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Hornung V, Gaidt MM. Friendly fire: recognition of self by the innate immune system. Curr Opin Immunol 2024; 90:102457. [PMID: 39232338 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2024.102457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
The innate immune system employs two different strategies to detect pathogens: first, it recognizes microbial components as ligands of pattern recognition receptors (pattern-triggered immunity [PTI]), and second, it detects the activities of pathogen-encoded effectors (effector-triggered immunity [ETI]). Recently, these pathogen-centric concepts were expanded to include sensing of self-derived signals during cellular distress or damage (damage-triggered immunity [DTI]). This extension relied on broadening the PTI model to include damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). However, applying the pattern recognition framework of PTI to DTI overlooks the critical role of sterile activation of ETI pathways. We argue that both PTI and ETI pathways are prone to erroneous detection of self, which is largely attributable to 'friendly fire' rather than protective immune activation. This erroneous activation is inherent to the trade-off between sensitivity and specificity of immune sensing and might be tolerated because its detrimental effects emerge late in life, a phenomenon known as antagonistic pleiotropy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veit Hornung
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, Munich, Germany.
| | - Moritz M Gaidt
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria.
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Jia H, Luo Z, Jing R, Yao B, Lv T, Zheng H, Wang X. The Development of a Highly Potent and Selective Human Toll-like Receptor 2 Agonist: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of CaLGL-1 and Its Derivatives. J Med Chem 2024; 67:12932-12944. [PMID: 38996365 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) plays a crucial role in detecting microbial pathogen-associated molecular patterns, offering potential applications as an adjuvant for vaccines and antitumor therapies. Here, we present the gram-scale synthesis of CaLGL-1 and its derivatives, natural products known for activating mouse TLR2 (EC50 = 3.2 μM). This synthesis involves a streamlined six-step reaction sequence utilizing oxidant-promoted acetalization, effectively preserving the acid-sensitive glycosidic bond for maintaining the compounds' functional integrity. Our structure-activity relationship studies identified R-7d as a potent human TLR2 activator. It demonstrated subnanomolar activity (EC50 = 116 pM) in human THP-1 cells, comparable to that of diprovocim (EC50 = 110 pM). Experiments revealed that R-7d enhances NF-kB promoter activation through TLR2/TLR1 heterodimers rather than TLR2/TLR6. The discovery of R-7d as a robust human TLR2 agonist opens up new possibilities for combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Zhikuan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Ruijun Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Bowen Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Tinghong Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Biology, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
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Negahdari B, Sarkoohi P, Ghasemi Nezhad F, Shahbazi B, Ahmadi K. Design of multi-epitope vaccine candidate based on OmpA, CarO and ZnuD proteins against multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Heliyon 2024; 10:e34690. [PMID: 39149030 PMCID: PMC11324976 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii has been identified as a major cause of nosocomial infections. Acinetobacter infections are often difficult to treat with multidrug resistant phenotypes. One of the most effective ways to combat infectious diseases is through vaccination. In this study, an attempt was made to select the most protective and potent immunostimulatory epitopes based on the epitope-rich domains of the ZnuD, OmpA and CarO proteins of Acinetobacter baumannii to design a vaccine that can protect against this infection. After predicting the epitope of B- and T-cells, seven antigenic regions of three proteins CarO, ZnuD and OmpA, were selected. These regions were bound by a GGGS linker. The binding affinity and molecular interactions of the vaccine with the immune receptors TLR2 and TLR4 were studied using molecular docking analysis. This vaccine design was subjected to in silico immune simulations using C-ImmSim. The designed vaccine was highly antigenic, non-allergenic and stable. TLR2 and TLR4 were selected to analyze the ability of the modeled chimeric protein to interact with immune system receptors. The results showed strong interaction between the designed protein vaccine with TLR2 (-18.8 kcal mol-1) and TLR4 (-15.1 kcal mol-1). To verify the stability of the interactions and the structure of the designed protein, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed for 200 ns. Various analyses using MD showed that the protein structure is stable alone and in interaction with TLR2 and TLR4. The ability of the vaccine candidate protein to stimulate the immune system to produce the necessary cytokines and antibodies against Acinetobacter baumannii was also demonstrated by the ability of the protein designed using the C-ImmSim web server to induce an immune response. Therefore, the designed protein vaccine may be a suitable candidate for in vivo as well as in vitro studies against Acinetobacter baumannii infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batul Negahdari
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Parisa Sarkoohi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Forozan Ghasemi Nezhad
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Behzad Shahbazi
- School of Pharmacy, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Nervous System Stem Cells Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Ahmadi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
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Sun M, Zhan H, Long X, Alsayed AM, Wang Z, Meng F, Wang G, Mao J, Liao Z, Chen M. Dehydrocostus lactone alleviates irinotecan-induced intestinal mucositis by blocking TLR4/MD2 complex formation. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 128:155371. [PMID: 38518649 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Irinotecan (CPT-11) is used as chemotherapeutic drug for treatment of colorectal cancer. However, without satisfactory treatments, its gastrointestinal toxicities such as diarrhea and intestinal inflammation severely restrained its clinical application. Roots of Aucklandia lappa Decne. are used as traditional Chinese medicine to relieve gastrointestinal dysfunction and dehydrocostus lactone (DHL) is one of its main active components. Nevertheless, the efficacy and mechanism of DHL against intestinal mucositis remains unclear. PURPOSE The present study aimed to investigate the protective effects of DHL on CPT-11-induced intestinal mucositis and its underlying mechanisms. METHODS The protective effect of DHL was investigated in CPT-11-induced mice and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)+CPT-11 induced THP-1 macrophages. Body weight, diarrhea score, survival rate, colon length, and histopathological changes in mice colon and jejunum were analyzed to evaluate the protective effect of DHL in vivo. And DHL on reducing inflammatory response and regulating TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway in vivo and in vitro were explored. Moreover, DHL on the interaction between TLR4 and MD2 was investigated. And silencing TLR4 targeted by siRNA was performed to validate the mechanisms of DHL on regulating the inflammation. RESULTS DHL prevented CPT-11-induced intestinal damage, represented by reducing weight loss, diarrhea score, mortality rate and the shortening of the colon. Histological analysis confirmed that DHL prevented intestinal epithelial injury and improved the intestinal barrier function in CPT-11 induced mice. Besides, DHL significantly downregulated the level of inflammatory cytokines by inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway in CPT-11-induced mice and LPS+CPT-11-induced THP-1 macrophages. In addition, DHL blocked TLR4/MD2 complex formation. Molecular docking combined with SIP and DARTS assay showed that DHL could bind to TLR4/MD2 and occludes the hydrophobic pocket of MD2. Furthermore, Silencing TLR4 abrogated the effect of DHL on LPS+CPT-11 induced inflammatory response in THP-1 macrophages. Additionally, DHL ameliorate the CPT-11-induced intestinal mucositis without affecting the anti-tumor efficacy of CPT-11 in the tumor xenograft mice. CONCLUSION This study found that DHL exhibited the anti-inflammatory effects in CPT-11-induced intestinal mucositis by inhibiting the formation of TLR4/MD2 complex and then regulation of NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway. DHL is potentially served as a novel strategy of combined medication with CPT-11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of High Active Traditional Chinese Drug Delivery System, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Honghong Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiaoliang Long
- School of Life Sciences, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City and Southwest University, TAAHC-SWU Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ali M Alsayed
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Fancheng Meng
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Guowei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jingxin Mao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of High Active Traditional Chinese Drug Delivery System, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Zhihua Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China
| | - Min Chen
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of High Active Traditional Chinese Drug Delivery System, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing 401331, China.
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Ji X, Zhu J, Li L, Yang X, Zhou S, Cao L. Anti-sulfatide antibody-related Guillain-Barré syndrome presenting with overlapping syndromes or severe pyramidal tract damage: a case report and literature review. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1360164. [PMID: 38654738 PMCID: PMC11035893 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1360164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Anti-sulfatide antibodies are key biomarkers for the diagnosis of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). However, case reports on anti-sulfatide antibody-related GBS are rare, particularly for atypical cases. Case description case 1 A 63 years-old man presented with limb numbness and diplopia persisting for 2 weeks, with marked deterioration over the previous 4 days. His medical history included cerebral infarction, diabetes, and coronary atherosclerotic cardiomyopathy. Physical examination revealed limited movement in his left eye and diminished sensation in his extremities. Initial treatments included antiplatelet agents, cholesterol-lowering drugs, hypoglycemic agents, and medications to improve cerebral circulation. Despite this, his condition worsened, resulting in bilateral facial paralysis, delirium, ataxia, and decreased lower limb muscle strength. Treatment with intravenous high-dose immunoglobulin and dexamethasone resulted in gradual improvement. A 1 month follow-up revealed significant neurological sequelae. Case description case 2 A 53 years-old woman was admitted for adenomyosis and subsequently experienced sudden limb weakness, numbness, and pain that progressively worsened, presenting with diminished sensation and muscle strength in all limbs. High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin, vitamin B1, and mecobalamin were administered. At the 1 month follow-up, the patient still experienced limb numbness and difficulty walking. In both patients, albuminocytologic dissociation was found on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, positive anti-sulfatide antibodies were detected in the CSF, and electromyography indicated peripheral nerve damage. Conclusion Anti-sulfatide antibody-related GBS can present with Miller-Fisher syndrome, brainstem encephalitis, or a combination of the two, along with severe pyramidal tract damage and residual neurological sequelae, thereby expanding the clinical profile of this GBS subtype. Anti-sulfatide antibodies are a crucial diagnostic biomarker. Further exploration of the pathophysiological mechanisms is necessary for precise treatment and improved prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Ji
- Department of Neurology, Sanya People’s Hospital, Sanya, China
| | - Jiaqian Zhu
- School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lujiang Li
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaodan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shaolong Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Sanya People’s Hospital, Sanya, China
| | - Liming Cao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of the Research and Development of Novel Pharmaceutical Preparations, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, China
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Ghasemi Nezhad F, Karmostaji A, Sarkoohi P, Shahbazi B, Gharibi Z, Negahdari B, Ahmadi K. Introduction of protein vaccine candidate based on AP65, AP33, and α-actinin proteins against Trichomonas vaginalis parasite: an immunoinformatics design. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:165. [PMID: 38556882 PMCID: PMC10981826 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06248-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichomonas vaginalis is the most common nonviral sexually transmitted disease (STI) worldwide. Vaccination is generally considered to be one of the most effective methods of preventing infectious diseases. Using AP65, AP33 and α-actinin proteins, this research aims to develop a protein vaccine against Trichomonas vaginalis. METHODS Based on the B-cell and T-cell epitope prediction servers, the most antigenic epitopes were selected, and with the necessary evaluations, epitope-rich domains of three proteins, AP65, AP33, and α-actinin, were selected and linked. Subsequently, the ability of the vaccine to interact with toll-like receptors 2 and 4 (TLR2 and TLR4) was assessed. The stability of the interactions was also studied by molecular dynamics for a duration of 100 nanoseconds. RESULTS The designed protein consists of 780 amino acids with a molecular weight of 85247.31 daltons. The results of the interaction of the vaccine candidate with TLR2 and TLR4 of the immune system also showed that there are strong interactions between the vaccine candidate protein with TLR2 (-890.7 kcal mol-1) and TLR4 (-967.3 kcal mol-1). All parameters studied to evaluate the stability of the protein structure and the protein-TLR2 and protein-TLR4 complexes showed that the structure of the vaccine candidate protein is stable alone and in complex with the immune system receptors. Investigation of the ability of the designed protein to induce an immune response using the C-ImmSim web server also showed that the designed protein is capable of stimulating B- and T-cell lymphocytes to produce the necessary cytokines and antibodies against Trichomonas vaginalis. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our vaccine may have potential protection against Trichomonas vaginalis. However, for experimental in vivo and in vitro studies, it may be a good vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forozan Ghasemi Nezhad
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Afsaneh Karmostaji
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Parisa Sarkoohi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Behzad Shahbazi
- School of Pharmacy, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Zahra Gharibi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Batul Negahdari
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Ahmadi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
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Maler MD, Zwick S, Kallfass C, Engelhard P, Shi H, Hellig L, Zhengyang P, Hardt A, Zissel G, Ruzsics Z, Jahnen-Dechent W, Martin SF, Nielsen PJ, Stolz D, Lopatecka J, Bastyans S, Beutler B, Schamel WW, Fejer G, Freudenberg MA. Type I Interferon, Induced by Adenovirus or Adenoviral Vector Infection, Regulates the Cytokine Response to Lipopolysaccharide in a Macrophage Type-Specific Manner. J Innate Immun 2024; 16:226-247. [PMID: 38527452 PMCID: PMC11023693 DOI: 10.1159/000538282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While TLR ligands derived from microbial flora and pathogens are important activators of the innate immune system, a variety of factors such as intracellular bacteria, viruses, and parasites can induce a state of hyperreactivity, causing a dysregulated and potentially life-threatening cytokine over-response upon TLR ligand exposure. Type I interferon (IFN-αβ) is a central mediator in the induction of hypersensitivity and is strongly expressed in splenic conventional dendritic cells (cDC) and marginal zone macrophages (MZM) when mice are infected with adenovirus. This study investigates the ability of adenoviral infection to influence the activation state of the immune system and underlines the importance of considering this state when planning the treatment of patients. METHODS Infection with adenovirus-based vectors (Ad) or pretreatment with recombinant IFN-β was used as a model to study hypersensitivity to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mice, murine macrophages, and human blood samples. The TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-αβ, and IL-10 responses induced by LPS after pretreatment were measured. Mouse knockout models for MARCO, IFN-αβR, CD14, IRF3, and IRF7 were used to probe the mechanisms of the hypersensitive reaction. RESULTS We show that, similar to TNF-α and IL-6 but not IL-10, the induction of IFN-αβ by LPS increases strongly after Ad infection. This is true both in mice and in human blood samples ex vivo, suggesting that the regulatory mechanisms seen in the mouse are also present in humans. In mice, the scavenger receptor MARCO on IFN-αβ-producing cDC and splenic marginal zone macrophages is important for Ad uptake and subsequent cytokine overproduction by LPS. Interestingly, not all IFN-αβ-pretreated macrophage types exposed to LPS exhibit an enhanced TNF-α and IL-6 response. Pretreated alveolar macrophages and alveolar macrophage-like murine cell lines (MPI cells) show enhanced responses, while bone marrow-derived and peritoneal macrophages show a weaker response. This correlates with the respective absence or presence of the anti-inflammatory IL-10 response in these different macrophage types. In contrast, Ad or IFN-β pretreatment enhances the subsequent induction of IFN-αβ in all macrophage types. IRF3 is dispensable for the LPS-induced IFN-αβ overproduction in infected MPI cells and partly dispensable in infected mice, while IRF7 is required. The expression of the LPS co-receptor CD14 is important but not absolutely required for the elicitation of a TNF-α over-response to LPS in Ad-infected mice. CONCLUSION Viral infections or application of virus-based vaccines induces type I interferon and can tip the balance of the innate immune system in the direction of hyperreactivity to a subsequent exposure to TLR ligands. The adenoviral model presented here is one example of how multiple factors, both environmental and genetic, affect the physiological responses to pathogens. Being able to measure the current reactivity state of the immune system would have important benefits for infection-specific therapies and for the prevention of vaccination-elicited adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike D. Maler
- Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
- Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sophie Zwick
- Department of Pneumology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Kallfass
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peggy Engelhard
- Department of Pneumology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hexin Shi
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Laura Hellig
- Department of Pneumology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Pang Zhengyang
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Annika Hardt
- Department of Pneumology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gernot Zissel
- Department of Pneumology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Zsolt Ruzsics
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Willi Jahnen-Dechent
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefan F. Martin
- Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Jess Nielsen
- Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daiana Stolz
- Department of Pneumology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Justyna Lopatecka
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Faculty of Medicine, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sarah Bastyans
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Faculty of Medicine, Aachen, Germany
| | - Bruce Beutler
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Wolfgang W. Schamel
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency CCI, University Clinics and Medical Faculty, Freiburg, Germany
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - György Fejer
- Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Faculty of Medicine, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marina Alexandra Freudenberg
- Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Pneumology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
- Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency CCI, University Clinics and Medical Faculty, Freiburg, Germany
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Bonhomme D, Cavaillon JM, Werts C. The dangerous liaisons in innate immunity involving recombinant proteins and endotoxins: Examples from the literature and the Leptospira field. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105506. [PMID: 38029965 PMCID: PMC10777017 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Endotoxins, also known as lipopolysaccharides (LPS), are essential components of cell walls of diderm bacteria such as Escherichia coli. LPS are microbe-associated molecular patterns that can activate pattern recognition receptors. While trying to investigate the interactions between proteins and host innate immunity, some studies using recombinant proteins expressed in E. coli reported interaction and activation of immune cells. Here, we set out to provide information on endotoxins that are highly toxic to humans and bind to numerous molecules, including recombinant proteins. We begin by outlining the history of the discovery of endotoxins, their receptors and the associated signaling pathways that confer extreme sensitivity to immune cells, acting alone or in synergy with other microbe-associated molecular patterns. We list the various places where endotoxins have been found. Additionally, we warn against the risk of data misinterpretation due to endotoxin contamination in recombinant proteins, which is difficult to estimate with the Limulus amebocyte lysate assay, and cannot be completely neutralized (e.g., treatment with polymyxin B or heating). We further illustrate our point with examples of recombinant heat-shock proteins and viral proteins from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, dengue and HIV, for which endotoxin contamination has eventually been shown to be responsible for the inflammatory roles previously ascribed. We also critically appraised studies on recombinant Leptospira proteins regarding their putative inflammatory roles. Finally, to avoid these issues, we propose alternatives to express recombinant proteins in nonmicrobial systems. Microbiologists wishing to undertake innate immunity studies with their favorite pathogens should be aware of these difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Bonhomme
- Institut Pasteur, Université Cité Paris, CNRS UMR6047, INSERM U1306, Unité de Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France
| | | | - Catherine Werts
- Institut Pasteur, Université Cité Paris, CNRS UMR6047, INSERM U1306, Unité de Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France.
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Xiao H, Amarsaikhan O, Zhao Y, Yu X, Hu X, Han S, Chaolumen, Baigude H. Astrocyte-targeted siRNA delivery by adenosine-functionalized LNP in mouse TBI model. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023; 34:102065. [PMID: 38028196 PMCID: PMC10661454 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.102065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) induces pro-inflammatory polarization of astrocytes and causes secondary disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and brain damage. Herein, we report a successful astrocyte-targeted delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) by ligand functionalized lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) formulated from adenosine-conjugated lipids and a novel ionizable lipid (denoted by Ad4 LNPs). Systemic administration of Ad4 LNPs carrying siRNA against TLR4 to the mice TBI model resulted in the specific internalization of the LNPs by astrocytes in the vicinity of damaged brain tissue. A substantial knockdown of TLR4 at both mRNA and protein levels in the brain was observed, which led to a significant decrease of key pro-inflammatory cytokines and an increase of key anti-inflammatory cytokines in serum. Dye leakage measurement suggested that the Ad4-LNP-mediated knockdown of TLR4 attenuated the TBI-induced BBB disruption. Together, our data suggest that Ad4 LNP is a promising vehicle for astrocyte-specific delivery of nucleic acid therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Xiao
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Mongolian Medicinal Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010020, P.R. China
| | - Odmaa Amarsaikhan
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Mongolian Medicinal Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010020, P.R. China
| | - Yunwang Zhao
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Mongolian Medicinal Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010020, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Yu
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Mongolian Medicinal Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010020, P.R. China
| | - Xin Hu
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Mongolian Medicinal Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010020, P.R. China
| | - Shuqin Han
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Mongolian Medicinal Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010020, P.R. China
| | - Chaolumen
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Mongolian Medicinal Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010020, P.R. China
| | - Huricha Baigude
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Mongolian Medicinal Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010020, P.R. China
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10
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Xiao B, Li J, Qiao Z, Yang S, Kwan HY, Jiang T, Zhang M, Xia Q, Liu Z, Su T. Therapeutic effects of Siegesbeckia orientalis L. and its active compound luteolin in rheumatoid arthritis: network pharmacology, molecular docking and experimental validation. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 317:116852. [PMID: 37390879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common difficult disease with a high disability rate. Siegesbeckia orientalis L. (SO), a Chinese medicinal herb that is commonly used for treating RA in clinical practice. While, the anti-RA effect and the mechanisms of action of SO, as well as its active compound(s) have not been elucidated clearly. AIM OF THE STUDY We aim to explore the molecular mechanism of SO against RA by using network pharmacology analysis, as well as the in vitro and in vivo experimental validations, and to explore the potential bioactive compound(s) in SO. METHODS Network pharmacology is an advanced technology that provides us an efficient way to study the therapeutic actions of herbs with the underlying mechanisms of action delineated. Here, we used this approach to explore the anti-RA effects of SO, and then the molecular biological approaches were used to verify the prediction. We first established a drug-ingredient-target-disease network and a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of SO-related RA targets, followed by the Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses. Further, we used lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages and vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGFA)-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) models, as well as adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) rat model to validate the anti-RA effects of SO. The chemical profile of SO was also determined by using the UHPLC-TOF-MS/MS analysis. RESULTS Network pharmacology analysis highlighted inflammatory- and angiogenesis-related signaling pathways as promising pathways that mediate the anti-RA effects of SO. Further, in both in vivo and in vitro models, we found that the anti-RA effect of SO is at least partially due to the inhibition of toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling. Molecular docking analysis revealed that luteolin, an active compound in SO, shows the highest degree of connections in compound-target network; moreover, it has a direct binding to the TLR4/MD-2 complex, which is confirmed in cell models. Besides, more than forty compounds including luteolin, darutoside and kaempferol corresponding to their individual peaks were identified tentatively via matching with the empirical molecular formulae and their mass fragments. CONCLUSION We found that SO and its active compound luteolin exhibit anti-RA activities and potently inhibit TLR4 signaling both in vitro and in vivo. These findings not only indicate the advantage of network pharmacology in the discovery of herb-based therapeutics for treating diseases, but also suggest that SO and its active compound(s) could be developed as potential anti-RA therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bixia Xiao
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Junmao Li
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China.
| | - Zhiping Qiao
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Songhong Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China.
| | - Hiu-Yee Kwan
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Ting Jiang
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Mi Zhang
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Quan Xia
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhongqiu Liu
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Tao Su
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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11
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Wang M, Feng J, Zhou D, Wang J. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide-induced endothelial activation and dysfunction: a new predictive and therapeutic paradigm for sepsis. Eur J Med Res 2023; 28:339. [PMID: 37700349 PMCID: PMC10498524 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01301-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipopolysaccharide, a highly potent endotoxin responsible for severe sepsis, is the major constituent of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. Endothelial cells participate in both innate and adaptive immune responses as the first cell types to detect lipopolysaccharide or other foreign debris in the bloodstream. Endothelial cells are able to recognize the presence of LPS and recruit specific adaptor proteins to the membrane domains of TLR4, thereby initiating an intracellular signaling cascade. However, lipopolysaccharide binding to endothelial cells induces endothelial activation and even damage, manifested by the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules that lead to sepsis. MAIN FINDINGS LPS is involved in both local and systemic inflammation, activating both innate and adaptive immunity. Translocation of lipopolysaccharide into the circulation causes endotoxemia. Endothelial dysfunction, including exaggerated inflammation, coagulopathy and vascular leakage, may play a central role in the dysregulated host response and pathogenesis of sepsis. By discussing the many strategies used to treat sepsis, this review attempts to provide an overview of how lipopolysaccharide induces the ever more complex syndrome of sepsis and the potential for the development of novel sepsis therapeutics. CONCLUSIONS To reduce patient morbidity and mortality, preservation of endothelial function would be central to the management of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 JieFang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 JieFang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Feng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 JieFang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 JieFang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Daixing Zhou
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 JieFang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 JieFang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
| | - Junshuai Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 JieFang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 JieFang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Busold S, Akkerdaas JH, Zijlstra-Willems EM, van der Graaf K, Tas SW, de Jong EC, van Ree R, Geijtenbeek TBH. Toll-like receptor 4 and Syk kinase shape dendritic cell-induced immune activation to major house dust mite allergens. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1105538. [PMID: 37614946 PMCID: PMC10442820 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1105538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background House dust mite (HDM) is a major cause of respiratory allergic diseases. Dendritic cells (DCs) play a central role in orchestrating adaptive allergic immune responses. However, it remains unclear how DCs become activated by HDM. Biochemical functions of the major HDM allergens Der p 1 (cysteine protease) and Der p 2 (MD2-mimick) have been implicated to contribute to DC activation. Methods We investigated the immune activating potential of HDM extract and its major allergens Der p 1 and Der p 2 using monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs). Maturation and activation markers were monitored by flow cytometry and cytokine production by ELISA. Allergen depletion and proteinase K digestion were used to investigate the involvement of proteins, and in particular of the major allergens. Inhibitors of spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk), Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and of C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) were used to identify the involved receptors. The contribution of endotoxins in moDC activation was assessed by their removal from HDM extract. Results HDM extract induced DC maturation and cytokine responses in contrast to the natural purified major allergens Der p 1 and Der p 2. Proteinase K digestion and removal of Der p 1 or Der p 2 did not alter the immune stimulatory capacity of HDM extract. Antibodies against the CLRs Dectin-1, Dectin-2, and DC-SIGN did not affect cytokine responses. In contrast, Syk inhibition partially reduced IL-6, IL-12 and completely blocked IL-10. Blocking TLR4 signaling reduced the HDM-induced IL-10 and IL-12p70 induction, but not IL-6, while endotoxin removal potently abolished the induced cytokine response. Conclusion Our data strongly suggest that HDM-induced DC activation is neither dependent on Der p 1 nor Der p 2, but depend on Syk and TLR4 activation, which might suggest a crosstalk between Syk and TLR4 pathways. Our data highlight that endotoxins play a potent role in immune responses targeting HDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Busold
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Inflammatory Diseases, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jaap H. Akkerdaas
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Inflammatory Diseases, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Esther M. Zijlstra-Willems
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Inflammatory Diseases, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Sander W. Tas
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Inflammatory Diseases, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Esther C. de Jong
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Inflammatory Diseases, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ronald van Ree
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Inflammatory Diseases, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Teunis B. H. Geijtenbeek
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Inflammatory Diseases, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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13
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Pokrovsky VS, Ivanova-Radkevich VI, Kuznetsova OM. Sphingolipid Metabolism in Tumor Cells. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2023; 88:847-866. [PMID: 37751859 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923070015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Sphingolipids are a diverse family of complex lipids typically composed of a sphingoid base bound to a fatty acid via amide bond. The metabolism of sphingolipids has long remained out of focus of biochemical studies. Recently, it has been attracting an increasing interest of researchers because of different and often multidirectional effects demonstrated by sphingolipids with a similar chemical structure. Sphingosine, ceramides (N-acylsphingosines), and their phosphorylated derivatives (sphingosine-1-phosphate and ceramide-1-phosphates) act as signaling molecules. Ceramides induce apoptosis and regulate stability of cell membranes and cell response to stress. Ceramides and sphingoid bases slow down anabolic and accelerate catabolic reactions, thus suppressing cell proliferation. On the contrary, their phosphorylated derivatives (ceramide-1-phosphate and sphingosine-1-phosphate) stimulate cell proliferation. Involvement of sphingolipids in the regulation of apoptosis and cell proliferation makes them critically important in tumor progression. Sphingolipid metabolism enzymes and sphingolipid receptors can be potential targets for antitumor therapy. This review describes the main pathways of sphingolipid metabolism in human cells, with special emphasis on the properties of this metabolism in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim S Pokrovsky
- People's Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, 117198, Russia.
| | | | - Olga M Kuznetsova
- People's Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, 117198, Russia
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14
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Wu S, Zhang C, Wang Y, Li P, Du X, Wang X. Dissecting the species-specific recognition of Neoseptin 3 by TLR4/MD2 via molecular dynamics simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:13012-13018. [PMID: 37102696 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp00949a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is crucial in the innate immune response with species-specific recognition. As a novel small-molecule agonist for mouse TLR4/MD2, Neoseptin 3 fails to activate human TLR4/MD2, while the underlying mechanism is unclear. Herein, molecular dynamics simulations were performed to investigate the species-specific molecular recognition of Neoseptin 3. Lipid A, a classic TLR4 agonist showing no apparent species-specific sensing by TLR4/MD2, was also investigated for comparison. Neoseptin 3 and lipid A showed similar binding patterns with mouse TLR4/MD2. Although the binding free energies of Neoseptin 3 interacting with TLR4/MD2 from mouse and human species were similar, protein-ligand interactions and the details of the dimerization interface were substantially different between Neoseptin 3-bound mouse and human heterotetramers at the atomic level. Neoseptin 3 binding made human (TLR4/MD2)2 more flexible than human (TLR4/MD2/Lipid A)2, especially at the TLR4 C-terminus and MD2, which drives human (TLR4/MD2)2 fluctuating away from the active conformation. In contrast to mouse (TLR4/MD2/2*Neoseptin 3)2 and mouse/human (TLR4/MD2/Lipid A)2 systems, Neoseptin 3 binding to human TLR4/MD2 led to the separating trend of the C-terminus of TLR4. Furthermore, the protein-protein interactions at the dimerization interface between TLR4 and the neighboring MD2 in the human (TLR4/MD2/2*Neoseptin 3)2 system were much weaker than those of the lipid A-bound human TLR4/MD2 heterotetramer. These results explained the inability of Neoseptin 3 to activate human TLR4 signaling and accounted for the species-specific activation of TLR4/MD2, which provides insight for transforming Neoseptin 3 as a human TLR4 agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siru Wu
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, China.
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, China.
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Yibo Wang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, China.
| | - Penghui Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Xiubo Du
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, China.
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
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15
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Martínez-López A, Tyrkalska SD, Alcaraz-Pérez F, Cabas I, Candel S, Martínez Morcillo FJ, Sepulcre MP, García-Moreno D, Cayuela ML, Mulero V. Evolution of LPS recognition and signaling: The bony fish perspective. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 145:104710. [PMID: 37080369 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Fish are the most diverse and successful group of vertebrate animals, with about 30,000 species. The study of fish immunity is of great importance for understanding the evolution of vertebrate immunity, as they are the first animals to show both innate and adaptive immune responses. Although fish immunity is similar to that of mammals, there are obvious differences, such as their dependence of ambient temperature, their poor antibody response, and lack of antibody switching and lymph nodes. In addition, several important differences have also been found between the innate immune responses of fish and mammals. Among these, we will discuss in this review the high resistance of fish to the toxic effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) which can be explained by the absence of a Toll-like receptor 4 (Tlr4) ortholog in most fish species or by the inability of the Tlr4/Md2 (Myeloid differentiation 2) complex to recognize LPS, together with the presence of a negative regulator of the LPS signaling complex formed by the TLR-like molecule Rp105 (Radioprotective 105) and Md1. Taken together, these data support the idea that, although TLR4 and RP105 arose from a common ancestor to fish and tetrapods, the TLR4/MD2 receptor complex for LPS recognition arose after their divergence about 450 million years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Martínez-López
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB)-Arrixaca, 30120, Murcia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Sylwia D Tyrkalska
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain; Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB)-Arrixaca, 30120, Murcia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisca Alcaraz-Pérez
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB)-Arrixaca, 30120, Murcia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, 30120, Murcia, Spain
| | - Isabel Cabas
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain; Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB)-Arrixaca, 30120, Murcia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Candel
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain; Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB)-Arrixaca, 30120, Murcia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J Martínez Morcillo
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain; Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB)-Arrixaca, 30120, Murcia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - María P Sepulcre
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain; Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB)-Arrixaca, 30120, Murcia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diana García-Moreno
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - María L Cayuela
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB)-Arrixaca, 30120, Murcia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, 30120, Murcia, Spain
| | - Victoriano Mulero
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain; Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB)-Arrixaca, 30120, Murcia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
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16
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Relationship of Sulfatides Physiological Function and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor α. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:2059-2065. [PMID: 36879104 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-03895-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Sulfatides are unique sphingolipids present in the serum and the plasma membrane. Sulfatides exert important functions in a number of systems in the human body, including the nervous, immune, cardiovascular, and coagulation systems.Furthermore, it is closely related to tumor occurrence, development, and metastasis. Peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor α (PPARα) is a class of the nuclear receptor superfamily of transcription factors, which is a potential regulator of sulfatides. This review not only summarizes the current knowledge on the physiological functions of sulfatides in various systems, but also discusses the possible PPARα regulatory mechanisms in sulfatide metabolism and functions. The results of the present analysis provide deep insights and further novel ideas for expanding the research on the physiological function and clinical application of sulfatides.
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de Andrade L, Duarte EL, Lamy MT, Rozenfeld JHK. Thermotropic Behavior and Structural Organization of C24:1 Sulfatide Dispersions and Its Mixtures with Cationic Bilayers. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:5306-5315. [PMID: 36816677 PMCID: PMC9933474 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
C24:1 sulfatide (SF) is an endogenous activator of type II NKT cells. The thermotropic behavior and structure of SF dispersions and its mixtures (4.8-16.6 mol %) with cationic dioctadecyldimethylammonium bromide (DODAB) bilayers were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. The non-interdigitated lamellar structures formed by pure SF display broad thermal events around 27.5 °C when heated and cooled. These events disappear upon mixing with DODAB, showing complete lipid miscibility. SF decreases the DODAB gel-phase packing, with a consequent decrease in phase-transition temperatures and cooperativity upon heating. In contrast, SF increases the rigidity of the DODAB fluid phase, resulting in a smaller decrease in transition temperatures upon cooling. The hysteresis between heating and cooling decreased as the SF molar fraction increased. These effects on DODAB are similar to the ones described for other glycolipids, such as αGalCer and βGlcCer. This might be due to the orientation of the rigid and planar amide bond that connects their sphingoid bases and acyl chains, which result in a V-shaped conformation of the glycolipid molecules. The current results may be important to plan and develop new immunotherapeutic tools based on SF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas de Andrade
- Departamento
de Biofísica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Botucatu 862, 04023-062São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Evandro L. Duarte
- Instituto
de Física, Universidade de São
Paulo, Rua do Matão
1371, 05508090São
Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M. Teresa Lamy
- Instituto
de Física, Universidade de São
Paulo, Rua do Matão
1371, 05508090São
Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julio H. K. Rozenfeld
- Departamento
de Biofísica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Botucatu 862, 04023-062São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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18
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Yadav S, Singh A, Kant R, Surolia A. TLR4 activation by lysozyme induces pain without inflammation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1065226. [PMID: 37197666 PMCID: PMC10183575 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1065226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mostly, pain has been studied in association with inflammation, until recent studies which indicate that during bacterial infections, pain mechanisms could be independent of the inflammation. Chronic pain can sustain long after the healing from the injury, even in the absence of any visible inflammation. However, the mechanism behind this is not known. We tested inflammation in lysozyme-injected mice foot paw. Interestingly, we observed no inflammation in mice foot paw. Yet, lysozyme injections induced pain in these mice. Lysozyme induces pain in a TLR4-dependent manner and TLR4 activation by its ligands such as LPS leads to inflammatory response. We compared the intracellular signaling of MyD88 and TRIF pathways upon TLR4 activation by lysozyme and LPS to understand the underlying mechanism behind the absence of an inflammatory response upon lysozyme treatment. We observed a TLR4 induced selective TRIF and not MyD88 pathway activation upon lysozyme treatment. This is unlike any other previously known endogenous TLR4 activators. A selective activation of TRIF pathway by lysozyme induces weak inflammatory cytokine response devoid of inflammation. However, lysozyme activates glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase-2 (GOT2) in neurons in a TRIF-dependent manner, resulting in enhanced glutamate response. We propose that this enhanced glutaminergic response could lead to neuronal activation resulting in pain sensation upon lysozyme injections. Collectively we identify that TLR4 activation by lysozyme can induce pain in absence of a significant inflammation. Also, unlike other known TLR4 endogenous activators, lysozyme does not activate MyD88 signaling. These findings uncover a mechanism of selective activation of TRIF pathway by TLR4. This selective TRIF activation induces pain with negligible inflammation, constituting a chronic pain homeostatic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Yadav
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Amrita Singh
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Ravi Kant
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Avadhesha Surolia
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- *Correspondence: Avadhesha Surolia,
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19
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Yang M, Su Y, Jiang Y, Huang X, Liu Q, Kong Q. Reducing the endotoxic activity or enhancing the vaccine immunogenicity by altering the length of lipid A acyl chain in Salmonella. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 114:109575. [PMID: 36700768 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The balance of the attenuation and reactogenicity is an issue in the development of recombinant attenuated Salmonella vaccines (RASV). Some reactogenic strains produced side effects are partially induced by lipid A. As reported, the number of lipid A acyl chains influence the strength and outcome of immune responses. However, there is rarely any study to investigate the modifications of acyl chain length on the effect of the toxicity and immunogenicity in Salmonella. In this study, foreign acyltransferase genes lpxA and lpxD were introduced into S. Typhimurium, which produced the S006 (ΔaraBAD::PlppCtlpxAC10) or S007 (ΔproBA::PlppSslpxDC16) strains with C10 or C16 acyl chains respectively. The results showed that the increased polymyxin B susceptibility, reduced swimming and invasion capabilities were observed in the S006. In addition, it also exhibited a lower endotoxicity and colonization ability compared to the parent strain. The result indicated the introduction of C10 acyl chains could be as a candidate choice for lipid A detoxifying strategy in engineering bacteria. However, the longer acyl chain modification didn't obviously change these abilities. Parallelly, these modifications were introduced into a Salmonella vaccine strain to determine their influences on the immune responses against Pneumonia. After inoculation by the strain V003 (ΔaraBAD ΔproBA::PlppSslpxDC16 χ9241), the mice produced robust levels of anti-PspA IgG, and a balanced Th1/Th2 immunity, which resulted in a significant survival improvement of mice with challenging against Streptococcus pneumonia. Therefore, the combination of lipid A modification with C16 acyl chain may be a better strategy for the development of ideal RASVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, China
| | - Yingying Su
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, China
| | - Yanlong Jiang
- College of Animal Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, China
| | - Qing Liu
- College of Animal Science and technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Qingke Kong
- College of veterinary medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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20
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Capelluto DGS. The repertoire of protein-sulfatide interactions reveal distinct modes of sulfatide recognition. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:1080161. [PMID: 36533082 PMCID: PMC9748700 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1080161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulfatide is an abundant glycosphingolipid in the mammalian nervous system, kidney, trachea, gastrointestinal tract, spleen, and pancreas and is found in low levels in other tissues. Sulfatide is characterized by the presence of a sulfate group in the hydrophilic galactose moiety, with isoforms differing in their sphingosine base and the length, unsaturation, and hydroxylation of their acyl chain. Sulfatide has been associated with a variety of cellular processes including immune responses, cell survival, myelin organization, platelet aggregation, and host-pathogen interactions. Structural studies of protein-sulfatide interactions markedly advanced our understanding of their molecular contacts, key-interacting residues, orientation of the sulfatide in its binding site, and in some cases, sulfatide-mediated protein oligomerization. To date, all protein-sulfatide interactions are reported to display dissociation constants in the low micromolar range. At least three distinct modes of protein-sulfatide binding were identified: 1) protein binding to short consensus stretches of amino acids that adopt α-helical-loop-α-helical conformations; 2) sulfatide-bound proteins that present the sulfatide head group to another protein; and 3) proteins that cage sulfatides. The scope of this review is to present an up-to-date overview of these molecular mechanisms of sulfatide recognition to better understand the role of this glycosphingolipid in physiological and pathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G. S Capelluto
- Protein Signaling Domains Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Center for Soft Matter and Biological Physics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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21
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Zhan H, Pu Q, Long X, Lu W, Wang G, Meng F, Liao Z, Lan X, Chen M. Oxybaphus himalaicus Mitigates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Kidney Injury by Inhibiting TLR4/MD2 Complex Formation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11122307. [PMID: 36552516 PMCID: PMC9774781 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is described as the abrupt decrease in kidney function always accompanied by inflammation. The roots of Oxybaphus himalaicus Edgew. have long been used in Tibetan folk medicine for the treatment of nephritis. Nevertheless, modern pharmacological studies, especially about the underlying mechanism of O. himalaicus medications, are still lacking. Here, in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages, the O. himalaicus extract (OE) showed significant anti-inflammatory activity with the dose dependently reducing the LPS-stimulated release of nitric oxide and the mRNA level and protein expression of inflammatory cytokines and reversed the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). Co-immunoprecipitation assay indicated that OE inhibited Toll-like receptor 4/myeloid differentiation factor 2 (TLR4/MD2) complex formation and further suppressed both myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)-dependent and TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF)-dependent cascades activation. In addition, OE could restrain NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) endocytosis by blocking TLR4/MD2 complex formation to prevent reactive oxygen species production. In LPS-induced AKI mice, OE treatment mitigated renal injury and inflammatory infiltration by inhibiting TLR4/MD2 complex formation. UPLC-MS/MS analysis tentatively identified 41 components in OE. Our results indicated that OE presented significant anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting TLR4/MD2 complex formation, which alleviated LPS-induced AKI in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghong Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qingxiu Pu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiaoliang Long
- School of Life Sciences, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City and Southwest University, The Provincial and Ministerial Co-Founded Collaborative Innovation Center for R&D in Tibet Characteristic Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Resources, TAAHC-SWU Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Guowei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Fancheng Meng
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhihua Liao
- School of Life Sciences, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City and Southwest University, The Provincial and Ministerial Co-Founded Collaborative Innovation Center for R&D in Tibet Characteristic Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Resources, TAAHC-SWU Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiaozhong Lan
- TAAHC-SWU Medicinal Plant R&D Center, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University, Nyingchi 860000, China
| | - Min Chen
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Correspondence:
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22
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A Global Picture of Molecular Changes Associated to LPS Treatment in THP-1 Derived Human Macrophages by Fourier Transform Infrared Microspectroscopy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113447. [DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are among the first immune cells involved in the initiation of the inflammatory response to protect the host from pathogens. THP-1 derived macrophages (TDM) are used as a model to study the pro-inflammatory effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure. Intact TDM cells were analysed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopy, supported by multivariate analysis, to obtain a snapshot of the molecular events sparked by LPS stimulation in macrophage-like cells. This spectroscopic analysis enabled the untargeted identification of the most significant spectral components affected by the treatment, ascribable mainly to lipid, protein, and sulfated sugar bands, thus stressing the fundamental role of these classes of molecules in inflammation and in immune response. Our study, therefore, shows that FTIR microspectroscopy enabled the identification of spectroscopic markers of LPS stimulation and has the potential to become a tool to assess those global biochemical changes related to inflammatory and anti-inflammatory stimuli of synthetic and natural immunomodulators different from LPS.
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23
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Zhang Y, Liang X, Bao X, Xiao W, Chen G. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) inhibitors: Current research and prospective. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 235:114291. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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24
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Yang L, Wang Z, Zhang A, Bhawal R, Li C, Zhang S, Cheng L, Hua J. Reduction of the canonical function of a glycolytic enzyme enolase triggers immune responses that further affect metabolism and growth in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:1745-1767. [PMID: 34791448 PMCID: PMC9048932 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Primary metabolism provides energy for growth and development as well as secondary metabolites for diverse environmental responses. Here we describe an unexpected consequence of disruption of a glycolytic enzyme enolase named LOW EXPRESSION OF OSMOTICALLY RESPONSIVE GENE 2 (LOS2) in causing constitutive defense responses or autoimmunity in Arabidopsis thaliana. The autoimmunity in the los2 mutant is accompanied by a higher expression of about one-quarter of intracellular immune receptor nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) genes in the genome and is partially dependent on one of these NLR genes. The LOS2 gene was hypothesized to produce an alternatively translated protein c-Myc Binding Protein (MBP-1) that functions as a transcriptional repressor. Complementation tests show that LOS2 executes its function in growth and immunity regulation through the canonical enolase activity but not the production of MBP-1. In addition, the autoimmunity in the los2 mutants leads to a higher accumulation of sugars and organic acids and a depletion of glycolytic metabolites. These findings indicate that LOS2 does not exert its function in immune responses through an alternatively translated protein MBP-1. Rather, they show that a perturbation of glycolysis from the reduction of the enolase activity results in activation of NLR-involved immune responses which further influences primary metabolism and plant growth, highlighting the complex interaction between primary metabolism and plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leiyun Yang
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Zhixue Wang
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | | | - Ruchika Bhawal
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Cornell University, New York 14853, USA
| | | | - Sheng Zhang
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Cornell University, New York 14853, USA
| | - Lailiang Cheng
- Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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25
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Kanoh H. [Homeostatic and Pathophysiological Regulation of Toll-like Receptor 4 Signaling by GM3 Ganglioside Molecular Species]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2022; 142:195-203. [PMID: 35228371 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.21-00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of obesity and metabolic disorders. In obesity, pattern-recognition receptors in innate immune system, such as Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), cause chronic inflammation through prolonged activation by various endogenous ligands, including fatty acids and its metabolites. Gangliosides and other glycosphingolipids are important metabolites of fatty acids and saccharides. GM3, the simplest ganglioside comprising α2,3-sialyllactose, is expressed in insulin-sensitive peripheral tissues such as liver and adipose tissue, and furthermore secreted abundantly into serum. It has been shown that GM3 regulates the signal transduction of insulin receptor in adipose tissue as a component of membrane microdomains, and elevation in GM3 level causes insulin resistance. However, the homeostatic and pathophysiological functions of extracellularly secreted GM3 are poorly understood. We recently reported that GM3 species with differing fatty acid structures act as pro- and anti-inflammatory endogenous TLR4 ligands. GM3 with very long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA) and α-hydroxyl VLCFA strongly enhanced TLR4 activation. Conversely, GM3 with long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) and ω-9 unsaturated VLCFA inhibited TLR4 activation, counteracting the VLCFA species. GM3 interacted with the extracellular complex of TLR4 and promoted dimerization/oligomerization. In obesity and metabolic disorders, VLCFA species were increased in serum and adipose tissue, whereas LCFA species was relatively decreased; their imbalances were correlated to disease progression. Our findings suggest that GM3 species are disease-related endogenous TLR4 ligands, and "glycosphingolipid sensing" by TLR4 controls the homeostatic and pathological roles of innate immune signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Kanoh
- Division of Glycopathology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University
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26
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Yokoyama N, Hanafusa K, Hotta T, Oshima E, Iwabuchi K, Nakayama H. Multiplicity of Glycosphingolipid-Enriched Microdomain-Driven Immune Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9565. [PMID: 34502474 PMCID: PMC8430928 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids (GSLs), together with cholesterol, sphingomyelin (SM), and glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored and membrane-associated signal transduction molecules, form GSL-enriched microdomains. These specialized microdomains interact in a cis manner with various immune receptors, affecting immune receptor-mediated signaling. This, in turn, results in the regulation of a broad range of immunological functions, including phagocytosis, cytokine production, antigen presentation and apoptosis. In addition, GSLs alone can regulate immunological functions by acting as ligands for immune receptors, and exogenous GSLs can alter the organization of microdomains and microdomain-associated signaling. Many pathogens, including viruses, bacteria and fungi, enter host cells by binding to GSL-enriched microdomains. Intracellular pathogens survive inside phagocytes by manipulating intracellular microdomain-driven signaling and/or sphingolipid metabolism pathways. This review describes the mechanisms by which GSL-enriched microdomains regulate immune signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Yokoyama
- Institute for Environmental and Gender-Specific Medicine, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu, Chiba 279-0021, Japan; (N.Y.); (K.H.); (T.H.); (E.O.); (K.I.)
| | - Kei Hanafusa
- Institute for Environmental and Gender-Specific Medicine, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu, Chiba 279-0021, Japan; (N.Y.); (K.H.); (T.H.); (E.O.); (K.I.)
| | - Tomomi Hotta
- Institute for Environmental and Gender-Specific Medicine, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu, Chiba 279-0021, Japan; (N.Y.); (K.H.); (T.H.); (E.O.); (K.I.)
| | - Eriko Oshima
- Institute for Environmental and Gender-Specific Medicine, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu, Chiba 279-0021, Japan; (N.Y.); (K.H.); (T.H.); (E.O.); (K.I.)
| | - Kazuhisa Iwabuchi
- Institute for Environmental and Gender-Specific Medicine, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu, Chiba 279-0021, Japan; (N.Y.); (K.H.); (T.H.); (E.O.); (K.I.)
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Juntendo University Faculty of Health Care and Nursing, Urayasu, Chiba 279-0023, Japan
- Infection Control Nursing, Juntendo University Graduate School of Health Care and Nursing, Urayasu, Chiba 279-0023, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Nakayama
- Institute for Environmental and Gender-Specific Medicine, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu, Chiba 279-0021, Japan; (N.Y.); (K.H.); (T.H.); (E.O.); (K.I.)
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Juntendo University Faculty of Health Care and Nursing, Urayasu, Chiba 279-0023, Japan
- Infection Control Nursing, Juntendo University Graduate School of Health Care and Nursing, Urayasu, Chiba 279-0023, Japan
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27
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Olona A, Hateley C, Muralidharan S, Wenk MR, Torta F, Behmoaras J. Sphingolipid metabolism during Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated macrophage activation. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:4575-4587. [PMID: 34363204 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage activation in response to stimulation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) provides a paradigm for investigating energy metabolism that regulates the inflammatory response. TLR4-mediated pro-inflammatory macrophage activation is characterized by increased glycolysis and altered mitochondrial metabolism, supported by selective amino acid uptake and/or usage. Fatty acid metabolism remains as a highly complex rewiring that accompanies classical macrophage activation. TLR4 activation leads to de novo synthesis of fatty acids, which flux into sphingolipids, complex lipids that form the building blocks of eukaryotic cell membranes and regulate cell function. Here, we review the importance of TLR4-mediated de novo synthesis of membrane sphingolipids in macrophages. We first highlight fatty acid metabolism during TLR4-driven macrophage immunometabolism. We then focus on the temporal dynamics of sphingolipid biosynthesis and emphasize the modulatory role of some sphingolipid species (i.e. sphingomyelins, ceramides and glycosphingolipids) on the pro-inflammatory and pro-resolution phases of LPS/TLR4 activation in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Olona
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Charlotte Hateley
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Markus R Wenk
- SLING, Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Federico Torta
- SLING, Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jacques Behmoaras
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.,Programme in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders and Centre for Computational Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Republic of Singapore
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