1
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Ito F, Yang H, Zhou ZH, Chen XS. Structural basis for polyuridine tract recognition by SARS-CoV-2 Nsp15. Protein Cell 2024:pwae009. [PMID: 38613382 DOI: 10.1093/procel/pwae009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Ito
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095, USA
| | - Hanjing Yang
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Z Hong Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095, USA
| | - Xiaojiang S Chen
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Genetic, Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA90089, USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA90089, USA
- Center of Excellence in NanoBiophysics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA90089, USA
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2
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Fried W, Tyagi M, Minakhin L, Chandramouly G, Tredinnick T, Ramanjulu M, Auerbacher W, Calbert M, Rusanov T, Hoang T, Borisonnik N, Betsch R, Krais JJ, Wang Y, Vekariya UM, Gordon J, Morton G, Kent T, Skorski T, Johnson N, Childers W, Chen XS, Pomerantz RT. Discovery of a small-molecule inhibitor that traps Polθ on DNA and synergizes with PARP inhibitors. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2862. [PMID: 38580648 PMCID: PMC10997755 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46593-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) protein DNA Polymerase θ (Polθ) is synthetic lethal with homologous recombination (HR) factors and is therefore a promising drug target in BRCA1/2 mutant cancers. We discover an allosteric Polθ inhibitor (Polθi) class with 4-6 nM IC50 that selectively kills HR-deficient cells and acts synergistically with PARP inhibitors (PARPi) in multiple genetic backgrounds. X-ray crystallography and biochemistry reveal that Polθi selectively inhibits Polθ polymerase (Polθ-pol) in the closed conformation on B-form DNA/DNA via an induced fit mechanism. In contrast, Polθi fails to inhibit Polθ-pol catalytic activity on A-form DNA/RNA in which the enzyme binds in the open configuration. Remarkably, Polθi binding to the Polθ-pol:DNA/DNA closed complex traps the polymerase on DNA for more than forty minutes which elucidates the inhibitory mechanism of action. These data reveal a unique small-molecule DNA polymerase:DNA trapping mechanism that induces synthetic lethality in HR-deficient cells and potentiates the activity of PARPi.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Fried
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mrityunjay Tyagi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Leonid Minakhin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Gurushankar Chandramouly
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Taylor Tredinnick
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Mercy Ramanjulu
- Recombination Therapeutics, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA
| | - William Auerbacher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Marissa Calbert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Timur Rusanov
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | | | | | - Robert Betsch
- Nuclear Dynamics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
| | - John J Krais
- Nuclear Dynamics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
| | - Yifan Wang
- Nuclear Dynamics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
| | - Umeshkumar M Vekariya
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Cancer and Cellular Biology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John Gordon
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - George Morton
- Moulder Center for Drug Discovery Research, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tatiana Kent
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Tomasz Skorski
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Cancer and Cellular Biology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Neil Johnson
- Nuclear Dynamics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
| | - Wayne Childers
- Recombination Therapeutics, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA
- Moulder Center for Drug Discovery Research, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xiaojiang S Chen
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Recombination Therapeutics, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA
| | - Richard T Pomerantz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.
- Recombination Therapeutics, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Doylestown, PA, 18902, USA.
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3
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Sanchez A, Ortega P, Sakhtemani R, Manjunath L, Oh S, Bournique E, Becker A, Kim K, Durfee C, Temiz NA, Chen XS, Harris RS, Lawrence MS, Buisson R. Mesoscale DNA features impact APOBEC3A and APOBEC3B deaminase activity and shape tumor mutational landscapes. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2370. [PMID: 38499542 PMCID: PMC10948877 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45909-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Antiviral DNA cytosine deaminases APOBEC3A and APOBEC3B are major sources of mutations in cancer by catalyzing cytosine-to-uracil deamination. APOBEC3A preferentially targets single-stranded DNAs, with a noted affinity for DNA regions that adopt stem-loop secondary structures. However, the detailed substrate preferences of APOBEC3A and APOBEC3B have not been fully established, and the specific influence of the DNA sequence on APOBEC3A and APOBEC3B deaminase activity remains to be investigated. Here, we find that APOBEC3B also selectively targets DNA stem-loop structures, and they are distinct from those subjected to deamination by APOBEC3A. We develop Oligo-seq, an in vitro sequencing-based method to identify specific sequence contexts promoting APOBEC3A and APOBEC3B activity. Through this approach, we demonstrate that APOBEC3A and APOBEC3B deaminase activity is strongly regulated by specific sequences surrounding the targeted cytosine. Moreover, we identify the structural features of APOBEC3B and APOBEC3A responsible for their substrate preferences. Importantly, we determine that APOBEC3B-induced mutations in hairpin-forming sequences within tumor genomes differ from the DNA stem-loop sequences mutated by APOBEC3A. Together, our study provides evidence that APOBEC3A and APOBEC3B can generate distinct mutation landscapes in cancer genomes, driven by their unique substrate selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambrocio Sanchez
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Pedro Ortega
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ramin Sakhtemani
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lavanya Manjunath
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Sunwoo Oh
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Elodie Bournique
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Alexandrea Becker
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Kyumin Kim
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Cameron Durfee
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Nuri Alpay Temiz
- Institute for Health Informatics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Xiaojiang S Chen
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Reuben S Harris
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Michael S Lawrence
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rémi Buisson
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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4
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Yang H, Pacheco J, Kim K, Ebrahimi D, Ito F, Chen XS. Molecular mechanism for regulating APOBEC3G DNA editing function by the non-catalytic domain. bioRxiv 2024:2024.03.11.584510. [PMID: 38559028 PMCID: PMC10980023 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.11.584510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
APOBEC3G (A3G) belongs to the AID/APOBEC cytidine deaminase family and is essential for antiviral immunity. It contains two zinc-coordinated cytidine-deaminase (CD) domains. The N-terminal CD1 domain is non-catalytic but has a strong affinity for nucleic acids, whereas the C-terminal CD2 domain catalyzes C-to-U editing in single-stranded DNA. The interplay between the two domains in DNA binding and editing is not fully understood. Here, our studies on rhesus macaque A3G (rA3G) show that the DNA editing function in linear and hairpin loop DNA is greatly enhanced by AA or GA dinucleotide motifs present downstream (in the 3'-direction) but not upstream (in the 5'-direction) of the target-C editing sites. The effective distance between AA/GA and the target-C sites depends on the local DNA secondary structure. We present two co-crystal structures of rA3G bound to ssDNA containing AA and GA, revealing the contribution of the non-catalytic CD1 domain in capturing AA/GA DNA and explaining our biochemical observations. Our structural and biochemical findings elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying the cooperative function between the non-catalytic and the catalytic domains of A3G, which is critical for its antiviral role and its contribution to genome mutations in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanjing Yang
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Departments of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Josue Pacheco
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Departments of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Kyumin Kim
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Departments of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Diako Ebrahimi
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Fumiaki Ito
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Departments of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095, USA
| | - Xiaojiang S. Chen
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Departments of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Genetic, Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Center of Excellence in NanoBiophysics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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5
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Sagendorf JM, Mitra R, Huang J, Chen XS, Rohs R. PNAbind: Structure-based prediction of protein-nucleic acid binding using graph neural networks. bioRxiv 2024:2024.02.27.582387. [PMID: 38529493 PMCID: PMC10962711 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.27.582387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
The recognition and binding of nucleic acids (NAs) by proteins depends upon complementary chemical, electrostatic and geometric properties of the protein-NA binding interface. Structural models of protein-NA complexes provide insights into these properties but are scarce relative to models of unbound proteins. We present a deep learning approach for predicting protein-NA binding given the apo structure of a protein (PNAbind). Our method utilizes graph neural networks to encode spatial distributions of physicochemical and geometric properties of the protein molecular surface that are predictive of NA binding. Using global physicochemical encodings, our models predict the overall binding function of a protein and can discriminate between specificity for DNA or RNA binding. We show that such predictions made on protein structures modeled with AlphaFold2 can be used to gain mechanistic understanding of chemical and structural features that determine NA recognition. Using local encodings, our models predict the location of NA binding sites at the level of individual binding residues. Binding site predictions were validated against benchmark datasets, achieving AUROC scores in the range of 0.92-0.95. We applied our models to the HIV-1 restriction factor APOBEC3G and show that our predictions are consistent with experimental RNA binding data.
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6
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Pang XX, Ning N, Cai YM, Li J, Ye JB, Zhang CL, Chen XS. [Progress in research of self-sampling for detection of genital chlamydia trachomatis and related factors in men who have sex with men]. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2024; 45:162-166. [PMID: 38228540 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20230627-00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Laboratory testing is a vital chain in the prevention and control of genital chlamydia trachomatis infection. The prevalence of genital chlamydia trachomatis infection is high, but the detection rate of the infection is low in men who have sex with men (MSM) in China. Self-sampling for genital chlamydia trachomatis detection by MSM is a new option to address this problem, which would play a significant role in expanding genital chlamydia trachomatis infection screening in this population. This paper summarizes the progress in research of self-sampling for the detection of genital chlamydia trachomatis and the related factors in MSM both at home and abroad to provide reference for the promotion of self-sampling for the detection of genital chlamydia trachomatis in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- X X Pang
- Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control/Shenzhen Institute of Dermatology, Shenzhen 518020, China School of Public Health, Shantou University, Shantou 515000, China
| | - N Ning
- Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control/Shenzhen Institute of Dermatology, Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Y M Cai
- Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control/Shenzhen Institute of Dermatology, Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - J Li
- Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control/Shenzhen Institute of Dermatology, Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - J B Ye
- Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control/Shenzhen Institute of Dermatology, Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - C L Zhang
- Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control/Shenzhen Institute of Dermatology, Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - X S Chen
- National Center for Sexually Transmitted Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210042, China
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7
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Wang S, Kim K, Gelvez N, Chung C, Gout JF, Fixman B, Vermulst M, Chen XS. Identification of RBM46 as a novel APOBEC1 cofactor for C-to-U RNA-editing activity. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:168333. [PMID: 38708190 PMCID: PMC11068304 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Cytidine (C) to Uridine (U) RNA editing is a post-transcription modification that is involved in diverse biological processes. APOBEC1 (A1) catalyzes the conversion of C-to-U in RNA, which is important in regulating cholesterol metabolism through its editing activity on ApoB mRNA. However, A1 requires a cofactor to form an "editosome" for RNA editing activity. A1CF and RBM47, both RNA-binding proteins, have been identified as cofactors that pair with A1 to form editosomes and edit ApoB mRNA and other cellular RNAs. SYNCRIP is another RNA-binding protein that has been reported as a potential regulator of A1, although it is not directly involved in A1 RNA editing activity. Here, we describe the identification and characterization of a novel cofactor, RBM46 (RNA-Binding-Motif-protein-46), that can facilitate A1 to perform C-to-U editing on ApoB mRNA. Additionally, using the low-error circular RNA sequencing technique, we identified novel cellular RNA targets for the A1/RBM46 editosome. Our findings provide further insight into the complex regulatory network of RNA editing and the potential new function of A1 with its cofactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Wang
- Molecular and Computational Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Kyumin Kim
- Molecular and Computational Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Nicolas Gelvez
- Molecular and Computational Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Claire Chung
- School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Jean-Francois Gout
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Benjamin Fixman
- Programs in Biomedical and Biological Sciences (PIBBS), Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Marc Vermulst
- School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Xiaojiang S. Chen
- Molecular and Computational Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Programs in Biomedical and Biological Sciences (PIBBS), Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Center of Excellence in NanoBiophysic, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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8
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Ito F, Yang H, Zhou ZH, Chen XS. Structural basis for polyuridine tract recognition by SARS-CoV-2 Nsp15. bioRxiv 2023:2023.11.17.567629. [PMID: 38045375 PMCID: PMC10690159 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.17.567629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 non-structural protein 15 (Nsp15) is critical for productive viral replication and evasion of host immunity. The uridine-specific endoribonuclease activity of Nsp15 mediates the cleavage of the polyuridine [poly(U)] tract of the negative-strand coronavirus genome to minimize the formation of dsRNA that activates the host antiviral interferon signaling. However, the molecular basis for the recognition and cleavage of the poly(U) tract by Nsp15 is incompletely understood. Here, we present cryogenic electron microscopy (cryoEM) structures of SARS-CoV-2 Nsp15 bound to viral replication intermediate dsRNA containing poly(U) tract at 2.7-3.3 Å resolution. The structures reveal one copy of dsRNA binds to the sidewall of an Nsp15 homohexamer, spanning three subunits in two distinct binding states. The target uracil is dislodged from the base-pairing of the dsRNA by amino acid residues W332 and M330 of Nsp15, and the dislodged base is entrapped at the endonuclease active site center. Up to 20 A/U base pairs are anchored on the Nsp15 hexamer, which explains the basis for a substantially shortened poly(U) sequence in the negative strand coronavirus genome compared to the long poly(A) tail in its positive strand. Our results provide mechanistic insights into the unique immune evasion strategy employed by coronavirus Nsp15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Ito
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095, USA
| | - Hanjing Yang
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Z. Hong Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095, USA
| | - Xiaojiang S. Chen
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Genetic, Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA90089, USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA90089, USA
- Center of Excellence in NanoBiophysics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA90089, USA
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9
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Ngo C, Fried W, Aliyari S, Feng J, Qin C, Zhang S, Yang H, Shanaa J, Feng P, Cheng G, Chen XS, Zhang C. Alkyne as a Latent Warhead to Covalently Target SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease. J Med Chem 2023; 66:12237-12248. [PMID: 37595260 PMCID: PMC10510381 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for improved therapy to better control the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The main protease Mpro plays a pivotal role in SARS-CoV-2 replications, thereby representing an attractive target for antiviral development. We seek to identify novel electrophilic warheads for efficient, covalent inhibition of Mpro. By comparing the efficacy of a panel of warheads installed on a common scaffold against Mpro, we discovered that the terminal alkyne could covalently modify Mpro as a latent warhead. Our biochemical and X-ray structural analyses revealed the irreversible formation of the vinyl-sulfide linkage between the alkyne and the catalytic cysteine of Mpro. Clickable probes based on the alkyne inhibitors were developed to measure target engagement, drug residence time, and off-target effects. The best alkyne-containing inhibitors potently inhibited SARS-CoV-2 infection in cell infection models. Our findings highlight great potentials of alkyne as a latent warhead to target cystine proteases in viruses and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chau Ngo
- Department
of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - William Fried
- Molecular
and Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Saba Aliyari
- Department
of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Joshua Feng
- Department
of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Chao Qin
- Section
of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Shilei Zhang
- Department
of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Hanjing Yang
- Molecular
and Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Jean Shanaa
- Department
of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Pinghui Feng
- Section
of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Genhong Cheng
- Department
of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Xiaojiang S. Chen
- Molecular
and Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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10
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Kim K, Shi AB, Kelley K, Chen XS. Unraveling the Enzyme-Substrate Properties for APOBEC3A-Mediated RNA Editing. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:168198. [PMID: 37442413 PMCID: PMC10528890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The APOBEC3 family of human cytidine deaminases is involved in various cellular processes, including the innate and acquired immune system, mostly through inducing C-to-U in single-stranded DNA and/or RNA mutations. Although recent studies have examined RNA editing by APOBEC3A (A3A), its intracellular target specificity are not fully characterized. To address this gap, we performed in-depth analysis of cellular RNA editing using our recently developed sensitive cell-based fluorescence assay. Our findings demonstrate that A3A and an A3A-loop1-containing APOBEC3B (A3B) chimera are capable of RNA editing. We observed that A3A prefers to edit specific RNA substrates which are not efficiently deaminated by other APOBEC members. The editing efficiency of A3A is influenced by the RNA sequence contexts and distinct stem-loop secondary structures. Based on the identified RNA specificity features, we predicted potential A3A-editing targets in the encoding region of cellular mRNAs and discovered novel RNA transcripts that are extensively edited by A3A. Furthermore, we found a trend of increased synonymous mutations at the sites for more efficient A3A-editing, indicating evolutionary adaptation to the higher editing rate by A3A. Our results shed light on the intracellular RNA editing properties of A3A and provide insights into new RNA targets and potential impact of A3A-mediated RNA editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyumin Kim
- Molecular and Computational Biology Program, Departments of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA. https://twitter.com/KYUMINK1324
| | - Alan B Shi
- Molecular and Computational Biology Program, Departments of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Kori Kelley
- Molecular and Computational Biology Program, Departments of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Xiaojiang S Chen
- Molecular and Computational Biology Program, Departments of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Genetic, Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Center of Excellence in NanoBiophysics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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11
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Ito F, Alvarez-Cabrera AL, Kim K, Zhou ZH, Chen XS. Structural basis of HIV-1 Vif-mediated E3 ligase targeting of host APOBEC3H. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5241. [PMID: 37640699 PMCID: PMC10462622 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40955-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Human APOBEC3 (A3) cytidine deaminases are antiviral factors that are particularly potent against retroviruses. As a countermeasure, HIV-1 uses a viral infectivity factor (Vif) to target specific human A3s for proteasomal degradation. Vif recruits cellular transcription cofactor CBF-β and Cullin-5 (CUL5) RING E3 ubiquitin ligase to bind different A3s distinctively, but how this is accomplished remains unclear in the absence of the atomic structure of the complex. Here, we present the cryo-EM structures of HIV-1 Vif in complex with human A3H, CBF-β and components of CUL5 ubiquitin ligase (CUL5, ELOB, and ELOC). Vif nucleates the entire complex by directly binding four human proteins, A3H, CBF-β, CUL5, and ELOC. The structures reveal a large interface area between A3H and Vif, primarily mediated by an α-helical side of A3H and a five-stranded β-sheet of Vif. This A3H-Vif interface unveils the basis for sensitivity-modulating polymorphism of both proteins, including a previously reported gain-of-function mutation in Vif isolated from HIV/AIDS patients. Our structural and functional results provide insights into the remarkable interplay between HIV and humans and would inform development efforts for anti-HIV therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Ito
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095, USA
| | - Ana L Alvarez-Cabrera
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095, USA
| | - Kyumin Kim
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Z Hong Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095, USA
| | - Xiaojiang S Chen
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
- Genetic, Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA90089, USA.
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA90089, USA.
- Center of Excellence in NanoBiophysics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA90089, USA.
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12
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Sanchez A, Ortega P, Sakhtemani R, Manjunath L, Oh S, Bournique E, Becker A, Kim K, Durfee C, Temiz NA, Chen XS, Harris RS, Lawrence MS, Buisson R. Mesoscale DNA Features Impact APOBEC3A and APOBEC3B Deaminase Activity and Shape Tumor Mutational Landscapes. bioRxiv 2023:2023.08.02.551499. [PMID: 37577509 PMCID: PMC10418229 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.02.551499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Antiviral DNA cytosine deaminases APOBEC3A and APOBEC3B are major sources of mutations in cancer by catalyzing cytosine-to-uracil deamination. APOBEC3A preferentially targets singlestranded DNAs, with a noted affinity for DNA regions that adopt stem-loop secondary structures. However, the detailed substrate preferences of APOBEC3A and APOBEC3B have been fully established, and the specific influence of the DNA sequence on APOBEC3A APOBEC3B deaminase activity remains to be investigated. Here, we find that APOBEC3B selectively targets DNA stem-loop structures, and they are distinct from those subjected deamination by APOBEC3A. We develop Oligo-seq, a novel in vitro sequencing-based to identify specific sequence contexts promoting APOBEC3A and APOBEC3B activity. Through this approach, we demonstrate that APOBEC3A an APOBEC3B deaminase activity is strongly regulated by specific sequences surrounding the targeted cytosine. Moreover, we identify structural features of APOBEC3B and APOBEC3A responsible for their substrate preferences. Importantly, we determine that APOBEC3B-induced mutations in hairpin-forming sequences within tumor genomes differ from the DNA stem-loop sequences mutated by APOBEC3A. Together, our study provides evidence that APOBEC3A and APOBEC3B can generate mutation landscapes in cancer genomes, driven by their unique substrate selectivity.
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13
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Tredinnick TN, Kent T, Minakhin L, Li Z, Madzo J, Chen XS, Pomerantz RT. Promoter-Independent Synthesis of Chemically Modified RNA by Polymerase θ Variants. RNA 2023:rna.079396.122. [PMID: 37105714 PMCID: PMC10351887 DOI: 10.1261/rna.079396.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic RNA oligonucleotides composed of canonical and modified ribonucleotides are highly effective for RNA antisense therapeutics and RNA based genome engineering applications utilizing CRISPR-Cas9. Yet, synthesis of synthetic RNA using phosphoramidite chemistry is highly inefficient and expensive relative to DNA oligonucleotides, especially for relatively long RNA oligonucleotides. Thus, new biotechnologies are needed to significantly reduce costs, while increasing synthesis rates and yields of synthetic RNA. Here, we engineer human DNA polymerase theta (Polθ) variants and demonstrate their ability to synthesize long (95-200 nt) RNA oligonucleotides with canonical ribonucleotides and ribonucleotide analogs commonly used for stabilizing RNA for therapeutic and genome engineering applications. In contrast to natural promoter-dependent RNA polymerases, Polθ variants synthesize RNA by initiating from DNA or RNA primers which enables the production of highly pure RNA products. Remarkably, Polθ variants show lower capacity to misincorporate ribonucleotides compared to T7 RNA polymerase. Automation of this enzymatic RNA synthesis technology can potentially increase yields while reducing costs of synthetic RNA oligonucleotide production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jozef Madzo
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, New Jersey, USA
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14
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Duan YN, Ma SR, Chen XS, Shen X, Yin CM, Mao ZQ. Genome Sequence Resource of Fusarium proliferatum f. sp. malus domestica MR5, the Causative Agent of Apple Replant Disease. Plant Dis 2023; 107:903-907. [PMID: 36587236 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-06-22-1352-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Apple replant disease (ARD) caused by the fungal pathogen Fusarium proliferatum f. sp. malus domestica (Fpmd) MR5 brings annual losses to apple production within China. However, the genomic information of the pathogen is not yet available. Here, we obtained the whole-genome sequence of the highly virulent Fpmd MR5 using the Illumina PE150 platform. The genome size was 42.76 Mb and consisted of 9,047 genes. The GC content was 48.80%, and several genes potentially associated with pathogenicity were identified, such as carbohydrate-active enzymes, secreted proteins, and secondary metabolite gene clusters. There were 260 specific virulence factor genes, mainly related to fungal vegetative growth and the production of cell wall-degrading enzymes. These data will aid future studies investigating host-pathogen interactions and help us develop suitable disease management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y N Duan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong 271018, China
| | - S R Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong 271018, China
| | - X S Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong 271018, China
| | - X Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong 271018, China
| | - C M Yin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Z Q Mao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong 271018, China
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15
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Ito F, Alvarez-Cabrera AL, Liu S, Yang H, Shiriaeva A, Zhou ZH, Chen XS. Structural basis for HIV-1 antagonism of host APOBEC3G via Cullin E3 ligase. Sci Adv 2023; 9:eade3168. [PMID: 36598981 PMCID: PMC9812381 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade3168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Human APOBEC3G (A3G) is a virus restriction factor that inhibits HIV-1 replication and triggers lethal hypermutation on viral reverse transcripts. HIV-1 viral infectivity factor (Vif) breaches this host A3G immunity by hijacking a cellular E3 ubiquitin ligase complex to target A3G for ubiquitination and degradation. The molecular mechanism of A3G targeting by Vif-E3 ligase is unknown, limiting the antiviral efforts targeting this host-pathogen interaction crucial for HIV-1 infection. Here, we report the cryo-electron microscopy structures of A3G bound to HIV-1 Vif in complex with T cell transcription cofactor CBF-β and multiple components of the Cullin-5 RING E3 ubiquitin ligase. The structures reveal unexpected RNA-mediated interactions of Vif with A3G primarily through A3G's noncatalytic domain, while A3G's catalytic domain is poised for ubiquitin transfer. These structures elucidate the molecular mechanism by which HIV-1 Vif hijacks the host ubiquitin ligase to specifically target A3G to establish infection and offer structural information for the rational development of antiretroviral therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Ito
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Departments of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ana L. Alvarez-Cabrera
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shiheng Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hanjing Yang
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Departments of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anna Shiriaeva
- Department of Biological Chemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Z. Hong Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xiaojiang S. Chen
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Departments of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Genetic, Molecular, and Cellular Biology Program, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center of Excellence in NanoBiophysics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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16
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Jiang TT, Chen XS. [Accuracy of pooling specimens from different individuals in the detection of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection: a Meta analysis]. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2022; 43:1995-2001. [PMID: 36572475 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20220531-00484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To determine the accuracy of pooled specimens from multiple individuals for detection of infection with Chlamydia trachomatis. Methods: By April 2022, PubMed and Embase searched relevant studies published in peer-reviewed journals. The QUADAS-2 scale of a quality assessment tool was used to assess the quality of the studies. A curve of summary receiver operating characteristic was applied as a comprehensive assessment of diagnosed accuracy. A bivariate mixed-effects model was used for overall value merging in sensitivity and specificity. In addition, the subgroup analyses regarding sample type, testing method, and the number of samples per pool were performed. Results: A total of 14 846 subjects were included in the analysis. Three studies were from the United States, three from Canada, three from Denmark, two from Lithuania, two from India, two from the Netherlands, and one from Australia, Russia, and Singapore. Compared with the individual specimens, the pooled specimens of multiple individuals had an overall sensitivity of 0.98 (95%CI: 0.97-0.99) and specificity of 1.00 (95%CI: 1.00-1.00) for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis. Results from the subgroup showed that the overall sensitivity of ligase chain reaction was significantly higher than that of PCR in the diagnosis of pooled samples. Conclusion: It is concluded from the published studies that the pooled specimens were substantially consistent with the single specimens in detecting infection with Chlamydia trachomatis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T T Jiang
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - X S Chen
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China
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17
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Yang H, Kim K, Li S, Pacheco J, Chen XS. Structural basis of sequence-specific RNA recognition by the antiviral factor APOBEC3G. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7498. [PMID: 36470880 PMCID: PMC9722718 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35201-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An essential step in restricting HIV infectivity by the antiviral factor APOBEC3G is its incorporation into progeny virions via binding to HIV RNA. However, the mechanism of APOBEC3G capturing viral RNA is unknown. Here, we report crystal structures of a primate APOBEC3G bound to different types of RNAs, revealing that APOBEC3G specifically recognizes unpaired 5'-AA-3' dinucleotides, and to a lesser extent, 5'-GA-3' dinucleotides. APOBEC3G binds to the common 3'A in the AA/GA motifs using an aromatic/hydrophobic pocket in the non-catalytic domain. It binds to the 5'A or 5'G in the AA/GA motifs using an aromatic/hydrophobic groove conformed between the non-catalytic and catalytic domains. APOBEC3G RNA binding property is distinct from that of the HIV nucleocapsid protein recognizing unpaired guanosines. Our findings suggest that the sequence-specific RNA recognition is critical for APOBEC3G virion packaging and restricting HIV infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanjing Yang
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA
| | - Kyumin Kim
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA
| | - Shuxing Li
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA ,grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853Center of Excellence in NanoBiophysics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA
| | - Josue Pacheco
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA
| | - Xiaojiang S. Chen
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA ,grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853Center of Excellence in NanoBiophysics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA ,grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853Genetic, Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA ,grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
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18
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Duan YN, Jiang WT, Zhang R, Chen R, Chen XS, Yin CM, Mao ZQ. Discovery of Fusarium proliferatum f. sp. malus domestica Causing Apple Replant Disease in China. Plant Dis 2022; 106:2958-2966. [PMID: 35306841 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-12-21-2802-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Apple replant disease (ARD) is the most serious threat facing the apple industry globally. ARD is mainly manifested as decreased plant growth, serious root rot disease, and considerable yield loss. Microbial factors are the dominant factors leading to the occurrence of ARD. Research on soil-borne pathogenic fungi leading to the occurrence of ARD in China is limited. In the present study, we selected 16 replanting orchards from the Northwest Loess region and around the Bohai Gulf. Diseased roots and rhizosphere soil from healthy apple trees and trees showing ARD symptoms were sampled at random. High-throughput sequencing was used to study the fungal communities in the rhizosphere soil, which showed that the composition of the rhizosphere soil fungal community of ARD-symptomatic and healthy apple trees was different. Nectriaceae at the family level and Fusarium at the genus level dominated the rhizosphere soil fungal community in the two regions, while for healthy apple trees, the relative abundance of Mortierella, Minimedusa, Tetracladium, and Chaetomium was higher. Tissue separation and serial dilution were used to separate fungi, and a total of 89 genera and 219 species were obtained, most of which were Fusarium. Fusarium was further confirmed to be the most abundant pathogen species leading to the occurrence of ARD in China through pathogenicity assays. A pathogenicity assay was carried out by the dip-and-cut technique using different host plants. It was found that Fusarium MR5 showed strong aggressiveness to apple rootstocks. Diseased seedlings specifically exhibited chlorosis of the leaves, browning from the edge of the leaf, followed by rolling and yellowing of the leaves, resulting in wilting and eventually death. Strain MR5 was preliminarily identified as F. proliferatum according to the morphological and cultural characteristics. A maximum likelihood analysis of identities based on six gene sequence (ITS, TUB2, IGS, mtSSU, RPB2, and the TEF gene) alignments between the MR5 strain and other strains showed 99 to 100% homology with F. proliferatum. Based on our test results, strain MR5 was identified as F. proliferatum f. sp. malus domestica, which is of great significance for finding new measures to control ARD in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y N Duan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong 271018, China
| | - W T Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong 271018, China
| | - R Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong 271018, China
| | - R Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong 271018, China
| | - X S Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong 271018, China
| | - C M Yin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Z Q Mao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong 271018, China
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19
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Liu X, Luo JW, Zhou ZM, Wu RY, Zhang Y, Wang K, Chen XS, Qu Y, Huang XD, Wang X, Bi N, Feng QF, Lyu JM, Chen DF, Xiao ZF, Xiao JP, Yi JL, Gao L. [Long-term outcomes and failure patterns of definitive radiotherapy for cervical esophageal carcinoma]. Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi 2022; 44:1125-1131. [PMID: 36319459 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112152-20201015-00905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the long-term outcomes, failure patterns and prognostic factors of definitive radiotherapy in patients with cervical esophageal carcinoma (CEC). Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the clinical data of 148 CEC patients who treated with definitive radiotherapy in Cancer Hospital of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences from January 2001 to December 2017. The median radiation dose was 66 Gy (59.4-70 Gy) and 33.1% of patients received concurrent chemotherapy. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate survival rates. The log rank test was used for survival comparison and univariate prognostic analysis. The Cox model was used for multivariate prognostic analysis. Results: The median follow-up time was 102.6 months. The median survival time, 2- and 5-year overall survival (OS) were 22.7 months, 49.9% and 28.3%. The median, 2- and 5-year progression-free survival were 12.6 months, 35.8% and 25.8%. The 2- and 5-year locoregional recurrence-free survival were 59.1% and 50.8%. The 2- and 5-year distant metastases-free survival were 74.6% and 65.9%. Multivariate analysis showed that EQD(2)>66 Gy was the only independent prognostic indicator for OS (P=0.040). The median survival time and 5-year OS rate significantly improved in patients who received EQD(2)>66 Gy than those who received≤66 Gy (31.2 months vs. 19.2 months, 40.1% vs. 19.1%, P=0.027). A total of 87 patients (58.8%) developed tumor progression. There were 50 (33.8%), 23 (15.5%) and 39 (26.4%) patients developed local, regional recurrence and distant metastases, respectively. Eleven patients (7.4%) underwent salvage surgery, and the laryngeal preservation rate for entire group was 93.9%. Conclusions: Definitive radiotherapy is an effective treatment for cervical esophageal carcinoma with the advantage of larynx preservation. Local recurrence is the major failure pattern. EQD(2)>66 Gy is associated with the improved overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - J W Luo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Z M Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - R Y Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Y Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - K Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - X S Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Y Qu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - X D Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - X Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - N Bi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Q F Feng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - J M Lyu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - D F Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Z F Xiao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - J P Xiao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - J L Yi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - L Gao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
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Kim K, Calabrese P, Wang S, Qin C, Rao Y, Feng P, Chen XS. The roles of APOBEC-mediated RNA editing in SARS-CoV-2 mutations, replication and fitness. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14972. [PMID: 36100631 PMCID: PMC9470679 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19067-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
During COVID-19 pandemic, mutations of SARS-CoV-2 produce new strains that can be more infectious or evade vaccines. Viral RNA mutations can arise from misincorporation by RNA-polymerases and modification by host factors. Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 sequence from patients showed a strong bias toward C-to-U mutation, suggesting a potential mutational role by host APOBEC cytosine deaminases that possess broad anti-viral activity. We report the first experimental evidence demonstrating that APOBEC3A, APOBEC1, and APOBEC3G can edit on specific sites of SARS-CoV-2 RNA to produce C-to-U mutations. However, SARS-CoV-2 replication and viral progeny production in Caco-2 cells are not inhibited by the expression of these APOBECs. Instead, expression of wild-type APOBEC3 greatly promotes viral replication/propagation, suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 utilizes the APOBEC-mediated mutations for fitness and evolution. Unlike the random mutations, this study suggests the predictability of all possible viral genome mutations by these APOBECs based on the UC/AC motifs and the viral genomic RNA structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyumin Kim
- Molecular and Computational Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Peter Calabrese
- Quantitative and Computational Biology Department, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Molecular and Computational Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Chao Qin
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Youliang Rao
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Pinghui Feng
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Xiaojiang S Chen
- Molecular and Computational Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
- Genetic, Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
- Center of Excellence in NanoBiophysics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
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21
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Kim K, Calabrese P, Wang S, Qin C, Rao Y, Feng P, Chen XS. The Roles of APOBEC-mediated RNA Editing in SARS-CoV-2 Mutations, Replication and Fitness.. [PMID: 35441170 PMCID: PMC9016648 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1524060/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
During COVID-19 pandemic, mutations of SARS-CoV-2 produce new strains that can be more infectious or evade vaccines. Viral RNA mutations can arise from misincorporation by RNA-polymerases and modification by host factors. Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 sequence from patients showed a strong bias toward C-to-U mutation, suggesting a potential mutational role by host APOBEC cytosine deaminases that possess broad anti-viral activity. We report the first experimental evidence demonstrating that APOBEC3A, APOBEC1, and APOBEC3G can edit on specific sites of SARS-CoV-2 RNA to produce C-to-U mutations. However, SARS-CoV-2 replication and viral progeny production in Caco-2 cells are not inhibited by the expression of these APOBECs. Instead, expression of wild-type APOBEC3 greatly promotes viral replication/propagation, suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 utilizes the APOBEC-mediated mutations for fitness and evolution. Unlike the random mutations, this study suggests the predictability of all possible viral genome mutations by these APOBECs based on the UC/AC motifs and the viral genomic RNA structure. Efficient Editing of SARS-CoV-2 genomic RNA by Host APOBEC deaminases and Its Potential Impacts on the Viral Replication and Emergence of New Strains in COVID-19 Pandemic
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Chao Qin
- University of Southern California
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22
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Wang ZK, Zhang JH, Chen XS, Liu QF, Wang JB, Wu RY, Zhang Y, Wang K, Qu Y, Huang XD, Xiao JP, Gao L, Xu GZ, Yi JL, Luo JW. [Treatment and prognosis analysis of perineural invasion on sinonasal adenoid cystic carcinoma]. Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi 2022; 44:185-191. [PMID: 35184464 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112152-20200509-00433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To analyze the efficacy of sinonasal adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) with perineural invasion (PNI), and explore the prognostic value of PNI on sinonasal adenoid cystic carcinoma. Methods: The clinical data of 105 patients with sinonasal ACC admitted to Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences from January 2000 to December 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. All patients were restaged according to American Joint Committee on Cancer 8th edition. Follow-up visits were conducted to obtain information of treatment failure and survival outcome. The Log rank test was used for univariate analysis of prognostic factors, and Cox regression model was used for multivariate prognostic analysis. Results: The maxillary sinus (n=59) was the most common primary site, followed by the nasal cavity (n=38). There were 93 patients with stage Ⅲ-Ⅳ. The treatment modalities included surgery alone (n=14), radiotherapy alone (n=13), preoperative radiotherapy plus surgery (n=10), and surgery plus postoperative radiotherapy (n=68). The median follow-up time was 91.8 months, the 5-year local control (LC), distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) rates were 72.6%, 73.0%, 52.9% and 78.0%, respectively. There were 33 patients (31.4%) with PNI-positive. The 5-year DMFS, PFS, and OS rates of PNI-positive group were 53.7%, 29.4% and 56.5%, respectively, which were significantly inferior to those of PNI-negative group (80.8%, 63.0% and 86.8%, respectively, P<0.05), while there was no significant difference in the 5-year LC rate between both groups (64.5% vs 76.5%, P=0.273). The multivariate Cox regression analysis showed PNI was one of the poor prognostic factors of DMFS (HR=3.514, 95%CI: 1.557-7.932), PFS (HR=2.562, 95%CI: 1.349-4.866) and OS (HR=2.605, 95%CI: 1.169-5.806). Among patients with PNI-positive, the 5-year LC, PFS and OS rates of patients received surgery combined with radiotherapy were 84.9%, 41.3% and 72.7%, respectively, which were significantly higher than 23.3%, 10.0% and 26.7% of patients receiving surgery or radiotherapy alone (P<0.05). Conclusion: The presence of PNI increases the risk of distant metastasis in patients with sinonasal ACC. Compared with patients with PNI-negative, the prognosis of patients with PNI-positive is relatively poor, and surgery combined with radiotherapy for PNI-positive sinonasal ACC results in good clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z K Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - J H Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - X S Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Q F Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - J B Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - R Y Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Y Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - K Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Y Qu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - X D Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - J P Xiao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - L Gao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - G Z Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - J L Yi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - J W Luo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
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Liu Y, Qin C, Rao Y, Ngo C, Feng JJ, Zhao J, Zhang S, Wang TY, Carriere J, Savas AC, Zarinfar M, Rice S, Yang H, Yuan W, Camarero JA, Yu J, Chen XS, Zhang C, Feng P. SARS-CoV-2 Nsp5 Demonstrates Two Distinct Mechanisms Targeting RIG-I and MAVS To Evade the Innate Immune Response. mBio 2021; 12:e0233521. [PMID: 34544279 PMCID: PMC8546575 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02335-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Newly emerged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused a global pandemic with astonishing mortality and morbidity. The high replication and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 are remarkably distinct from those of previous closely related coronaviruses, and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. The innate immune defense is a physical barrier that restricts viral replication. We report here that the SARS-CoV-2 Nsp5 main protease targets RIG-I and mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) protein via two distinct mechanisms for inhibition. Specifically, Nsp5 cleaves off the 10 most-N-terminal amino acids from RIG-I and deprives it of the ability to activate MAVS, whereas Nsp5 promotes the ubiquitination and proteosome-mediated degradation of MAVS. As such, Nsp5 potently inhibits interferon (IFN) induction by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) in an enzyme-dependent manner. A synthetic small-molecule inhibitor blunts the Nsp5-mediated destruction of cellular RIG-I and MAVS and processing of SARS-CoV-2 nonstructural proteins, thus restoring the innate immune response and impeding SARS-CoV-2 replication. This work offers new insight into the immune evasion strategy of SARS-CoV-2 and provides a potential antiviral agent to treat CoV disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. IMPORTANCE The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is caused by SARS-CoV-2, which is rapidly evolving with better transmissibility. Understanding the molecular basis of the SARS-CoV-2 interaction with host cells is of paramount significance, and development of antiviral agents provides new avenues to prevent and treat COVID-19 diseases. This study describes a molecular characterization of innate immune evasion mediated by the SARS-CoV-2 Nsp5 main protease and subsequent development of a small-molecule inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhen Liu
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Chao Qin
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Youliang Rao
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Chau Ngo
- Department of Chemistry, Dornsife College of Arts, Letters, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Joshua J. Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Dornsife College of Arts, Letters, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jun Zhao
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port St. Lucie, Florida, USA
| | - Shu Zhang
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ting-Yu Wang
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jessica Carriere
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ali Can Savas
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mehrnaz Zarinfar
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Stephanie Rice
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Hanging Yang
- Molecular and Computational Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Weiming Yuan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Julio A. Camarero
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jianhua Yu
- Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Xiaojiang S. Chen
- Molecular and Computational Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Dornsife College of Arts, Letters, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Pinghui Feng
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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24
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Wan XL, Li N, Chen YJ, Chen XS, Yang Z, Xu L, Yang HM, Wang ZY. Protective effects of lycopene on mitochondrial oxidative injury and dysfunction in the liver of aflatoxin B 1-exposed broilers. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101441. [PMID: 34547623 PMCID: PMC8456063 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of lycopene (LYC) on mitochondrial oxidative injury and dysfunction in the liver of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-exposed broilers. A total of 192 healthy 1-day-old male broilers were randomly divided into 3 groups with 8 replicates of 8 birds each. Birds in the 3 groups were fed basal diet (control), basal diet with 100 µg/kg AFB1, and basal diet with 100 µg/kg AFB1 and 200 mg/kg LYC, respectively. The experiment lasted 42 d. The results showed that AFB1 decreased average daily body weight gain (ADG), average daily feed intake, and gain to feed ratio (G :F) compared to the control group, the LYC supplementation increased ADG and G/F compared to AFB1 group (P < 0.05). Broilers in the AFB1 group had lower mitochondrial glutathione (mGSH) concentration and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), and thioredoxin reductase activities, and higher hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentrations than the control group (P < 0.05). The LYC increased mGSH concentration and GSH-Px and MnSOD activities, and decreased H2O2 and ROS concentrations compared to AFB1 group (P < 0.05). Broilers fed the AFB1 diet showed increased mitochondrial swelling and decreased adenosine triphosphate concentration than the control group, and LYC had opposite effects (P < 0.05). The AFB1 decreased the activities of mitochondrial electron transfer chain (ETC) complexes I, II, III, and V, downregulated the mRNA expression levels of hepatic MnSOD, thioredoxin 2, thioredoxin reductase, peroxiredoxin-3, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α, nuclear respiratory factor 1, and mitochondrial transcription factor A compared with the control group (P < 0.05), and LYC increased activities of mitochondrial ETC complexes III and V, and upregulated mRNA expression levels of these genes in comparison to AFB1 group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the LYC protected broilers from AFB1-induced liver mitochondrial oxidative injury and dysfunction by stimulating mitochondrial antioxidant capacity and maintaining mitochondrial biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- X L Wan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, P. R. China
| | - N Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, P. R. China
| | - Y J Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, P. R. China
| | - X S Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, P. R. China
| | - Z Yang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, P. R. China
| | - L Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, P. R. China
| | - H M Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, P. R. China
| | - Z Y Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, P. R. China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, P. R. China.
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25
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Chen XS, Pomerantz RT. DNA Polymerase θ: A Cancer Drug Target with Reverse Transcriptase Activity. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1146. [PMID: 34440316 PMCID: PMC8391894 DOI: 10.3390/genes12081146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of precision medicine from the development of Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors that preferentially kill cells defective in homologous recombination has sparked wide interest in identifying and characterizing additional DNA repair enzymes that are synthetic lethal with HR factors. DNA polymerase theta (Polθ) is a validated anti-cancer drug target that is synthetic lethal with HR factors and other DNA repair proteins and confers cellular resistance to various genotoxic cancer therapies. Since its initial characterization as a helicase-polymerase fusion protein in 2003, many exciting and unexpected activities of Polθ in microhomology-mediated end-joining (MMEJ) and translesion synthesis (TLS) have been discovered. Here, we provide a short review of Polθ's DNA repair activities and its potential as a drug target and highlight a recent report that reveals Polθ as a naturally occurring reverse transcriptase (RT) in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojiang S. Chen
- Molecular and Computational Biology, USC Dornsife Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA;
| | - Richard T. Pomerantz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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26
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Chandramouly G, Zhao J, McDevitt S, Rusanov T, Hoang T, Borisonnik N, Treddinick T, Lopezcolorado FW, Kent T, Siddique LA, Mallon J, Huhn J, Shoda Z, Kashkina E, Brambati A, Stark JM, Chen XS, Pomerantz RT. Polθ reverse transcribes RNA and promotes RNA-templated DNA repair. Sci Adv 2021; 7:7/24/eabf1771. [PMID: 34117057 PMCID: PMC8195485 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf1771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Genome-embedded ribonucleotides arrest replicative DNA polymerases (Pols) and cause DNA breaks. Whether mammalian DNA repair Pols efficiently use template ribonucleotides and promote RNA-templated DNA repair synthesis remains unknown. We find that human Polθ reverse transcribes RNA, similar to retroviral reverse transcriptases (RTs). Polθ exhibits a significantly higher velocity and fidelity of deoxyribonucleotide incorporation on RNA versus DNA. The 3.2-Å crystal structure of Polθ on a DNA/RNA primer-template with bound deoxyribonucleotide reveals that the enzyme undergoes a major structural transformation within the thumb subdomain to accommodate A-form DNA/RNA and forms multiple hydrogen bonds with template ribose 2'-hydroxyl groups like retroviral RTs. Last, we find that Polθ promotes RNA-templated DNA repair in mammalian cells. These findings suggest that Polθ was selected to accommodate template ribonucleotides during DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurushankar Chandramouly
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jiemin Zhao
- Molecular and Computational Biology, USC Dornsife Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shane McDevitt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Timur Rusanov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Trung Hoang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nikita Borisonnik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Taylor Treddinick
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Tatiana Kent
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Labiba A Siddique
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joseph Mallon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jacklyn Huhn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zainab Shoda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ekaterina Kashkina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alessandra Brambati
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeremy M Stark
- Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Xiaojiang S Chen
- Molecular and Computational Biology, USC Dornsife Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Richard T Pomerantz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Zhou Y, Zhang ZW, Guo R, Zhang Y, Huo YF, Zhu Y, Li J, Chen XS, Lyu XZ. [The characteristics and citation analysis of the publications in National Medical Journal of China during 2016]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2020; 100:3903-3910. [PMID: 33371639 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112137-20201117-03122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To analyze the characteristics and citations of articles in National Medical Journal of China (NMJC) during 2016, and to discuss the academic level and quality of the journal. Methods: All the literature published in NMJC during 2016 were retrieved through the Chinese Medical Citation index, and the citation frequency data in China's core journals of science and technology from January 2017 to December 2018 was obtained through Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China. The citation status of articles published in NMJC was statistically analyzed by the method of literature metrology. The main indicators included the citation rate of articles published in each year, the citation frequency of all articles, the citation status of individual papers and authors, the regional and high-yield institution distribution of cited authors, and the main citation journals. Results: In 2016, a total of 962 articles were published in 22 columns of NMJC. The total number of published pages was 3 940, and the average number of articles was 4.09 pages. A total of 28 key topics have been published. The total citation was 2 077 times, with 2.16 times per paper. Among them, 322 papers were not cited, accounting for 33.47%. The maximum citation frequency of a single paper was 66 times. There were good citations in the columns of Guidelines, Epidemiology, New technology and methods, Clinical research and Editorial. Oncology, neurology/psychiatry, imaging/ultrasound/radiology, respiratory medicine and orthopedics accounted for a large part [40.43% (389 articles)]. Articles in neurosurgery, respiratory medicine, preventive medicine and gastrointestinal surgery were all cited with high frequency (all ≥2.75 times/article). A total of 483(50.21%) articles had obtained fund support, and the rate (68.12%) of them cited was slightly higher than that of articles without fund support (64.93%). A total of 23 articles were cited ≥10 times, and 16 first authors were cited ≥10 times. In addation, 26 corresponding authors were cited ≥10 times and 10 institutions were cited more than 15 times. The authors of the cited papers were distributed in 29 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the central government), and there were more articles and higher total citation frequency in Beijing, Shanghai, Jiangsu and Tianjin. From 2017 to 2018, papers published in NMJC were cited 2 077 times by a total of 490 journals. Conclusions: The guidelines published in NMJC is highly cited. The editorial department should adjust the column setting timely, strengthen the planning of key topic selection and the solicitation and publicity of excellent papers, and further improve the influence of the magazine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhou
- Editorial Department for National Medical Journal of China, Chinese Medical Association Publishing House, Beijing 100052, China
| | - Z W Zhang
- Editorial Department for Chinese Journal of Preventive Medicine, Chinese Medical Association Publishing House, Beijing 100052, China
| | - R Guo
- Editorial Department for National Medical Journal of China, Chinese Medical Association Publishing House, Beijing 100052, China
| | - Y Zhang
- Editorial Department for National Medical Journal of China, Chinese Medical Association Publishing House, Beijing 100052, China
| | - Y F Huo
- Editorial Department for National Medical Journal of China, Chinese Medical Association Publishing House, Beijing 100052, China
| | - Y Zhu
- Editorial Department for National Medical Journal of China, Chinese Medical Association Publishing House, Beijing 100052, China
| | - J Li
- Editorial Department for National Medical Journal of China, Chinese Medical Association Publishing House, Beijing 100052, China
| | - X S Chen
- Editorial Department for National Medical Journal of China, Chinese Medical Association Publishing House, Beijing 100052, China
| | - X Z Lyu
- Editorial Department for National Medical Journal of China, Chinese Medical Association Publishing House, Beijing 100052, China
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Wolfe AD, Li S, Goedderz C, Chen XS. The structure of APOBEC1 and insights into its RNA and DNA substrate selectivity. NAR Cancer 2020; 2:zcaa027. [PMID: 33094286 PMCID: PMC7556403 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcaa027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
APOBEC1 (APO1), a member of AID/APOBEC nucleic acid cytosine deaminase family, can edit apolipoprotein B mRNA to regulate cholesterol metabolism. This APO1 RNA editing activity requires a cellular cofactor to achieve tight regulation. However, no cofactors are required for deamination on DNA by APO1 and other AID/APOBEC members, and aberrant deamination on genomic DNA by AID/APOBEC deaminases has been linked to cancer. Here, we present the crystal structure of APO1, which reveals a typical APOBEC deaminase core structure, plus a unique well-folded C-terminal domain that is highly hydrophobic. This APO1 C-terminal hydrophobic domain (A1HD) interacts to form a stable dimer mainly through hydrophobic interactions within the dimer interface to create a four-stranded β-sheet positively charged surface. Structure-guided mutagenesis within this and other regions of APO1 clarified the importance of the A1HD in directing RNA and cofactor interactions, providing insights into the structural basis of selectivity on DNA or RNA substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron D Wolfe
- Genetics, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Shuxing Li
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Cody Goedderz
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Xiaojiang S Chen
- Genetics, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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29
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Wang W, Ma J, Nie J, Li J, Cao S, Wang L, Yu C, Huang W, Li Y, Yu Y, Liang M, Zirkle B, Chen XS, Li X, Kong W, Wang Y. Antigenic variations of recent street rabies virus. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 8:1584-1592. [PMID: 31682199 PMCID: PMC6844422 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1683436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The genetic and/or antigenic differences between street rabies virus (RABV) and vaccine strains could potentially affect effectiveness of rabies vaccines. As such, it is important to continue monitoring the glycoprotein (G) of the street isolates. All RABVG sequences in public database were retrieved and analysed. Using a pseudovirus system, we investigated 99 naturally occurring mutants for their reactivities to well-characterized neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and vaccine-induced antisera. A divergence in G sequences was found between vaccine strains and recent street isolates, with mutants demonstrating resistance to neutralizing mAbs and vaccine-induced antibodies. Moreover, antigenic variants were observed in a wide range of animal hosts and geographic locations, with most of them emerging since 2010. As the number of antigenic variants has increased in recent years, close monitoring on street isolates should be strengthened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Wang
- College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China.,Division of Monoclonal Antibody Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Ma
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhui Nie
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Li
- Division of Arboviral Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shouchun Cao
- Division of Arboviral Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan Wang
- Division of Monoclonal Antibody Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanfei Yu
- Division of Monoclonal Antibody Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Weijin Huang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhua Li
- Division of Arboviral Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongxin Yu
- Division of Arboviral Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Mifang Liang
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, NHFPC, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Brett Zirkle
- Department of Molecular and Computational Biology/Chemistry Department/Norris Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xiaojiang S Chen
- Department of Molecular and Computational Biology/Chemistry Department/Norris Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xuguang Li
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada, Canada
| | - Wei Kong
- College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Youchun Wang
- College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China.,Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, People's Republic of China
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30
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Yang H, Ito F, Wolfe AD, Li S, Mohammadzadeh N, Love RP, Yan M, Zirkle B, Gaba A, Chelico L, Chen XS. Understanding the structural basis of HIV-1 restriction by the full length double-domain APOBEC3G. Nat Commun 2020; 11:632. [PMID: 32005813 PMCID: PMC6994475 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14377-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
APOBEC3G, a member of the double-domain cytidine deaminase (CD) APOBEC, binds RNA to package into virions and restrict HIV-1 through deamination-dependent or deamination-independent inhibition. Mainly due to lack of a full-length double-domain APOBEC structure, it is unknown how CD1/CD2 domains connect and how dimerization/multimerization is linked to RNA binding and virion packaging for HIV-1 restriction. We report rhesus macaque A3G structures that show different inter-domain packing through a short linker and refolding of CD2. The A3G dimer structure has a hydrophobic dimer-interface matching with that of the previously reported CD1 structure. A3G dimerization generates a surface with intensified positive electrostatic potentials (PEP) for RNA binding and dimer stabilization. Unexpectedly, mutating the PEP surface and the hydrophobic interface of A3G does not abolish virion packaging and HIV-1 restriction. The data support a model in which only one RNA-binding mode is critical for virion packaging and restriction of HIV-1 by A3G. APOBEC3G (A3G) belongs to the DNA/RNA cytosine deaminase family that plays important roles in innate immunity against HIV and internal retroelements. Here the authors report the structures of two full-length A3G variants that provides insight into domain organization, multimerization, RNA binding, and viral restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanjing Yang
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Departments of Biological Sciences, Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Fumiaki Ito
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Departments of Biological Sciences, Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Aaron D Wolfe
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Departments of Biological Sciences, Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.,Genetic, Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Shuxing Li
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Departments of Biological Sciences, Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.,Center of Excellence in NanoBiophysics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Nazanin Mohammadzadeh
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Robin P Love
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Maocai Yan
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Departments of Biological Sciences, Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.,School of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, 276800, Rizhao, Shandong, China
| | - Brett Zirkle
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Departments of Biological Sciences, Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.,Genetic, Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Amit Gaba
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Linda Chelico
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Xiaojiang S Chen
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Departments of Biological Sciences, Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA. .,Genetic, Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA. .,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA. .,Center of Excellence in NanoBiophysics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
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31
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Jin ZY, Lu YJ, Chen WG, Li YF, Chen XS, Shen KW. [Factor analysis of diagnosis and surgical treatment of local regional recurrence in breast cancer patients]. Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi 2019; 57:366-372. [PMID: 31091592 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0529-5815.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To analyze the association between clinicopathological factors and clinical diagnosis, treatment and surgery of local regional recurrence (LRR) in breast cancer. Methods: A retrospective study was done to evaluate consecutive 7 823 breast cancer LRR cases between January 2009 and August 2018 at Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine. A total of 108 LRR patients were enrolled: 35 cases (32.4%) with ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBTR) after breast conserving surgery, 40 cases (37.0%) of chest wall recurrence (CR), and 33 cases (30.6%) with regional lymph node recurrence (LNR). All patients were female, aged from 26 to 83 years with a mean of 49 years. Clinicopathological factor and its relationship with different sites of LRR and following surgical choice were analyzed by χ(2) test, rank-sum test and Logistic regression. Survival analysis were performed between different LRR patterns and whether undergoing second surgery. Kaplan-Meier survival curves and Log-rank tests demonstrated the distribution of overall survival. Results: Both univariate analysis and multivariate analysis found that axillary lymph nodes (ALN) status (OR=7.27, 95% CI: 1.30 to 40.53, P=0.042) and disease-free interval (OR=0.18, 95% CI: 0.06 to 0.60, P=0.013) were related to different site of LRR. Compared with patients with IBTR, LNR and CR patients had a higher rate of ALN metastasis and a shorter disease-free interval. A total of 36 LRR patients underwent following surgery. In univariate analysis, initial ALN surgery (χ(2)=16.705, P=0.001), pathological type (χ(2)=7.047, P=0.03), ALN status (χ(2)=10.812, P=0.002), disease-free interval (χ(2)=6.118, P=0.023) and LRR site(χ(2)=19.328, P=0.000) were associated with surgical treatment for LRR patients. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that only site of LRR was independently associated with surgery (OR=0.17, 95% CI: 0.05 to 0.65, P=0.024). The 5-year overall survival was 100% and 60.1% (P=0.018) for LRR patients treated with surgery or not. Furthermore, CR patients had significantly worse overall survival than LNR and IBTR patients, with 5-year overall survival 53.1%, 73.5%, and 100% respectively (P=0.021). Conclusions: Initial lymph nodes metastasis and disease-free interval are associated with different site of LRR. LRR site significantly influenced following surgery choice after LRR, which are both related with overall survival after LRR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Y Jin
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
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32
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Gai D, Wang D, Li SX, Chen XS. Retraction: The structure of SV40 large T hexameric helicase in complex with AT-rich origin DNA. eLife 2019; 8:46910. [PMID: 30942691 PMCID: PMC6447359 DOI: 10.7554/elife.46910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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33
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Wolfe AD, Arnold DB, Chen XS. Comparison of RNA Editing Activity of APOBEC1-A1CF and APOBEC1-RBM47 Complexes Reconstituted in HEK293T Cells. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:1506-1517. [PMID: 30844405 PMCID: PMC6443457 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
RNA editing is an important form of regulating gene expression and activity. APOBEC1 cytosine deaminase was initially characterized as pairing with a cofactor, A1CF, to form an active RNA editing complex that specifically targets APOB RNA in regulating lipid metabolism. Recent studies revealed that APOBEC1 may be involved in editing other potential RNA targets in a tissue-specific manner, and another protein, RBM47, appears to instead be the main cofactor of APOBEC1 for editing APOB RNA. In this report, by expressing APOBEC1 with either A1CF or RBM47 from human or mouse in an HEK293T cell line with no intrinsic APOBEC1/A1CF/RBM47 expression, we have compared direct RNA editing activity on several known cellular target RNAs. By using a sensitive cell-based fluorescence assay that enables comparative quantification of RNA editing through subcellular localization changes of eGFP, the two APOBEC1 cofactors, A1CF and RBM47, showed clear differences for editing activity on APOB and several other tested RNAs, and clear differences were observed when mouse versus human genes were tested. In addition, we have determined the minimal domain requirement of RBM47 needed for activity. These results provide useful functional characterization of RBM47 and direct biochemical evidence for the differential editing selectivity on a number of RNA targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron D Wolfe
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Genetic, Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Don B Arnold
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Xiaojiang S Chen
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Genetic, Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Center of Excellence in NanoBiophysics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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34
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Chen XS, Shen KW. [Strategies of surgical and comprehensive management of breast cancer patients with local regional recurrence]. Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi 2019; 57:92-96. [PMID: 30704210 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0529-5815.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Breast conserving surgery and sentinel lymph node biopsy are widely used in early breast cancer treatment. Right now, the mode of local regional recurrence (LRR) has significantly changed and the rate of ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence and axillary lymph node recurrence are steadily increasing. Due to its relatively low incidence of LRR compared with distant metastasis, inconsistent of pre-recurrence treatment, difficulty in surgical treatment, and few prospective clinical studies, there are rising new challenges for clinical management of LRR patients. In this article, based on new theory of LRR, clinical diagnosis and treatment progress, and our own clinical practice experience for LRR breast cancer patients, we propose that we should make pathological diagnosis and do systemic evaluation for LRR disease, then considering it as a curable disease, and integrating local and systemic comprehensive treatment for LRR patients, thus to improve their disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- X S Chen
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
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35
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Abstract
Most replicative helicases are hexameric, ring-shaped motor proteins that translocate on and unwind DNA. Despite extensive biochemical and structural investigations, how their translocation activity is utilized chemo-mechanically in DNA unwinding is poorly understood. We examined DNA unwinding by G40P, a DnaB-family helicase, using a single-molecule fluorescence assay with a single base pair resolution. The high-resolution assay revealed that G40P by itself is a very weak helicase that stalls at barriers as small as a single GC base pair and unwinds DNA with the step size of a single base pair. Binding of a single ATPγS could stall unwinding, demonstrating highly coordinated ATP hydrolysis between six identical subunits. We observed frequent slippage of the helicase, which is fully suppressed by the primase DnaG. We anticipate that these findings allow a better understanding on the fine balance of thermal fluctuation activation and energy derived from hydrolysis. Living cells store their genetic code written in molecules of DNA, with two strands of DNA twisted together to form the familiar double helix. When a cell prepares to divide, it must unwind its DNA so that the individual strands can be copied. Enzymes known as DNA helicases play a vital role in this unwinding process; yet, it is not completely clear how these enzymes move along the DNA. Schlierf et al. have now developed a new approach to see how an individual DNA helicase called G40P unwinds the DNA double helix. The experiments used a molecular ruler to measure the DNA unwinding and showed that the helicase opened the double helix one letter of genetic code at a time. Also, specific sequence of letters within the DNA molecules could slow down and stop G40P or even cause it to move backwards. DNA helicases work closely with other proteins inside cells to perform their task. DNA primases, for example, are enzymes that create the starting points for making new strands of DNA. Schlierf et al. found that the primase DnaG could also prevent G40P from moving backwards on the DNA, a new and unexpected function of DnaG. These findings contribute to an ongoing debate among researchers with partially contradictory models for how DNA helicases unwind the DNA double helix. Although originally from a virus, G40P is similar to a helicase enzyme found in bacteria. Therefore, a better understanding of this helicase may lead to new ways to stop bacteria copying their DNA, which might one day become new antibiotics to treat bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schlierf
- Physics Department and Center for the Physics of Living Cells, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, United States.,B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ganggang Wang
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Xiaojiang S Chen
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Taekjip Ha
- Physics Department and Center for the Physics of Living Cells, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, United States.,Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States.,Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
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36
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Yang Z, Yang HM, Gong DQ, Rose SP, Pirgozliev V, Chen XS, Wang ZY. Transcriptome analysis of hepatic gene expression and DNA methylation in methionine- and betaine-supplemented geese (Anser cygnoides domesticus). Poult Sci 2018; 97:3463-3477. [PMID: 29931118 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary methionine (Met) restriction produces a coordinated series of transcriptional responses in the liver that limits growth performance and amino acid metabolism. Methyl donor supplementation with betaine (Bet) may protect against this disturbance and affect the molecular basis of gene regulation. However, a lack of genetic information remains an obstacle to understand the mechanisms underlying the relationship between Met and Bet supplementation and its effects on genetic mechanisms. The goal of this study was to identify the effects of dietary supplementation of Met and Bet on growth performance, transcriptomic gene expression, and epigenetic mechanisms in geese on a Met-deficient diet. One hundred and fifty 21-day-old healthy male Yangzhou geese of similar body weight were randomly distributed into 3 groups with 5 replicates per treatment and 10 geese per replicate: Met-deficient diet (Control), Control+1.2 g/kg of Met (Met), and Control+0.6 g/kg of Bet (Bet). All geese had free access to the diet and water throughout rearing. Our results indicated that supplementation of 1.2 g/kg of Met in Met-deficient feed increased growth performance and plasma homocysteine (HCY) levels, indicating increased transsulfuration flux in the liver. Supplementation of 0.6 g/kg Bet had no apparent sparing effect on Met needs for growth performance in growing geese. The expression of many genes critical for Met metabolism is increased in Met supplementation group. In the Bet-supplemented group, genes involved in energy production and conversion were up-regulated. Dietary supplementation with Bet and Met also altered DNA methylation. We observed changes in the methylation of the LOC106032502 promoter and corresponding changes in mRNA expression. In conclusion, Met and Bet supplementation in geese affects the transcriptional regulatory network and alters the hepatic DNA methylation of LOC106032502.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225000, P.R. China.,The National Institute of Poultry Husbandry, Harper Adams University, Edgmond, Newport TF10 8NB, UK
| | - H M Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225000, P.R. China
| | - D Q Gong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225000, P.R. China
| | - S P Rose
- The National Institute of Poultry Husbandry, Harper Adams University, Edgmond, Newport TF10 8NB, UK
| | - V Pirgozliev
- The National Institute of Poultry Husbandry, Harper Adams University, Edgmond, Newport TF10 8NB, UK
| | - X S Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225000, P.R. China
| | - Z Y Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225000, P.R. China
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37
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Devanna P, Chen XS, Ho J, Gajewski D, Smith SD, Gialluisi A, Francks C, Fisher SE, Newbury DF, Vernes SC. Next-gen sequencing identifies non-coding variation disrupting miRNA-binding sites in neurological disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:1375-1384. [PMID: 28289279 PMCID: PMC5474318 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the genetic factors underlying neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders is a major challenge given their prevalence and potential severity for quality of life. While large-scale genomic screens have made major advances in this area, for many disorders the genetic underpinnings are complex and poorly understood. To date the field has focused predominantly on protein coding variation, but given the importance of tightly controlled gene expression for normal brain development and disorder, variation that affects non-coding regulatory regions of the genome is likely to play an important role in these phenotypes. Herein we show the importance of 3 prime untranslated region (3'UTR) non-coding regulatory variants across neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders. We devised a pipeline for identifying and functionally validating putatively pathogenic variants from next generation sequencing (NGS) data. We applied this pipeline to a cohort of children with severe specific language impairment (SLI) and identified a functional, SLI-associated variant affecting gene regulation in cells and post-mortem human brain. This variant and the affected gene (ARHGEF39) represent new putative risk factors for SLI. Furthermore, we identified 3'UTR regulatory variants across autism, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder NGS cohorts demonstrating their impact on neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders. Our findings show the importance of investigating non-coding regulatory variants when determining risk factors contributing to neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders. In the future, integration of such regulatory variation with protein coding changes will be essential for uncovering the genetic causes of complex neurological disorders and the fundamental mechanisms underlying health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Devanna
- Neurogenetics of Vocal Communication
Group, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen,
The Netherlands
| | - X S Chen
- Language and Genetics Department, Max
Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The
Netherlands
| | - J Ho
- Neurogenetics of Vocal Communication
Group, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen,
The Netherlands
- Language and Genetics Department, Max
Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The
Netherlands
| | - D Gajewski
- Neurogenetics of Vocal Communication
Group, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen,
The Netherlands
| | - S D Smith
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience,
Munroe Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center,
Omaha, NE, USA
| | - A Gialluisi
- Language and Genetics Department, Max
Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The
Netherlands
- Department of Translational Research in
Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich,
Germany
| | - C Francks
- Language and Genetics Department, Max
Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The
Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition
and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - S E Fisher
- Language and Genetics Department, Max
Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The
Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition
and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - D F Newbury
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics,
University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Biological and Medical
Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University,
Oxford, UK
| | - S C Vernes
- Neurogenetics of Vocal Communication
Group, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen,
The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition
and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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38
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Ito F, Yang H, Xiao X, Li SX, Wolfe A, Zirkle B, Arutiunian V, Chen XS. Understanding the Structure, Multimerization, Subcellular Localization and mC Selectivity of a Genomic Mutator and Anti-HIV Factor APOBEC3H. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3763. [PMID: 29491387 PMCID: PMC5830531 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21955-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
APOBEC3H (A3H) is a member of the APOBEC3 subfamily of DNA cytosine deaminases that are important for innate immune defense and have been implicated in cancer biogenesis. To understand the structural basis for A3H biochemical function, we determined a high-resolution structure of human A3H and performed extensive biochemical analysis. The 2.49 Å crystal structure reveals a uniquely long C-terminal helix 6 (h6), a disrupted β5 strand of the canonical five-stranded β-sheet core, and a long loop 1 around the Zn-active center. Mutation of a loop 7 residue, W115, disrupted the RNA-mediated dimerization of A3H yielding an RNA-free monomeric form that still possessed nucleic acid binding and deaminase activity. A3H expressed in HEK293T cells showed RNA dependent HMW complex formation and RNase A-dependent deaminase activity. A3H has a highly positively charged surface surrounding the Zn-active center, and multiple positively charged residues within this charged surface play an important role in the RNA-mediated HMW formation and deaminase inhibition. Furthermore, these positively charged residues affect subcellular localization of A3H between the nucleus and cytosol. Finally, we have identified multiple residues of loop 1 and 7 that contribute to the overall deaminase activity and the methylcytosine selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Ito
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Hanjing Yang
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.,Genetic, Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Shu-Xing Li
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.,Center of Excellence in NanoBiophysics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Aaron Wolfe
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.,Genetic, Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Brett Zirkle
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.,Genetic, Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Vagan Arutiunian
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Xiaojiang S Chen
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA. .,Genetic, Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA. .,Center of Excellence in NanoBiophysics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA. .,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
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Wang X, Zhao DB, Yang L, Chi Y, Tang Y, Li N, Wang SL, Song YW, Liu YP, Liu WY, Ren H, Zhang T, Wang JY, Chen XS, Fang H, Wang WH, Li YX, Jin J. S-1 chemotherapy and intensity-modulated radiotherapy after D1/D2 lymph node dissection in patients with node-positive gastric cancer: a phase I/II study. Br J Cancer 2017; 118:338-343. [PMID: 29235569 PMCID: PMC5808036 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This phase I/II clinical trial investigated S-1 administered with intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) as adjuvant therapy for node-positive gastric cancer. Patients had undergone radical resection and D1/D2 lymph node dissection. METHODS In phase I, patients received adjuvant chemoradiotherapy of IMRT (45 Gy in 25 fractions) with concurrent S-1 administered on a dose-escalation schedule to determine the recommended dose (RD). In phase II, the safety and efficacy of the RD of S-1 combined with IMRT were assessed. RESULTS We consecutively enrolled 73 patients (56 men; median age, 53 years; range, 29-73 years) and the phase I portion of the study included 27 patients. The RD of S-1 administered concomitantly with IMRT was 80 mg m-2 day-1 orally, twice daily. The phase II analysis included 52 patients (46 new patients plus 6 from phase I). 8 patients (15.4%) developed grade 3 or 4 toxicities. There were 21 recurrence events and 15 deaths (1 bowel obstruction, 14 gastric cancer). Three-year disease-free survival and overall survival were 62.2% (95% confidence interval (CI), 48.5-75.9) and 70.0% (95% CI, 56.3-83.7), respectively. The median time to recurrence was 17.5 months (range, 3.8-42.0). The median time from recurrence to death was 7.0 months (range, 1.5-28.7). CONCLUSIONS S-1 combined with IMRT adjuvant chemoradiotherapy is safe and efficacious for advanced gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital and Institute, National Cancer Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, People's Republic of China
| | - D B Zhao
- Department of Pancrea-gastric Surgery, Cancer Hospital and Institute, National Cancer Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, People's Republic of China
| | - L Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital and Institute, National Cancer Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, People's Republic of China
| | - Y Chi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital and Institute, National Cancer Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, People's Republic of China
| | - Y Tang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital and Institute, National Cancer Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, People's Republic of China
| | - N Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital and Institute, National Cancer Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, People's Republic of China
| | - S L Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital and Institute, National Cancer Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, People's Republic of China
| | - Y W Song
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital and Institute, National Cancer Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, People's Republic of China
| | - Y P Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital and Institute, National Cancer Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, People's Republic of China
| | - W Y Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital and Institute, National Cancer Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, People's Republic of China
| | - H Ren
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital and Institute, National Cancer Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, People's Republic of China
| | - T Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital and Institute, National Cancer Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, People's Republic of China
| | - J Y Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital and Institute, National Cancer Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, People's Republic of China
| | - X S Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital and Institute, National Cancer Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, People's Republic of China
| | - H Fang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital and Institute, National Cancer Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, People's Republic of China
| | - W H Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beijing Cancer Hospital, Beijing 100142, People's Republic of China
| | - Y X Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital and Institute, National Cancer Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, People's Republic of China
| | - J Jin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital and Institute, National Cancer Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, People's Republic of China
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Fang Y, Xiao X, Li SX, Wolfe A, Chen XS. Molecular Interactions of a DNA Modifying Enzyme APOBEC3F Catalytic Domain with a Single-Stranded DNA. J Mol Biol 2017; 430:87-101. [PMID: 29191651 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) cytidine deaminase APOBEC3F (A3F) deaminates cytosine (C) to uracil (U) and is a known restriction factor of HIV-1. Its C-terminal catalytic domain (CD2) alone is capable of binding single-stranded nucleic acids and is important for deamination. However, little is known about how the CD2 interacts with ssDNA. Here we report a crystal structure of A3F-CD2 in complex with a 10-nucleotide ssDNA composed of poly-thymine, which reveals a novel positively charged nucleic acid binding site distal to the active center that plays a key role in substrate DNA binding and catalytic activity. Lysine and tyrosine residues within this binding site interact with the ssDNA, and mutating these residues dramatically impairs both ssDNA binding and catalytic activity. This binding site is not conserved in APOBEC3G (A3G), which may explain differences in ssDNA-binding characteristics between A3F-CD2 and A3G-CD2. In addition, we observed an alternative Zn-coordination conformation around the active center. These findings reveal the structural relationships between nucleic acid interactions and catalytic activity of A3F.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Fang
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; 161 Hospital of PLA, Wuhan, 430012, China; Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology of Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Genetic Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Shu-Xing Li
- Center of Excellence in NanoBiophysics, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Aaron Wolfe
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Genetic Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Xiaojiang S Chen
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Genetic Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Center of Excellence in NanoBiophysics, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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Yao B, Gui YS, Rao JW, Kaur S, Chen XS, Lu W, Xiao Y, Guo H, Marzlin KP, Hu CM. Cooperative polariton dynamics in feedback-coupled cavities. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1437. [PMID: 29127391 PMCID: PMC5681655 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01796-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The emerging field of cavity spintronics utilizes the cavity magnon polariton (CMP) induced by magnon Rabi oscillations. In contrast to a single-spin quantum system, such a cooperative spin dynamics in the linear regime is governed by the classical physics of harmonic oscillators. It makes the magnon Rabi frequency independent of the photon Fock state occupation, and thereby restricts the quantum application of CMP. Here we show that a feedback cavity architecture breaks the harmonic-oscillator restriction. By increasing the feedback photon number, we observe an increase in the Rabi frequency, accompanied with the evolution of CMP to a cavity magnon triplet and a cavity magnon quintuplet. We present a theory that explains these features. Our results reveal the physics of cooperative polariton dynamics in feedback-coupled cavities, and open up new avenues for exploiting the light-matter interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bimu Yao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3T 2N2
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200083, China
| | - Y S Gui
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3T 2N2
| | - J W Rao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3T 2N2
| | - S Kaur
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3T 2N2
| | - X S Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200083, China
| | - W Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200083, China.
| | - Y Xiao
- College of Science, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, China
| | - H Guo
- Department of Physics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3A 2T8
| | - K -P Marzlin
- Department of Physics, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, Canada, B2G 2W5
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, B3H 4R2
| | - C -M Hu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3T 2N2.
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Xiao X, Yang H, Arutiunian V, Fang Y, Besse G, Morimoto C, Zirkle B, Chen XS. Structural determinants of APOBEC3B non-catalytic domain for molecular assembly and catalytic regulation. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:7494-7506. [PMID: 28575276 PMCID: PMC5499559 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The catalytic activity of human cytidine deaminase APOBEC3B (A3B) has been correlated with kataegic mutational patterns within multiple cancer types. The molecular basis of how the N-terminal non-catalytic CD1 regulates the catalytic activity and consequently, biological function of A3B remains relatively unknown. Here, we report the crystal structure of a soluble human A3B-CD1 variant and delineate several structural elements of CD1 involved in molecular assembly, nucleic acid interactions and catalytic regulation of A3B. We show that (i) A3B expressed in human cells exists in hypoactive high-molecular-weight (HMW) complexes, which can be activated without apparent dissociation into low-molecular-weight (LMW) species after RNase A treatment. (ii) Multiple surface hydrophobic residues of CD1 mediate the HMW complex assembly and affect the catalytic activity, including one tryptophan residue W127 that likely acts through regulating nucleic acid binding. (iii) One of the highly positively charged surfaces on CD1 is involved in RNA-dependent attenuation of A3B catalysis. (iv) Surface hydrophobic residues of CD1 are involved in heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) binding to A3B. The structural and biochemical insights described here suggest that unique structural features on CD1 regulate the molecular assembly and catalytic activity of A3B through distinct mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xiao
- Genetic, Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work as first authors
| | - Hanjing Yang
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work as first authors
| | - Vagan Arutiunian
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Yao Fang
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology of Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
- 161 Hospital, Wuhan 430012, China
| | - Guillaume Besse
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Polytech' Clermont-Ferrand, Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Cherie Morimoto
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Brett Zirkle
- Genetic, Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Xiaojiang S. Chen
- Genetic, Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Center of Excellence in NanoBiophysics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 213 740 5487; Fax: +1 213 740 4340;
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Wu JY, Fang Y, Lin L, Zong Y, Chen XS, Huang O, He JR, Zhu L, Chen WG, Li YF, Shen KW. [Clinical utility study of 21-gene assay in 927 Chinese patients with early breast cancer]. Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi 2017; 39:668-675. [PMID: 28926895 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-3766.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the distribution patterns of 21-gene assay and its influencing factors in Chinese patients with early breast cancer. Methods: Nine hundred and twenty-seven early breast cancer patients were retrospectively recruited from January 2009 to December 2015 at Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine. The 21-gene reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) assay were conducted in paraffin-embedded tumor tissues to calculate the Recurrence Score(RS). Immunohistochemistry(IHC) assay was used to measure the expression levels of estrogen receptor(ER), progesterone receptor(PR) and Ki-67. Concordances of RT-PCR and IHC results were assessed. Correlations of RS and classical clinicopathological factors were evaluated, and logistic regression were applied to determine independent predictive factors for RS. Results: The median RS of 927 patients was 23(range: 0~90), and the proportions of patients categorized as having a low, intermediate, or high risk were 26.5%, 47.7% and 25.8%, respectively. The distribution of RS varied significantly according to different tumor grade, T stage, PR status, Ki-67 index and molecular subtypes(P<0.05 for all). Grade, PR status and Ki-67 index were independent predictive factors for RS. ER, PR status and Ki-67 index showed significantly correlation between RT-PCR and IHC assays, and the concordance rates for ER and PR status were 98.7% and 87.8%, respectively. Conclusions: RS significantly correlated with tumor grade, T stage, PR status, Ki-67 index and subtypes. Grade, PR status and Ki-67 index can independently predict RS. Remarkable concordances of ER, PR status and Ki-67 index are found between RT-PCR and IHC assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Wu
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Y Fang
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - L Lin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Y Zong
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - X S Chen
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - O Huang
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - J R He
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - L Zhu
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - W G Chen
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Y F Li
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - K W Shen
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
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Ning T, Wolfe A, Nie J, Huang W, Chen XS, Wang Y. Naturally Occurring Single Amino Acid Substitution in the L1 Major Capsid Protein of Human Papillomavirus Type 16: Alteration of Susceptibility to Antibody-Mediated Neutralization. J Infect Dis 2017; 216:867-876. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Zhu SJ, Chen XS, Wu JY, Huang O, He JR, Zhu L, Chen WG, Li YF, Fei XC, Shen KW. [Surgical treatment and prognosis of ductal carcinoma in situ: 526 cases analysis]. Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi 2017; 55:114-119. [PMID: 28162210 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0529-5815.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the choice of surgical treatment of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and its impact on long-term outcomes. Methods: A retrospective analysis of the clinicopathological features and treatment protocol of DCIS patients who underwent surgical treatment in Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine from January 2009 to August 2016 was done. The factors which could affect surgical treatment were analyzed by χ(2) test and Logistic regression. Survival analysis were performed between different surgical approaches. Kaplan-Meier survival curves and Log-rank tests demonstrated the distribution of disease free survival and overall survival. Results: A total of 526 patients were enrolled in this study, 405 cases (77.0%) underwent mastectomy, 121 cases (23.0%) underwent breast-conserving surgery, of which 88 cases received radiotherapy after breast-conserving surgery. It was shown by univariate and multivariate analysis that age>50 years (OR=0.631, 95% CI: 0.413 to 0.965, P=0.034), first symptom of nipple discharge (OR=0.316, 95% CI: 0.120 to 0.834, P=0.020), excision biopsy (OR=1.831, 95% CI: 1.182 to 2.835, P=0.007) and tumor size >3 cm (OR=0.422, 95% CI: 0.206 to 0.864, P=0.018) were significantly correlated with choice of surgical treatment for breast lesions. Axillary lymph node dissection was performed for 118 cases (22.4%), with sentinel lymph node biopsy for 327 cases (62.2%), and none for 81 cases (15.4%). There was significant statistical difference in the choice of axillary lymph node management in patients of different age (χ(2)=8.124, P=0.017), biopsy type (χ(2)=35.567, P=0.000), breast operation type (χ(2)=149.118, P=0.000) and tumor size (χ(2)=13.394, P=0.010). The 5-year disease free survival rates was 95.7%, 89.6% and 100%, respectively, for mastectomy group, breast-conserving surgery group and breast-conserving surgery plus radiotherapy group. And the 5-year overall survival rates for three groups were 99.0%, 100% and 100%. The differences were not statistically significant (P=0.427, 0.777). Conclusions: For DCIS patients, age, first symptom and tumor size are independent predictors of breast surgery. The choice of axillary lymph node surgery is influenced by age, biopsy, operation type, and tumor size. Different surgical treatment options has no significant effect on disease-free survival and overall survival in DCIS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Zhu
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
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Mao Y, Chen XS, Liang Y, Wu JY, Huang O, Zong Y, Fang Q, He JR, Zhu L, Chen WG, Li YF, Lin L, Fei XC, Shen KW. [Effect of 21-gene recurrence score on chemotherapy decisions for patients with estrogen receptor-positive, epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative and lymph node-negative early stage-breast cancer]. Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi 2017; 39:502-508. [PMID: 28728295 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-3766.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the effect of 21-gene recurrence score on adjuvant chemotherapy decisions for patients with estrogen receptor (ER)-positive, epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2)-negative and lymph node (LN)-negative early stage-breast cancer. Methods: One hundred and forty-eight patients with ER+ , HER-2- and LN- early stage breast cancer were recruited in the Ruijin hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine. The 21-gene recurrence score (RS)assay was performed and systemic therapeutic decisions were made before and after knowing the RS results under multidisciplinary discussion. The effects of RS assay and the other influential factors on adjuvant chemotherapy decision were further analyzed. Results: After knowing the RS results, treatment decisions were changed in 26 out of 148 patients(17.6%). Among them, 9 out of 26 patients were not recommended for chemotherapy; 16 of 26 had treatment recommendation changed to chemotherapy, and chemotherapy regimen was changed in the last one patient. Multivariate analysis showed that RS, age and histological grade were independent factors of decision-making for adjuvant chemotherapy. Conclusion: Our results suggest that 21-gene recurrence score significantly influences decision making for adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with ER+ , HER-2- and LN- early stage breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Mao
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - X S Chen
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Y Liang
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - J Y Wu
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - O Huang
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Y Zong
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Q Fang
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - J R He
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - L Zhu
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - W G Chen
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Y F Li
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - L Lin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - X C Fei
- Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - K W Shen
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
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Hong J, Chen XS, Wu JY, Huang O, Zhu L, He JR, Fang Q, Chen WG, Li YF, Shen KW. [Analysis of the factors influencing adjuvant chemotherapy decisions for triple negative breast cancer]. Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi 2017; 39:39-43. [PMID: 28104032 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-3766.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To analyze adjuvant chemotherapy decisions for triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), and explore the influencing factors in the multidisciplinary treatment (MDT) modality. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed. The cases with invasive TNBC who underwent surgery and MDT discussion for adjuvant treatment in Ruijin Hospital, from April 2013 to June 2015, were recruited. The patients' clinicopathological characteristics were analyzed and adjuvant treatment suggestions from MDT were obtained. Here the chemotherapy decision alteration was defined as a disagreement in chemotherapy or not, or inconsistence in regimens between the attending doctor and the multidisciplinary team. Results: A total of 194 patients aged ≤70 years old were enrolled in the multidisciplinary discussion, and 187 patients (96.4%) were suggested to receive chemotherapy. When compared the opinions of the attending doctor to suggestions of the multidisciplinary team, we found that the percentage of chemotherapy decision alteration reached 22.7% (39/172), of which 94.9% (37/39) were inconsistence in chemotherapy regimens. There were 119 patients who were recommended to receive epirubicin plus cyclophosphamide (EC) followed by docetaxel (T) or weekly paclitaxel (wP) regimens. Before the announcement of results for the E1199 trial, EC-T accounted for 62.5% (55/88), and EC-wP accounted for 37.5% (33/88) for this group of patients. After that, the proportion of EC-T was decreased to 22.6% (7/31) and proportion of EC-wP increased to 77.4%(24/31) (P<0.001). In addition, a total of 20 patients were suggested to receive platinum based chemotherapy. The proportions were 9.3% in cases with invasive ductal carcinoma, and 33.3% in cases with metaplastic carcinoma, respectively (P=0.016). Conclusions: The adjuvant chemotherapy decision for TNBC patients is altered in 22.7% of the patients after MDT discussion. After the announcement of SABCS E1199 results, more patients are suggested to receive EC followed by weekly paclitaxel. There is a lack of detailed evidence for platinum based adjuvant chemotherapy for TNBC, and more patients with metaplastic carcinoma receive platinum based adjuvant chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hong
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - X S Chen
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - J Y Wu
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - O Huang
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - L Zhu
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - J R He
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Q Fang
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - W G Chen
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Y F Li
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - K W Shen
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
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Xiao X, Yang H, Arutiunian V, Fang Y, Besse G, Morimoto C, Zirkle B, Chen XS. Structural determinants of APOBEC3B non-catalytic domain for molecular assembly and catalytic regulation. Nucleic Acids Res 2017. [PMID: 28645149 PMCID: PMC5499557 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xiao
- Genetic, Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.,Molecular and Computational Biology, Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Hanjing Yang
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Vagan Arutiunian
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Yao Fang
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.,Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology of Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.,161 Hospital, Wuhan 430012, China
| | - Guillaume Besse
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.,Polytech' Clermont-Ferrand, Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Cherie Morimoto
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Brett Zirkle
- Genetic, Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.,Molecular and Computational Biology, Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Xiaojiang S Chen
- Genetic, Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.,Molecular and Computational Biology, Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.,Center of Excellence in NanoBiophysics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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49
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Yang XF, Kuang YW, Yu HL, Shao ZG, Zhang J, Feng JF, Chen XS, Liu YS. Zigzag C 2N nanoribbons with edge modifications as multi-functional spin devices. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:12538-12545. [PMID: 28470310 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp08148g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a holey two-dimensional (2D) C2N crystal with a wide band gap has been successfully synthesized. However, its non-magnetic property largely limits real applications in spintronics. Here we find that edge magnetism can be introduced by tailoring the holey 2D C2N crystal into nanoribbons with zigzag edges. When edge N atoms are bare or passivated by H atoms, the device can be used to design high-performance thermospin devices and thermal rectifiers. This is ascribed to the emergence of a spin semiconducting property with a wide band gap. Moreover, if the edge N atoms are passivated by O atoms, the device shows a half-metallic property; meanwhile an obvious spin Seebeck effect can also be observed when a temperature difference is applied across the device.
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Affiliation(s)
- X F Yang
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology and Jiangsu Laboratory of Advanced Functional materials, Changshu 215500, China.
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50
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Ito F, Fu Y, Kao SCA, Yang H, Chen XS. Family-Wide Comparative Analysis of Cytidine and Methylcytidine Deamination by Eleven Human APOBEC Proteins. J Mol Biol 2017; 429:1787-1799. [PMID: 28479091 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like (APOBEC) proteins are a family of cytidine deaminases involved in various important biological processes such as antibody diversification/maturation, restriction of viral infection, and generation of somatic mutations. Catalytically active APOBEC proteins execute their biological functions mostly through deaminating cytosine (C) to uracil on single-stranded DNA/RNA. Activation-induced cytidine deaminase, one of the APOBEC members, was reported to deaminate methylated cytosine (mC) on DNA, and this mC deamination was proposed to be involved in the demethylation of mC for epigenetic regulation. The mC deamination activity is later demonstrated for APOBEC3A (A3A) and more recently for APOBEC3B and APOBEC3H (A3H). Despite extensive studies on APOBEC proteins, questions regarding whether the rest of APOBEC members have any mC deaminase activity and what are the relative deaminase activities for each APOBEC member remain unclear. Here, we performed a family-wide analysis of deaminase activities on C and mC by using purified recombinant proteins for 11 known human APOBEC proteins under similar conditions. Our comprehensive analyses revealed that each APOBEC has unique deaminase activity and selectivity for mC. A3A and A3H showed distinctively high deaminase activities on C and mC with relatively high selectivity for mC, whereas six other APOBEC members showed relatively low deaminase activity and selectivity for mC. Our mutational analysis showed that loop-1 of A3A is responsible for its high deaminase activity and selectivity for mC. These findings extend our understanding of APOBEC family proteins that have important roles in diverse biological functions and in genetic mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Ito
- Molecular and Computational Biology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Yang Fu
- Molecular and Computational Biology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Shen-Chi A Kao
- Molecular and Computational Biology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Hanjing Yang
- Molecular and Computational Biology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Xiaojiang S Chen
- Molecular and Computational Biology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Department of Chemistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Center of Excellence in NanoBiophysics, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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