1
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Courbon G, David V. Fibroblast growth factor 23 is pumping iron: C-terminal-fibroblast growth factor 23 cleaved peptide and its function in iron metabolism. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2024; 33:368-374. [PMID: 38661434 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Iron deficiency regulates the production of the bone-derived phosphaturic hormone fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) but also its cleavage, to generate both intact (iFGF23) and C-terminal (Cter)-FGF23 peptides. Novel studies demonstrate that independently of the phosphaturic effects of iFGF23, Cter-FGF23 peptides play an important role in the regulation of systemic iron homeostasis. This review describes the complex interplay between iron metabolism and FGF23 biology. RECENT FINDINGS C-terminal (Cter) FGF23 peptides antagonize inflammation-induced hypoferremia to maintain a pool of bioavailable iron in the circulation. A key mechanism proposed is the down-regulation of the iron-regulating hormone hepcidin by Cter-FGF23. SUMMARY In this manuscript, we discuss how FGF23 is produced and cleaved in response to iron deficiency, and the principal functions of cleaved C-terminal FGF23 peptides. We also review possible implications anemia of chronic kidney disease (CKD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Courbon
- INSERM U1059 SAINBIOSE, University of St Etienne, Mines St Etienne, St Etienne, France
| | - Valentin David
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Center for Translational Metabolism and Health, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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2
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Gędaj A, Gregorczyk P, Żukowska D, Chorążewska A, Ciura K, Kalka M, Porębska N, Opaliński Ł. Glycosylation of FGF/FGFR: An underrated sweet code regulating cellular signaling programs. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2024; 77:39-55. [PMID: 38719671 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2024.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors (FGFRs) constitute plasma-membrane localized signaling hubs that transmit signals from the extracellular environment to the cell interior, governing pivotal cellular processes like motility, metabolism, differentiation, division and death. FGF/FGFR signaling is critical for human body development and homeostasis; dysregulation of FGF/FGFR units is observed in numerous developmental diseases and in about 10% of human cancers. Glycosylation is a highly abundant posttranslational modification that is critical for physiological and pathological functions of the cell. Glycosylation is also very common within FGF/FGFR signaling hubs. Vast majority of FGFs (15 out of 22 members) are N-glycosylated and few FGFs are O-glycosylated. Glycosylation is even more abundant within FGFRs; all FGFRs are heavily N-glycosylated in numerous positions within their extracellular domains. A growing number of studies points on the multiple roles of glycosylation in fine-tuning FGF/FGFR signaling. Glycosylation modifies secretion of FGFs, determines their stability and affects interaction with FGFRs and co-receptors. Glycosylation of FGFRs determines their intracellular sorting, constitutes autoinhibitory mechanism within FGFRs and adjusts FGF and co-receptor recognition. Sugar chains attached to FGFs and FGFRs constitute also a form of code that is differentially decrypted by extracellular lectins, galectins, which transform FGF/FGFR signaling at multiple levels. This review focuses on the identified functions of glycosylation within FGFs and FGFRs and discusses their relevance for the cell physiology in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Gędaj
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, Wroclaw 50-383, Poland
| | - Paulina Gregorczyk
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, Wroclaw 50-383, Poland
| | - Dominika Żukowska
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, Wroclaw 50-383, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Chorążewska
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, Wroclaw 50-383, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Ciura
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, Wroclaw 50-383, Poland
| | - Marta Kalka
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, Wroclaw 50-383, Poland
| | - Natalia Porębska
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, Wroclaw 50-383, Poland
| | - Łukasz Opaliński
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, Wroclaw 50-383, Poland.
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Rivoira MA, Peralta López ME, Areco V, Díaz de Barboza G, Dionisi MP, Tolosa de Talamoni N. Emerging concepts on the FGF23 regulation and activity. Mol Cell Biochem 2024:10.1007/s11010-024-04982-6. [PMID: 38581553 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-024-04982-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) discovery has provided new insights into the regulation of Pi and Ca homeostasis. It is secreted by osteoblasts and osteocytes, and acts mainly in the kidney, parathyroid, heart, and bone. The aim of this review is to highlight the current knowledge on the factors modulating the synthesis of FGF23, the canonical and non-canonical signaling pathways of the hormone, the role of FGF23 in different pathophysiological conditions, and the anti-FGF23 therapy. This is a narrative review based on the search of PubMed database in the range of years 2000-2023 using the keywords local and systemic regulators of FGF23 synthesis, FGF23 receptors, canonical and non-canonical pathways, pathophysiological conditions and FGF23, and anti-FGF23 therapy, focusing the data on the molecular mechanisms. The regulation of FGF23 synthesis is complex and multifactorial. It is regulated by local factors and systemic regulators mainly involved in bone mineralization. The excessive FGF23 production is associated with different congenital diseases and with diseases occurring with a secondary high FGF23 production such as in chronic disease kidney and tumor-induced osteomalacia (TIO). The anti-FGF23 therapy appears to be useful to treat chromosome X-linked hypophosphatemia and TIO, but there are doubts about the handle of excessive FGF23 production in CKD. FGF23 biochemistry and pathophysiology are generating a plethora of knowledge to reduce FGF23 bioactivity at many levels that might be useful for future therapeutics of diseases associated with high-serum FGF23 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Angélica Rivoira
- Laboratorio "Dr. Fernando Cañas", Cátedra de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, INICSA (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Pabellón Argentina, 2do, Piso, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Elena Peralta López
- Laboratorio "Dr. Fernando Cañas", Cátedra de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, INICSA (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Pabellón Argentina, 2do, Piso, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Vanessa Areco
- Laboratorio "Dr. Fernando Cañas", Cátedra de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, INICSA (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Pabellón Argentina, 2do, Piso, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigación y Transferencia Agroalimentaria y Biotecnológica (IMITAB, CONICET-UNVM), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Díaz de Barboza
- Laboratorio "Dr. Fernando Cañas", Cátedra de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, INICSA (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Pabellón Argentina, 2do, Piso, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Paula Dionisi
- Cátedra de Clínica Médica II - UHMI Nº 2, Hospital San Roque, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Nori Tolosa de Talamoni
- Laboratorio "Dr. Fernando Cañas", Cátedra de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, INICSA (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Pabellón Argentina, 2do, Piso, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina.
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Black EM, Ramírez Parrado CA, Trier I, Li W, Joo YK, Pichurin J, Liu Y, Kabeche L. Chk2 sustains PLK1 activity in mitosis to ensure proper chromosome segregation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.08.584115. [PMID: 38559033 PMCID: PMC10979866 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.08.584115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) protects against genome instability by ensuring timely and accurate mitotic cell division. PLK1 activity is tightly regulated throughout the cell cycle. Although the pathways that initially activate PLK1 in G2 are well-characterized, the factors that directly regulate PLK1 in mitosis remain poorly understood. Here, we identify that human PLK1 activity is sustained by the DNA damage response kinase Checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2) in mitosis. Chk2 directly phosphorylates PLK1 T210, a residue on its T-loop whose phosphorylation is essential for full PLK1 kinase activity. Loss of Chk2-dependent PLK1 activity causes increased mitotic errors, including chromosome misalignment, chromosome missegregation, and cytokinetic defects. Moreover, Chk2 deficiency increases sensitivity to PLK1 inhibitors, suggesting that Chk2 status may be an informative biomarker for PLK1 inhibitor efficacy. This work demonstrates that Chk2 sustains mitotic PLK1 activity and protects genome stability through discrete functions in interphase DNA damage repair and mitotic chromosome segregation.
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Phan P, Sonnaila S, Ternier G, Edirisinghe O, Okoto PS, Kumar TKS. Overexpression and Purification of Mitogenic and Metabolic Fibroblast Growth Factors. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2762:151-181. [PMID: 38315365 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3666-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are proteins with a vast array of biological activity, such as cell development and repair, glucose and bile acid metabolisms, and wound healing. Due to their critical and diverse physiological functions, FGFs are believed to possess potential as therapeutic agents for many diseases and conditions that warrant further investigations. Thus, a simple, cost-efficient method to purify these biologically active signaling proteins is desirable. Herein, we introduce such techniques to purify FGFs that possess either high heparin-binding affinity or low to no heparin-binding affinity. This method takes advantage of the high affinity toward heparin sulfate from paracrine FGF1 to isolate the targeted protein. It also accounts for FGF members that have low heparin affinity, such as the metabolic FGFs, by introducing poly-histidine tags in the recombinant protein in combination with the immobilized metal affinity chromatography. Subsequently, the purified FGF products are separated from the other small protein by high-speed centrifugation. Products are then subjected to other biophysical experiments like SDS-PAGE, mass spectrometry, circular dichroism, intrinsic fluorescence, isothermal titration calorimetry, differential scanning calorimetry, and biological cell activity assay to confirm that the target proteins are purified with intact native conformation and no significant change in the intrinsic characteristics and biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuc Phan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Shivakumar Sonnaila
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Gaetane Ternier
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Oshadi Edirisinghe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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Wolf L, Vogt J, Alber J, Franjic D, Feger M, Föller M. PKC regulates αKlotho gene expression in MDCK and NRK-52E cells. Pflugers Arch 2024; 476:75-86. [PMID: 37773536 PMCID: PMC10758369 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-023-02863-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Particularly expressed in the kidney, αKlotho is a transmembrane protein that acts together with bone hormone fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) to regulate renal phosphate and vitamin D homeostasis. Soluble Klotho (sKL) is released from the transmembrane form and controls various cellular functions as a paracrine and endocrine factor. αKlotho deficiency accelerates aging, whereas its overexpression favors longevity. Higher αKlotho abundance confers a better prognosis in cardiovascular and renal disease owing to anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic, or antioxidant effects and tumor suppression. Serine/threonine protein kinase C (PKC) is ubiquitously expressed, affects several cellular responses, and is also implicated in heart or kidney disease as well as cancer. We explored whether PKC is a regulator of αKlotho. Experiments were performed in renal MDCK or NRK-52E cells and PKC isoform and αKlotho expression determined by qRT-PCR and Western Blotting. In both cell lines, PKC activation with phorbol ester phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) downregulated, while PKC inhibitor staurosporine enhanced αKlotho mRNA abundance. Further experiments with PKC inhibitor Gö6976 and RNA interference suggested that PKCγ is the major isoform for the regulation of αKlotho gene expression in the two cell lines. In conclusion, PKC is a negative regulator of αKlotho gene expression, an effect which may be relevant for the unfavorable effect of PKC on heart or kidney disease and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Wolf
- Department of Physiology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Julia Vogt
- Department of Physiology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jana Alber
- Department of Physiology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Domenic Franjic
- Core Facility Hohenheim, Data and Statistical Consulting, University of Hohenheim, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Martina Feger
- Department of Physiology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Michael Föller
- Department of Physiology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany.
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7
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Sun F, Liang P, Wang B, Liu W. The fibroblast growth factor-Klotho axis at molecular level. Open Life Sci 2023; 18:20220655. [PMID: 37941788 PMCID: PMC10628560 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Klotho is a recently discovered protein that has positive effects on all systems of the body, for example, regulating calcium and phosphorus metabolism, protecting nerves, delaying aging and so on. Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are a group of polypeptides that function throughout the body by binding with cell surface FGF receptors (FGFRs). Endocrine FGFs require Klotho as a co-receptor for FGFRs. There is increasing evidence that Klotho participates in calcium and phosphorus regulation and metabolic regulation via the FGF-Klotho axis. Moreover, soluble Klotho can function as a separate hormone to regulate homeostasis on various ion channels and carrier channels on the cell surface. This review mainly explains the molecular basis of the membrane signaling mechanism of Klotho.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuqiang Sun
- School of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Shandong Provincial Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Clinical Anesthesia, Weifang261053, Shandong, China
| | - Panpan Liang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bo Wang
- School of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Shandong Provincial Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Clinical Anesthesia, Weifang261053, Shandong, China
| | - Wenbo Liu
- Central Laboratory of the First Affiliated Hospital, Weifang Medical University, Weifang261000, Shandong, China
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8
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Courbon G, Thomas JJ, Martinez-Calle M, Wang X, Spindler J, Von Drasek J, Hunt-Tobey B, Mehta R, Isakova T, Chang W, Creemers JWM, Ji P, Martin A, David V. Bone-derived C-terminal FGF23 cleaved peptides increase iron availability in acute inflammation. Blood 2023; 142:106-118. [PMID: 37053547 PMCID: PMC10356820 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2022018475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation leads to functional iron deficiency by increasing the expression of the hepatic iron regulatory peptide hepcidin. Inflammation also stimulates fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) production by increasing both Fgf23 transcription and FGF23 cleavage, which paradoxically leads to excess in C-terminal FGF23 peptides (Cter-FGF23), rather than intact FGF23 (iFGF23) hormone. We determined that the major source of Cter-FGF23 is osteocytes and investigated whether Cter-FGF23 peptides play a direct role in the regulation of hepcidin and iron metabolism in response to acute inflammation. Mice harboring an osteocyte-specific deletion of Fgf23 showed a ∼90% reduction in Cter-FGF23 levels during acute inflammation. Reduction in Cter-FGF23 led to a further decrease in circulating iron in inflamed mice owing to excessive hepcidin production. We observed similar results in mice showing impaired FGF23 cleavage owing to osteocyte-specific deletion of Furin. We next showed that Cter-FGF23 peptides bind members of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family, BMP2 and BMP9, which are established inducers of hepcidin. Coadministration of Cter-FGF23 and BMP2 or BMP9 prevented the increase in Hamp messenger RNA and circulating hepcidin levels induced by BMP2/9, resulting in normal serum iron levels. Finally, injection of Cter-FGF23 in inflamed Fgf23KO mice and genetic overexpression of Cter-Fgf23 in wild type mice also resulted in lower hepcidin and higher circulating iron levels. In conclusion, during inflammation, bone is the major source of Cter-FGF23 secretion, and independently of iFGF23, Cter-FGF23 reduces BMP-induced hepcidin secretion in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Courbon
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Metabolism and Health, Institute for Public Health and Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Jane Joy Thomas
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Metabolism and Health, Institute for Public Health and Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Marta Martinez-Calle
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Metabolism and Health, Institute for Public Health and Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Xueyan Wang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Metabolism and Health, Institute for Public Health and Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Jadeah Spindler
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Metabolism and Health, Institute for Public Health and Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - John Von Drasek
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Metabolism and Health, Institute for Public Health and Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Bridget Hunt-Tobey
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Metabolism and Health, Institute for Public Health and Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Rupal Mehta
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Metabolism and Health, Institute for Public Health and Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Tamara Isakova
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Metabolism and Health, Institute for Public Health and Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Wenhan Chang
- Endocrine Research Unit, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - John W M Creemers
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peng Ji
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Aline Martin
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Metabolism and Health, Institute for Public Health and Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Valentin David
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Metabolism and Health, Institute for Public Health and Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
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9
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Thomas SM, Li Q, Faul C. Fibroblast growth factor 23, klotho and heparin. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2023; 32:313-323. [PMID: 37195242 PMCID: PMC10241433 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 23 is a bone-derived hormone that regulates phosphate and vitamin D metabolism by targeting the kidney. When highly elevated, such as in chronic kidney disease (CKD), FGF23 can also target the heart and induce pathologic remodeling. Here we discuss the mechanisms that underlie the physiologic and pathologic actions of FGF23, with focus on its FGF receptors (FGFR) and co-receptors. RECENT FINDINGS Klotho is a transmembrane protein that acts as an FGFR co-receptor for FGF23 on physiologic target cells. Klotho also exists as a circulating variant, and recent studies suggested that soluble klotho (sKL) can mediate FGF23 effects in cells that do not express klotho. Furthermore, it has been assumed that the actions of FGF23 do not require heparan sulfate (HS), a proteoglycan that acts as a co-receptor for other FGF isoforms. However, recent studies revealed that HS can be part of the FGF23:FGFR signaling complex and modulate FGF23-induced effects. SUMMARY sKL and HS have appeared as circulating FGFR co-receptors that modulate the actions of FGF23. Experimental studies suggest that sKL protects from and HS accelerates CKD-associated heart injury. However, the in vivo relevance of these findings is still speculative.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Madison Thomas
- Division of Nephrology and Section of Mineral Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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10
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Ye X, Zhang P, Wang JCK, Smith CL, Sousa S, Loas A, Eaton DL, Preciado López M, Pentelute BL. Branched Multimeric Peptides as Affinity Reagents for the Detection of α-Klotho Protein. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202300289. [PMID: 36894520 PMCID: PMC10460140 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202300289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
α-Klotho, an aging-related protein found in the kidney, parathyroid gland, and choroid plexus, acts as an essential co-receptor with the fibroblast growth factor 23 receptor complex to regulate serum phosphate and vitamin D levels. Decreased levels of α-Klotho are a hallmark of age-associated diseases. Detecting or labeling α-Klotho in biological milieu has long been a challenge, however, hampering the understanding of its role. Here, we developed branched peptides by single-shot parallel automated fast-flow synthesis that recognize α-Klotho with improved affinity relative to their monomeric versions. These peptides were further shown to selectively label Klotho for live imaging in kidney cells. Our results demonstrate that automated flow technology enables rapid synthesis of complex peptide architectures, showing promise for future detection of α-Klotho in physiological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyun Ye
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, 02139, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Peiyuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, 02139, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - John C K Wang
- Calico Life Sciences, 1170 Veterans Boulevard, 94080, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Corey L Smith
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 100 Research Drive, 01605, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Silvino Sousa
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 100 Research Drive, 01605, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Andrei Loas
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, 02139, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Dan L Eaton
- Calico Life Sciences, 1170 Veterans Boulevard, 94080, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Bradley L Pentelute
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, 02139, Cambridge, MA, USA
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main Street, Cambridge, 02142, MA, USA
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, 02139, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, 02142, Cambridge, MA, USA
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11
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Regulation of FGF23 production and phosphate metabolism by bone-kidney interactions. Nat Rev Nephrol 2023; 19:185-193. [PMID: 36624273 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-022-00665-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The bone-derived hormone fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) functions in concert with parathyroid hormone (PTH) and the active vitamin D metabolite, 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D (1,25D), to control phosphate and calcium homeostasis. A rise in circulating levels of phosphate and 1,25D leads to FGF23 production in bone. Circulating FGF23 acts on the kidney by binding to FGF receptors and the co-receptor α-Klotho to promote phosphaturia and reduce circulating 1,25D levels. Various other biomolecules that are produced by the kidney, including lipocalin-2, glycerol 3-phosphate, 1-acyl lysophosphatidic acid and erythropoietin, are involved in the regulation of mineral metabolism via effects on FGF23 synthesis in bone. Understanding of the molecular mechanisms that control FGF23 synthesis in the bone and its bioactivity in the kidney has led to the identification of potential targets for novel interventions. Emerging approaches to target aberrant phosphate metabolism include small molecule inhibitors that directly bind FGF23 and prevent its interactions with FGF receptors and α-Klotho, FGF23 peptide fragments that act as competitive inhibitors of intact FGF23 and small molecule inhibitors of kidney sodium-phosphate cotransporters.
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12
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Heparin is essential for optimal cell signaling by FGF21 and for regulation of βKlotho cellular stability. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2219128120. [PMID: 36745784 PMCID: PMC9962926 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2219128120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
While important insights were gained about how FGF21 and other endocrine fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) bind to Klotho proteins, the exact mechanism of Klotho/FGF receptor assembly that drives receptor dimerization and activation has not been elucidated. The prevailing dogma is that Klotho proteins substitute for the loss of heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) binding to endocrine FGFs by high-affinity binding of endocrine FGF molecules to Klotho receptors. To explore a potential role of HSPG in FGF21 signaling, we have analyzed the dynamic properties of FGF21-induced FGF21-βKlotho-FGFR1c complexes on the surface of living wild-type (WT) or HSPG-deficient Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells by employing quantitative single-molecule fluorescence imaging analyses. Moreover, detailed analyses of FGF21 and FGF1 stimulation of cellular signaling pathways activated in WT or in HSPG-deficient CHO cells are also analyzed and compared. These experiments demonstrate that heparin is required for the formation of FGF21-βKlotho-FGFR1c complexes on the cell membrane and that binding of heparin or HSPG to FGFR1c is essential for optimal FGF21 stimulation of FGFR1c activation, mitogen-activated protein kinase responses, and intracellular Ca2+ release. It is also shown that FGF1 binding stimulates assembly of βKlotho and FGFR1c on cell membranes, resulting in endocytosis and degradation of βKlotho. We conclude that heparin or HSPG is essential for FGF21 signaling and for regulation of βKlotho cellular stability by acting as a coligand of FGFR1c.
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Abstract
Hypophosphatemic rickets typically presents in infancy or early childhood with skeletal deformities and growth plate abnormalities. The most common causes are genetic (such as X-linked hypophosphatemia), and these typically will result in lifelong hypophosphatemia and osteomalacia. Knowledge of phosphate metabolism, including the effects of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) (an osteocyte produced hormone that downregulates renal phosphate reabsorption and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin-D (1,25(OH)2D) production), is critical to determining the underlying genetic or acquired causes of hypophosphatemia and to facilitate appropriate treatment. Serum phosphorus should be measured in any child or adult with musculoskeletal complaints suggesting rickets or osteomalacia. Clinical evaluation incudes thorough history, physical examination, laboratory investigations, genetic analysis (especially in the absence of a guiding family history), and imaging to establish etiology and to monitor severity and treatment course. The treatment depends on the underlying cause, but often includes active forms of vitamin D combined with phosphate salts, or anti-FGF23 antibody treatment (burosumab) for X-linked hypophosphatemia. The purpose of this article is to explore the approach to evaluating hypophosphatemic rickets and its treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Ackah
- Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Erik A Imel
- Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Guo Z, Wang Y, Wen X, Xu X, Yan L. β-Klotho Promotes the Development of Intrauterine Adhesions via the PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911294. [PMID: 36232594 PMCID: PMC9569898 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine adhesion (IUA) refers to injury to the basal layer of the endometrium, which can be caused by various factors. It is often accompanied by clinical symptoms such as abnormal menstruation, infertility, recurrent abortion, and periodic abdominal pain. In recent years, a number of studies have reported the effects of β-Klotho (KLB) on the occurrence and development of human tumors and fibrotic diseases, but its relationship with endometrial fibroblasts and endometrial fibrosis has not been elucidated. In this study, we compared the expression of KLB in endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) from patients with IUA and normal controls. We constructed animal and cell models of IUA and conducted expression verification and functional experiments on KLB. We found that the expression of KLB was significantly increased in the ESCs of IUA patients and rat models compared with the controls. The overexpression of KLB could promote the proliferation and fibrosis of ESCs. In addition, the overexpression of KLB activated the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in ESCs. Our study shows that KLB protein is highly expressed in the ESCs of patients with IUA and can enhance stromal cell proliferation and cell fibrosis by activating the PI3K/AKT pathway, thus promoting the development of IUA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zizhen Guo
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250000, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250000, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Jinan 250000, China
- The First Clinical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250000, China
- Reproductive and Genetic Center of Integrative Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Yuqing Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250000, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250000, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Xiaoyang Wen
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250000, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250000, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Xinxin Xu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Lei Yan
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250000, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250000, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Jinan 250000, China
- Correspondence:
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Liu SH, Xiao Z, Mishra SK, Mitchell JC, Smith JC, Quarles LD, Petridis L. Identification of Small-Molecule Inhibitors of Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 Signaling via In Silico Hot Spot Prediction and Molecular Docking to α-Klotho. J Chem Inf Model 2022; 62:3627-3637. [PMID: 35868851 PMCID: PMC10018682 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.2c00633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is a therapeutic target for treating hereditary and acquired hypophosphatemic disorders, such as X-linked hypophosphatemic (XLH) rickets and tumor-induced osteomalacia (TIO), respectively. FGF23-induced hypophosphatemia is mediated by signaling through a ternary complex formed by FGF23, the FGF receptor (FGFR), and α-Klotho. Currently, disorders of excess FGF23 are treated with an FGF23-blocking antibody, burosumab. Small-molecule drugs that disrupt protein/protein interactions necessary for the ternary complex formation offer an alternative to disrupting FGF23 signaling. In this study, the FGF23:α-Klotho interface was targeted to identify small-molecule protein/protein interaction inhibitors since it was computationally predicted to have a large fraction of hot spots and two druggable residues on α-Klotho. We further identified Tyr433 on the KL1 domain of α-Klotho as a promising hot spot and α-Klotho as an appropriate drug-binding target at this interface. Subsequently, we performed in silico docking of ∼5.5 million compounds from the ZINC database to the interface region of α-Klotho from the ternary crystal structure. Following docking, 24 and 20 compounds were in the final list based on the lowest binding free energies to α-Klotho and the largest number of contacts with Tyr433, respectively. Five compounds were assessed experimentally by their FGF23-mediated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activities in vitro, and two of these reduced activities significantly. Both these compounds were predicted to have favorable binding affinities to α-Klotho but not have a large number of contacts with the hot spot Tyr433. ZINC12409120 was found experimentally to disrupt FGF23:α-Klotho interaction to reduce FGF23-mediated ERK activities by 70% and have a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 5.0 ± 0.23 μM. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the ZINC12409120:α-Klotho complex starting from in silico docking poses reveal that the ligand exhibits contacts with residues on the KL1 domain, the KL1-KL2 linker, and the KL2 domain of α-Klotho simultaneously, thereby possibly disrupting the regular function of α-Klotho and impeding FGF23:α-Klotho interaction. ZINC12409120 is a candidate for lead optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Hsien Liu
- UT/ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee37831, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee37996, United States
| | - Zhousheng Xiao
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee38163, United States
| | - Sambit K Mishra
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee37831, United States
| | - Julie C Mitchell
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee37831, United States
| | - Jeremy C Smith
- UT/ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee37831, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee37996, United States
| | - L Darryl Quarles
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee38163, United States
| | - Loukas Petridis
- UT/ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee37831, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee37996, United States
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Ornitz DM, Itoh N. New developments in the biology of fibroblast growth factors. WIREs Mech Dis 2022; 14:e1549. [PMID: 35142107 PMCID: PMC10115509 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family is composed of 18 secreted signaling proteins consisting of canonical FGFs and endocrine FGFs that activate four receptor tyrosine kinases (FGFRs 1-4) and four intracellular proteins (intracellular FGFs or iFGFs) that primarily function to regulate the activity of voltage-gated sodium channels and other molecules. The canonical FGFs, endocrine FGFs, and iFGFs have been reviewed extensively by us and others. In this review, we briefly summarize past reviews and then focus on new developments in the FGF field since our last review in 2015. Some of the highlights in the past 6 years include the use of optogenetic tools, viral vectors, and inducible transgenes to experimentally modulate FGF signaling, the clinical use of small molecule FGFR inhibitors, an expanded understanding of endocrine FGF signaling, functions for FGF signaling in stem cell pluripotency and differentiation, roles for FGF signaling in tissue homeostasis and regeneration, a continuing elaboration of mechanisms of FGF signaling in development, and an expanding appreciation of roles for FGF signaling in neuropsychiatric diseases. This article is categorized under: Cardiovascular Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Neurological Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Congenital Diseases > Stem Cells and Development Cancer > Stem Cells and Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Nobuyuki Itoh
- Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
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Moos WH, Faller DV, Glavas IP, Harpp DN, Kamperi N, Kanara I, Kodukula K, Mavrakis AN, Pernokas J, Pernokas M, Pinkert CA, Powers WR, Steliou K, Tamvakopoulos C, Vavvas DG, Zamboni RJ, Sampani K. Pathogenic mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic abnormalities. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 193:114809. [PMID: 34673016 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Herein we trace links between biochemical pathways, pathogenesis, and metabolic diseases to set the stage for new therapeutic advances. Cellular and acellular microorganisms including bacteria and viruses are primary pathogenic drivers that cause disease. Missing from this statement are subcellular compartments, importantly mitochondria, which can be pathogenic by themselves, also serving as key metabolic disease intermediaries. The breakdown of food molecules provides chemical energy to power cellular processes, with mitochondria as powerhouses and ATP as the principal energy carrying molecule. Most animal cell ATP is produced by mitochondrial synthase; its central role in metabolism has been known for >80 years. Metabolic disorders involving many organ systems are prevalent in all age groups. Progressive pathogenic mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of genetic mitochondrial diseases, the most common phenotypic expression of inherited metabolic disorders. Confluent genetic, metabolic, and mitochondrial axes surface in diabetes, heart failure, neurodegenerative disease, and even in the ongoing coronavirus pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter H Moos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Douglas V Faller
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Cancer Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ioannis P Glavas
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - David N Harpp
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Natalia Kamperi
- Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research Pharmacology-Pharmacotechnology, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Anastasios N Mavrakis
- Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, St. Elizabeth's Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julie Pernokas
- Advanced Dental Associates of New England, Woburn, MA, USA
| | - Mark Pernokas
- Advanced Dental Associates of New England, Woburn, MA, USA
| | - Carl A Pinkert
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Whitney R Powers
- Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Anatomy, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kosta Steliou
- Cancer Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; PhenoMatriX, Inc., Natick, MA, USA
| | - Constantin Tamvakopoulos
- Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research Pharmacology-Pharmacotechnology, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Demetrios G Vavvas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert J Zamboni
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Konstantina Sampani
- Beetham Eye Institute, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are cell-signaling proteins with diverse functions in cell development, repair, and metabolism. The human FGF family consists of 22 structurally related members, which can be classified into three separate groups based on their action of mechanisms, namely: intracrine, paracrine/autocrine, and endocrine FGF subfamilies. FGF19, FGF21, and FGF23 belong to the hormone-like/endocrine FGF subfamily. These endocrine FGFs are mainly associated with the regulation of cell metabolic activities such as homeostasis of lipids, glucose, energy, bile acids, and minerals (phosphate/active vitamin D). Endocrine FGFs function through a unique protein family called klotho. Two members of this family, α-klotho, or β-klotho, act as main cofactors which can scaffold to tether FGF19/21/23 to their receptor(s) (FGFRs) to form an active complex. There are ongoing studies pertaining to the structure and mechanism of these individual ternary complexes. These studies aim to provide potential insights into the physiological and pathophysiological roles and therapeutic strategies for metabolic diseases. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of the history, structure–function relationship(s), downstream signaling, physiological roles, and future perspectives on endocrine FGFs.
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19
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The Complexity of FGF23 Effects on Cardiomyocytes in Normal and Uremic Milieu. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051266. [PMID: 34065339 PMCID: PMC8161087 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23) appears to be one of the most promising biomarkers and predictors of cardiovascular risk in patients with heart disease and normal kidney function, but moreover in those with chronic kidney disease (CKD). This review summarizes the current knowledge of FGF23 mechanisms of action in the myocardium in the physiological and pathophysiological state of CKD, as well as its cross-talk to other important signaling pathways in cardiomyocytes. In this regard, current therapeutic possibilities and future perspectives are also discussed.
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