpretation Our results suggest a focal hotspot of human verbal memory encoding located in the higher-order processing region of the prefrontal cortex, which presents a prospective target for modulating cognitive functions in the human patients. The memory effect provides an electrophysiological biomarker of low frequency neural activities, at distinct times of memory encoding, and in one hotspot location in the human brain. Funding Open-access datasets were originally collected as part of a BRAIN Initiative project called Restoring Active Memory (RAM) funded by the Defence Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA). CT, ML, MTK and this research were supported from the First Team grant of the Foundation for Polish Science co-financed by the European Union under the European Regional Development Fund.
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12
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Kim H. Attention- versus significance-driven memory formation: Taxonomy, neural substrates, and meta-analyses. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 138:104685. [PMID: 35526692 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Functional neuroimaging data on episodic memory formation have expanded rapidly over the last 30 years, which raises the need for an integrative framework. This study proposes a taxonomy of episodic memory formation to address this need. At the broadest level, the taxonomy distinguishes between attention-driven vs. significance-driven memory formation. The three subtypes of attention-driven memory formation are selection-, fluctuation-, and level-related. The three subtypes of significance-driven memory formation are novelty-, emotion-, and reward-related. Meta-analytic data indicated that attention-driven memory formation affects the functioning of the extra-medial temporal lobe more strongly than the medial temporal lobe (MTL) regions. In contrast, significance-driven memory formation affects the functioning of the MTL more strongly than the extra-MTL regions. This study proposed a model in which attention has a stronger impact on the formation of neocortical traces than hippocampus/MTL traces, whereas significance has a stronger impact on the formation of hippocampus/MTL traces than neocortical traces. Overall, the taxonomy and model provide an integrative framework in which to place diverse encoding-related findings into a proper perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkeun Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Psychology, Daegu University, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Abstract
SignificanceEpisodic memories represent the "what," "when," and "where" of specific episodes. In epilepsy patients, we detected single-unit activity reflecting episodic memory only in the hippocampus. This neural signal is sparsely coded and pattern-separated, consistent with predictions from neurocomputational models. We also detected single-unit activity reflecting a generic memory signal, coding whether an item is old or new without item-specific episodic information. Similar to concept cells, this generic repetition/novelty neural signal was found in multiple brain regions, including the hippocampus. In contrast, the item-specific signal was found only in the hippocampus. Our results indicate the coexistence of two memory signals in the human brain and suggest that the sparsely coded, hippocampus-specific signal is fundamental, whereas the often-studied generic signal is derivative.
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14
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Cimbalnik J, Dolezal J, Topçu Ç, Lech M, Marks VS, Joseph B, Dobias M, Van Gompel J, Worrell G, Kucewicz M. Intracranial electrophysiological recordings from the human brain during memory tasks with pupillometry. Sci Data 2022; 9:6. [PMID: 35027555 PMCID: PMC8758703 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-021-01099-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Data comprise intracranial EEG (iEEG) brain activity represented by stereo EEG (sEEG) signals, recorded from over 100 electrode channels implanted in any one patient across various brain regions. The iEEG signals were recorded in epilepsy patients (N = 10) undergoing invasive monitoring and localization of seizures when they were performing a battery of four memory tasks lasting approx. 1 hour in total. Gaze tracking on the task computer screen with estimating the pupil size was also recorded together with behavioral performance. Each dataset comes from one patient with anatomical localization of each electrode contact. Metadata contains labels for the recording channels with behavioral events marked from all tasks, including timing of correct and incorrect vocalization of the remembered stimuli. The iEEG and the pupillometric signals are saved in BIDS data structure to facilitate efficient data sharing and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Cimbalnik
- Brain and Mind Electrophysiology laboratory, Multimedia Systems Department, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jaromir Dolezal
- Czech Institute of Informatics, Robotics and Cybernetics, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Çağdaş Topçu
- Brain and Mind Electrophysiology laboratory, Multimedia Systems Department, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Michal Lech
- Brain and Mind Electrophysiology laboratory, Multimedia Systems Department, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Victoria S Marks
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Boney Joseph
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Martin Dobias
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Gregory Worrell
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Michal Kucewicz
- Brain and Mind Electrophysiology laboratory, Multimedia Systems Department, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland.
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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15
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Qu J, Hu L, Liu X, Dong J, Yang R, Mei L. The contributions of the left hippocampus and bilateral inferior parietal lobule to form-meaning associative learning. Psychophysiology 2021; 58:e13834. [PMID: 33949705 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Existing studies have identified crucial roles for the hippocampus and a distributed set of cortical regions (e.g., the inferior parietal cortex) in learning novel words. Nevertheless, researchers have not clearly determined how the hippocampus and cortical regions dynamically interact during novel word learning, especially during form-meaning associative learning. As a method to address this question, we used an online learning paradigm and representational similarity analysis to explore the contributions of the hippocampus and neocortex to form-meaning associative learning. Twenty-nine native Chinese college students were recruited to learn 30 form-meaning pairs, which were repeated 7 times during fMRI scan. Form-meaning associative learning elicited activations in a wide neural network including regions required for word processing (i.e., the bilateral inferior frontal gyrus and the occipitotemporal cortex), regions required for encoding (i.e., the bilateral parahippocampus and hippocampus), and regions required for cognitive control (i.e., the anterior cingulate cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex). More importantly, our study revealed the differential roles of the left hippocampus and bilateral inferior parietal lobule (IPL) in form-meaning associative learning. Specifically, higher pattern similarity in the bilateral IPL in the early learning phase (repetitions 1 to 3) was related to better learning performance, while higher pattern similarity in the left hippocampus in the late learning phase (repetitions 5 to 7) was associated with better learning performance. These findings indicate that the hippocampus and cortical regions (e.g., the IPL) contribute to form-meaning learning in different stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Qu
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liyuan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Dong
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Leilei Mei
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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16
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Molecular and cellular mechanisms of engram allocation and maintenance. Brain Res Bull 2021; 170:274-282. [PMID: 33647419 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how we learn and remember has been a long-standing question in neuroscience. Technological developments of the past 15 years have allowed for dramatically increased access to the neurons that hold the physical representation of memory, also known as a memory trace or engram. Such developments have tremendously facilitated advancement of the memory field, since they made possible interrogation of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying memory formation with unprecedented cellular specificity. Here, we discuss the studies that have investigated rules governing neuronal recruitment to a particular memory engram. Furthermore, we provide an overview of the evidence that functional and structural changes associated with memory consolidation occur in engram neurons. Moreover, we summarize the expanding literature showing that transcriptional regulatory factors such as transcription factors and epigenetic mechanisms play an important role in the maintained allocation of behaviorally-selected neurons to an engram. Together, these studies have begun elucidating how neuronal networks are selected and modified in order to support memory formation and storage.
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17
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Crawford LK, Caplan JB, Loprinzi PD. The Impact of Acute Exercise Timing on Memory Interference. Percept Mot Skills 2021; 128:1215-1234. [PMID: 33573522 DOI: 10.1177/0031512521993706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated whether the timing of acute exercise can attenuate a memory interference effect. Across two experiments, participants completed an AB/AC memory task. Participants studied eight word pairs; four denoted AB (e.g., Hero - Apple) and four control (DE) pairs. Following this List 1, participants studied eight additional word pairs (List 2); four denoted AC, re-using words from the AB pairs (e.g., Hero - Project) and four control (FG) pairs. Following their study of both lists, participants completed a cued recall assessment. In Experiment 1 (N = 100), an acute exercise bout occurred before the AB/AC memory interference task, and the participants' three lab visits (successive conditions) were control, moderate-intensity (50% HRR; heart rate reserve) exercise, and vigorous-intensity (80% HRR) exercise. In Experiment 2 (N = 68), the acute exercise occurred between List 1 and List 2, and the participants' two lab visits (successive conditions) were a (80% HRR) vigorous-intensity exercise visit and a control visit. Across both experiments, we observed evidence of both proactive and retroactive interference (p < .05), but acute exercise, regardless of intensity, did not attenuate this interference (p > .05). Acute moderate-intensity exercise was better than control or vigorous-intensity exercise in enhancing associative memory (p < .05), independent of interference. In Experiment 2, vigorous intensity exercise was associated with more pronounced interference (p < .05). Our results suggest that acute exercise can enhance associative memory performance, with no attenuation of interference by exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay K Crawford
- Exercise & Memory Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, United States
| | - Jeremy B Caplan
- Department of Psychology; Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Paul D Loprinzi
- Exercise & Memory Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, United States
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18
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Mau W, Hasselmo ME, Cai DJ. The brain in motion: How ensemble fluidity drives memory-updating and flexibility. eLife 2020; 9:e63550. [PMID: 33372892 PMCID: PMC7771967 DOI: 10.7554/elife.63550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
While memories are often thought of as flashbacks to a previous experience, they do not simply conserve veridical representations of the past but must continually integrate new information to ensure survival in dynamic environments. Therefore, 'drift' in neural firing patterns, typically construed as disruptive 'instability' or an undesirable consequence of noise, may actually be useful for updating memories. In our view, continual modifications in memory representations reconcile classical theories of stable memory traces with neural drift. Here we review how memory representations are updated through dynamic recruitment of neuronal ensembles on the basis of excitability and functional connectivity at the time of learning. Overall, we emphasize the importance of considering memories not as static entities, but instead as flexible network states that reactivate and evolve across time and experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Mau
- Neuroscience Department, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
| | | | - Denise J Cai
- Neuroscience Department, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
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19
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Weidemann CT, Kahana MJ. Neural measures of subsequent memory reflect endogenous variability in cognitive function. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 2020; 47:641-651. [PMID: 33151720 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0000966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Human cognition exhibits a striking degree of variability: Sometimes we rapidly forge new associations whereas at other times new information simply does not stick. Correlations between neural activity during encoding and subsequent retrieval performance have implicated such "subsequent memory effects" (SMEs) as important for understanding the neural basis of memory formation. Uncontrolled variability in external factors that also predict memory performance, however, confounds the interpretation of these effects. By controlling for a comprehensive set of external variables, we investigated the extent to which neural correlates of successful memory encoding reflect variability in endogenous brain states. We show that external variables that reliably predict memory performance have relatively small effects on electroencephalographic (EEG) correlates of successful memory encoding. Instead, the brain activity that is diagnostic of successful encoding primarily reflects fluctuations in endogenous neural activity. These findings link neural activity during learning to endogenous states that drive variability in human cognition. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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