1
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Butreddy P, Heo J, Rampal N, Liu T, Liu L, Smith W, Zhang X, Prange MP, Legg BA, Schenter GK, De Yoreo JJ, Chun J, Stack AG, Nakouzi E. Ion Correlations Decrease Particle Aggregation Rate by Increasing Hydration Forces at Interfaces. ACS NANO 2024. [PMID: 39264378 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c05563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
The connection between solution structure, particle forces, and emergent phenomena at solid-liquid interfaces remains ambiguous. In this case study on boehmite aggregation, we established a connection between interfacial solution structure, emerging hydration forces between two approaching particles, and the resulting structure and kinetics of particle aggregation. In contrast to expectations from continuum-based theories, we observed a nonmonotonic dependence of the aggregation rate on the concentration of sodium chloride, nitrate, or nitrite, decreasing by 15-fold in 4 molal compared to 1 molal solutions. These results are accompanied by an increase in repulsive hydration forces and interfacial oscillatory features from 0.27-0.31 nm in 0.01 molal to 0.38-0.52 nm in 2 molal. Moreover, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations indicated that these changes correspond to enhanced ion correlations near the interface and produced loosely bound aggregates that retain electrolyte between the particles. We anticipate that these results will enable the prediction of particle aggregation, attachment, and assembly, with broad relevance to interfacial phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravalika Butreddy
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Jaeyoung Heo
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Nikhil Rampal
- Material Sciences Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Tingting Liu
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Lili Liu
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - William Smith
- Y-12 National Security Complex, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Xin Zhang
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Micah P Prange
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Benjamin A Legg
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Gregory K Schenter
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - James J De Yoreo
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jaehun Chun
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, CUNY City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Andrew G Stack
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Elias Nakouzi
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
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2
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Bao Y, Nishiwaki Y, Kawano T, Utsunomiya T, Sugimura H, Ichii T. Molecular-Resolution Imaging of Ionic Liquid/Alkali Halide Interfaces with Varied Surface Charge Densities via Atomic Force Microscopy. ACS NANO 2024; 18:25302-25315. [PMID: 39185607 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c08838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
When in contact with charged solid surfaces, ionic liquids (ILs) are known to form solvation structures consisting of alternating cation and anion layers. This phenomenon is considered to originate from the adsorption layer of counterions overcompensating the surface charge, so-called overscreening. However, the response of these layers to surfaces with near-zero or extremely high surface charge density (σ) remains inadequately understood. Here, we probe the solvation structure of ILs on alkali halide surfaces with varied surface orientations: nearly zero-charged RbI(100) and highly charged RbI(111), by employing frequency modulation atomic force microscopy with atomic resolution. Two commonly used ILs are examined in this study: 1-methyl-1-propylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([C3mpyr][NTf2]) and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([C2mim][NTf2]). On RbI(100) surfaces with near zero σ, we observe alternating cation and anion layers, diverging from the previously proposed monolayer model for IL/alkali halide(100) interfaces. These results support the argument that overscreening occurs under low σ, even approaching zero, and reconcile conflicting experimental conclusions about low σ systems. On RbI(111) surfaces with high σ, we identify solvation structures consisting of two consecutive counterion layers. This structure aligns with the theoretically predicted crowding; a phenomenon rarely observed in commonly used ILs due to typically unreachable σ in electrochemical IL/electrode systems. Our findings indicate that alkali halide(111) surfaces are potentially valuable for exploring the crowding phenomenon in ILs, addressing the current scarcity of experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Bao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yuto Nishiwaki
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Touma Kawano
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Toru Utsunomiya
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sugimura
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi Ichii
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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3
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Wang R, Tiwary P. Atomic scale insights into NaCl nucleation in nanoconfined environments. Chem Sci 2024:d4sc04042b. [PMID: 39234215 PMCID: PMC11367593 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc04042b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024] Open
Abstract
In this work we examine the nucleation from NaCl aqueous solutions within nano-confined environments, employing enhanced sampling molecular dynamics simulations integrated with machine learning-derived reaction coordinates. Through our simulations, we successfully induce phase transitions between solid, liquid, and a hydrated phase, typically observed at lower temperatures in bulk environments. Interestingly, while generally speaking nano-confinement serves to stabilize the solid phase and elevate melting points, there are subtle variations in the thermodynamics of competing phases with the precise extent of confinement. Our simulations explain these findings by underscoring the significant role of water, alongside ion aggregation and subtle, anisotropic dielectric behavior, in driving nucleation within nano-confined environments. This report thus provides a framework for sampling, analyzing and understanding nucleation processes under nano-confinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyu Wang
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland College Park MD 20742 USA
| | - Pratyush Tiwary
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland College Park MD 20742 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland College Park MD 20742 USA
- University of Maryland Institute for Health Computing Bethesda Maryland 20852 USA
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4
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Lai J, Zhang H, Xu K, Shi F. Linking Interfacial Structure and Electrochemical Behaviors of Batteries by High-Resolution Electrocapillarity. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:22257-22265. [PMID: 39013600 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
The electrode-electrolyte interface governs the kinetics and reversibility of all electrochemical processes. While theoretical models can calculate and simulate the structure and associated properties of this intriguing component, their validation by direct experimental measurement has been a long-standing challenge. Electrocapillarity is a classical technique that derives the interfacial structure through potential-dependent surface tensions, but its limited resolution has confined its application to ideal systems such as extremely diluted aqueous electrolytes. In this work, we revive this technique with unprecedented time resolution, which allows fast and precise extraction of intrinsic interfacial structure and properties for a wide spectrum of electrolytes, be it ideal or nonideal, aqueous or nonaqueous, dilute or superconcentrated. For the very first time, this new electrocapillarity enables the measurements of a set of interfacial quantities, such as ion concentration distribution and potential drop across Helmholtz planes. Applying it on Zn-battery electrolytes, we discovered that Cl- specific adsorption at the inner-Helmholtz plane results in unexpected Zn2+ aggregation at the outer-Helmholtz plane, and identified such a unique interfacial structure as the fundamental driving force for fast Zn deposition/stripping kinetics and crystallographic texturing. The renaissance of electrocapillarity brings a new tool to the understanding and design of new electrolytes for future battery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Lai
- John and Willie Leone Family Department of Energy and Mineral Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Hanrui Zhang
- John and Willie Leone Family Department of Energy and Mineral Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Kang Xu
- SES AI Corporation, Woburn, Massachusetts 01801, United States
| | - Feifei Shi
- John and Willie Leone Family Department of Energy and Mineral Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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5
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Kumar N. Uranyl (UO 22+) structuring and dynamics at graphene/electrolyte interface. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:20799-20806. [PMID: 38958742 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp02108h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
The physicochemical phenomena at the solid/electrolyte interfaces govern various industrial processes ranging from energy generation, storage, and catalysis to chemical separations and purification. Adsorption-based solid/liquid extraction methods are promising for the selective and rapid separation of nuclear (such as uranium) and other critical materials. In this study, we quantified the adsorption, complexation, and dynamics of UO22+ ions on the graphene surface in various electrolyte media (LiNO3, NaNO3 and CsNO3) using all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, in combination with network theory based subensemble analysis, enhanced sampling, and temporal analysis. We observe that the choice of background electrolyte impacts the propensity of UO22+ adsorption on the graphene surface, with LiNO3 being the most favorable at both low and high uranyl-nitrate concentrations. Even though UO22+ primarily retained its coordination with water and interacted via the outer-sphere mechanism with graphene, the interfacial segregation of NO3- increased the number of contact ion pairs (CIPs) between UO22+ and NO3- ions, and the residence times of UO22+ within the interfacial region. This study provides a fundamental understanding of the structure and dynamics of UO22+ on the solid surface necessary to design advanced adsorption-based separation methods for energy-relevant materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99163, USA.
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6
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Kim J, Rotenberg B. Donnan equilibrium in charged slit-pores from a hybrid nonequilibrium molecular dynamics/Monte Carlo method with ions and solvent exchange. J Chem Phys 2024; 161:054107. [PMID: 39087531 DOI: 10.1063/5.0220913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Ion partitioning between different compartments (e.g., a porous material and a bulk solution reservoir), known as Donnan equilibrium, plays a fundamental role in various contexts such as energy, environment, or water treatment. The linearized Poisson-Boltzmann (PB) equation, capturing the thermal motion of the ions with mean-field electrostatic interactions, is practically useful to understand and predict ion partitioning, despite its limited applicability to conditions of low salt concentrations and surface charge densities. Here, we investigate the Donnan equilibrium of coarse-grained dilute electrolytes confined in charged slit-pores in equilibrium with a reservoir of ions and solvent. We introduce and use an extension to confined systems of a recently developed hybrid nonequilibrium molecular dynamics/grand canonical Monte Carlo simulation method ("H4D"), which enhances the efficiency of solvent and ion-pair exchange via a fourth spatial dimension. We show that the validity range of linearized PB theory to predict the Donnan equilibrium of dilute electrolytes can be extended to highly charged pores by simply considering renormalized surface charge densities. We compare with simulations of implicit solvent models of electrolytes and show that in the low salt concentrations and thin electric double layer limit considered here, an explicit solvent has a limited effect on the Donnan equilibrium and that the main limitations of the analytical predictions are not due to the breakdown of the mean-field description but rather to the charge renormalization approximation, because it only focuses on the behavior far from the surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongmin Kim
- Department of Energy Engineering, Korea Institute of Energy Technology (KENTECH), Naju 58330, Republic of Korea
| | - Benjamin Rotenberg
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Physico-chimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, F-75005 Paris, France
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), FR CNRS 3459, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France
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7
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Berlinger SA, Küpers V, Dudenas PJ, Schinski D, Flagg L, Lamberty ZD, McCloskey BD, Winter M, Frechette J. Cation valency in water-in-salt electrolytes alters the short- and long-range structure of the electrical double layer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2404669121. [PMID: 39047037 PMCID: PMC11295052 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2404669121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Highly concentrated aqueous electrolytes (termed water-in-salt electrolytes, WiSEs) at solid-liquid interfaces are ubiquitous in myriad applications including biological signaling, electrosynthesis, and energy storage. This interface, known as the electrical double layer (EDL), has a different structure in WiSEs than in dilute electrolytes. Here, we investigate how divalent salts [zinc bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, Zn(TFSI)2], as well as mixtures of mono- and divalent salts [lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) mixed with Zn(TFSI)2], affect the short- and long-range structure of the EDL under confinement using a multimodal combination of scattering, spectroscopy, and surface forces measurements. Raman spectroscopy of bulk electrolytes suggests that the cation is closely associated with the anion regardless of valency. Wide-angle X-ray scattering reveals that all bulk electrolytes form ion clusters; however, the clusters are suppressed with increasing concentration of the divalent ion. To probe the EDL under confinement, we use a Surface Forces Apparatus and demonstrate that the thickness of the adsorbed layer of ions at the interface grows with increasing divalent ion concentration. Multiple interfacial layers form following this adlayer; their thicknesses appear dependent on anion size, rather than cation. Importantly, all electrolytes exhibit very long electrostatic decay lengths that are insensitive to valency. It is likely that in the WiSE regime, electrostatic screening is mediated by the formation of ion clusters rather than individual well-solvated ions. This work contributes to understanding the structure and charge-neutralization mechanism in this class of electrolytes and the interfacial behavior of mixed-electrolyte systems encountered in electrochemistry and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Berlinger
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - Verena Küpers
- Münster Electrochemical Energy Technology, University of Münster, Münster48149, Germany
| | - Peter J. Dudenas
- Polymer Processing Group, Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD20899
| | - Devin Schinski
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - Lucas Flagg
- Polymer Processing Group, Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD20899
| | - Zachary D. Lamberty
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - Bryan D. McCloskey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - Martin Winter
- Münster Electrochemical Energy Technology, University of Münster, Münster48149, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute Münster Ionics in Energy Storage, Münster48149, Germany
| | - Joelle Frechette
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA94720
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8
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Ilgen AG, Borguet E, Geiger FM, Gibbs JM, Grassian VH, Jun YS, Kabengi N, Kubicki JD. Bridging molecular-scale interfacial science with continuum-scale models. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5326. [PMID: 38909017 PMCID: PMC11193788 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49598-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Solid-water interfaces are crucial for clean water, conventional and renewable energy, and effective nuclear waste management. However, reflecting the complexity of reactive interfaces in continuum-scale models is a challenge, leading to oversimplified representations that often fail to predict real-world behavior. This is because these models use fixed parameters derived by averaging across a wide physicochemical range observed at the molecular scale. Recent studies have revealed the stochastic nature of molecular-level surface sites that define a variety of reaction mechanisms, rates, and products even across a single surface. To bridge the molecular knowledge and predictive continuum-scale models, we propose to represent surface properties with probability distributions rather than with discrete constant values derived by averaging across a heterogeneous surface. This conceptual shift in continuum-scale modeling requires exponentially rising computational power. By incorporating our molecular-scale understanding of solid-water interfaces into continuum-scale models we can pave the way for next generation critical technologies and novel environmental solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia G Ilgen
- Geochemistry Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, 87123, USA.
| | - Eric Borguet
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Franz M Geiger
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Julianne M Gibbs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Vicki H Grassian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Young-Shin Jun
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Nadine Kabengi
- Department of Geosciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30302, USA
| | - James D Kubicki
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Resource Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
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9
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Tian G, Luo Q, Xing R, Zhang J, Li X. Cadmium pollution exacerbated by drought: Insights from the nanoscale interaction at the clay mineral surface. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 928:172520. [PMID: 38631631 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Drought is a global environmental problem, while the effect of drought-induced unsaturation on the fate of heavy metal ions is still poorly understood, particularly the lack of mechanistic information at the molecular level. This study used molecular dynamics simulations to investigate nanoscale interactions at the montmorillonite surface under different moisture conditions. Compared to the saturated condition, drought increased the amounts and strength of Cd2+ ions adsorbed on the montmorillonite (MMT) surface while decreased the diffusivity, which was especially obvious in extreme drought conditions (θv=21%-7%). This is closely related to the compressed electric double layer, overcompensation of surface charge, and increased ion pair interactions, resulting from the confinement of water films under drought stress. Further analysis showed that the decrease of hydration effect was responsible for the exacerbated cadmium pollution. Therefore, this study may break the stereotypes about the interactions between heavy metal ions and soil minerals. The results suggest that water management (e.g., irrigation) may be prioritized before beginning heavy metal remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guantong Tian
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qi Luo
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Rui Xing
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xiong Li
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, China.
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10
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Nickel O, Ahrens-Iwers LJV, Meißner RH, Janssen M. Water, Not Salt, Causes Most of the Seebeck Effect of Nonisothermal Aqueous Electrolytes. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:186201. [PMID: 38759182 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.186201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
A temperature difference between two electrolyte-immersed electrodes often yields a voltage Δψ between them. This electrolyte Seebeck effect is usually explained by cations and anions flowing differently in thermal gradients. However, using molecular simulations, we found almost the same Δψ for cells filled with pure water as with aqueous alkali halides. Water layering and orientation near polarizable electrodes cause a large temperature-dependent potential drop χ there. The difference in χ of hot and cold electrodes captures most of the thermovoltage, Δψ≈χ_{hot}-χ_{cold}.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Nickel
- Institute of Polymers and Composites, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Robert H Meißner
- Institute of Polymers and Composites, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Surface Science, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Mathijs Janssen
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Ås, Norway
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11
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Petersen T. Toward Modeling the Structure of Electrolytes at Charged Mineral Interfaces Using Classical Density Functional Theory. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:3981-3996. [PMID: 38626457 PMCID: PMC11056995 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c08045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
The organization of water molecules and ions between charged mineral surfaces determines the stability of colloidal suspensions and the strength of phase-separated particulate gels. In this article, we assemble a density functional that measures the free energy due to the interaction of water molecules and ions in electric double layers. The model accounts for the finite size of the particles using fundamental measure theory, hydrogen-bonding between water molecules using Wertheim's statistical association theory, long-range dispersion interactions using Barker and Henderson's high-temperature expansion, electrostatic correlations using a functionalized mean-spherical approximation, and Coulomb forces through the Poisson equation. These contributions are shown to produce highly correlated structures, aptly rendering the layering of counterions and co-ions at highly charged surfaces and permitting the solvation of ions and surfaces to be measured by a combination of short-range associations and long-ranged attractions. The model is tested in a planar geometry near soft, charged surfaces to reproduce the structure of water near graphene and mica. For mica surfaces, explicitly representing the density of the outer oxygen layer of the exposed silica tetrahedra allows water molecules to hydrogen-bond to the solid. When electrostatic interactions are included, water molecules assume a hybrid character, being accounted for implicitly in the dielectric constant but explicitly otherwise. The disjoining pressure between approaching like-charged surfaces is calculated, demonstrating the model's ability to probe pressure oscillations that arise during the expulsion of ions and water layers from the interfacial gap and predict strong interattractive stresses that form at narrow interfacial spacing when the surface charge is overscreened. This interattractive stress arises not due to in-plane correlations under strong electrostatic coupling but due to the out-of-plane structuring of associating ions and water molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Petersen
- Sonny Astani Department of
Civil and Environmental Engineering, University
of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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12
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Reinertsen RJE, Kewalramani S, Jiménez-Ángeles F, Weigand SJ, Bedzyk MJ, Olvera de la Cruz M. Reexpansion of charged nanoparticle assemblies in concentrated electrolytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2316537121. [PMID: 38289958 PMCID: PMC10861876 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2316537121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Electrostatic forces in solutions are highly relevant to a variety of fields, ranging from electrochemical energy storage to biology. However, their manifestation in concentrated electrolytes is not fully understood, as exemplified by counterintuitive observations of colloidal stability and long-ranged repulsions in molten salts. Highly charged biomolecules, such as DNA, respond sensitively to ions in dilute solutions. Here, we use non-base-pairing DNA-coated nanoparticles (DNA-NP) to analyze electrostatic interactions in concentrated salt solutions. Despite their negative charge, these conjugates form colloidal crystals in solutions of sufficient divalent cation concentration. We utilize small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) to study such DNA-NP assemblies across the full accessible concentration ranges of aqueous CaCl2, MgCl2, and SrCl2 solutions. SAXS shows that the crystallinity and phases of the assembled structures vary with cation type. For all tested salts, the aggregates contract with added ions at low salinities and then begin expanding above a cation-dependent threshold salt concentration. Wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) reveals enhanced positional correlations between ions in the solution at high salt concentrations. Complementary molecular dynamics simulations show that these ion-ion interactions reduce the favorability of dense ion configurations within the DNA brushes below that of the bulk solution. Measurements in solutions with lowered permittivity demonstrate a simultaneous increase in ion coupling and decrease in the concentration at which aggregate expansion begins, thus confirming the connection between these phenomena. Our work demonstrates that interactions between charged objects continue to evolve considerably into the high-concentration regime, where classical theories project electrostatics to be of negligible consequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger J. E. Reinertsen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL60208
| | - Sumit Kewalramani
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL60208
| | - Felipe Jiménez-Ángeles
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL60208
| | - Steven J. Weigand
- DuPont-Northwestern-Dow Collaborative Access Team, Northwestern University Synchrotron Research Center, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne, IL60439
| | - Michael J. Bedzyk
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL60208
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL60208
| | - Monica Olvera de la Cruz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL60208
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL60208
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL60208
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL60208
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13
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Xu D, Yan M, Xie Y. Energy harvesting from water streaming at charged surface. Electrophoresis 2024; 45:244-265. [PMID: 37948329 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Water flowing at a charged surface may produce electricity, known as streaming current/potentials, which may be traced back to the 19th century. However, due to the low gained power and efficiencies, the energy conversion from streaming current was far from usable. The emergence of micro/nanofluidic technology and nanomaterials significantly increases the power (density) and energy conversion efficiency. In this review, we conclude the fundamentals and recent progress in electrical double layers at the charged surface. We estimate the generated power by hydrodynamic energy dissipation in multi-scaling flows considering the viscous systems with slipping boundary and inertia systems. Then, we review the coupling of volume flow and current flow by the Onsager relation, as well as the figure of merits and efficiency. We summarize the state-of-the-art of electrokinetic energy conversions, including critical performance metrics such as efficiencies, power densities, and generated voltages in various systems. We discuss the advantages and possible constraints by the figure of merits, including single-phase flow and flying droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daxiang Xu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Meng Yan
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Yanbo Xie
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, P. R. China
- School of Aeronautics and Institute of Extreme Mechanics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, P. R. China
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14
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Wang J, Li H, Tavakol M, Serva A, Nener B, Parish G, Salanne M, Warr GG, Voïtchovsky K, Atkin R. Ions Adsorbed at Amorphous Solid/Solution Interfaces Form Wigner Crystal-like Structures. ACS NANO 2024; 18:1181-1194. [PMID: 38117206 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c11349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
When a surface is immersed in a solution, it usually acquires a charge, which attracts counterions and repels co-ions to form an electrical double layer. The ions directly adsorbed to the surface are referred to as the Stern layer. The structure of the Stern layer normal to the interface was described decades ago, but the lateral organization within the Stern layer has received scant attention. This is because instrumental limitations have prevented visualization of the ion arrangements except for atypical, model, crystalline surfaces. Here, we use high-resolution amplitude modulated atomic force microscopy (AFM) to visualize in situ the lateral structure of Stern layer ions adsorbed to polycrystalline gold, and amorphous silica and gallium nitride (GaN). For all three substrates, when the density of ions in the layer exceeds a system-dependent threshold, correlation effects induce the formation of close packed structures akin to Wigner crystals. Depending on the surface and the ions, the Wigner crystal-like structure can be hexagonally close packed, cubic, or worm-like. The influence of the electrolyte concentration, species, and valence, as well as the surface type and charge, on the Stern layer structures is described. When the system parameters are changed to reduce the Stern layer ion surface excess below the threshold value, Wigner crystal-like structures do not form and the Stern layer is unstructured. For gold surfaces, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations reveal that when sufficient potential is applied to the surface, ion clusters form with dimensions similar to the Wigner crystal-like structures in the AFM images. The lateral Stern layer structures presented, and in particular the Wigner crystal-like structures, will influence diverse applications in chemistry, energy storage, environmental science, nanotechnology, biology, and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Wang
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia
| | - Hua Li
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia
| | - Mahdi Tavakol
- Department of Physics, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
| | - Alessandra Serva
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Physicochimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Brett Nener
- School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia
| | - Giacinta Parish
- School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia
| | - Mathieu Salanne
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Physicochimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Gregory G Warr
- School of Chemistry and Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | | | - Rob Atkin
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia
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15
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Neumann J, Lee SS, Zhao EJ, Fenter P. Direct Experimental Observations of Ion Distributions during Overcharging at the Muscovite-Water Interface by Adsorption of Rb + and Halides (Cl - , Br - , I - ) at High Salinity. Chemphyschem 2023; 24:e202300545. [PMID: 37632699 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Classical electric double layer (EDL) models have been widely used to describe ion distributions at charged solid-water interfaces in dilute electrolytes. However, the chemistry of EDLs remains poorly constrained at high ionic strength where ion-ion correlations control non-classical behavior such as overcharging, i. e., the accumulation of counter-ions in amounts exceeding the substrate's surface charge. Here, we provide direct experimental observations of correlated cation and anion distributions adsorbed at the muscovite (001)-aqueous electrolyte interface as a function of dissolved RbBr concentration ([RbBr]=0.01-5.8 M) using resonant anomalous X-ray reflectivity. Our results show alternating cation-anion layers in the EDL when [RbBr]≳100 mM, whose spatial extension (i. e., ~20 Å from the surface) far exceeds the dimension of the classical Stern layer. Comparison to RbCl and RbI electrolytes indicates that these behaviors are sensitive to the choice of co-ion. This new in-depth molecular-scale understanding of the EDL structure during transition from classical to non-classical regimes supports the development of realistic EDL models for technologies operating at high salinity such as water purification applications or modern electrochemical storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Neumann
- Chemical Science and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Sang Soo Lee
- Chemical Science and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Eric J Zhao
- Chemical Science and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, 5640 S Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Paul Fenter
- Chemical Science and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
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16
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Uysal A. Aqueous Interfaces in Chemical Separations. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023. [PMID: 37917551 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Chemical separations play a vital role in refinery and reprocessing of critical materials, such as platinum group metals, rare earths, and actinides. The choice of separation system─whether it is liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), sorbents, or membranes─depends on specific needs and applications. In almost all separation processes, the desired metal ions adsorb or transfer across an aqueous interface, such as the solid/liquid interface in sorbents or oil/water interfaces in LLE. Despite these separation technologies being extensively used for decades, our understanding of the molecular-scale mechanisms governing ion adsorption and transport at interfaces remains limited. This knowledge gap presents a significant challenge in meeting the increasing demands for these critical materials due to their growing use in advanced technologies. Fortunately, recent advancements in surface-specific experimental and computational techniques offer promising avenues to bridge this gap and facilitate the development of next-generation separation systems. Interestingly, unanswered questions regarding interfacial phenomena in chemical separations hold great relevance to various fields, including energy storage, geochemistry, and atmospheric chemistry. Therefore, the model interfacial systems developed for studying chemical separations, such as amphiphilic molecules assembled at a solid/water, air/water, or oil/water interface, may have far-reaching implications, extending beyond separations and opening doors to addressing a wide range of scientific inquiries. This perspective discusses recent interfacial studies elucidating amphiphile-ion interactions in chemical separations of metal ions. These studies provide direct, molecular-scale information about solute and solvent behavior at aqueous interfaces, including multivalent and complex ions in highly concentrated solutions, which play key roles in LLE of critical materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Uysal
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
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17
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Siretanu I, van Lin SR, Mugele F. Ion adsorption and hydration forces: a comparison of crystalline mica vs. amorphous silica surfaces. Faraday Discuss 2023; 246:274-295. [PMID: 37408390 PMCID: PMC10568262 DOI: 10.1039/d3fd00049d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Hydration forces are ubiquitous in nature and technology. Yet, the characterization of interfacial hydration structures and their dependence on the nature of the substrate and the presence of ions have remained challenging and controversial. We present a systematic study using dynamic Atomic Force Microscopy of hydration forces on mica surfaces and amorphous silica surfaces in aqueous electrolytes containing chloride salts of various alkali and earth alkaline cations of variable concentrations at pH values between 3 and 9. Our measurements with ultra-sharp AFM tips demonstrate the presence of both oscillatory and monotonically decaying hydration forces of very similar strength on both atomically smooth mica and amorphous silica surfaces with a roughness comparable to the size of a water molecule. The characteristic range of the forces is approximately 1 nm, independent of the fluid composition. Force oscillations are consistent with the size of water molecules for all conditions investigated. Weakly hydrated Cs+ ions are the only exception: they disrupt the oscillatory hydration structure and induce attractive monotonic hydration forces. On silica, force oscillations are also smeared out if the size of the AFM tip exceeds the characteristic lateral scale of the surface roughness. The observation of attractive monotonic hydration forces for asymmetric systems suggests opportunities to probe water polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Siretanu
- Physics of Complex Fluids Group and MESA+ Institute, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Simone R van Lin
- Physics of Complex Fluids Group and MESA+ Institute, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Frieder Mugele
- Physics of Complex Fluids Group and MESA+ Institute, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
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18
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Zheng X, Bourg IC. Nanoscale Prediction of the Thermal, Mechanical, and Transport Properties of Hydrated Clay on 10 6- and 10 15-Fold Larger Length and Time Scales. ACS NANO 2023; 17:19211-19223. [PMID: 37774155 PMCID: PMC10569101 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c05751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Coupled thermal, hydraulic, mechanical, and chemical (THMC) processes, such as desiccation-driven cracking or chemically driven fluid flow, significantly impact the performance of composite materials formed by fluid-mediated nanoparticle assembly, including energy storage materials, ordinary Portland cement, bioinorganic nanocomposites, liquid crystals, and engineered clay barriers used in the isolation of hazardous wastes. These couplings are particularly important in the isolation of high-level radioactive waste (HLRW), where heat generated by radioactive decay can drive the temperature up to at least 373 K in the engineered barrier. Here, we use large-scale all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of hydrated smectite clay nanoparticle assemblages to predict the fundamental THMC properties of hydrated compacted clay over a wide range of temperatures (up to 373 K) and dry densities relevant to HLRW management. Equilibrium simulations of clay-water mixtures at different hydration levels are analyzed to quantify material properties, including thermal conductivity, heat capacity, thermal expansion, suction, water and ion self-diffusivity, and hydraulic conductivity. Predictions are validated against experimental results for the properties of compacted bentonite clay. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of using atomistic-level simulations of assemblages of clay nanoparticles on scales of tens of nanometers and nanoseconds to infer the properties of compacted bentonite on scales of centimeters and days, a direct upscaling over 6 orders of magnitude in space and 15 orders of magnitude in time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojin Zheng
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Ian C. Bourg
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- High
Meadows Environmental Institute, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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19
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Bañuelos JL, Borguet E, Brown GE, Cygan RT, DeYoreo JJ, Dove PM, Gaigeot MP, Geiger FM, Gibbs JM, Grassian VH, Ilgen AG, Jun YS, Kabengi N, Katz L, Kubicki JD, Lützenkirchen J, Putnis CV, Remsing RC, Rosso KM, Rother G, Sulpizi M, Villalobos M, Zhang H. Oxide- and Silicate-Water Interfaces and Their Roles in Technology and the Environment. Chem Rev 2023; 123:6413-6544. [PMID: 37186959 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Interfacial reactions drive all elemental cycling on Earth and play pivotal roles in human activities such as agriculture, water purification, energy production and storage, environmental contaminant remediation, and nuclear waste repository management. The onset of the 21st century marked the beginning of a more detailed understanding of mineral aqueous interfaces enabled by advances in techniques that use tunable high-flux focused ultrafast laser and X-ray sources to provide near-atomic measurement resolution, as well as by nanofabrication approaches that enable transmission electron microscopy in a liquid cell. This leap into atomic- and nanometer-scale measurements has uncovered scale-dependent phenomena whose reaction thermodynamics, kinetics, and pathways deviate from previous observations made on larger systems. A second key advance is new experimental evidence for what scientists hypothesized but could not test previously, namely, interfacial chemical reactions are frequently driven by "anomalies" or "non-idealities" such as defects, nanoconfinement, and other nontypical chemical structures. Third, progress in computational chemistry has yielded new insights that allow a move beyond simple schematics, leading to a molecular model of these complex interfaces. In combination with surface-sensitive measurements, we have gained knowledge of the interfacial structure and dynamics, including the underlying solid surface and the immediately adjacent water and aqueous ions, enabling a better definition of what constitutes the oxide- and silicate-water interfaces. This critical review discusses how science progresses from understanding ideal solid-water interfaces to more realistic systems, focusing on accomplishments in the last 20 years and identifying challenges and future opportunities for the community to address. We anticipate that the next 20 years will focus on understanding and predicting dynamic transient and reactive structures over greater spatial and temporal ranges as well as systems of greater structural and chemical complexity. Closer collaborations of theoretical and experimental experts across disciplines will continue to be critical to achieving this great aspiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Leobardo Bañuelos
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Eric Borguet
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Gordon E Brown
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, The Stanford Doerr School of Sustainability, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Randall T Cygan
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - James J DeYoreo
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Patricia M Dove
- Department of Geosciences, Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
| | - Marie-Pierre Gaigeot
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, CNRS, LAMBE UMR8587, 91025 Evry-Courcouronnes, France
| | - Franz M Geiger
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Julianne M Gibbs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2Canada
| | - Vicki H Grassian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Anastasia G Ilgen
- Geochemistry Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Young-Shin Jun
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Nadine Kabengi
- Department of Geosciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Lynn Katz
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - James D Kubicki
- Department of Earth, Environmental & Resource Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Johannes Lützenkirchen
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Institut für Nukleare Entsorgung─INE, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
| | - Christine V Putnis
- Institute for Mineralogy, University of Münster, Münster D-48149, Germany
| | - Richard C Remsing
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Kevin M Rosso
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Gernot Rother
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Marialore Sulpizi
- Department of Physics, Ruhr Universität Bochum, NB6, 65, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Mario Villalobos
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales y del Suelo, LANGEM, Instituto De Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Huichun Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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20
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Nayak S, Kumal RR, Lee SE, Uysal A. Elucidating Trivalent Ion Adsorption at Floating Carboxylic Acid Monolayers: Charge Reversal or Water Reorganization? J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:3685-3690. [PMID: 37036360 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
We study the adsorption of trivalent neodymium on floating arachidic acid films at the air-water interface by two complementary surface specific probes, sum frequency generation spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence near total reflection. In the absence of background ions, neodymium ions compensate for the surface charge of the arachidic acid film at a bulk concentration of 50 μM without any charge reversal. Increasing the bulk concentration to 1 mM does not change the neodymium surface coverage but affects the interfacial water structure significantly. In the presence of a high concentration of NaCl, there is overcharging at 1 mM Nd3+, i.e., 30% more Nd3+ than needed to compensate for the surface charge. These results show that the total coverage of neodymium ions is not enough to describe the complete picture at the interface, and interfacial water and ion coverage needs to be considered together to understand more complex ion adsorption and transport processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikanth Nayak
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Raju R Kumal
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Seung Eun Lee
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Ahmet Uysal
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
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21
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Alberstein RG, Prelesnik JL, Nakouzi E, Zhang S, De Yoreo JJ, Pfaendtner J, Tezcan FA, Mundy CJ. Discrete Orientations of Interfacial Waters Direct Crystallization of Mica-Binding Proteins. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:80-87. [PMID: 36573690 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the basis of templated molecular assembly on a solid surface requires a fundamental comprehension of both short- and long-range aqueous response to the surface under a variety of solution conditions. Herein we provide a detailed picture of how the molecular-scale response to different mica surfaces yields distinct solvent orientations that produce quasi-static directional potentials onto which macromolecules can adsorb. We connect this directionality to observed (a)symmetric epitaxial alignment of designed proteins onto these surfaces, corroborate our findings with 3D atomic force microscopy experiments, and identify slight differences in surface structure as the origin of this effect. Our work provides a detailed picture of the intrinsic electrolyte response in the vicinity of mineral interfaces, with clear predictions for experiment, and highlights the role of solvent on the predictive assembly of hierarchical materials on mineral surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Alberstein
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jesse L Prelesnik
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Elias Nakouzi
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - James J De Yoreo
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jim Pfaendtner
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - F Akif Tezcan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Christopher J Mundy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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22
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Russell W, Lin CY, Siwy ZS. Gating with Charge Inversion to Control Ionic Transport in Nanopores. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2022; 5:17682-17692. [PMID: 36583126 PMCID: PMC9791654 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.2c03573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Multivalent ions modify the properties of the solid/liquid interfaces, and in some cases, they can even invert the polarity of surface charge, having large consequences for separation processes based on charge. The so-called charge inversion is observed as a switch from negative surface charge in monovalent salts, e.g., KCl, to effective positive surface charge in multivalent salts that is possible through a strong accumulation and correlation of the multivalent ions at the surface. It is not known yet, however, whether the density of the positive charge induced by charge inversion depends on the pore opening diameter, especially in extreme nanoconfinement. Here, we probe how the effective surface charge induced by charge inversion is influenced by the pore opening diameter using a series of nanopores with an opening between 4 and 25 nm placed in contact with trivalent chromium ions in tris(ethylenediamine)chromium(III) sulfate at different concentrations. Our results suggest that the effective positive charge density can indeed be modified by nanoconfinement to the extent that is dependent on the pore diameter, salt concentration, and applied voltage. In addition, the correlated ions can increase the transmembrane current in nanopores with an opening diameter down to 10 nm and cause a significant blockage of the current for narrower pores. The results provide guidelines to control ionic transport at the nanoscale with multivalent ions and demonstrate that in the same experimental conditions, differently sized pores in the same porous material can feature different surface charge density and possibly ion selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfred
S. Russell
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Chih-Yuan Lin
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Zuzanna S. Siwy
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Biomedical
Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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23
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Wang R, Zou Y, Remsing RC, Ross NO, Klein ML, Carnevale V, Borguet E. Superhydrophilicity of α-alumina surfaces results from tight binding of interfacial waters to specific aluminols. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 628:943-954. [PMID: 35964442 PMCID: PMC9683471 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.07.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Understanding the microscopic driving force of water wetting is challenging and important for design of materials. The relations between structure, dynamics and hydrogen bonds of interfacial water can be investigated using molecular dynamics simulations. EXPERIMENTS AND SIMULATIONS Contact angles at the alumina (0001) and (112‾0) surfaces are studied using both classical molecular dynamics simulations and experiments. To test the superhydrophilicity, the free energy cost of removing waters near the interfaces are calculated using the density fluctuations method. The strength of hydrogen bonds is determined by their lifetime and geometry. FINDINGS Both surfaces are superhydrophilic and the (0001) surface is more hydrophilic. Interactions between surfaces and interfacial waters promote a templating effect whereby the latter are aligned in a pattern that follows the underlying lattice of the surfaces. Translational and rotational dynamics of interfacial water molecules are slower than in bulk water. Hydrogen bonds between water and both surfaces are asymmetric, water-to-aluminol ones are stronger than aluminol-to-water ones. Molecular dynamics simulations eliminate the impacts of surface contamination when measuring contact angles and the results reveal the microscopic origin of the macroscopic superhydrophilicity of alumina surfaces: strong water-to-aluminol hydrogen bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, United States; Center for Complex Materials from First Principles (CCM), Temple University, 1925 North 12th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122, United States.
| | - Yunqian Zou
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, United States
| | - Richard C Remsing
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Naomi O Ross
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, United States
| | - Michael L Klein
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, United States; Center for Complex Materials from First Principles (CCM), Temple University, 1925 North 12th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122, United States; Institute for Computational Molecular Science, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, United States
| | - Vincenzo Carnevale
- Institute for Computational Molecular Science, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, United States; Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, United States.
| | - Eric Borguet
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, United States; Center for Complex Materials from First Principles (CCM), Temple University, 1925 North 12th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122, United States.
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24
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Kumar S, Cats P, Alotaibi MB, Ayirala SC, Yousef AA, van Roij R, Siretanu I, Mugele F. Absence of anomalous underscreening in highly concentrated aqueous electrolytes confined between smooth silica surfaces. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 622:819-827. [PMID: 35561602 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent surface forces apparatus experiments that measured the forces between two mica surfaces and a series of subsequent theoretical studies suggest the occurrence of universal underscreening in highly concentrated electrolyte solutions. We performed a set of systematic Atomic Force Spectroscopy measurements for aqueous salt solutions in a concentration range from 1 mM to 5 M using chloride salts of various alkali metals as well as mixed concentrated salt solutions (involving both mono- and divalent cations and anions), that mimic concentrated brines typically encountered in geological formations. Experiments were carried out using flat substrates and submicrometer-sized colloidal probes made of smooth oxidized silicon immersed in salt solutions at pH values of 6 and 9 and temperatures of 25 °C and 45 °C. While strong repulsive forces were observed for the smallest tip-sample separations, none of the conditions explored displayed any indication of anomalous long range electrostatic forces as reported for mica surfaces. Instead, forces are universally dominated by attractive van der Waals interactions at tip-sample separations of ≈2 nm and beyond for salt concentrations of 1 M and higher. Complementary calculations based on classical density functional theory for the primitive model support these experimental observations and display a consistent decrease in screening length with increasing ion concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravana Kumar
- Physics of Complex Fluids Group and MESA+ Institute, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Cats
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Center for Extreme Matter and Emergent Phenomena, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Mohammed B Alotaibi
- The Exploration and Petroleum Engineering Center - Advanced Research Center (EXPEC ARC), Saudi Aramco, Dhahran 34465, Saudi Arabia
| | - Subhash C Ayirala
- The Exploration and Petroleum Engineering Center - Advanced Research Center (EXPEC ARC), Saudi Aramco, Dhahran 34465, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali A Yousef
- The Exploration and Petroleum Engineering Center - Advanced Research Center (EXPEC ARC), Saudi Aramco, Dhahran 34465, Saudi Arabia
| | - René van Roij
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Center for Extreme Matter and Emergent Phenomena, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Igor Siretanu
- Physics of Complex Fluids Group and MESA+ Institute, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Frieder Mugele
- Physics of Complex Fluids Group and MESA+ Institute, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, the Netherlands
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25
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Frank K, Bernau C, Buyel J. Spherical nanoparticles can be used as non-penetrating tracers to determine the extra-particle void volume in packed-bed chromatography columns. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1675:463174. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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26
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Kumal RR, Wimalasiri PN, Servis MJ, Uysal A. Thiocyanate Ions Form Antiparallel Populations at the Concentrated Electrolyte/Charged Surfactant Interface. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:5081-5087. [PMID: 35653184 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Anions play significant roles in the separation of lanthanides and actinides. The molecular-scale details of how these anions behave at aqueous interfaces are not well understood, especially at high ionic strengths. Here, we describe the interfacial structure of thiocyanate anions at a soft charged interface up to 5 M bulk concentration with combined classical and phase-sensitive vibrational sum frequency generation (PS-VSFG) spectroscopy and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. At low concentrations thiocyanate ions are mostly oriented with their sulfur end pointing toward the charged surfactants. The VSFG signal reaches a plateau at around 100 mM bulk concentration, followed by significant changes above 1 M. At high concentrations a new thiocyanate population emerges with their sulfur end pointing toward the bulk liquid. The -CN stretch frequency is different for up and down oriented SCN- ions, indicating different coordination environments. These results provide key molecular-level insights for the interfacial behavior of complex anions in highly concentrated solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raju R Kumal
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Pubudu N Wimalasiri
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Michael J Servis
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Ahmet Uysal
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
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27
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Wu J. Understanding the Electric Double-Layer Structure, Capacitance, and Charging Dynamics. Chem Rev 2022; 122:10821-10859. [PMID: 35594506 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Significant progress has been made in recent years in theoretical modeling of the electric double layer (EDL), a key concept in electrochemistry important for energy storage, electrocatalysis, and multitudes of other technological applications. However, major challenges remain in understanding the microscopic details of the electrochemical interface and charging mechanisms under realistic conditions. This review delves into theoretical methods to describe the equilibrium and dynamic responses of the EDL structure and capacitance for electrochemical systems commonly deployed for capacitive energy storage. Special emphasis is given to recent advances that intend to capture the nonclassical EDL behavior such as oscillatory ion distributions, polarization of nonmetallic electrodes, charge transfer, and various forms of phase transitions in the micropores of electrodes interfacing with an organic electrolyte or ionic liquid. This comprehensive analysis highlights theoretical insights into predictable relationships between materials characteristics and electrochemical performance and offers a perspective on opportunities for further development toward rational design and optimization of electrochemical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong Wu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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28
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Yuan H, Deng W, Zhu X, Liu G, Craig VSJ. Colloidal Systems in Concentrated Electrolyte Solutions Exhibit Re-entrant Long-Range Electrostatic Interactions due to Underscreening. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:6164-6173. [PMID: 35512818 PMCID: PMC9119301 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Surface force measurements have revealed that at very high electrolyte concentrations as well as in neat and diluted ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents, the range of electrostatic interactions is far greater than the Debye length. Here, we explore the consequences of this underscreening for soft-matter and colloidal systems by investigating the stability of nanoparticle dispersions, the self-assembly of ionic surfactants, and the thickness of soap films. In each case, we find clear evidence of re-entrant properties due to underscreening at high salt concentrations. Our results show that underscreening in concentrated electrolytes is a general phenomenon and is not dependent on confinement by macroscopic surfaces. The stability of systems at very high salinity due to underscreening may be beneficially applied to processes that currently use low-salinity water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Yuan
- Department
of Chemical Physics, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry
and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Wenjie Deng
- Department
of Chemical Physics, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry
and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolong Zhu
- State
Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University
of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Guangming Liu
- Department
of Chemical Physics, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry
and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Vincent Stuart James Craig
- Department
of Chemical Physics, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry
and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
- Department
of Applied Mathematics, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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29
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Kinnibrugh T, Fister T. Structure of Sulfuric Acid Solutions Using Pair Distribution Function Analysis. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:3099-3106. [PMID: 35435687 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c00523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Solvation and mesoscale ordering of sulfuric acid and other strong acid solutions leads to suppressed freezing points and strong rheological changes with varying concentration. While the solid-state structures are well-understood, studies focused on the evolving solvation structure in the solution phase have probed a limited concentration range (∼1-6 M). This study applies a total scattering approach in both the wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) and pair distribution function (PDF) regimes to elucidate the evolving solvation structure over its full range of acid concentration (0-18 M). The emergence of a prepeak in the WAXS regime at intermediate concentrations indicates a transition from noninteracting sulfate molecules in the dilute limit to sterically limited sulfates at concentrations near its deep eutectic point. Fits to the PDF data quantify this trend, showing a transition from octahedrally hydrated sulfates up to 6-7 M concentrations, followed by gradual dehydration, and eventually reaching a solution structure similar to that of water-in-salt electrolyte systems at high acid concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Kinnibrugh
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Tim Fister
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
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30
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Jun YS, Zhu Y, Wang Y, Ghim D, Wu X, Kim D, Jung H. Classical and Nonclassical Nucleation and Growth Mechanisms for Nanoparticle Formation. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2022; 73:453-477. [PMID: 35113740 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-082720-100947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
All solid materials are created via nucleation. In this evolutionary process, nuclei form in solution or at interfaces and expand by monomeric growth, oriented attachment, and phase transformation. Nucleation determines the location and size of nuclei, whereas growth controls the size, shape, and aggregation of newly formed nanoparticles. These physical properties of nanoparticles can determine their functionalities, reactivities, and porosities, as well as their fate and transport. Recent advances in nanoscale analytical technologies allow in situ real-time observations, enabling us to uncover the molecular nature of nuclei and the critical controlling factors for nucleation and growth. Although a single theory cannot yet fully explain such evolving processes, we have started to better understand how both classical and nonclassical theories can work together, and we have begun to recognize the importance of connecting these theories. This review discusses the recent convergence of knowledge about the nucleation and the growth of nanoparticles. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Physical Chemistry, Volume 73 is April 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Shin Jun
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri; , , , ,
| | - Yaguang Zhu
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri; , , , ,
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri; , , , ,
| | - Deoukchen Ghim
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri; , , , ,
| | - Xuanhao Wu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut;
| | - Doyoon Kim
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri; , , , ,
| | - Haesung Jung
- School of Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon, South Korea;
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