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Dornburg A, Yoder JA. On the relationship between extant innate immune receptors and the evolutionary origins of jawed vertebrate adaptive immunity. Immunogenetics 2022; 74:111-128. [PMID: 34981186 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-021-01232-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
For over half a century, deciphering the origins of the genomic loci that form the jawed vertebrate adaptive immune response has been a major topic in comparative immunogenetics. Vertebrate adaptive immunity relies on an extensive and highly diverse repertoire of tandem arrays of variable (V), diversity (D), and joining (J) gene segments that recombine to produce different immunoglobulin (Ig) and T cell receptor (TCR) genes. The current consensus is that a recombination-activating gene (RAG)-like transposon invaded an exon of an ancient innate immune VJ-bearing receptor, giving rise to the extant diversity of Ig and TCR loci across jawed vertebrates. However, a model for the evolutionary relationships between extant non-recombining innate immune receptors and the V(D)J receptors of the jawed vertebrate adaptive immune system has only recently begun to come into focus. In this review, we provide an overview of non-recombining VJ genes, including CD8β, CD79b, natural cytotoxicity receptor 3 (NCR3/NKp30), putative remnants of an antigen receptor precursor (PRARPs), and the multigene family of signal-regulatory proteins (SIRPs), that play a wide range of roles in immune function. We then focus in detail on the VJ-containing novel immune-type receptors (NITRs) from ray-finned fishes, as recent work has indicated that these genes are at least 50 million years older than originally thought. We conclude by providing a conceptual model of the evolutionary origins and phylogenetic distribution of known VJ-containing innate immune receptors, highlighting opportunities for future comparative research that are empowered by this emerging evolutionary perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Dornburg
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA.
| | - Jeffrey A Yoder
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, USA.
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
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2
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Svenning S, Gondek-Wyrozemska AT, van der Wal YA, Robertsen B, Jensen I, Jørgensen JB, Edholm ES. Microbial Danger Signals Control Transcriptional Induction of Distinct MHC Class I L Lineage Genes in Atlantic Salmon. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2425. [PMID: 31681311 PMCID: PMC6797598 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen processing and presentation by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules is a cornerstone in vertebrate immunity. Like mammals, teleosts possess both classical MHC class I and multiple families of divergent MHC class I genes. However, while certain mammalian MHC class I-like molecules have proven to be integral in immune regulation against a broad array of pathogens, the biological relevance of the different MHC class I lineages in fish remains elusive. This work focuses on MHC class I L lineage genes and reveals unique regulatory patterns of six genes (Sasa-lia, Sasa-lda, Sasa-lca, Sasa-lga, Sasa-lha, and Sasa-lfa) in antimicrobial immunity of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Using two separate in vivo challenge models with different kinetics and immune pathologies combined with in vitro stimulation using viral and bacterial TLR ligands, we show that de novo synthesis of different L lineage genes is distinctly regulated in response to various microbial stimuli. Prior to the onset of classical MHC class I gene expression, lia was rapidly and systemically induced in vivo by the single-stranded (ss) RNA virus salmonid alpha virus 3 (SAV3) but not in response to the intracellular bacterium Piscirickettsia salmonis. In contrast, lga expression was upregulated in response to both viral and bacterial stimuli. A role for distinct MHC class I L-lineage genes in anti-microbial immunity in salmon was further substantiated by a marked upregulation of lia and lga gene expression in response to type I IFNa stimulation in vitro. Comparably, lha showed no transcriptional induction in response to IFNa stimulation but was strongly induced in response to a variety of viral and bacterial TLR ligands. In sharp contrast, lda showed no response to viral or bacterial challenge. Similarly, induction of lca, which is predominantly expressed in primary and secondary lymphoid tissues, was marginal with the exception of a strong and transient upregulation in pancreas following SAV3 challenge Together, these findings suggest that certain Atlantic salmon MHC class I L lineage genes play important and divergent roles in early anti-microbial response and that their regulation, in response to different activation signals, represents a system for selectively promoting the expression of distinct non-classical MHC class I genes in response to different types of immune challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steingrim Svenning
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries & Economics, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Agata T Gondek-Wyrozemska
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries & Economics, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Yorick Andreas van der Wal
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries & Economics, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Vaxxinova Research & Development, Vaxxinova GmbH, Münster, Germany
| | - Børre Robertsen
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries & Economics, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ingvill Jensen
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries & Economics, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jorunn B Jørgensen
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries & Economics, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Eva-Stina Edholm
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries & Economics, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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3
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Gao FX, Lu WJ, Wang Y, Zhang QY, Zhang YB, Mou CY, Li Z, Zhang XJ, Liu CW, Zhou L, Gui JF. Differential expression and functional diversification of diverse immunoglobulin domain-containing protein (DICP) family in three gynogenetic clones of gibel carp. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 84:396-407. [PMID: 29555550 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Diverse immunoglobulin (Ig) domain-containing protein (DICP) family is a novel bony fish-specific multi-gene family encoding diversified immune receptors. However, their function and the implication of binding partners remain unknown. In this study, we first identified 28 DICPs from three gibel carp gynogenetic clones and revealed their high variability and clone-specific feature. After crucian carp herpesvirus (CaHV) infection, these DICPs were significantly upregulated in head kidney, kidney and spleen. The up-regulation folds in clone A+, F and H were related to the susceptibility to CaHV, progressively increasing from resistant clone to susceptible clone. Overexpression of gibel carp DICPs inhibited interferon (IFN) and viperin promoter-driven luciferase activity. The additions of E. coli extracts and lipid A significantly enhanced the inhibition effect. In addition, gibel carp DICPs can interact with SHP-1 and SHP-2. These findings suggest that gible carp DICPs, as inhibitory receptors, might specifically recognize lipid A, and then interact with SHP-1 and SHP-2 to inhibit the induction of IFN and ISGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan-Xiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei-Jia Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qi-Ya Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yi-Bing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Cheng-Yan Mou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Chao-Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Li Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Jian-Fang Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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4
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Wcisel DJ, Yoder JA. The confounding complexity of innate immune receptors within and between teleost species. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 53:24-34. [PMID: 26997203 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Teleost genomes encode multiple multigene families of immunoglobulin domain-containing innate immune receptors (IIIRs) with unknown function and no clear mammalian orthologs. However, the genomic organization of IIIR gene clusters and the structure and signaling motifs of the proteins they encode are similar to those of mammalian innate immune receptor families such as the killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs), leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors (LILRs), Fc receptors, triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cells (TREMs) and CD300s. Teleost IIIRs include novel immune-type receptors (NITRs); diverse immunoglobulin domain containing proteins (DICPs); polymeric immunoglobulin receptor-like proteins (PIGRLs); novel immunoglobulin-like transcripts (NILTs) and leukocyte immune-type receptors (LITRs). The accumulation of genomic sequence data has revealed that IIIR gene clusters in zebrafish display haplotypic and gene content variation. This intraspecific genetic variation, as well as significant interspecific variation, frequently confounds the identification of definitive orthologous IIIR sequences between teleost species. Nevertheless, by defining which teleost lineages encode (and do not encode) different IIIR families, predictions can be made about the presence (or absence) of specific IIIR families in each teleost lineage. It is anticipated that further investigations into available genomic resources and the sequencing of a variety of multiple teleost genomes will identify additional IIIR families and permit the modeling of the evolutionary origins of IIIRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin J Wcisel
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Yoder
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA; Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA; Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA.
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5
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Estepa A, Coll J. Innate Multigene Family Memories Are Implicated in the Viral-Survivor Zebrafish Phenotype. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135483. [PMID: 26270536 PMCID: PMC4535885 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Since adaptive features such as memory were discovered in mammalian innate immunity, interest in the immunological status of primitive vertebrates after infections has grown. In this context, we used zebrafish (Danio rerio), a primitive vertebrate species suited to molecular and genetic studies to explore transcriptional memories of the immune system in long-term survivors of viral haemorrhagic septicemia virus infections. Immune-gene targeted microarrays designed in-house, multipath genes, gene set enrichment, and leading-edge analysis, reveal unexpected consistent correlations between the viral-survivor phenotype and several innate multigene families. Thus, here we describe in survivors of infections the upregulation of the multigene family of proteasome subunit macropains, zebrafish-specific novel gene sets, mitogen activated protein kinases, and epidermal growth factor. We also describe the downregulation of the multigene families of c-reactive proteins, myxovirus-induced proteins and novel immunoglobulin-type receptors. The strength of those immunological memories was reflected by the exceptional similarity of the transcriptional profiles of survivors before and after re-infection compared with primary infected fish. On the other hand, the high levels of neutralizing antibodies in the blood plasma of survivors contrasted with the depletion of transcripts specific for most cell types present in lymphoid organs. Therefore, long-term survivors maintained unexpected molecular/cellular memories of previous viral encounters by modulating the expression levels of innate multigene families as well as having specific adaptive antibodies. The implications of the so-called "trained immunity" for future research in this field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amparo Estepa
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche (UMH), Alicante, Spain
| | - Julio Coll
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional Investigaciones Agrarias (INIA), Madrid, Spain
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6
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Peatman E, Lange M, Zhao H, Beck BH. Physiology and immunology of mucosal barriers in catfish (Ictalurus spp.). Tissue Barriers 2015; 3:e1068907. [PMID: 26716071 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2015.1068907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The mucosal barriers of catfish (Ictalurus spp) constitute the first line of defense against pathogen invasion while simultaneously carrying out a diverse array of other critical physiological processes, including nutrient adsorption, osmoregulation, waste excretion, and environmental sensing. Catfish depend more heavily on mucosal barriers than their terrestrial counterparts as they are continuously interacting with the aquatic microbiota. Our understanding of these barriers, while growing, is still limited relative to that of mammalian model systems. Nevertheless, a combination of molecular and cellular studies in catfish over the last few decades, and particularly within the last few years, has helped to elucidate many of the primary actors and pathways critical to their mucosal health. Here we describe aspects of innate and adaptive immune responses in the primary mucosal tissues (skin, gill, and intestine) of catfish, focusing on mucus-driven responses, pathogen recognition, soluble mediators, and immunoglobulin and T-cell derived immunity. Modulation of mucosal barriers will be critical moving forward for crafting better diets, improving vaccine delivery, enhancing water quality, and ensuring sustainable production practices in catfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Peatman
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences; Auburn University ; Auburn, AL USA
| | - Miles Lange
- United States Department of Agriculture; Agricultural Research Service; Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center ; Stuttgart, AR USA
| | - Honggang Zhao
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences; Auburn University ; Auburn, AL USA
| | - Benjamin H Beck
- United States Department of Agriculture; Agricultural Research Service; Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center ; Stuttgart, AR USA
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7
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Meng F, Wang R, Xu T. Identification of 21 novel immune-type receptors in miiuy croaker and expression pattern of three typical inhibitory members. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 45:269-277. [PMID: 24704213 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Novel immune-type receptor (NITR) genes belong to the immunoglobulin superfamily and are encoded by clusters of multigene families. NITRs encode type I transmembrane proteins and are only found in teleosts. In the current study, total 21 NITR genes are identified from miiuy croaker (Miichthys miiuy) and named as MmNITR1 to MmNITR21. Miiuy croaker NITR genes that encoded one or two extracellular immunoglobulin (Ig) domains, a transmembrane (TM) region, an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitor motif (ITIM) in the cytoplasmic (Cyt) region. The majority of MmNITRs possess cytoplasmic ITIM that can be classified as inhibitory receptors. However, a smaller number of NITRs (MmNITR8, MmNITR15 and MmNITR16) can be classified as activating receptors by the lack of cytoplasmic ITIMs and presence of a positively charged residue within their transmembrane domain. As typical inhibitory receptors, MmNITR1, MmNITR2 and MmNITR3 have different characteristics of the structure. In MmNITR1 gene, variable (V) and intermediate (I) domains are encoded by two separate exons. In contrast to MmNITR1, MmNITR3 gene encode V and I domains in a single exon. And MmNITR2 gene is characterized by the presence of only one Ig-like (V-type) extracellular domain and lack of J or J-like motifs. Also MmNITR2 gene displays an additional exon which is 48bp long between the V domain and the TM region. Two and four potential N-link giycosylation sites (N-X-S/T) are present in the extracellular Ig domains. Real-time RT-PCR results showed that upon induction with Vibrio anguillarum, NITR gene expressions were induced by bacteria in kidney, liver and spleen. Meanwhile, NITRs are also primarily detected in different tissues. Phylogenetic analyses of NITR V domains indicate that MmNITR1 and MmNITR2 are more similar than MmNITR3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanqiang Meng
- Laboratory of Fish Biogenetics & Immune Evolution, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Rixin Wang
- Laboratory of Fish Biogenetics & Immune Evolution, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Tianjun Xu
- Laboratory of Fish Biogenetics & Immune Evolution, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China.
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8
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Boudinot P, Zou J, Ota T, Buonocore F, Scapigliati G, Canapa A, Cannon J, Litman G, Hansen JD. A tetrapod-like repertoire of innate immune receptors and effectors for coelacanths. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2014; 322:415-37. [PMID: 24482296 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The recent availability of both robust transcriptome and genome resources for coelacanth (Latimeria chalumnae) has led to unique discoveries for coelacanth immunity such as the lack of IgM, a central component of adaptive immunity. This study was designed to more precisely address the origins and evolution of gene families involved in the initial recognition and response to microbial pathogens, which effect innate immunity. Several multigene families involved in innate immunity are addressed, including: Toll-like receptors (TLRs), retinoic acid inducible gene 1 (RIG1)-like receptors (RLRs), the nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat containing proteins (NLRs), diverse immunoglobulin domain-containing proteins (DICP) and modular domain immune-type receptors (MDIRs). Our analyses also include the tripartite motif-containing proteins (TRIM), which are involved in pathogen recognition as well as the positive regulation of antiviral immunity. Finally, this study addressed some of the downstream effectors of the antimicrobial response including IL-1 family members, type I and II interferons (IFN) and IFN-stimulated effectors (ISGs). Collectively, the genes and gene families in coelacanth that effect innate immune functions share characteristics both in content, structure and arrangement with those found in tetrapods but not in teleosts. The findings support the sister group relationship of coelacanth fish with tetrapods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Boudinot
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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9
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Wang R, Feng J, Li C, Liu S, Zhang Y, Liu Z. Four lysozymes (one c-type and three g-type) in catfish are drastically but differentially induced after bacterial infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:136-145. [PMID: 23639933 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Lysozyme is an important component of the innate immune system. In this study, four lysozyme genes including one c-type lysozyme and three g-type lysozymes were identified from channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). The lysozyme genes are highly conserved in their structural features as compared to those from other species. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted allowing annotation of these genes. Additional analyses using conserved syntenies allowed determination of orthologies for the c-type lysozyme. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the g-type lysozyme may have gone through species-specific gene duplications leading to multiple copies in some teleost species. Channel catfish possessed three copies of the g-type lysozyme genes. Expression analysis revealed that the catfish lysozyme genes were expressed in a broad range of tissues. The highest levels of expression were found in head kidney, liver, spleen, and trunk kidney, compatible with the immune functions of these tissues/organs. The c-type and g-type lysozymes were drastically induced after bacterial infection, but exhibited large differences in the extent of induction and the tissue with the highest level of induction, with the g-type lysozyme being most highly induced in the head kidney whereas the other three lysozymes being most highly induced in the liver, suggesting their cooperative actions in the immune responses but difference in their detailed functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijia Wang
- Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures and Program of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Aquatic Genomics Unit, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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10
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Cheng SF, Hu YH, Sun BG, Zhang M, Chi H, Sun L. A single immunoglobulin-domain IgSF protein from Sciaenops ocellatus regulates pathogen-induced immune response in a negative manner. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 38:117-127. [PMID: 22564857 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2012.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2011] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) is a large group of cell surface proteins that include various immunoregulatory receptors such as novel immune type receptors (NITRs), which are a family of diversified proteins found exclusively in bony fish. In this study, we identified and analyzed an IgSF protein, SoIgSF1, from red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus). SoIgSF1 is composed of 225 amino acid residues and moderately related to teleost NITRs. In silico analysis indicated that SoIgSF1 is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein and contains an N-terminal signal peptide sequence, a single extracellular immunoglobulin V domain, a transmembrane region, and a cytoplasmic region. However, unlike most NITRs, the cytoplasmic region of SoIgSF1 exhibits no consensus inhibitory or stimulatory signaling sequences but has two tyrosine-containing motifs that conform to the right-half sequence of the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM). Quantitative real time RT-PCR analysis showed that SoIgSF1 expression occurred mainly in immune organs and was drastically induced by viral and bacterial infection. Immunofluorescence microscopy indicated that viral infection of head kidney (HK) leukocytes induced surface expression of SoIgSF1, which was able to interact with antibodies against recombinant SoIgSF1. Antibody cross-linking of SoIgSF1 on HK leukocytes inhibited the expression of immune relevant genes and promoted viral and bacterial infection. Taken together, these results indicate that SoIgSF1, though lacking canonical intracellular signaling motifs, is involved in regulation of host immune response during pathogen infection possibly by functioning as a negative signaling receptor through a novel mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-feng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Rd., Qingdao, China
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11
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Rajendran KV, Zhang J, Liu S, Peatman E, Kucuktas H, Wang X, Liu H, Wood T, Terhune J, Liu Z. Pathogen recognition receptors in channel catfish: II. Identification, phylogeny and expression of retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 37:381-389. [PMID: 22387588 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2012.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Vertebrates including teleost fish have evolved an array of pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) for detecting and responding to various pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeat containing receptors (NLRs), and the retinoic acid inducible gene I (RIG-I) like receptors (RLRs). As a part of the series of studies targeted to characterize catfish PRRs, we described 22 NLR receptors in the sister contribution. Here in this study, we focused on cytosolic PRRs recognizing nucleotide pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) of invading viruses, the retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLR receptors). Three RLRs with DExD/H domain containing RNA helicases, retinoic acid inducible gene-I (RIG-I), melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) and laboratory of genetics and physiology 2 (LGP2), were identified from channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. The catfish RIG-I encodes 937 amino acids that contains two CARDs, a DExDc, a HELICc and a RD domains. MDA5 encodes 1005 amino acids with all the domains identified for RIG-I. LGP2 encodes 677 amino acids that contain other domains but not the CARD domain at the N-terminus. Phylogenetic analyses of the three genes of catfish showed close clustering with their counterparts from other teleost fish. All the genes were found to be constitutively expressed in various tissues of catfish with minor variations. Channel catfish ovarian cells when infected with channel catfish virus showed significant increase in the transcript abundance of all the three genes. Further, RLR genes showed significant increases in expression in the liver tissue collected at different time-points after bacterial infection as well. The results indicate that the catfish RLRs may play important roles in antiviral and anti-bacterial immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V Rajendran
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures and Program of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Aquatic Genomics Unit, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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12
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Montgomery BC, Cortes HD, Mewes-Ares J, Verheijen K, Stafford JL. Teleost IgSF immunoregulatory receptors. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 35:1223-1237. [PMID: 21414352 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In all animals innate immunity is the first line of immune defense from invading pathogens. The prototypical innate cellular responses such as phagocytosis, degranulation, and cellular cytotoxicity are elicited by leukocytes in a diverse range of animals including fish, amphibians, birds and mammals reinforcing the importance of such primordial defense mechanisms. In mammals, these responses are intricately controlled and coordinated at the cellular level by distinct subsets of immunoregulatory receptors. Many of these surface proteins belong to the immunoglobulin superfamily and in mammals elaborate immunoregulatory receptor networks play a major role in the control of infectious diseases. Recent examination of teleost immunity has begun to further illustrate the complexities of these receptor networks in lower vertebrates. However, little is known about the mechanisms that control how immunoregulatory receptors influence cellular decision making in ectothermic vertebrates. This review focuses on several families of recently discovered immunoglobulin superfamily members in fish that share structural, phylogenetic and in some cases functional relationships with mammalian immunoregulatory receptors. Further characterization of these teleost innate immune receptor families will provide detailed information regarding the conservation and importance of innate immune defense strategies throughout vertebrate evolution.
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The phylogenetic origins of natural killer receptors and recognition: relationships, possibilities, and realities. Immunogenetics 2010; 63:123-41. [PMID: 21191578 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-010-0506-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells affect a form of innate immunity that recognizes and eliminates cells that are infected with certain viruses or have undergone malignant transformation. In mammals, this recognition can be mediated through immunoglobulin- (Ig) and/or lectin-type NK receptors (NKRs). NKR genes in mammals range from minimally polymorphic single-copy genes to complex multigene families that exhibit high levels of haplotypic complexity and exhibit significant interspecific variation. Certain single-copy NKR genes that are present in one mammal are present as expanded multigene families in other mammals. These observations highlight NKRs as one of the most rapidly evolving eukaryotic gene families and likely reflect the influence of pathogens, especially viruses, on their evolution. Although well characterized in human and mice, cytotoxic cells that are functionally similar to NK cells have been identified in species ranging from birds to reptiles, amphibians and fish. Although numerous receptors have been identified in non-mammalian vertebrates that share structural relationships with mammalian NKRs, functionally defining these lower vertebrate molecules as NKRs is confounded by methodological and interpretive complexities. Nevertheless, several lines of evidence suggest that NK-type function or its equivalent has sustained a long evolutionary history throughout vertebrate species.
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14
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Ostergaard AE, Lubieniecki KP, Martin SAM, Stet RJM, Davidson WS, Secombes CJ. Genomic organisation analysis of novel immunoglobulin-like transcripts in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) reveals a tightly clustered and multigene family. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:697. [PMID: 21143889 PMCID: PMC3022915 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several novel immunoglobulin-like transcripts (NILTs) which have previously been identified in the salmonid species rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) contain either one or two extracellular Ig domains of the V-type. NILTs also possess either an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activating motif (ITAM) or immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs) in the cytoplasmic region resulting in different signalling abilities. Here we report for the first time the genomic organisation and structure of the multigene family of NILTs in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) using a BAC sequencing approach. Results We have identified six novel Atlantic salmon NILT genes (Ssa-NILT1-6), two pseudogenes (Ssa-NILTp1 and Ssa-NILTp2) and seven genes encoding putative transposable elements in one BAC covering more than 200 kbp. Ssa-NILT1, 2, 4, 5 and 6 contain one Ig domain, all having a CX3C motif, whereas Ssa-NILT3 contains two Ig domains, having a CX6C motif in Ig1 and a CX7C motif in Ig2. Atlantic salmon NILTs possess several ITIMs in the cytoplasmic region and the ITIM-bearing exons are in phase 0. A comparison of identity between the amino acid sequences of the CX3C Ig domains from NILTs varies from 77% to 96%. Ssa-NILT1, 2, 3 and 4 were all confirmed to be expressed either by their presence in EST databases (Ssa-NILT1) or RT-PCR (Ssa-NILT2, 3, and 4) using cDNA as template. A survey of the repertoire of putative NILT genes in a single individual revealed three novel genes (Ssa-NILT7-9) represented by the Ig domain, which together with Ig domains from Ssa-NILT1-6 could be divided into different groups based on specific motifs. Conclusions This report reveals a tightly clustered, multigene NILT family in Atlantic salmon. By screening a highly redundant Atlantic salmon BAC library we have identified and characterised the genomic organisation of six genes encoding NILT receptors. The genes show similar characteristics to NILTs previously identified in rainbow trout, having highly conserved cysteines in the Ig domain and several inhibitory signalling motifs in the cytoplasmic region. In a single individual three unique NILT Ig domain sequences were discovered at the genomic DNA level, which were divided into two different groups based on a four residue motif after the third cysteine. Our results from the BAC screening and analysis on the repertoire of NILT genes in a single individual indicates that many genes of this expanding Ig containing NILT family are still to be discovered in fish.
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15
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Eaton HE, Penny E, Brunetti CR. Antibody dependent enhancement of frog virus 3 infection. Virol J 2010; 7:41. [PMID: 20167100 PMCID: PMC2830962 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-7-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2009] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Viruses included in the family Iridoviridae are large, icosahedral, dsDNA viruses that are subdivided into 5 genera. Frog virus 3 (FV3) is the type species of the genus Ranavirus and the best studied iridovirus at the molecular level. Typically, antibodies directed against a virus act to neutralize the virus and limit infection. Antibody dependent enhancement occurs when viral antibodies enhance infectivity of the virus rather than neutralize it. Results Here we show that anti-FV3 serum present at the time of FV3 infection enhances infectivity of the virus in two non-immune teleost cell lines. We found that antibody dependent enhancement of FV3 was dependent on the Fc portion of anti-FV3 antibodies but not related to complement. Furthermore, the presence of anti-FV3 serum during an FV3 infection in a non-immune mammalian cell line resulted in neutralization of the virus. Our results suggest that a cell surface receptor specific to teleost cell lines is responsible for the enhancement. Conclusions This report represents the first evidence of antibody dependent enhancement in iridoviruses. The data suggests that anti-FV3 serum can either neutralize or enhance viral infection and that enhancement is related to a novel antibody dependent enhancement pathway found in teleosts that is Fc dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather E Eaton
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada
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16
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Abstract
Novel immune-type receptors (NITRs) are encoded by large multi-gene families and share structural and signaling similarities to mammalian natural killer receptors (NKRs). NITRs have been identified in multiple bony fish species, including zebrafish, and may be restricted to this large taxonomic group. Thirty-nine NITR genes that can be classified into 14 families are encoded on zebrafish chromosomes 7 and 14. Herein, we demonstrate the expression of multiple NITR genes in the zebrafish ovary and during embryogenesis. All 14 families of zebrafish NITRs are expressed in hematopoietic kidney, spleen and intestine as are immunoglobulin and T cell antigen receptors. Furthermore, all 14 families of NITRs are shown to be expressed in the lymphocyte lineage, but not in the myeloid lineage, consistent with the hypothesis that NITRs function as NKRs. Sequence analyses of NITR amplicons identify known alleles and reveal additional alleles within the nitr1, nitr2, nitr3, and nitr5 families, reflecting the recent evolution of this gene family.
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17
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Cannon JP, Dishaw LJ, Haire RN, Litman RT, Ostrov DA, Litman GW. Recognition of additional roles for immunoglobulin domains in immune function. Semin Immunol 2009; 22:17-24. [PMID: 20004115 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2009.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of immune receptors found in phylogenetically disparate species at the genetic, structural and functional levels has provided unique insight into the evolutionary acquisition of immune function. The roles of variable- and intermediate-type immunoglobulin (Ig) domains in direct recognition of ligands and other functions are far wider than previously anticipated. Common mechanisms of multigene family diversification and expansion as well as unique adaptations that relate to function continue to provide unique insight into the numerous patterns, processes and complex interactions that regulate the host response to infectious challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Cannon
- University of South Florida, Department of Pediatrics, USF/ACH Children's Research Institute, 140 Seventh Avenue South, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA.
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18
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Ferraresso S, Kuhl H, Milan M, Ritchie DW, Secombes CJ, Reinhardt R, Bargelloni L. Identification and characterisation of a novel immune-type receptor (NITR) gene cluster in the European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax, reveals recurrent gene expansion and diversification by positive selection. Immunogenetics 2009; 61:773-88. [PMID: 19851764 PMCID: PMC2921055 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-009-0398-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Accepted: 09/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, a new gene family encoding non-rearranging receptors, called novel immune-type receptors (NITRs), has been discovered in teleost fish. NITRs belong to the immunoglobulin superfamily and represent an extraordinarily divergent and rapidly evolving gene complex. Genomic analysis of a region spanning 270 kb led to the discovery of a NITR gene cluster in the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). In total, 27 NITR genes and three putative pseudogenes, organised in a tandemly arrayed cluster, were identified. Sea bass NITR genes maintain the three major genomic organisations that appear to be essentially conserved among fish species along with new features presumably involving processes of intron loss, exon deletion and acquisition of new exons. Comparative and evolutionary analyses suggest that these receptors have evolved following a “birth-and-death” model of gene evolution in which duplication events together with lineage-specific gain and loss of individual members contributed to the rapid diversification of individual gene families. In this study, we demonstrate that species-specific gene expansions provide the raw material for diversifying, positive Darwinian selection favouring the evolution of a highly diverse array of molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Ferraresso
- Department of Public Health, Comparative Pathology and Veterinary Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy.
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19
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Cannon JP. Plasticity of the immunoglobulin domain in the evolution of immunity. Integr Comp Biol 2009; 49:187-96. [PMID: 21669857 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icp018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune receptors are omnipresent in multicellular organisms and comprise a vast array of molecular structures that serve to detect and eliminate pathogenic threats. The immunoglobulin (Ig) domain, a central structural feature of the antigen binding receptors that mediate adaptive immunity in jawed vertebrates, appears to play a particularly widespread role in metazoan immunity. Recent reports also have implicated Ig domains in the immune responses of protostomes such as flies and snails. Our research has focused on understanding the utilization of the Ig domain in the immunity of chordates and has identified numerous multigene families of Ig domain-containing receptors that appear to serve roles distinct from the adaptive antigen-binding receptors. Three families have received particular focus: novel immune-type receptors (NITRs) of bony fish, modular domain immune-type receptors (MDIRs) of cartilaginous fish and variable region-containing chitin-binding proteins (VCBPs) of amphioxus. NITRs and MDIRs are encoded in large multigene families of highly diversified forms and exhibit a striking dichotomy of an apparently ubiquitous presence but extensive diversification of sequence both within and among the particular taxonomic groups in which they are found. Crystal structures of VCBPs and NITRs demonstrate significant similarity to those of antigen-binding receptors but at the same time exhibit key differences that imply acquisition of separate and distinct ligand-binding functions. The tremendous plasticity of the Ig domain makes it a strong focus for studies of evolutionary events that have shaped modern integrated immune systems. Current data are consistent with a model of extremely rapid emergence and divergence of immune receptors, perhaps specific to individual species, as organisms contend with environments in which pathogens are continually selected for variation of their own molecular signatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Cannon
- Children's Research Institute, University of South Florida/All Children's Hospital, 140 Seventh Avenue South, St Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
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20
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Østergaard AE, Martin SAM, Wang T, Stet RJM, Secombes CJ. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) possess multiple novel immunoglobulin-like transcripts containing either an ITAM or ITIMs. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 33:525-532. [PMID: 19013192 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2008.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2008] [Revised: 10/08/2008] [Accepted: 10/13/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The recognition of pathogens by the innate immune system relies on a wide range of inhibitory and activating receptors. Some of these non-rearranging receptors belong to the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) and in teleost fish the novel immune-type receptor (NITR) and the novel immunoglobulin-like transcript (NILT) have been reported. Here we describe the identification and characterisation of three new NILTs from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), with one NILT alternatively spliced into a long isoform containing two Ig domains and a short isoform containing one Ig domain. The cytoplasmic regions contain either immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs) or an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activating motif (ITAM) for downstream signalling. Alignment of the various NILT Ig domains revealed a high similarity, especially between Ig domains from NILTs found in this study. Furthermore, a phylogenetic tree showed that NILTs are more closely related to the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid (TREM) cells and NKp44 than to NITRs. The expression of NILTs was studied in six different tissues and two different cell lines, with expression apparent in immunologically important tissues. Expression of NILTs was also shown to be an early event in development, with both eyed eggs and embryos expressing all four genes. The results obtained in this study and future experiments will contribute to our knowledge of the immune system in fish and provide useful information for the control of inflammatory processes in rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders E Østergaard
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK
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21
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Majji S, Thodima V, Arnizaut A, Deng Y, May W, Sittman D, Waldbieser GC, Hanson L, Cuchens MA, Bengten E, Chinchar VG. Expression profiles of cloned channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) lymphoid cell lines and mixed lymphocyte cultures. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 33:224-234. [PMID: 18824023 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2008.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Revised: 08/27/2008] [Accepted: 08/28/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Clonal channel catfish lymphoid cell lines and mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLCs) have proven extremely useful in examining immune responses at the cellular and molecular levels. To date clonal catfish cell lines and MLCs have been biologically and phenotypically characterized using a variety of techniques including reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), as well as Northern and Southern blotting. To expand the molecular characterization of these cultures, microarray analysis was employed. Clonal B (3B11), macrophage (42TA), and cytotoxic T cell (TS32.15 and TS32.17) lines and MLCs were examined using a cDNA array containing approximately 2500 probes derived from EST libraries prepared from the 42TA macrophage cell line, a MLC, and 5-14-day-old catfish fry. Analysis showed that each cell line displayed a unique RNA expression profile that included a variety of immune-related genes. Pearson correlation analysis indicated that one cytotoxic T cell line (TS32.15) clustered with the MLC, whereas a second cytotoxic T cell line (TS32.17) was more closely associated with a second cluster containing B cells and macrophages. This study illustrates the utility of microarray analyses in profiling RNA expression patterns in catfish lymphoid cell lines and will serve as a platform for examining catfish immune responses following virus infection or poly [I:C] treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Majji
- Department of Microbiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, United States
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22
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Yoder JA. Form, function and phylogenetics of NITRs in bony fish. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 33:135-144. [PMID: 18840463 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2008.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Accepted: 09/08/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Novel immune-type receptors (NITRs) are encoded by clusters of multigene families and have been identified in multiple bony fish species. All NITRs possess one extracellular immunoglobulin (Ig) domain of the variable (V) type and recent crystal structures of NITR V domains demonstrate their high degree of similarity to V domains of antigen receptors. Many NITRs possess a second extracellular Ig domain of the intermediate (I) type which helps differentiate NITRs from other V domain receptors. The majority of NITRs are type I transmembrane receptors; however, a small number are predicted to encode secreted proteins. Based on their sequence and structure, NITRs have been proposed to be "functional orthologs" of mammalian natural killer receptors (NKRs). Like NKRs, most NITRs possess short functional motifs permitting their classification as inhibitory or activating. NITRs lacking these motifs are functionally ambiguous. Inhibitory and activating NKRs utilize opposing signaling mechanisms to influence the response of NK cells to target cells; studies employing recombinant NITRs suggest that these signaling pathways are conserved between NKRs and NITRs. An analysis of all published NITR sequences demonstrates the conserved nature of multiple residues within the NITR Ig domains permitting the identification of NITR ESTs from salmon, cod, halibut, lake whitefish and stickleback species. Complete data sets of NITRs from the sequencing of the zebrafish and medaka genomes provide insight into the evolution of the NITRs within bony fish species. It is likely that all teleost species encode NITRs which function within innate immunity to regulate cell mediated cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Yoder
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences and Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
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23
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Abstract
Receptors carrying immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motifs (ITIMs) in their cytoplasmic tail control a vast array of cellular responses, ranging from autoimmunity, allergy, phagocytosis of red blood cells, graft versus host disease, to even neuronal plasticity in the brain. The inhibitory function of many receptors has been deduced on the basis of cytoplasmic ITIM sequences. Tight regulation of natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity and cytokine production by inhibitory receptors specific for major histocompatibility complex class I molecules has served as a model system to study the negative signaling pathway triggered by an ITIM-containing receptor in the physiological context of NK-target cell interactions. Advances in our understanding of the molecular details of inhibitory signaling in NK cells have provided a conceptual framework to address how ITIM-mediated regulation controls cellular reactivity in diverse cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric O Long
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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24
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A bony fish immunological receptor of the NITR multigene family mediates allogeneic recognition. Immunity 2008; 29:228-37. [PMID: 18674935 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2008.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2008] [Revised: 04/30/2008] [Accepted: 05/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Novel immune-type receptors (NITRs) comprise an exceptionally large, diversified family of activating and inhibitory receptors that has been identified in bony fish. Here, we characterized the structure of an activating NITR that is expressed by a cytotoxic natural killer (NK)-like cell line and that specifically binds an allogeneic B cell target. A single amino acid residue within the NITR immunoglobulin variable (V)-type domain accounts for specificity of the interaction. Structures solved by X-ray crystallography revealed that the V-type domains of NITRs form homodimers resembling rearranging antigen-binding receptor heterodimers. CDR1 elements of both subunits of NITR dimers form ligand-binding surfaces that determine specificity for the nonself target. In the evolution of immune function, it appears that a specific NK type of innate recognition may be mediated by a complex germline multigene family of V structures resembling those that are somatically diversified in adaptive immunological responses.
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25
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Desai S, Heffelfinger AK, Orcutt TM, Litman GW, Yoder JA. The medaka novel immune-type receptor (NITR) gene clusters reveal an extraordinary degree of divergence in variable domains. BMC Evol Biol 2008; 8:177. [PMID: 18565225 PMCID: PMC2442602 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-8-177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2008] [Accepted: 06/19/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Novel immune-type receptor (NITR) genes are members of diversified multigene families that are found in bony fish and encode type I transmembrane proteins containing one or two extracellular immunoglobulin (Ig) domains. The majority of NITRs can be classified as inhibitory receptors that possess cytoplasmic immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motifs (ITIMs). A much smaller number of NITRs can be classified as activating receptors by the lack of cytoplasmic ITIMs and presence of a positively charged residue within their transmembrane domain, which permits partnering with an activating adaptor protein. RESULTS Forty-four NITR genes in medaka (Oryzias latipes) are located in three gene clusters on chromosomes 10, 18 and 21 and can be organized into 24 families including inhibitory and activating forms. The particularly large dataset acquired in medaka makes direct comparison possible to another complete dataset acquired in zebrafish in which NITRs are localized in two clusters on different chromosomes. The two largest medaka NITR gene clusters share conserved synteny with the two zebrafish NITR gene clusters. Shared synteny between NITRs and CD8A/CD8B is limited but consistent with a potential common ancestry. CONCLUSION Comprehensive phylogenetic analyses between the complete datasets of NITRs from medaka and zebrafish indicate multiple species-specific expansions of different families of NITRs. The patterns of sequence variation among gene family members are consistent with recent birth-and-death events. Similar effects have been observed with mammalian immunoglobulin (Ig), T cell antigen receptor (TCR) and killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) genes. NITRs likely diverged along an independent pathway from that of the somatically rearranging antigen binding receptors but have undergone parallel evolution of V family diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salil Desai
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences and Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
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26
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Sahoo M, Edholm ES, Stafford JL, Bengtén E, Miller NW, Wilson M. B cell receptor accessory molecules in the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 32:1385-97. [PMID: 18572245 PMCID: PMC2561914 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2008.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2008] [Revised: 05/13/2008] [Accepted: 05/14/2008] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
B cell receptor (BCR) accessory molecules CD79a and CD79b homologs were identified in the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. Both are found as single copy genes that encode proteins containing a signal peptide, an extracellular immunoglobulin domain, a transmembrane region and a cytoplasmic tail containing an immune-receptor tyrosine-dased activation motif (ITAM). IpCD79a and IpCD79b transcripts correlate well with IgM message expression. They are highly expressed in peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) enriched in membrane (m) IgM+ cells and catfish clonal B cell lines, but not in catfish clonal T cells, indicating that IpCD79a and IpCD79b expression is B cell restricted. Studies using catfish clonal B cells (3B11) transfected with constructs encoding epitope-tagged IpCD79a and IpCD79b revealed that IpCD79a was expressed as a 45 kDa protein and IpCD79b was expressed as a 32 kDa protein. Furthermore, co-immunoprecipitations of epitope-tagged CD79 proteins demonstrate that these molecules are non-covalently associated with mIgM. These data correlate with some of the previous immunoprecipitation data demonstrating that catfish mIgM associates with proteins of 45 and 32 kDa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoranjan Sahoo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson MS, 39216, USA
| | - Eva-Stina Edholm
- Department of Microbiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson MS, 39216, USA
| | - James L. Stafford
- Department of Biological Sciences Z508, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta Canada T6G 2E9
| | - Eva Bengtén
- Department of Microbiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson MS, 39216, USA
| | - Norman W. Miller
- Department of Microbiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson MS, 39216, USA
| | - Melanie Wilson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson MS, 39216, USA
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Guselnikov SV, Ramanayake T, Erilova AY, Mechetina LV, Najakshin AM, Robert J, Taranin AV. The Xenopus FcR family demonstrates continually high diversification of paired receptors in vertebrate evolution. BMC Evol Biol 2008; 8:148. [PMID: 18485190 PMCID: PMC2413239 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-8-148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2007] [Accepted: 05/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have revealed an unexpected diversity of domain architecture among FcR-like receptors that presumably fulfill regulatory functions in the immune system. Different species of mammals, as well as chicken and catfish have been found to possess strikingly different sets of these receptors. To better understand the evolutionary history of paired receptors, we extended the study of FcR-like genes in amphibian representatives Xenopus tropicalis and Xenopus laevis. RESULTS The diploid genome of X. tropicalis contains at least 75 genes encoding paired FcR-related receptors designated XFLs. The allotetraploid X. laevis displays many similar genes primarily expressed in lymphoid tissues. Up to 35 domain architectures generated by combinatorial joining of six Ig-domain subtypes and two subtypes of the transmembrane regions were found in XFLs. None of these variants are shared by FcR-related proteins from other studied species. Putative activating XFLs associate with the FcRgamma subunit, and their transmembrane domains are highly similar to those of activating mammalian KIR-related receptors. This argues in favor of a common origin for the FcR and the KIR families. Phylogenetic analysis shows that the entire repertoires of the Xenopus and mammalian FcR-related proteins have emerged after the amphibian-amniotes split. CONCLUSION FcR- and KIR-related receptors evolved through continual species-specific diversification, most likely by extensive domain shuffling and birth-and-death processes. This mode of evolution raises the possibility that the ancestral function of these paired receptors was a direct interaction with pathogens and that many physiological functions found in the mammalian receptors were secondary acquisitions or specializations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jacques Robert
- University of Rochester Medical Centre, Rochester, NY, USA
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28
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Phelps HA, Neely MN. Evolution of the zebrafish model: from development to immunity and infectious disease. Zebrafish 2008; 2:87-103. [PMID: 18248169 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2005.2.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The successful zebrafish developmental model has now expanded to being used as a model for the analysis of host-pathogen interactions during infectious disease. Numerous pathogens have been demonstrated to infect zebrafish and new mechanisms of virulence, as well as host defense have been uncovered using this new model. In this review we summarize the literature on how the zebrafish infectious disease model is being used to decipher virulence mechanisms used by various pathogens and the host defense mechanisms initiated to combat infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary A Phelps
- Immunology and Microbiology Department, Wayne State School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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29
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Yoder JA, Cannon JP, Litman RT, Murphy C, Freeman JL, Litman GW. Evidence for a transposition event in a second NITR gene cluster in zebrafish. Immunogenetics 2008; 60:257-65. [PMID: 18330557 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-008-0285-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2008] [Accepted: 02/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Novel immune-type receptors (NITRs) are immunoglobulin-variable (V) domain-containing cell surface proteins that possess characteristic activating/inhibitory signaling motifs and are expressed in hematopoietic cells. NITRs are encoded by multigene families and have been identified in bony fish species. A single gene cluster, which encodes 36 NITRs that can be classified into 12 families, has been mapped to zebrafish chromosome 7. We report herein the presence of a second NITR gene cluster on zebrafish chromosome 14, which is comprised of three genes (nitr13, nitr14a, and nitr14b) representing two additional NITR gene families. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that the V domains encoded by the nitr13 and nitr14 genes are more similar to each other than any other zebrafish NITR suggesting that these genes arose from a tandem gene duplication event. Similar analyses comparing zebrafish Nitr13 and Nitr14 to NITRs from other fish species indicate that the nitr13 and nitr14 genes are phylogenetically related to the catfish IpNITR13 and IpNITR15 genes. Sequence features of the chromosomal region encoding nitr13 suggest that this gene arose via retrotransposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Yoder
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences and Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
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30
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Transcriptional profiling of MHC class I genes in rainbow trout infected with infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus. Mol Immunol 2008; 45:1646-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2007] [Accepted: 10/02/2007] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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31
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Litman G. Investigator profile. An interview with Gary Litman, Ph.D. Interview by Vicki Glaser. Zebrafish 2008; 2:77-85. [PMID: 18248168 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2005.2.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gary Litman, Ph.D., is Director of the University of South Florida College of Medicine, Children's Research Institute, St. Petersburg, Florida, and Vice Chairman for Basic Sciences, Department of Pediatrics. In addition, he is a Professor in the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the University of South Florida, a Distinguished University Professor and Hines Professor in the Department of Pediatrics in the university's College of Medicine, Director of the Laboratory of Molecular Genetics at All Children's Hospital, and Adjunct Scientist in the Biomedical Program at Mote Marine Laboratory. Dr. Litman received a Bachelor's degree and a Ph.D. in microbiology from the University of Minnesota. He is a former Chairman of the NIH Zebrafish Review Group 1 Study Section and serves on the editorial boards of Developmental Immunology, Cancer Control: Journal of the Moffitt Cancer Center, and Immunogenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Litman
- University of South Florida College of Medicine, Children's Research Institute, St. Petersburg, Florida, USA
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32
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Litman GW, Cannon JP, Dishaw LJ, Haire RN, Eason DD, Yoder JA, Prada JH, Ostrov DA. Immunoglobulin variable regions in molecules exhibiting characteristics of innate and adaptive immune receptors. Immunol Res 2008; 38:294-304. [PMID: 17917037 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-007-0014-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The antigen combining sites of immunoglobulin (Ig) and T cell antigen receptors (TCRs), which are present in all jawed vertebrates, consist of a paired variable (V) domain heterodimer that exhibits varying degrees of germline- and extraordinarily high levels of somatically-derived variation. The near limitless variation in receptor specificity on the surface of individual lymphocytes is the basis for clonal selection in the adaptive immune response. A basic question arises as to whether or not there are other forms of immune-type receptors in vertebrates as well as in invertebrates that derive immune specificity through sequence differences in V domains. Our laboratory has discovered two such families of molecules, the novel immune-type receptors and the variable region-containing chitin-binding proteins. Both families of molecules encode V domains that share some characteristics of adaptive immune receptors but likely mediate innate functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary W Litman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida College of Medicine, USF/ACH Children's Research Institute, 830 First Street South, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA.
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Ostrov DA, Hernández Prada JA, Haire RN, Cannon JP, Magis AT, Bailey K, Litman GW. Crystallization and X-ray diffraction analysis of a novel immune-type receptor from Ictalurus punctatus and phasing by selenium anomalous dispersion methods. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2007; 63:1035-7. [PMID: 18084086 PMCID: PMC2344108 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309107054231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2007] [Accepted: 10/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
X-ray diffraction data from crystals of a novel immune-type receptor (NITR10 from the catfish Ictalurus punctatus) were collected to 1.65 A resolution and reduced to the primitive hexagonal lattice. Native and selenomethionine derivatives of NITR10 crystallized under different conditions yielded P3(1)21 crystals. SeMet NITR10 was phased to a correlation coefficient of 0.77 by SAD methods and experimental electron-density maps were calculated to 1.65 A. Five NITR10 molecules are predicted to be present in the asymmetric unit based on the Matthews coefficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Ostrov
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, 1600 SW Archer Road, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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34
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A novel immunoglobulin-like transcript from rainbow trout with two Ig-like domains and two isoforms. Mol Immunol 2007; 45:1612-22. [PMID: 18035417 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2007] [Revised: 10/04/2007] [Accepted: 10/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Within the innate immune response in primates the nonrearranging killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) enable natural killer cells to discern target cells exposing "missing self" signals. Recently the novel immune-type receptor (NITR) and the novel immunoglobulin-like transcript (NILT) gene families have been discovered in fish encoding nonrearranging receptors with a similar molecular structure to that of KIRs. Besides the structural similarity the high degree of haplotypic and allelic variation suggests these genes to be functional KIR homologs and involved in recognizing self-determinants in lower vertebrates. Whereas numerous NITR sequences have been detected in several fish species only two NILT genes have been published for carp yet. Here we report a first rainbow trout NILT sequence, Onmy-NILT2D, alternatively spliced into a long membrane-bound and a short, putatively secreted form, both with the same two immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domains. The second Ig-like domain comprises a consensus pattern present both in NILTs and NITRs. The cytoplasmic region of the long form simultaneously contains immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIM) and an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activating motif (ITAM).
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35
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Wei S, Zhou JM, Chen X, Shah RN, Liu J, Orcutt TM, Traver D, Djeu JY, Litman GW, Yoder JA. The zebrafish activating immune receptor Nitr9 signals via Dap12. Immunogenetics 2007; 59:813-21. [PMID: 17891481 PMCID: PMC3709248 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-007-0250-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2007] [Accepted: 08/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Both inhibitory and activating forms of natural killer (NK) cell receptors are found in mammals. The activating receptors play a direct role in the recognition of virally infected or transformed cells and transduce activating signals into the cell by partnering with an adaptor protein, which contains a cytoplasmic activation motif. Activating NK receptors encoded by the mammalian leukocyte receptor complex (e.g., killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors) and the natural killer complex (e.g., Ly49s) partner with the adaptor protein DAP12, whereas NK receptors encoded in the CD94/NKG2 complex partner with the adaptor protein DAP10. Novel immune-type receptors (NITRs) found in bony fish share several common features with immunoglobulin-type NK receptors. Nitr9 is a putative activating receptor in zebrafish that induces cytotoxicity within the context of human NK cells. One isoform of Nitr9, Nitr9L, is shown here to preferentially partner with a zebrafish ortholog of Dap12. Cross-linking the Nitr9L-Dap12 complex results in activation of the phosphytidylinositol 3-kinase-->AKT-->extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway suggesting that the DAP12-based activating pathway is conserved between bony fish and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wei
- Immunology Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Avenue, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Jun-min Zhou
- Immunology Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Avenue, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Xinghong Chen
- Immunology Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Avenue, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Radhika N. Shah
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences and Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
- Immunology Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Jinhong Liu
- Immunology Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Avenue, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Timothy M. Orcutt
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences and Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - David Traver
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Julie Y. Djeu
- Immunology Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Avenue, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Gary W. Litman
- Immunology Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Avenue, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics, All Children’s Hospital, 801 Sixth Street South, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida College of Medicine, University of South Florida/All Children’s Hospital Children’s Research Institute, 830 First Street South, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
| | - Jeffrey A. Yoder
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences and Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
- Immunology Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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Evenhuis J, Bengtén E, Snell C, Quiniou SM, Miller NW, Wilson M. Characterization of additional novel immune type receptors in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. Immunogenetics 2007; 59:661-71. [PMID: 17534612 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-007-0230-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2007] [Accepted: 05/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mining of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) expressed sequence tag databases identified seven new novel immune type receptors (IpNITRs). These differed in sequence, but not structure, from previously described IpNITR1-11. IpNITR12a, 12b, 13, and 14 encode proteins containing a single variable (V)-like immunoglobulin (Ig) domain. IpNITR12a and 13 encode a transmembrane (TM) region and cytoplasmic tail (CYT) containing immunoreceptor tyrosine inhibition motifs (ITIMs). IpNITR14 contains a TM and short CYT devoid of signaling motifs and is similar in structure to IpNITR7. IpNITR12b lacks a TM and may represent an IpNITR12a splice variant. In contrast, IpNITR15a, 15b, and 16 encode two Ig domains (V-like domain 1 and V/C2-like domain 2). IpNITR15a and 15b contain TM and CYT with ITIMs. IpNITR16 appears to be a secreted form. The first V-like domains of IpNITR12-16 (except a/b pairs) share 17-32% amino acid identity with each other and with V domains of IpNITR1-11. They therefore represent five additional IpNITR V families (defined as possessing 70% or more amino acid identity). The V/C2 domains of IpNITR15a, 15b and 16 have 94-98% amino acid identity, but share 37-50% amino acid identity with corresponding V/C2 domains found in IpNITR1-4. Phylogenetic analyses indicate IpNITR12-16 are more closely related to other teleost NITRs than to IpNITR1-11. Gene mapping indicates that IpNITRs are linked, and members of the ten known IpNITR families are interspersed. IpNITR12-16 are differentially expressed in various catfish immune-type cells and preferentially up regulated in peripheral blood leukocytes by allogeneic stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Evenhuis
- Department of Microbiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216-4505, USA
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37
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Piyaviriyakul P, Kondo H, Hirono I, Aoki T. A novel immune-type receptor of Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) is expressed in both T and B lymphocytes. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 22:467-76. [PMID: 17158066 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2006.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2006] [Revised: 05/22/2006] [Accepted: 05/28/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A cDNA encoding a novel immune-type receptor (NITR) of Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, was isolated from a kidney cDNA library. The cDNA encoded 357 amino acid residues. The amino acid sequence identities between Japanese flounder NITR1 (poNITR1) and previously reported fish NITRs were approximately 30%-40%. The poNITR1 consisted of two extracellular immunoglobulin (Ig) domains (V and V/C2), a transmembrane domain, an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitor motif (ITIM) and an ITIM-like motif (itim) in the cytoplasmic region. Five potential N-link glycosylation sites (N-X-S/T) are present in the extracellular Ig domains. Seven cysteine (Cys) residues, which are conserved in previously reported NITRs were observed in the extracellular domain of poNITR1. The poNITR1 gene is composed of five exons and four introns spanning approximately 3.4kb. The poNITR1 transcripts were mainly detected in gill, head kidney, trunk kidney, intestine, while it was weakly detected in heart, liver, muscle, peripheral blood leucocytes, skin, spleen and stomach. However, poNITR1 gene expression was not detected in muscle or ovary. NITR gene expression was not induced by LPS or poly I:C. In situ hybridization revealed that Japanese flounder NITR is expressed in both TCR-alpha- and IgM-presenting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prapruddee Piyaviriyakul
- Laboratory of Genome Science, Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan 4-5-7, Minato, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
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38
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Liaw HJ, Chen WR, Huang YC, Tsai CW, Chang KC, Kuo CL. Genomic organization of the chicken CD8 locus reveals a novel family of immunoreceptor genes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:3023-30. [PMID: 17312148 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.5.3023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The genomic organization of the chicken CD8alpha gene was investigated to determine the basis of its polymorphism. Contiguous to the CD8alpha gene we identified multiple DNA blocks possessing sequences homologous to CD8alpha. Gene conversions and recombination over evolutionary time among CD8alpha and these CD8alpha homologous genes seem to account for the observed polymorphism. Furthermore, these CD8alpha-like DNAs encode a distinct multigene family of immunoreceptors that have a charged or polar residue in place of the interspecies-conserved CD8alpha transmembrane proline residue and a short cytoplasmic tail nonhomologous to CD8alpha. The identification of this novel multigene family with an organization reminiscent of human killer Ig-like receptors raises compelling questions on their evolutionary relationship among immunoreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Jiun Liaw
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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39
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Lin W, Grant S, Beck G. Generation of monoclonal antibodies to coelomocytes of the purple sea urchin Arbacia punctulata: characterization and phenotyping. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 31:465-75. [PMID: 17084892 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2006.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2006] [Revised: 07/18/2006] [Accepted: 08/11/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Cellular cytotoxicity is a key component of animal innate immune responses that is one of the first lines of defense against invaders. There is increasing interest in the study of the cellular immune response, particularly non-specific cytotoxic cells and natural killer cells and their receptors. Studies of non-specific cytotoxic cell and natural killer cell recognition and killing (and the receptors involved) will reveal new and important insights into cellular mechanisms of host defense. Here we describe mAbs specific for coelomocyte sub-populations of the purple sea urchin, Arbacia punctulata, using highly purified coelomocyte populations as the antigen source. Monoclonal antibodies were selected using flow cytometric screening methods. Several of the mAbs were shown to bind to two sub-types of coelomocytes when assayed by fluorescence microscopy. Furthermore, these mAbs inhibited coelomocyte cytotoxicity against vertebrate target cells in a functional assay. The mAbs have been used in immunoprecipitation studies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/isolation & purification
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antigens, Surface/immunology
- Arbacia/cytology
- Arbacia/immunology
- Blotting, Western
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/drug effects
- Female
- Humans
- Hybridomas/immunology
- Immunity, Innate/drug effects
- Immunoprecipitation
- K562 Cells
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Phagocytes/cytology
- Phagocytes/immunology
- Vaccination
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Lin
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts--Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd, Boston, MA 02125-3393, USA
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40
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Stafford JL, Bengtén E, Du Pasquier L, Miller NW, Wilson M. Channel catfish leukocyte immune-type receptors contain a putative MHC class I binding site. Immunogenetics 2006; 59:77-91. [PMID: 17149620 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-006-0169-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2006] [Accepted: 10/03/2006] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The recent identification of a large and diverse family of leukocyte immune-type receptors (IpLITRs) in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) indicates that immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) members related to both mammalian Fc receptors (FcRs) and leukocyte receptor complex (LRC)-encoded proteins exist in fish. In the present study, it was found that IpLITR messages were preferentially up regulated in catfish peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) and clonal cytotoxic T cells (CTL) after alloantigen stimulation. Detailed sequence analyses of the expressed IpLITR cDNAs from two clonal CTL lines indicated an unexpectedly large array of putative activatory and inhibitory IpLITR-types containing variable numbers of extracellular immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domains. Importantly, all expressed IpLITRs shared similar membrane distal Ig domains (i.e., D1 and D2), suggesting that they may bind a common type of ligand. Sequence alignments and comparative homology modeling revealed that IpLITR domains, D1 and D2, have similar predicted 3-D structural properties with the corresponding domains of the human LRC-encoded leukocyte Ig-like receptor (LILR) family. Furthermore, conservation of key major histocompatibility class I (MHC I)-binding residues were located at similar positions within the membrane distal tip of D1 between representative IpLITRs and group 1 LILRs. Taken together, these results suggest that fish LITRs have an orthologous relationship to LRC-encoded receptors such as the human LILRs and could potentially function as a diverse family of MHC class I-binding receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Stafford
- Department of Microbiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216-4505, USA
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41
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Stafford JL, Bengtén E, Du Pasquier L, McIntosh RD, Quiniou SM, Clem LW, Miller NW, Wilson M. A novel family of diversified immunoregulatory receptors in teleosts is homologous to both mammalian Fc receptors and molecules encoded within the leukocyte receptor complex. Immunogenetics 2006; 58:758-73. [PMID: 16845542 PMCID: PMC1592254 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-006-0134-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2006] [Accepted: 05/23/2006] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Three novel and closely related leukocyte immune-type receptors (IpLITR) have been identified in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). These receptors belong to a large polymorphic and polygenic subset of the Ig superfamily with members located on at least three independently segregating loci. Like mammalian and avian innate immune regulatory receptors, IpLITRs have both putative inhibitory and stimulatory forms, with multiple types coexpressed in various lymphoid tissues and clonal leukocyte cell lines. IpLITRs have an unusual and novel relationship to mammalian and avian innate immune receptors: the membrane distal Ig domains of an individual IpLITR are related to fragment crystallizable receptors (FcRs) and FcR-like proteins, whereas the membrane proximal Ig domains are related to several leukocyte receptor complex encoded receptors. This unique composition of Ig domains within individual receptors supports the hypothesis that functionally and genomically distinct immune receptor families found in tetrapods may have evolved from such ancestral genes by duplication and recombination events. Furthermore, the discovery of a large heterogeneous family of immunoregulatory receptors in teleosts, reminiscent of amphibian, avian, and mammalian Ig-like receptors, suggests that complex innate immune receptor networks have been conserved during vertebrate evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L. Stafford
- Department of Microbiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216-4505 USA
| | - Eva Bengtén
- Department of Microbiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216-4505 USA
| | | | - Robin D. McIntosh
- Department of Microbiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216-4505 USA
| | - Sylvie M. Quiniou
- USDA-ARS/CGRU, 141 Experimental Station Road, Stoneville, MS 38701 USA
| | - L. W. Clem
- Department of Microbiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216-4505 USA
| | - Norman W. Miller
- Department of Microbiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216-4505 USA
| | - Melanie Wilson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216-4505 USA
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42
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Wang Q, Wang Y, Xu P, Liu Z. NK-lysin of channel catfish: Gene triplication, sequence variation, and expression analysis. Mol Immunol 2006; 43:1676-86. [PMID: 16271391 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2005.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2005] [Accepted: 09/24/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are important components of the host innate immune response against microbial invasion. In addition to the previously known four classes of antimicrobial peptides, a fifth class of antimicrobial peptides has been recently identified to include NK-lysins that have a globular three-dimensional structure and are larger with 74-78 amino acid residues. NK-lysin has been shown to harbor antimicrobial activities against a wide spectrum of microorganisms including bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and parasites. To date, NK-lysin genes have been reported from only a limited number of organisms. We previously identified a NK-lysin cDNA in channel catfish. Here we report the identification of two novel types of NK-lysin transcripts in channel catfish. Altogether, three distinct NK-lysin transcripts exist in channel catfish. In this work, their encoding genes were identified, sequenced, and characterized. We provide strong evidence that the catfish NK-lysin gene is tripled in the same genomic neighborhood. All three catfish NK-lysin genes are present in the same genomic region and are tightly linked on the same chromosome, as the same BAC clones harbor all three copies of the NK-lysin genes. All three NK-lysin genes are expressed, but exhibit distinct expression profiles in various tissues. In spite of the existence of a single copy of NK-lysin gene in the human genome, and only a single hit from the pufferfish genome, there are two tripled clusters of NK-lysin genes on chromosome 17 of zebrafish in addition to one more copy on its chromosome 5. The similarity in the genomic arrangement of the tripled NK-lysin genes in channel catfish and zebrafish suggest similar evolution of NK-lysin genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Wang
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures and Program of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Aquatic Genomics Unit, Auburn University, 203 Swingle Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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43
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Williams
- Departmento de Producción Agraria, Universidad Pública de Navarra 31006 Pamplona, Spain
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44
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Litman GW, Cannon JP, Dishaw LJ. Reconstructing immune phylogeny: new perspectives. Nat Rev Immunol 2005; 5:866-79. [PMID: 16261174 PMCID: PMC3683834 DOI: 10.1038/nri1712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies of the mammalian immune system have begun to uncover profound interrelationships, as well as fundamental differences, between the adaptive and innate systems of immune recognition. Coincident with these investigations, the increasing experimental accessibility of non-mammalian jawed vertebrates, jawless vertebrates, protochordates and invertebrates has provided intriguing new information regarding the likely patterns of emergence of immune-related molecules during metazoan phylogeny, as well as the evolution of alternative mechanisms for receptor diversification. Such findings blur traditional distinctions between adaptive and innate immunity and emphasize that, throughout evolution, the immune system has used a remarkably extensive variety of solutions to meet fundamentally similar requirements for host protection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Evolution, Molecular
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Gene Rearrangement, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Gene Rearrangement, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Genes, Immunoglobulin/genetics
- Genes, Immunoglobulin/immunology
- Genes, RAG-1/immunology
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Immunity, Innate/immunology
- Invertebrates/genetics
- Invertebrates/immunology
- Phylogeny
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Vertebrates/genetics
- Vertebrates/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary W Litman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida College of Medicine, All Children's Hospital Children's Research Institute, 830 First Street South, Saint Petersburg, Florida 33701, USA.
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45
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Plouffe DA, Hanington PC, Walsh JG, Wilson EC, Belosevic M. Comparison of select innate immune mechanisms of fish and mammals. Xenotransplantation 2005; 12:266-77. [PMID: 15943775 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2005.00227.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The study of innate immunity has become increasingly popular since the discovery of homologs of many of the innate immune system components and pathways in lower organisms including invertebrates. As fish occupy a key position in the evolution of the innate and adaptive immune responses, there has been a great deal of interest regarding similarities and differences between their defense mechanisms and those of higher vertebrates. This review focuses on describing select mechanisms of the innate immune responses of fish and the implications for evolution of immunity in higher vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie A Plouffe
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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46
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Suzuki T, Shin-I T, Fujiyama A, Kohara Y, Kasahara M. Hagfish leukocytes express a paired receptor family with a variable domain resembling those of antigen receptors. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:2885-91. [PMID: 15728499 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.5.2885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Jawed vertebrates are equipped with TCR and BCR with the capacity to rearrange their V domains. By contrast, jawless vertebrates, represented by hagfish and lampreys, apparently lack such receptors. We describe in this study a family of hagfish genes carrying a single V-type domain resembling those of TCR/BCR. This multigene family, which we call agnathan paired receptors resembling Ag receptors (APAR), is expressed in leukocytes and predicted to encode a group of membrane glycoproteins with organizations characteristic of paired Ig-like receptors, consisting of activating and inhibitory forms. APAR has a J region in its V-type domain, and its V and J regions are encoded in a single exon. Thus, APAR is a member of the emerging families of diversified, innate immune-type receptors with TCR/BCR-like V-type domains and has many of the features expected for a primordial TCR/BCR-like receptor. The extracellular domain of APAR may be descended from a V-type domain postulated to have acquired recombination signal sequences in a jawed vertebrate lineage.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Exons
- Gene Dosage
- Genome
- Hagfishes/genetics
- Hagfishes/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Joining Region/chemistry
- Immunoglobulin Joining Region/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/chemistry
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics
- Introns
- Leukocytes/immunology
- Leukocytes/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Glycoproteins/chemistry
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Multigene Family/immunology
- Organ Specificity/genetics
- Organ Specificity/immunology
- Protein Structure, Tertiary/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Suzuki
- Department of Biosystems Science, School of Advanced Sciences, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai), Hayama, Japan
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47
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Dupont B, Hsu KC. Inhibitory killer Ig-like receptor genes and human leukocyte antigen class I ligands in haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Curr Opin Immunol 2005; 16:634-43. [PMID: 15342011 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2004.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Identification of inhibitory killer Ig-like receptor (KIR) genes and their cognate human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I ligands in donor-recipient pairs for patients undergoing haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT) as treatment for haematopoietic malignancies has recently gained considerable interest. One incentive for these studies is to identify potential donors who are not HLA identical with the recipient but who still could serve as acceptable and potentially preferred donors based on their KIR genotype. It is demonstrated that a majority of individuals have at least one inhibitory KIR gene for which they lack the cognate HLA class I ligand. Therefore, the clinical benefits conferred by 'missing KIR ligand' might not be limited only to HLA mismatched donor-recipient combinations but may be applicable also to HLA identical transplants and even autologous HCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Dupont
- Immunology Program, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10021, USA.
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48
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Stet RJM, Hermsen T, Westphal AH, Jukes J, Engelsma M, Lidy Verburg-van Kemenade BM, Dortmans J, Aveiro J, Savelkoul HFJ. Novel immunoglobulin-like transcripts in teleost fish encode polymorphic receptors with cytoplasmic ITAM or ITIM and a new structural Ig domain similar to the natural cytotoxicity receptor NKp44. Immunogenetics 2005; 57:77-89. [PMID: 15702329 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-005-0771-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2004] [Revised: 12/13/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Members of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) include a group of innate immune receptors located in the leukocyte receptor complex (LRC) and other small clusters such as the TREM/NKp44 cluster. These receptors are characterised by the presence of immunoglobulin domains, a stalk, a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic region containing either an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM) or are linked to an adapter molecule with an activation motif (ITAM) for downstream signalling. We have isolated two carp cDNA sequences encoding receptors in which the extracellular Ig domain structurally resembles the novel V-type Ig domain of NKp44. This is supported by a homology model. The cytoplasmic regions contain either an ITAM (Cyca-NILT1) or ITIMs (Cyca-NILT2). The tissue expression of these receptors is nearly identical, with the highest expression in the immunological organs. Peripheral blood leucocytes showed no detectable expression, but upon in vitro culture expressed NILT1, the activating receptor, and not the inhibitory NILT2 receptor. Southern blot analysis indicated that the NILT1 and NILT2 sequences belong to a multigene family. Analysis of the NILT Ig domain-encoding sequences amplified from both genomic DNA and cDNA revealed extensive haplotypic and allelic polymorphism. Database mining of the zebrafish genome identified several homologs on Chromosome 1, which also contains a cluster of class I major histocompatibility genes. This constellation is reminiscent of the TREM/NKp44 gene cluster and the HLA complex located on human Chromosome 6. The carp NILT genes form a unique cluster of innate immune receptors, which are highly polymorphic, and characterised by a new Ig structural subfamily and are distinct from the novel immune-type receptors (Nitrs) found in other fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- René J M Stet
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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49
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Litman GW, Cannon JP, Rast JP. New insights into alternative mechanisms of immune receptor diversification. Adv Immunol 2005; 87:209-36. [PMID: 16102575 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(05)87006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The clonal commitment, selection, and expansion of B and T lymphocytes expressing diversified receptors provide the underlying basis for the jawed vertebrates adaptive immune response. At the core of this process is the rearrangement and somatic modification of segmental genetic elements that encode the constituent components of immunoglobulins and T-cell antigen receptors. No evidence has been found for a similar mechanism outside of jawed vertebrates; however, invertebrates and jawless vertebrates are subjected to continuous exposure to pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and parasites. The invertebrates and jawless vertebrates as well as jawed vertebrates all encode a variety of mediators of innate immunity. Several reports of extensive germline diversification of conventional innate receptors, as well as molecules that resemble innate receptors but undergo germline and somatic modification, have been made recently. The range of such molecules, which include the fibrinogen-related proteins (FREPs) in a mollusc, variable region-containing chitin-binding proteins (VCBPs) in a cephalochordate, variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs) in jawless vertebrates, and novel immune-type receptors (NITRs) in bony fish, encompasses both the immunoglobulin gene superfamily (IgSF) and leucine-rich repeat (LRR) proteins. Although these molecules vary markedly in form and likely in function, growing evidence suggests that they participate in various types of host defense and thereby represent significant alternatives to current paradigms of innate and adaptive immune receptors. Unusual genetic mechanisms for diversifying recognition proteins may be a widespread characteristic of animal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary W Litman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida College of Medicine, USF/ACH Children's Research Institute, St. Petersburg, Florida 33701, USA
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50
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Yoder JA, Litman RT, Mueller MG, Desai S, Dobrinski KP, Montgomery JS, Buzzeo MP, Ota T, Amemiya CT, Trede NS, Wei S, Djeu JY, Humphray S, Jekosch K, Hernandez Prada JA, Ostrov DA, Litman GW. Resolution of the novel immune-type receptor gene cluster in zebrafish. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:15706-11. [PMID: 15496470 PMCID: PMC524843 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0405242101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2004] [Accepted: 09/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel immune-type receptor (NITR) genes encode a unique multigene family of leukocyte regulatory receptors, which possess an extracellular Ig variable (V) domain and may function in innate immunity. Artificial chromosomes that encode zebrafish NITRs have been assembled into a contig spanning approximately 350 kb. Resolution of the complete NITR gene cluster has led to the identification of eight previously undescribed families of NITRs and has revealed the presence of C-type lectins within the locus. A maximum haplotype of 36 NITR genes (138 gene sequences in total) can be grouped into 12 distinct families, including inhibitory and activating receptors. An extreme level of interindividual heterozygosity is reflected in allelic polymorphisms, haplotype variation, and family-specific isoform complexity. In addition, the exceptional diversity of NITR sequences among species suggests divergent evolution of this multigene family with a birth-and-death process of member genes. High-confidence modeling of Nitr V-domain structures reveals a significant shift in the spatial orientation of the Ig fold, in the region of highest interfamily variation, compared with Ig V domains. These studies resolve a complete immune gene cluster in zebrafish and indicate that the NITRs represent the most complex family of activating/inhibitory surface receptors thus far described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Yoder
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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