1
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Chang JJY, Grimley SL, Tran BM, Deliyannis G, Tumpach C, Nguyen AN, Steinig E, Zhang J, Schröder J, Caly L, McAuley J, Wong SL, Waters SA, Stinear TP, Pitt ME, Purcell D, Vincan E, Coin LJ. Uncovering strain- and age-dependent innate immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection in air-liquid-interface cultured nasal epithelia. iScience 2024; 27:110009. [PMID: 38868206 PMCID: PMC11166695 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Continuous assessment of the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the host at the cell-type level is crucial for understanding key mechanisms involved in host defense responses to viral infection. We investigated host response to ancestral-strain and Alpha-variant SARS-CoV-2 infections within air-liquid-interface human nasal epithelial cells from younger adults (26-32 Y) and older children (12-14 Y) using single-cell RNA-sequencing. Ciliated and secretory-ciliated cells formed the majority of highly infected cell-types, with the latter derived from ciliated lineages. Strong innate immune responses were observed across lowly infected and uninfected bystander cells and heightened in Alpha-infection. Alpha highly infected cells showed increased expression of protein-refolding genes compared with ancestral-strain-infected cells in children. Furthermore, oxidative phosphorylation-related genes were down-regulated in bystander cells versus infected and mock-control cells, underscoring the importance of these biological functions for viral replication. Overall, this study highlights the complexity of cell-type-, age- and viral strain-dependent host epithelial responses to SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie J.-Y. Chang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Samantha L. Grimley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Bang M. Tran
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Georgia Deliyannis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Carolin Tumpach
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - An N.T. Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Eike Steinig
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - JianShu Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Jan Schröder
- Computational Sciences Initiative (CSI), The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Leon Caly
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Julie McAuley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Sharon L. Wong
- Molecular and Integrative Cystic Fibrosis Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Shafagh A. Waters
- Molecular and Integrative Cystic Fibrosis Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sydney Children’s Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Timothy P. Stinear
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Miranda E. Pitt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Australian Institute for Microbiology and Infection, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Damian Purcell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Vincan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Lachlan J.M. Coin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
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2
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Woodall MNJ, Cujba AM, Worlock KB, Case KM, Masonou T, Yoshida M, Polanski K, Huang N, Lindeboom RGH, Mamanova L, Bolt L, Richardson L, Cakir B, Ellis S, Palor M, Burgoyne T, Pinto A, Moulding D, McHugh TD, Saleh A, Kilich E, Mehta P, O'Callaghan C, Zhou J, Barclay W, De Coppi P, Butler CR, Cortina-Borja M, Vinette H, Roy S, Breuer J, Chambers RC, Heywood WE, Mills K, Hynds RE, Teichmann SA, Meyer KB, Nikolić MZ, Smith CM. Age-specific nasal epithelial responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Microbiol 2024; 9:1293-1311. [PMID: 38622380 PMCID: PMC11087271 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-024-01658-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Children infected with SARS-CoV-2 rarely progress to respiratory failure. However, the risk of mortality in infected people over 85 years of age remains high. Here we investigate differences in the cellular landscape and function of paediatric (<12 years), adult (30-50 years) and older adult (>70 years) ex vivo cultured nasal epithelial cells in response to infection with SARS-CoV-2. We show that cell tropism of SARS-CoV-2, and expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in nasal epithelial cell subtypes, differ between age groups. While ciliated cells are viral replication centres across all age groups, a distinct goblet inflammatory subtype emerges in infected paediatric cultures and shows high expression of interferon-stimulated genes and incomplete viral replication. In contrast, older adult cultures infected with SARS-CoV-2 show a proportional increase in basaloid-like cells, which facilitate viral spread and are associated with altered epithelial repair pathways. We confirm age-specific induction of these cell types by integrating data from in vivo COVID-19 studies and validate that our in vitro model recapitulates early epithelial responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kaylee B Worlock
- UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Tereza Masonou
- Great Ormond Street UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Masahiro Yoshida
- UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Ni Huang
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Liam Bolt
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Samuel Ellis
- Great Ormond Street UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Machaela Palor
- Great Ormond Street UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Thomas Burgoyne
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
- Royal Brompton Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Andreia Pinto
- Royal Brompton Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Dale Moulding
- Great Ormond Street UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Timothy D McHugh
- UCL Centre for Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Aarash Saleh
- Royal Free Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Eliz Kilich
- UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
- University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Puja Mehta
- UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
- University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Wendy Barclay
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Paolo De Coppi
- Great Ormond Street UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Colin R Butler
- Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Epithelial Cell Biology in ENT Research (EpiCENTR) Group, Developmental Biology and Cancer Department, Great Ormond Street UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Heloise Vinette
- Great Ormond Street UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Sunando Roy
- Great Ormond Street UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Judith Breuer
- Great Ormond Street UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Rachel C Chambers
- UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Wendy E Heywood
- Great Ormond Street UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Kevin Mills
- Great Ormond Street UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Robert E Hynds
- Epithelial Cell Biology in ENT Research (EpiCENTR) Group, Developmental Biology and Cancer Department, Great Ormond Street UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sarah A Teichmann
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK.
- Theory of Condensed Matter, Cavendish Laboratory/Dept Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | | | - Marko Z Nikolić
- UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK.
- University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
| | - Claire M Smith
- Great Ormond Street UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK.
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3
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Amidei A, Dobrovolny HM. Virus-mediated cell fusion of SARS-CoV-2 variants. Math Biosci 2024; 369:109144. [PMID: 38224908 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2024.109144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has the ability to form large multi-nucleated cells known as syncytia. Little is known about how syncytia affect the dynamics of the infection or severity of the disease. In this manuscript, we extend a mathematical model of cell-cell fusion assays to estimate both the syncytia formation rate and the average duration of the fusion phase for five strains of SARS-CoV-2. We find that the original Wuhan strain has the slowest rate of syncytia formation (6.4×10-4/h), but takes only 4.0 h to complete the fusion process, while the Alpha strain has the fastest rate of syncytia formation (0.36 /h), but takes 7.6 h to complete the fusion process. The Beta strain also has a fairly fast syncytia formation rate (9.7×10-2/h), and takes the longest to complete fusion (8.4 h). The D614G strain has a fairly slow syncytia formation rate (2.8×10-3/h), but completes fusion in 4.0 h. Finally, the Delta strain is in the middle with a syncytia formation rate of 3.2×10-2/h and a fusing time of 6.1 h. We note that for these SARS-CoV-2 strains, there appears to be a tradeoff between the ease of forming syncytia and the speed at which they complete the fusion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ava Amidei
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Hana M Dobrovolny
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
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4
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Zhang J, Rissmann M, Kuiken T, Haagmans BL. Comparative Pathogenesis of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronaviruses. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY 2024; 19:423-451. [PMID: 37832946 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-052620-121224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Over the last two decades the world has witnessed the global spread of two genetically related highly pathogenic coronaviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and SARS-CoV-2. However, the impact of these outbreaks differed significantly with respect to the hospitalizations and fatalities seen worldwide. While many studies have been performed recently on SARS-CoV-2, a comparative pathogenesis analysis with SARS-CoV may further provide critical insights into the mechanisms of disease that drive coronavirus-induced respiratory disease. In this review, we comprehensively describe clinical and experimental observations related to transmission and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 in comparison with SARS-CoV, focusing on human, animal, and in vitro studies. By deciphering the similarities and disparities of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, in terms of transmission and pathogenesis mechanisms, we offer insights into the divergent characteristics of these two viruses. This information may also be relevant to assessing potential novel introductions of genetically related highly pathogenic coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingshu Zhang
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Melanie Rissmann
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Bart L Haagmans
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
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5
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Xie M. Virus-Induced Cell Fusion and Syncytia Formation. Results Probl Cell Differ 2024; 71:283-318. [PMID: 37996683 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-37936-9_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Most enveloped viruses encode viral fusion proteins to penetrate host cell by membrane fusion. Interestingly, many enveloped viruses can also use viral fusion proteins to induce cell-cell fusion, both in vitro and in vivo, leading to the formation of syncytia or multinucleated giant cells (MGCs). In addition, some non-enveloped viruses encode specialized viral proteins that induce cell-cell fusion to facilitate viral spread. Overall, viruses that can induce cell-cell fusion are nearly ubiquitous in mammals. Virus cell-to-cell spread by inducing cell-cell fusion may overcome entry and post-entry blocks in target cells and allow evasion of neutralizing antibodies. However, molecular mechanisms of virus-induced cell-cell fusion remain largely unknown. Here, I summarize the current understanding of virus-induced cell fusion and syncytia formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maorong Xie
- Division of Infection and Immunity, UCL, London, UK.
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6
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Liu W, Zhao Y, Fan J, Shen J, Tang H, Tang W, Wu D, Huang W, Ding Y, Qiao P, Lin J, Li Z, Li Q, Cui Q, Liu Y, Chen Y, Pu R, Han X, Yin J, Tan X, Cao G. Smoke and Spike: Benzo[a]pyrene Enhances SARS-CoV-2 Infection by Boosting NR4A2-Induced ACE2 and TMPRSS2 Expression. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2300834. [PMID: 37428471 PMCID: PMC10502855 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202300834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke aggravates severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, they show that benzo[a]pyrene in cigarette smoke extract facilitates SARS-CoV-2 infection via upregulating angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2). Benzo[a]pyrene trans-activates the promoters of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 by upregulating nuclear receptor subfamily 4 A number 2 (NR4A2) and promoting its binding of NR4A2 to their promoters, which is independent of functional genetic polymorphisms in ACE2 and TMPRSS2. Benzo[a]pyrene increases the susceptibility of lung epithelial cells to SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviruses and facilitates the infection of authentic Omicron BA.5 in primary human alveolar type II cells, lung organoids, and lung and testis of hamsters. Increased expression of Nr4a2, Ace2, and Tmprss2, as well as decreased methylation of CpG islands at the Nr4a2 promoter are observed in aged mice compared to their younger counterparts. NR4A2 knockdown or interferon-λ2/λ3 stimulation downregulates the expression of NR4A2, ACE2, and TMPRSS2, thereby inhibiting the infection. In conclusion, benzo[a]pyrene enhances SARS-CoV-2 infection by boosting NR4A2-induced ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expression. This study elucidates the mechanisms underlying the detrimental effects of cigarette smoking on SARS-CoV-2 infection and provides prophylactic options for coronavirus disease 2019, particularly for the elderly population.
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7
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Antos D, Alcorn JF. IFNλ: balancing the light and dark side in pulmonary infection. mBio 2023; 14:e0285022. [PMID: 37278532 PMCID: PMC10470512 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02850-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon (IFN) represents a well-known component of antiviral immunity that has been studied extensively for its mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential when antiviral treatment options are limited. Specifically in the respiratory tract, IFNs are induced directly on viral recognition to limit the spread and transmission of the virus. Recent focus has been on the IFNλ family, which has become an exciting focus in recent years for its potent antiviral and anti-inflammatory activities against viruses infecting barrier sites, including the respiratory tract. However, insights into the interplay between IFNλs and other pulmonary infections are more limited and suggest a more complex role, potentially detrimental, than what was seen during viral infections. Here, we review the role of IFNλs in pulmonary infections, including viral, bacterial, fungal, and multi-pathogen super-infections, and how this may impact future work in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Antos
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John F. Alcorn
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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8
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Oleinik LA, Madonov PG, Pykhtina MB. Potential of Interferon Lambda as an Inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2. Mol Biol 2023; 57:291-298. [PMID: 37128210 PMCID: PMC10131541 DOI: 10.1134/s0026893323020152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This study provides an overview of scientific results on the feasibility of using type III interferons against SARS-CoV-2. We have analyzed data obtained from the PubMed electronic database for the period 2020‒2022. The results of our own studies of pharmacological substances based on recombinant IFN-λ1 and its pegylated form are also presented. Completed and ongoing investigations allow us to position IFN-λ as an effective therapeutic agent against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. A. Oleinik
- Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymрhology—Branch of Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - P. G. Madonov
- Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymрhology—Branch of Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - M. B. Pykhtina
- Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymрhology—Branch of Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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9
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Li X, Yuan H, Li X, Wang H. Spike protein mediated membrane fusion during SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28212. [PMID: 36224449 PMCID: PMC9874878 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has posed a serious threat to public health and has quickly become a global concern. The infection of SARS-CoV-2 begins with the binding of its spike protein to the receptor-angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which, after a series of conformation changes, results in the fusion of viral-cell membranes and the release of the viral RNA genome into the cytoplasm. In addition, infected host cells can express spike protein on their cell surface, which will interact with ACE2 on neighboring cells, leading to cell membrane fusion and the formation of multinucleated cells or syncytia. Both viral entry and syncytia formation are mediated by spike-ACE2 interaction and share some common mechanisms of membrane fusion. Here in this review, we will summarize our current understanding of spike-mediated membrane fusion, which may shed light on future broad-spectrum antiviral development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology and ImmunologyXi'an Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi'anChina
| | - Huijun Yuan
- Department of Pathogen Biology and ImmunologyXi'an Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi'anChina
| | - Xiaozhen Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology and ImmunologyXi'an Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi'anChina
| | - Hongliang Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology and ImmunologyXi'an Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi'anChina
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to DiseasesXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
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10
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Ho HPT, Vo DNK, Lin TY, Hung JN, Chiu YH, Tsai MH. Ganoderma microsporum immunomodulatory protein acts as a multifunctional broad-spectrum antiviral against SARS-CoV-2 by interfering virus binding to the host cells and spike-mediated cell fusion. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 155:113766. [PMID: 36271550 PMCID: PMC9515347 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly transmissible coronavirus that has caused over 6 million fatalities. SARS-CoV-2 variants with spike mutations are frequently endowed with a strong capability to escape vaccine-elicited protection. Due to this characteristic, a broad-spectrum inhibitor against SARS-CoV-2 infection is urgently demanded. Ganoderma microsporum immunomodulatory protein (GMI) was previously reported to alleviate infection of SARS-CoV-2 through ACE2 downregulation whereas the impact of GMI on virus itself was less understood. Our study aims to determine the effects of GMI on SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus and the more detailed mechanisms of GMI inhibition against SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus infection. METHODS ACE2-overexpressing HEK293T cells (HEK293T/ACE2) and SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviruses carrying spike variants were used to study the effects of GMI in vitro. Infectivity was evaluated by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Fusion rate mediated by SARS-CoV-2 spike protein was examined with split fluorescent protein /luciferase systems. The interactions of GMI with SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus and ACE2 were investigated by immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting. RESULTS GMI broadly blocked SARS-CoV-2 infection in various cell lines. GMI effectively inhibited the infection of pseudotyped viruses carrying different emerged spike variants, including Delta and Omicron strains, on HEK293T/hACE2 cells. In cell-free virus infection, GMI dominantly impeded the binding of spike-bearing pseudotyped viruses to ACE2-expressing cells. In cell-to-cell fusion model, GMI could efficiently inhibit spike-mediated syncytium without the requirement of ACE2 downregulation. CONCLUSIONS GMI, an FDA-approved dietary ingredient, acts as a multifunctional broad-spectrum antiviral against SARS-CoV-2 and could become a promising candidate for preventing or treating SARS-CoV-2 associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Phan Thanh Ho
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Di Ngoc Kha Vo
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Yi Lin
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Research Center for Epidemic Prevention, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jo-Ning Hung
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Hui Chiu
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Han Tsai
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Research Center for Epidemic Prevention, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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11
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Harte JV, Wakerlin SL, Lindsay AJ, McCarthy JV, Coleman-Vaughan C. Metalloprotease-Dependent S2′-Activation Promotes Cell–Cell Fusion and Syncytiation of SARS-CoV-2. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102094. [PMID: 36298651 PMCID: PMC9608990 DOI: 10.3390/v14102094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 cell–cell fusion and syncytiation is an emerging pathomechanism in COVID-19, but the precise factors contributing to the process remain ill-defined. In this study, we show that metalloproteases promote SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-induced syncytiation in the absence of established serine proteases using in vitro cell–cell fusion assays. We also show that metalloproteases promote S2′-activation of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, and that metalloprotease inhibition significantly reduces the syncytiation of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. In the presence of serine proteases, however, metalloprotease inhibition does not reduce spike protein-induced syncytiation and a combination of metalloprotease and serine protease inhibition is necessitated. Moreover, we show that the spike protein induces metalloprotease-dependent ectodomain shedding of the ACE2 receptor and that ACE2 shedding contributes to spike protein-induced syncytiation. These observations suggest a benefit to the incorporation of pharmacological inhibitors of metalloproteases into treatment strategies for patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- James V. Harte
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, School of Biochemistry & Cell Biology and the Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility (ABCRF), University College Cork, Western Gateway Building, T12 XF62 Cork, Ireland
| | - Samantha L. Wakerlin
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, School of Biochemistry & Cell Biology and the Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility (ABCRF), University College Cork, Western Gateway Building, T12 XF62 Cork, Ireland
| | - Andrew J. Lindsay
- Membrane Trafficking & Disease Laboratory, Biosciences Institute, School of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, University College Cork, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland
| | - Justin V. McCarthy
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, School of Biochemistry & Cell Biology and the Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility (ABCRF), University College Cork, Western Gateway Building, T12 XF62 Cork, Ireland
- Correspondence: (J.V.M.); (C.C.-V.)
| | - Caroline Coleman-Vaughan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland
- Correspondence: (J.V.M.); (C.C.-V.)
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Ao Z, Ouyang MJ, Olukitibi TA, Yao X. SARS-CoV-2 Delta spike protein enhances the viral fusogenicity and inflammatory cytokine production. iScience 2022; 25:104759. [PMID: 35854977 PMCID: PMC9281453 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Delta variant had spread globally in 2021 and caused more serious disease than the original virus and Omicron variant. In this study, we investigated several virological features of Delta spike protein (SPDelta), including protein maturation, its impact on viral entry of pseudovirus and cell-cell fusion, and its induction of inflammatory cytokine production in human macrophages and dendritic cells. The results showed that SPΔCDelta exhibited enhanced S1/S2 cleavage in cells and pseudotyped virus-like particles (PVLPs). Further, SPΔCDelta elevated pseudovirus entry in human lung cell lines and significantly enhanced syncytia formation. Furthermore, we revealed that SPΔCDelta-PVLPs had stronger effects on stimulating NF-κB and AP-1 signaling in human monocytic THP1 cells and induced significantly higher levels of proinflammatory cytokine, such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, released from human macrophages and dendritic cells. Overall, these studies provide evidence to support the important role of SPΔCDelta during virus infection, transmission, and pathogenesis. SARS-CoV-2 Delta-SP exhibits enhanced cleavage and more efficient pseudovirus entry Delta-SP enhances syncytia formation in A549 cells expressing ACE2 Delta-SP stimulates higher NF-κB and AP1 signaling pathway activities Delta-SP stimulates higher proinflammatory cytokine production in MDMs and MDDCs
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhujun Ao
- Laboratory of Molecular Human Retrovirology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Maggie Jing Ouyang
- Laboratory of Molecular Human Retrovirology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Titus Abiola Olukitibi
- Laboratory of Molecular Human Retrovirology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Xiaojian Yao
- Laboratory of Molecular Human Retrovirology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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