1
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Ben-Tov D, Mafessoni F, Cucuy A, Honig A, Melamed-Bessudo C, Levy AA. Uncovering the dynamics of precise repair at CRISPR/Cas9-induced double-strand breaks. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5096. [PMID: 38877047 PMCID: PMC11178868 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49410-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9 is widely used for precise mutagenesis through targeted DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) induction followed by error-prone repair. A better understanding of this process requires measuring the rates of cutting, error-prone, and precise repair, which have remained elusive so far. Here, we present a molecular and computational toolkit for multiplexed quantification of DSB intermediates and repair products by single-molecule sequencing. Using this approach, we characterize the dynamics of DSB induction, processing and repair at endogenous loci along a 72 h time-course in tomato protoplasts. Combining this data with kinetic modeling reveals that indel accumulation is determined by the combined effect of the rates of DSB induction processing of broken ends, and precise versus error repair. In this study, 64-88% of the molecules were cleaved in the three targets analyzed, while indels ranged between 15-41%. Precise repair accounts for most of the gap between cleavage and error repair, representing up to 70% of all repair events. Altogether, this system exposes flux in the DSB repair process, decoupling induction and repair dynamics, and suggesting an essential role of high-fidelity repair in limiting the efficiency of CRISPR-mediated mutagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ben-Tov
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Fabrizio Mafessoni
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Amit Cucuy
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Arik Honig
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Cathy Melamed-Bessudo
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
| | - Avraham A Levy
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
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2
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Singh M, Raseley K, Perez AM, MacKenzie D, Kosiyatrakul ST, Desai S, Batista N, Guru N, Loomba KK, Abid HZ, Wang Y, Udo-Bellner L, Stout RF, Schildkraut CL, Xiao M, Zhang D. Elucidation of the molecular mechanism of the breakage-fusion-bridge (BFB) cycle using a CRISPR-dCas9 cellular model. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.03.587951. [PMID: 38617299 PMCID: PMC11014597 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.03.587951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Chromosome instability (CIN) is frequently observed in many tumors. The breakage-fusion-bridge (BFB) cycle has been proposed to be one of the main drivers of CIN during tumorigenesis and tumor evolution. However, the detailed mechanisms for the individual steps of the BFB cycle warrants further investigation. Here, we demonstrated that a nuclease-dead Cas9 (dCas9) coupled with a telomere-specific single-guide RNA (sgTelo) can be used to model the BFB cycle. First, we showed that targeting dCas9 to telomeres using sgTelo impeded DNA replication at telomeres and induced a pronounced increase of replication stress and DNA damage. Using Single-Molecule Telomere Assay via Optical Mapping (SMTA-OM), we investigated the genome-wide features of telomeres in the dCas9/sgTelo cells and observed a dramatic increase of chromosome end fusions, including fusion/ITS+ and fusion/ITS-.Consistently, we also observed an increase in the formation of dicentric chromosomes, anaphase bridges, and intercellular telomeric chromosome bridges (ITCBs). Utilizing the dCas9/sgTelo system, we uncovered many novel molecular and structural features of the ITCB and demonstrated that multiple DNA repair pathways are implicated in the formation of ITCBs. Our studies shed new light on the molecular mechanisms of the BFB cycle, which will advance our understanding of tumorigenesis, tumor evolution, and drug resistance.
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3
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Tomita A, Sasanuma H, Owa T, Nakazawa Y, Shimada M, Fukuoka T, Ogi T, Nakada S. Inducing multiple nicks promotes interhomolog homologous recombination to correct heterozygous mutations in somatic cells. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5607. [PMID: 37714828 PMCID: PMC10504326 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41048-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing has great potential utility for treating genetic diseases. However, its therapeutic applications are limited by unintended genomic alterations arising from DNA double-strand breaks and random integration of exogenous DNA. In this study, we propose NICER, a method for correcting heterozygous mutations that employs multiple nicks (MNs) induced by Cas9 nickase and a homologous chromosome as an endogenous repair template. Although a single nick near the mutation site rarely leads to successful gene correction, additional nicks on homologous chromosomes strongly enhance gene correction efficiency via interhomolog homologous recombination (IH-HR). This process partially depends on BRCA1 and BRCA2, suggesting the existence of several distinct pathways for MN-induced IH-HR. According to a genomic analysis, NICER rarely induces unintended genomic alterations. Furthermore, NICER restores the expression of disease-causing genes in cells derived from genetic diseases with compound heterozygous mutations. Overall, NICER provides a precise strategy for gene correction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Tomita
- Department of Bioregulation and Cellular Response, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sasanuma
- Department of Genome Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, 156-0057, Japan
| | - Tomoo Owa
- Department of Bioregulation and Cellular Response, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuka Nakazawa
- Department of Genetics, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (RIeM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Mayuko Shimada
- Department of Genetics, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (RIeM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takahiro Fukuoka
- Department of Genetics, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (RIeM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
- Genomedia Inc., Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tomoo Ogi
- Department of Genetics, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (RIeM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Nakada
- Department of Bioregulation and Cellular Response, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
- Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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4
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Cullot G, Boutin J, Fayet S, Prat F, Rosier J, Cappellen D, Lamrissi I, Pennamen P, Bouron J, Amintas S, Thibault C, Moranvillier I, Laharanne E, Merlio JP, Guyonnet-Duperat V, Blouin JM, Richard E, Dabernat S, Moreau-Gaudry F, Bedel A. Cell cycle arrest and p53 prevent ON-target megabase-scale rearrangements induced by CRISPR-Cas9. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4072. [PMID: 37429857 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39632-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The CRISPR-Cas9 system has revolutionized our ability to precisely modify the genome and has led to gene editing in clinical applications. Comprehensive analysis of gene editing products at the targeted cut-site has revealed a complex spectrum of outcomes. ON-target genotoxicity is underestimated with standard PCR-based methods and necessitates appropriate and more sensitive detection methods. Here, we present two complementary Fluorescence-Assisted Megabase-scale Rearrangements Detection (FAMReD) systems that enable the detection, quantification, and cell sorting of edited cells with megabase-scale loss of heterozygosity (LOH). These tools reveal rare complex chromosomal rearrangements caused by Cas9-nuclease and show that LOH frequency depends on cell division rate during editing and p53 status. Cell cycle arrest during editing suppresses the occurrence of LOH without compromising editing. These data are confirmed in human stem/progenitor cells, suggesting that clinical trials should consider p53 status and cell proliferation rate during editing to limit this risk by designing safer protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cullot
- Bordeaux University, INSERM, BRIC, U1312, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - J Boutin
- Bordeaux University, INSERM, BRIC, U1312, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
- CHU de Bordeaux, Biochemistry Laboratory, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - S Fayet
- Bordeaux University, INSERM, BRIC, U1312, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - F Prat
- Bordeaux University, INSERM, BRIC, U1312, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - J Rosier
- Bordeaux University, INSERM, BRIC, U1312, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - D Cappellen
- Bordeaux University, INSERM, BRIC, U1312, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
- CHU de Bordeaux, Tumor Biology and Tumor Bank Laboratory, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - I Lamrissi
- Bordeaux University, INSERM, BRIC, U1312, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - P Pennamen
- CHU de Bordeaux, department of medical genetics, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - J Bouron
- CHU de Bordeaux, department of medical genetics, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - S Amintas
- Bordeaux University, INSERM, BRIC, U1312, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
- CHU de Bordeaux, Tumor Biology and Tumor Bank Laboratory, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - C Thibault
- Bordeaux University, INSERM, BRIC, U1312, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - I Moranvillier
- Bordeaux University, INSERM, BRIC, U1312, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - E Laharanne
- CHU de Bordeaux, Tumor Biology and Tumor Bank Laboratory, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - J P Merlio
- Bordeaux University, INSERM, BRIC, U1312, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
- CHU de Bordeaux, Tumor Biology and Tumor Bank Laboratory, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - V Guyonnet-Duperat
- Bordeaux University, INSERM, BRIC, U1312, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
- Vect'UB, vectorology platform, INSERM US 005-CNRS UAR 3427-TBM-Core, Bordeaux university, Bordeaux, France
| | - J M Blouin
- Bordeaux University, INSERM, BRIC, U1312, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
- CHU de Bordeaux, Biochemistry Laboratory, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - E Richard
- Bordeaux University, INSERM, BRIC, U1312, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
- CHU de Bordeaux, Biochemistry Laboratory, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - S Dabernat
- Bordeaux University, INSERM, BRIC, U1312, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
- CHU de Bordeaux, Biochemistry Laboratory, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - F Moreau-Gaudry
- Bordeaux University, INSERM, BRIC, U1312, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.
- CHU de Bordeaux, Biochemistry Laboratory, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.
| | - A Bedel
- Bordeaux University, INSERM, BRIC, U1312, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.
- CHU de Bordeaux, Biochemistry Laboratory, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.
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5
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Zeng J, Nguyen MA, Liu P, Ferreira da Silva L, Lin LY, Justus DG, Petri K, Clement K, Porter SN, Verma A, Neri NR, Rosanwo T, Ciuculescu MF, Abriss D, Mintzer E, Maitland SA, Demirci S, Tisdale JF, Williams DA, Zhu LJ, Pruett-Miller SM, Pinello L, Joung JK, Pattanayak V, Manis JP, Armant M, Pellin D, Brendel C, Wolfe SA, Bauer DE. Gene editing without ex vivo culture evades genotoxicity in human hematopoietic stem cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.27.542323. [PMID: 37292647 PMCID: PMC10245949 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.27.542323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Gene editing the BCL11A erythroid enhancer is a validated approach to fetal hemoglobin (HbF) induction for β-hemoglobinopathy therapy, though heterogeneity in edit allele distribution and HbF response may impact its safety and efficacy. Here we compared combined CRISPR-Cas9 endonuclease editing of the BCL11A +58 and +55 enhancers with leading gene modification approaches under clinical investigation. We found that combined targeting of the BCL11A +58 and +55 enhancers with 3xNLS-SpCas9 and two sgRNAs resulted in superior HbF induction, including in engrafting erythroid cells from sickle cell disease (SCD) patient xenografts, attributable to simultaneous disruption of core half E-box/GATA motifs at both enhancers. We corroborated prior observations that double strand breaks (DSBs) could produce unintended on- target outcomes in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) such as long deletions and centromere-distal chromosome fragment loss. We show these unintended outcomes are a byproduct of cellular proliferation stimulated by ex vivo culture. Editing HSPCs without cytokine culture bypassed long deletion and micronuclei formation while preserving efficient on-target editing and engraftment function. These results indicate that nuclease editing of quiescent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) limits DSB genotoxicity while maintaining therapeutic potency and encourages efforts for in vivo delivery of nucleases to HSCs.
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6
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Multifaceted Nature of DNA Polymerase θ. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043619. [PMID: 36835031 PMCID: PMC9962433 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA polymerase θ belongs to the A family of DNA polymerases and plays a key role in DNA repair and damage tolerance, including double-strand break repair and DNA translesion synthesis. Pol θ is often overexpressed in cancer cells and promotes their resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. In this review, we discuss unique biochemical properties and structural features of Pol θ, its multiple roles in protection of genome stability and the potential of Pol θ as a target for cancer treatment.
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7
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Tao J, Bauer DE, Chiarle R. Assessing and advancing the safety of CRISPR-Cas tools: from DNA to RNA editing. Nat Commun 2023; 14:212. [PMID: 36639728 PMCID: PMC9838544 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-35886-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas gene editing has revolutionized experimental molecular biology over the past decade and holds great promise for the treatment of human genetic diseases. Here we review the development of CRISPR-Cas9/Cas12/Cas13 nucleases, DNA base editors, prime editors, and RNA base editors, focusing on the assessment and improvement of their editing precision and safety, pushing the limit of editing specificity and efficiency. We summarize the capabilities and limitations of each CRISPR tool from DNA editing to RNA editing, and highlight the opportunities for future improvements and applications in basic research, as well as the therapeutic and clinical considerations for their use in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianli Tao
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Daniel E Bauer
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Broad Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Roberto Chiarle
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, 10126, Italy.
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8
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Abstract
DNA polymerase θ (Pol θ) is a DNA repair enzyme widely conserved in animals and plants. Pol θ uses short DNA sequence homologies to initiate repair of double-strand breaks by theta-mediated end joining. The DNA polymerase domain of Pol θ is at the C terminus and is connected to an N-terminal DNA helicase-like domain by a central linker. Pol θ is crucial for maintenance of damaged genomes during development, protects DNA against extensive deletions, and limits loss of heterozygosity. The cost of using Pol θ for genome protection is that a few nucleotides are usually deleted or added at the repair site. Inactivation of Pol θ often enhances the sensitivity of cells to DNA strand-breaking chemicals and radiation. Since some homologous recombination-defective cancers depend on Pol θ for growth, inhibitors of Pol θ may be useful in treating such tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Wood
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Center, Houston, Texas, USA;
| | - Sylvie Doublié
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA;
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9
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Liddiard K, Aston-Evans AN, Cleal K, Hendrickson E, Baird D. POLQ suppresses genome instability and alterations in DNA repeat tract lengths. NAR Cancer 2022; 4:zcac020. [PMID: 35774233 PMCID: PMC9241439 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcac020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA polymerase theta (POLQ) is a principal component of the alternative non-homologous end-joining (ANHEJ) DNA repair pathway that ligates DNA double-strand breaks. Utilizing independent models of POLQ insufficiency during telomere-driven crisis, we found that POLQ - /- cells are resistant to crisis-induced growth deceleration despite sustaining inter-chromosomal telomere fusion frequencies equivalent to wild-type (WT) cells. We recorded longer telomeres in POLQ - / - than WT cells pre- and post-crisis, notwithstanding elevated total telomere erosion and fusion rates. POLQ - /- cells emerging from crisis exhibited reduced incidence of clonal gross chromosomal abnormalities in accordance with increased genetic heterogeneity. High-throughput sequencing of telomere fusion amplicons from POLQ-deficient cells revealed significantly raised frequencies of inter-chromosomal fusions with correspondingly depreciated intra-chromosomal recombinations. Long-range interactions culminating in telomere fusions with centromere alpha-satellite repeats, as well as expansions in HSAT2 and HSAT3 satellite and contractions in ribosomal DNA repeats, were detected in POLQ - / - cells. In conjunction with the expanded telomere lengths of POLQ - /- cells, these results indicate a hitherto unrealized capacity of POLQ for regulation of repeat arrays within the genome. Our findings uncover novel considerations for the efficacy of POLQ inhibitors in clinical cancer interventions, where potential genome destabilizing consequences could drive clonal evolution and resistant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Liddiard
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Alys N Aston-Evans
- Dementia Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Kez Cleal
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Eric A Hendrickson
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Duncan M Baird
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
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10
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Tong S, Devine WP, Shieh JT. Tumor and Constitutional Sequencing for Neurofibromatosis Type 1. JCO Precis Oncol 2022; 6:e2100540. [PMID: 35584348 PMCID: PMC9200388 DOI: 10.1200/po.21.00540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
NF1 variants in tumors are important to recognize, as multiple mechanisms may give rise to biallelic variants. Both deletions and copy-neutral loss of heterozygosity (LOH) are potential mechanisms of NF1 loss, distinct from point mutations, and additional genes altered may drive different tumor types. This study investigates whether tumors from individuals with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) demonstrate additional gene variants and detects NF1 second hits using paired germline and somatic sequencing. In addition, rare tumor types in NF1 may also be characterized by tumor sequencing. NF1 second hits are primarily copy-neutral LOH and offer opportunity for variant interpretation
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Affiliation(s)
- Schuyler Tong
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Pediatrics, Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - W Patrick Devine
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Joseph T Shieh
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Division of Medical Genetics, Pediatrics, Benioff Children's Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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11
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Ramsden DA, Carvajal-Garcia J, Gupta GP. Mechanism, cellular functions and cancer roles of polymerase-theta-mediated DNA end joining. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2022; 23:125-140. [PMID: 34522048 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-021-00405-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cellular pathways that repair chromosomal double-strand breaks (DSBs) have pivotal roles in cell growth, development and cancer. These DSB repair pathways have been the target of intensive investigation, but one pathway - alternative end joining (a-EJ) - has long resisted elucidation. In this Review, we highlight recent progress in our understanding of a-EJ, especially the assignment of DNA polymerase theta (Polθ) as the predominant mediator of a-EJ in most eukaryotes, and discuss a potential molecular mechanism by which Polθ-mediated end joining (TMEJ) occurs. We address possible cellular functions of TMEJ in resolving DSBs that are refractory to repair by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), DSBs generated following replication fork collapse and DSBs present owing to stalling of repair by homologous recombination. We also discuss how these context-dependent cellular roles explain how TMEJ can both protect against and cause genome instability, and the emerging potential of Polθ as a therapeutic target in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale A Ramsden
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Juan Carvajal-Garcia
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Gaorav P Gupta
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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12
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Boutin J, Cappellen D, Rosier J, Amintas S, Dabernat S, Bedel A, Moreau-Gaudry F. ON-target Adverse Events of CRISPR-Cas9 Nuclease: More Chaotic than Expected. CRISPR J 2022; 5:19-30. [DOI: 10.1089/crispr.2021.0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julian Boutin
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM U1035, Biotherapy of Genetic Diseases, Inflammatory Disorders and Cancers, Bordeaux, France
- Biochemistry Laboratory, University Hospital Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - David Cappellen
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM U1035, Biotherapy of Genetic Diseases, Inflammatory Disorders and Cancers, Bordeaux, France
- Tumor Biology and Tumor Bank Laboratory, University Hospital Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Juliette Rosier
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM U1035, Biotherapy of Genetic Diseases, Inflammatory Disorders and Cancers, Bordeaux, France
| | - Samuel Amintas
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM U1035, Biotherapy of Genetic Diseases, Inflammatory Disorders and Cancers, Bordeaux, France
- Tumor Biology and Tumor Bank Laboratory, University Hospital Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sandrine Dabernat
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM U1035, Biotherapy of Genetic Diseases, Inflammatory Disorders and Cancers, Bordeaux, France
- Biochemistry Laboratory, University Hospital Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Aurélie Bedel
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM U1035, Biotherapy of Genetic Diseases, Inflammatory Disorders and Cancers, Bordeaux, France
- Biochemistry Laboratory, University Hospital Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - François Moreau-Gaudry
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM U1035, Biotherapy of Genetic Diseases, Inflammatory Disorders and Cancers, Bordeaux, France
- Biochemistry Laboratory, University Hospital Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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13
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Boutin J, Rosier J, Cappellen D, Prat F, Toutain J, Pennamen P, Bouron J, Rooryck C, Merlio JP, Lamrissi-Garcia I, Cullot G, Amintas S, Guyonnet-Duperat V, Ged C, Blouin JM, Richard E, Dabernat S, Moreau-Gaudry F, Bedel A. CRISPR-Cas9 globin editing can induce megabase-scale copy-neutral losses of heterozygosity in hematopoietic cells. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4922. [PMID: 34389729 PMCID: PMC8363739 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25190-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas9 is a promising technology for gene therapy. However, the ON-target genotoxicity of CRISPR-Cas9 nuclease due to DNA double-strand breaks has received little attention and is probably underestimated. Here we report that genome editing targeting globin genes induces megabase-scale losses of heterozygosity (LOH) from the globin CRISPR-Cas9 cut-site to the telomere (5.2 Mb). In established lines, CRISPR-Cas9 nuclease induces frequent terminal chromosome 11p truncations and rare copy-neutral LOH. In primary hematopoietic progenitor/stem cells, we detect 1.1% of clones (7/648) with acquired megabase LOH induced by CRISPR-Cas9. In-depth analysis by SNP-array reveals the presence of copy-neutral LOH. This leads to 11p15.5 partial uniparental disomy, comprising two Chr11p15.5 imprinting centers (H19/IGF2:IG-DMR/IC1 and KCNQ1OT1:TSS-DMR/IC2) and impacting H19 and IGF2 expression. While this genotoxicity is a safety concern for CRISPR clinical trials, it is also an opportunity to model copy-neutral-LOH for genetic diseases and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Boutin
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM U1035, Biotherapy of Genetic Diseases, Inflammatory disorders and Cancers, Bordeaux, France
- University Hospital Bordeaux, Biochemistry Laboratory, Bordeaux, France
- Laboratory of Excellence, Gr-Ex, Bordeaux, France
| | - J Rosier
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM U1035, Biotherapy of Genetic Diseases, Inflammatory disorders and Cancers, Bordeaux, France
- Laboratory of Excellence, Gr-Ex, Bordeaux, France
| | - D Cappellen
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM U1035, Biotherapy of Genetic Diseases, Inflammatory disorders and Cancers, Bordeaux, France
- Laboratory of Excellence, Gr-Ex, Bordeaux, France
- University Hospital Bordeaux, Tumor Biology and Tumor Bank Laboratory, Bordeaux, France
| | - F Prat
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM U1035, Biotherapy of Genetic Diseases, Inflammatory disorders and Cancers, Bordeaux, France
- Laboratory of Excellence, Gr-Ex, Bordeaux, France
| | - J Toutain
- Bordeaux University, MRGM INSERM U1211, CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Génétique Médicale, Bordeaux, France
| | - P Pennamen
- Bordeaux University, MRGM INSERM U1211, CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Génétique Médicale, Bordeaux, France
| | - J Bouron
- Bordeaux University, MRGM INSERM U1211, CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Génétique Médicale, Bordeaux, France
| | - C Rooryck
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
- Bordeaux University, MRGM INSERM U1211, CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Génétique Médicale, Bordeaux, France
| | - J P Merlio
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
- University Hospital Bordeaux, Tumor Biology and Tumor Bank Laboratory, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM U1053, Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology, Bordeaux, France
| | - I Lamrissi-Garcia
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM U1035, Biotherapy of Genetic Diseases, Inflammatory disorders and Cancers, Bordeaux, France
- Laboratory of Excellence, Gr-Ex, Bordeaux, France
| | - G Cullot
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM U1035, Biotherapy of Genetic Diseases, Inflammatory disorders and Cancers, Bordeaux, France
- Laboratory of Excellence, Gr-Ex, Bordeaux, France
| | - S Amintas
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM U1035, Biotherapy of Genetic Diseases, Inflammatory disorders and Cancers, Bordeaux, France
- Laboratory of Excellence, Gr-Ex, Bordeaux, France
- University Hospital Bordeaux, Tumor Biology and Tumor Bank Laboratory, Bordeaux, France
| | - V Guyonnet-Duperat
- INSERM US 005-CNRS UMS 342-TBM-Core, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | - C Ged
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM U1035, Biotherapy of Genetic Diseases, Inflammatory disorders and Cancers, Bordeaux, France
- University Hospital Bordeaux, Biochemistry Laboratory, Bordeaux, France
- Laboratory of Excellence, Gr-Ex, Bordeaux, France
| | - J M Blouin
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM U1035, Biotherapy of Genetic Diseases, Inflammatory disorders and Cancers, Bordeaux, France
- University Hospital Bordeaux, Biochemistry Laboratory, Bordeaux, France
- Laboratory of Excellence, Gr-Ex, Bordeaux, France
| | - E Richard
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM U1035, Biotherapy of Genetic Diseases, Inflammatory disorders and Cancers, Bordeaux, France
- University Hospital Bordeaux, Biochemistry Laboratory, Bordeaux, France
- Laboratory of Excellence, Gr-Ex, Bordeaux, France
| | - S Dabernat
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM U1035, Biotherapy of Genetic Diseases, Inflammatory disorders and Cancers, Bordeaux, France
- University Hospital Bordeaux, Biochemistry Laboratory, Bordeaux, France
- Laboratory of Excellence, Gr-Ex, Bordeaux, France
| | - F Moreau-Gaudry
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France.
- INSERM U1035, Biotherapy of Genetic Diseases, Inflammatory disorders and Cancers, Bordeaux, France.
- University Hospital Bordeaux, Biochemistry Laboratory, Bordeaux, France.
- Laboratory of Excellence, Gr-Ex, Bordeaux, France.
- INSERM US 005-CNRS UMS 342-TBM-Core, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France.
| | - A Bedel
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM U1035, Biotherapy of Genetic Diseases, Inflammatory disorders and Cancers, Bordeaux, France
- University Hospital Bordeaux, Biochemistry Laboratory, Bordeaux, France
- Laboratory of Excellence, Gr-Ex, Bordeaux, France
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14
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Chen XS, Pomerantz RT. DNA Polymerase θ: A Cancer Drug Target with Reverse Transcriptase Activity. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1146. [PMID: 34440316 PMCID: PMC8391894 DOI: 10.3390/genes12081146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of precision medicine from the development of Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors that preferentially kill cells defective in homologous recombination has sparked wide interest in identifying and characterizing additional DNA repair enzymes that are synthetic lethal with HR factors. DNA polymerase theta (Polθ) is a validated anti-cancer drug target that is synthetic lethal with HR factors and other DNA repair proteins and confers cellular resistance to various genotoxic cancer therapies. Since its initial characterization as a helicase-polymerase fusion protein in 2003, many exciting and unexpected activities of Polθ in microhomology-mediated end-joining (MMEJ) and translesion synthesis (TLS) have been discovered. Here, we provide a short review of Polθ's DNA repair activities and its potential as a drug target and highlight a recent report that reveals Polθ as a naturally occurring reverse transcriptase (RT) in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojiang S. Chen
- Molecular and Computational Biology, USC Dornsife Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA;
| | - Richard T. Pomerantz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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15
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Rönspies M, Dorn A, Schindele P, Puchta H. CRISPR-Cas-mediated chromosome engineering for crop improvement and synthetic biology. NATURE PLANTS 2021; 7:566-573. [PMID: 33958776 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-021-00910-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant breeding relies on the presence of genetic variation, as well as on the ability to break or stabilize genetic linkages between traits. The development of the genome-editing tool clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) has allowed breeders to induce genetic variability in a controlled and site-specific manner, and to improve traits with high efficiency. However, the presence of genetic linkages is a major obstacle to the transfer of desirable traits from wild species to their cultivated relatives. One way to address this issue is to create mutants with deficiencies in the meiotic recombination machinery, thereby enhancing global crossover frequencies between homologous parental chromosomes. Although this seemed to be a promising approach at first, thus far, no crossover frequencies could be enhanced in recombination-cold regions of the genome. Additionally, this approach can lead to unintended genomic instabilities due to DNA repair defects. Therefore, efforts have been undertaken to obtain predefined crossovers between homologues by inducing site-specific double-strand breaks (DSBs) in meiotic, as well as in somatic plant cells using CRISPR-Cas tools. However, this strategy has not been able to produce a substantial number of heritable homologous recombination-based crossovers. Most recently, heritable chromosomal rearrangements, such as inversions and translocations, have been obtained in a controlled way using CRISPR-Cas in plants. This approach unlocks a completely new way of manipulating genetic linkages, one in which the DSBs are induced in somatic cells, enabling the formation of chromosomal rearrangements in the megabase range, by DSB repair via non-homologous end-joining. This technology might also enable the restructuring of genomes more globally, resulting in not only the obtainment of synthetic plant chromosome, but also of novel plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Rönspies
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Annika Dorn
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Patrick Schindele
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Holger Puchta
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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16
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Zhang Y, Davis L, Maizels N. Pathways and signatures of mutagenesis at targeted DNA nicks. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009329. [PMID: 33857147 PMCID: PMC8078790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicks are the most frequent form of DNA damage and a potential source of mutagenesis in human cells. By deep sequencing, we have identified factors and pathways that promote and limit mutagenic repair at a targeted nick in human cells. Mutations were distributed asymmetrically around the nick site. BRCA2 inhibited all categories of mutational events, including indels, SNVs and HDR. DNA2 and RPA promoted resection. DNA2 inhibited 1 bp deletions but contributed to longer deletions, as did REV7. POLQ stimulated SNVs. Parallel analysis of DSBs targeted to the same site identified similar roles for DNA2 and POLQ (but not REV7) in promoting deletions and for POLQ in stimulating SNVs. Insertions were infrequent at nicks, and most were 1 bp in length, as at DSBs. The translesion polymerase REV1 stimulated +1 insertions at one nick site but not another, illustrating the potential importance of sequence context in determining the outcome of mutagenic repair. These results highlight the potential for nicks to promote mutagenesis, especially in BRCA-deficient cells, and identify mutagenic signatures of DNA2, REV1, REV3, REV7 and POLQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinbo Zhang
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington Medical School, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Luther Davis
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington Medical School, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Nancy Maizels
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington Medical School, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington Medical School, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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17
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Faure D. Is there a unique integration mechanism of Agrobacterium T-DNA into a plant genome? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:2386-2388. [PMID: 33616946 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This article is a Commentary on Nishizawa‐Yokoi et al. (2021), 229: 2859–2872.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Faure
- CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Paris-Saclay University, 91 190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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18
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Carvajal-Garcia J, Crown KN, Ramsden DA, Sekelsky J. DNA polymerase theta suppresses mitotic crossing over. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009267. [PMID: 33750946 PMCID: PMC8016270 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymerase theta-mediated end joining (TMEJ) is a chromosome break repair pathway that is able to rescue the lethality associated with the loss of proteins involved in early steps in homologous recombination (e.g., BRCA1/2). This is due to the ability of polymerase theta (Pol θ) to use resected, 3' single stranded DNA tails to repair chromosome breaks. These resected DNA tails are also the starting substrate for homologous recombination. However, it remains unknown if TMEJ can compensate for the loss of proteins involved in more downstream steps during homologous recombination. Here we show that the Holliday junction resolvases SLX4 and GEN1 are required for viability in the absence of Pol θ in Drosophila melanogaster, and lack of all three proteins results in high levels of apoptosis. Flies deficient in Pol θ and SLX4 are extremely sensitive to DNA damaging agents, and mammalian cells require either Pol θ or SLX4 to survive. Our results suggest that TMEJ and Holliday junction formation/resolution share a common DNA substrate, likely a homologous recombination intermediate, that when left unrepaired leads to cell death. One major consequence of Holliday junction resolution by SLX4 and GEN1 is cancer-causing loss of heterozygosity due to mitotic crossing over. We measured mitotic crossovers in flies after a Cas9-induced chromosome break, and observed that this mutagenic form of repair is increased in the absence of Pol θ. This demonstrates that TMEJ can function upstream of the Holiday junction resolvases to protect cells from loss of heterozygosity. Our work argues that Pol θ can thus compensate for the loss of the Holliday junction resolvases by using homologous recombination intermediates, suppressing mitotic crossing over and preserving the genomic stability of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carvajal-Garcia
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - K. Nicole Crown
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Dale A. Ramsden
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jeff Sekelsky
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Integrative Program in Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
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