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Moore V, Vermaas W. Functional consequences of modification of the photosystem I/photosystem II ratio in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. J Bacteriol 2024; 206:e0045423. [PMID: 38695523 PMCID: PMC11112997 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00454-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The stoichiometry of photosystem II (PSII) and photosystem I (PSI) varies between photoautotrophic organisms. The cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 maintains two- to fivefold more PSI than PSII reaction center complexes, and we sought to modify this stoichiometry by changing the promoter region of the psaAB operon. We thus generated mutants with varied psaAB expression, ranging from ~3% to almost 200% of the wild-type transcript level, but all showing a reduction in PSI levels, relative to wild type, suggesting a role of the psaAB promoter region in translational regulation. Mutants with 25%-70% of wild-type PSI levels were photoautotrophic, with whole-chain oxygen evolution rates on a per-cell basis comparable to that of wild type. In contrast, mutant strains with <10% of the wild-type level of PSI were obligate photoheterotrophs. Variable fluorescence yields of all mutants were much higher than those of wild type, indicating that the PSI content is localized differently than in wild type, with less transfer of PSII-absorbed energy to PSI. Strains with less PSI saturate at a higher light intensity, enhancing productivity at higher light intensities. This is similar to what is found in mutants with reduced antennae. With 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea present, P700+ re-reduction kinetics in the mutants were slower than in wild type, consistent with the notion that there is less cyclic electron transport if less PSI is present. Overall, strains with a reduction in PSI content displayed surprisingly vigorous growth and linear electron transport. IMPORTANCE Consequences of reduction in photosystem I content were investigated in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 where photosystem I far exceeds the number of photosystem II complexes. Strains with less photosystem I displayed less cyclic electron transport, grew more slowly at lower light intensity and needed more light for saturation but were surprisingly normal in their whole-chain electron transport rates, implying that a significant fraction of photosystem I is dispensable for linear electron transport in cyanobacteria. These strains with reduced photosystem I levels may have biotechnological relevance as they grow well at higher light intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki Moore
- School of Life Sciences and Center for Bioenergy and Photosynthesis, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Wim Vermaas
- School of Life Sciences and Center for Bioenergy and Photosynthesis, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
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2
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Mahbub M, Mullineaux CW. Locations of membrane protein production in a cyanobacterium. J Bacteriol 2023; 205:e0020923. [PMID: 37787518 PMCID: PMC10601611 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00209-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria show an unusually complex prokaryotic cell structure including a distinct intracytoplasmic membrane system, the thylakoid membranes that are the site of the photosynthetic light reactions. The thylakoid and plasma membranes have sharply distinct proteomes, but the mechanisms that target proteins to a specific membrane remain poorly understood. Here, we investigate the locations of translation of thylakoid and plasma membrane proteins in the model unicellular cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942. We use fluorescent in situ hybridization to probe the locations of mRNAs encoding membrane-integral proteins, plus Green Fluorescent Protein tagging of the RplL subunit to reveal the location of ribosomes under different conditions. We show that membrane-integral thylakoid and plasma membrane proteins are translated in different locations. Thylakoid membrane proteins are translated in patches at the innermost thylakoid membrane surface facing the nucleoid. However, different proteins are translated in different patches, even when they are subunits of the same multiprotein complex. This implies that translation is distributed over the proximal thylakoid surface, with newly inserted proteins migrating within the membrane prior to incorporation into complexes. mRNAs encoding plasma membrane proteins form patches at the plasma membrane. Ribosomes can be observed at similar locations near the thylakoid and plasma membranes, with more ribosomes near the plasma membrane when conditions force rapid production of plasma membrane proteins. There must be routes for ribosomes and mRNAs past the thylakoids to the plasma membrane. We infer a system to chaperone plasma membrane mRNAs to prevent their translation prior to arrival at the correct membrane. IMPORTANCE Cyanobacteria have a complex and distinct membrane system within the cytoplasm, the thylakoid membranes that house the photosynthetic light reactions. The thylakoid and plasma membranes contain distinct sets of proteins, but the steps that target proteins to the two membranes remain unclear. Knowledge of the protein sorting rules will be crucial for the biotechnological re-engineering of cyanobacterial cells, and for understanding the evolutionary development of the thylakoids. Here, we probe the subcellular locations of the mRNAs that encode cyanobacterial membrane proteins and the ribosomes that translate them. We show that thylakoid and plasma membrane proteins are produced at different locations, providing the first direct evidence for a sorting mechanism that operates prior to protein translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moontaha Mahbub
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Botany, Jagannath University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Conrad W. Mullineaux
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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3
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Arshad R, Saccon F, Bag P, Biswas A, Calvaruso C, Bhatti AF, Grebe S, Mascoli V, Mahbub M, Muzzopappa F, Polyzois A, Schiphorst C, Sorrentino M, Streckaité S, van Amerongen H, Aro EM, Bassi R, Boekema EJ, Croce R, Dekker J, van Grondelle R, Jansson S, Kirilovsky D, Kouřil R, Michel S, Mullineaux CW, Panzarová K, Robert B, Ruban AV, van Stokkum I, Wientjes E, Büchel C. A kaleidoscope of photosynthetic antenna proteins and their emerging roles. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:1204-1219. [PMID: 35512089 PMCID: PMC9237682 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic light-harvesting antennae are pigment-binding proteins that perform one of the most fundamental tasks on Earth, capturing light and transferring energy that enables life in our biosphere. Adaptation to different light environments led to the evolution of an astonishing diversity of light-harvesting systems. At the same time, several strategies have been developed to optimize the light energy input into photosynthetic membranes in response to fluctuating conditions. The basic feature of these prompt responses is the dynamic nature of antenna complexes, whose function readily adapts to the light available. High-resolution microscopy and spectroscopic studies on membrane dynamics demonstrate the crosstalk between antennae and other thylakoid membrane components. With the increased understanding of light-harvesting mechanisms and their regulation, efforts are focusing on the development of sustainable processes for effective conversion of sunlight into functional bio-products. The major challenge in this approach lies in the application of fundamental discoveries in light-harvesting systems for the improvement of plant or algal photosynthesis. Here, we underline some of the latest fundamental discoveries on the molecular mechanisms and regulation of light harvesting that can potentially be exploited for the optimization of photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rameez Arshad
- Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc 783 71, Czech Republic
- Electron Microscopy Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco Saccon
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Pushan Bag
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden
| | - Avratanu Biswas
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Claudio Calvaruso
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt 60438, Germany
| | - Ahmad Farhan Bhatti
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Steffen Grebe
- Department of Life Technologies, MolecularPlant Biology, University of Turku, Turku FI–20520, Finland
| | - Vincenzo Mascoli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Moontaha Mahbub
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Department of Botany, Jagannath University, Dhaka 1100, Bangladesh
| | - Fernando Muzzopappa
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette 1198, France
| | - Alexandros Polyzois
- Université de Paris, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, CiTCoM UMR 8038 CNRS, Paris 75006, France
| | | | - Mirella Sorrentino
- Photon Systems Instruments, spol. s.r.o., Drásov, Czech Republic
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Simona Streckaité
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette 1198, France
| | | | - Eva-Mari Aro
- Department of Life Technologies, MolecularPlant Biology, University of Turku, Turku FI–20520, Finland
| | - Roberto Bassi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Egbert J Boekema
- Electron Microscopy Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Roberta Croce
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Dekker
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Rienk van Grondelle
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Jansson
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden
| | - Diana Kirilovsky
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette 1198, France
| | - Roman Kouřil
- Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc 783 71, Czech Republic
| | - Sylvie Michel
- Université de Paris, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, CiTCoM UMR 8038 CNRS, Paris 75006, France
| | - Conrad W Mullineaux
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Klára Panzarová
- Photon Systems Instruments, spol. s.r.o., Drásov, Czech Republic
| | - Bruno Robert
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette 1198, France
| | - Alexander V Ruban
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Ivo van Stokkum
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Emilie Wientjes
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Claudia Büchel
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt 60438, Germany
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4
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Lambertz J, Liauw P, Whitelegge JP, Nowaczyk MM. Mass spectrometry analysis of the photosystem II assembly factor Psb27 revealed variations in its lipid modification. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2022; 152:305-316. [PMID: 34910272 PMCID: PMC9458691 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-021-00891-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The assembly of large, multi-cofactor membrane protein complexes like photosystem II (PSII) requires a high level of coordination. The process is facilitated by a large network of auxiliary proteins that bind transiently to unassembled subunits, preassembled modules or intermediate states of PSII, which are comprised of a subset of subunits. However, analysis of these immature, partially assembled PSII complexes is hampered by their low abundance and intrinsic instability. In this study, PSII was purified from the thermophilic cyanobacterium Thermosynechococcus elongatus via Twin-Strep-tagged CP43 and further separated by ion exchange chromatography into mature and immature complexes. Mass spectrometry analysis of the immature Psb27-PSII intermediate revealed six different Psb27 proteoforms with distinct lipid modifications. The maturation and functional role of thylakoid localized lipoproteins are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Lambertz
- Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Pasqual Liauw
- Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Julian P Whitelegge
- The Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine, The Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Marc M Nowaczyk
- Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
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5
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Anderson SA, Satyanarayan MB, Wessendorf RL, Lu Y, Fernandez DE. A homolog of GuidedEntry of Tail-anchored proteins3 functions in membrane-specific protein targeting in chloroplasts of Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:2812-2833. [PMID: 34021351 PMCID: PMC8408437 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The chloroplasts and mitochondria of photosynthetic eukaryotes contain proteins that are closely related to cytosolic Guided Entry of Tail-anchored proteins3 (Get3). Get3 is a targeting factor that efficiently escorts tail-anchored (TA) proteins to the ER. Because other components of the cytosolic-targeting pathway appear to be absent in organelles, previous investigators have asserted that organellar Get3 homologs are unlikely to act as targeting factors. However, we show here both that the Arabidopsis thaliana chloroplast homolog designated as GET3B is structurally similar to cytosolic Get3 proteins and that it selectively binds a thylakoid-localized TA protein. Based on genetic interactions between a get3b mutation and mutations affecting the chloroplast signal recognition particle-targeting pathway, as well as changes in the abundance of photosynthesis-related proteins in mutant plants, we propose that GET3B acts primarily to direct proteins to the thylakoids. Furthermore, through molecular complementation experiments, we show that function of GET3B depends on its ability to hydrolyze ATP, and this is consistent with action as a targeting factor. We propose that GET3B and related organellar Get3 homologs play a role that is analogous to that of cytosolic Get3 proteins, and that GET3B acts as a targeting factor in the chloroplast stroma to deliver TA proteins in a membrane-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy A. Anderson
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Manasa B. Satyanarayan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008, USA
| | - Ryan L. Wessendorf
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008, USA
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008, USA
| | - Donna E. Fernandez
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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6
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Huokko T, Ni T, Dykes GF, Simpson DM, Brownridge P, Conradi FD, Beynon RJ, Nixon PJ, Mullineaux CW, Zhang P, Liu LN. Probing the biogenesis pathway and dynamics of thylakoid membranes. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3475. [PMID: 34108457 PMCID: PMC8190092 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23680-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
How thylakoid membranes are generated to form a metabolically active membrane network and how thylakoid membranes orchestrate the insertion and localization of protein complexes for efficient electron flux remain elusive. Here, we develop a method to modulate thylakoid biogenesis in the rod-shaped cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 by modulating light intensity during cell growth, and probe the spatial-temporal stepwise biogenesis process of thylakoid membranes in cells. Our results reveal that the plasma membrane and regularly arranged concentric thylakoid layers have no physical connections. The newly synthesized thylakoid membrane fragments emerge between the plasma membrane and pre-existing thylakoids. Photosystem I monomers appear in the thylakoid membranes earlier than other mature photosystem assemblies, followed by generation of Photosystem I trimers and Photosystem II complexes. Redistribution of photosynthetic complexes during thylakoid biogenesis ensures establishment of the spatial organization of the functional thylakoid network. This study provides insights into the dynamic biogenesis process and maturation of the functional photosynthetic machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomas Huokko
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Tao Ni
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Gregory F Dykes
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Deborah M Simpson
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Philip Brownridge
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Fabian D Conradi
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Robert J Beynon
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Peter J Nixon
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Conrad W Mullineaux
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Peijun Zhang
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Electron Bio-Imaging Centre, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Lu-Ning Liu
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
- College of Marine Life Sciences, and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.
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7
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Abstract
Oxygenic photosynthetic organisms have evolved a multitude of mechanisms for protection against high-light stress. IsiA, a chlorophyll a-binding cyanobacterial protein, serves as an accessory antenna complex for photosystem I. Intriguingly, IsiA can also function as an independent pigment protein complex in the thylakoid membrane and facilitate the dissipation of excess energy, providing photoprotection. The molecular basis of the IsiA-mediated excitation quenching mechanism remains poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrate that IsiA uses a novel cysteine-mediated process to quench excitation energy. The single cysteine in IsiA in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 was converted to a valine. Ultrafast fluorescence spectroscopic analysis showed that this single change abolishes the excitation energy quenching ability of IsiA, thus providing direct evidence of the crucial role of this cysteine residue in energy dissipation from excited chlorophylls. Under stress conditions, the mutant cells exhibited enhanced light sensitivity, indicating that the cysteine-mediated quenching process is critically important for photoprotection.
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8
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Dahlgren KK, Gates C, Lee T, Cameron JC. Proximity-based proteomics reveals the thylakoid lumen proteome in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2021; 147:177-195. [PMID: 33280076 PMCID: PMC7880944 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-020-00806-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria possess unique intracellular organization. Many proteomic studies have examined different features of cyanobacteria to learn about the intracellular structures and their respective functions. While these studies have made great progress in understanding cyanobacterial physiology, the conventional fractionation methods used to purify cellular structures have limitations; specifically, certain regions of cells cannot be purified with existing fractionation methods. Proximity-based proteomics techniques were developed to overcome the limitations of biochemical fractionation for proteomics. Proximity-based proteomics relies on spatiotemporal protein labeling followed by mass spectrometry of the labeled proteins to determine the proteome of the region of interest. We performed proximity-based proteomics in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 with the APEX2 enzyme, an engineered ascorbate peroxidase. We determined the proteome of the thylakoid lumen, a region of the cell that has remained challenging to study with existing methods, using a translational fusion between APEX2 and PsbU, a lumenal subunit of photosystem II. Our results demonstrate the power of APEX2 as a tool to study the cell biology of intracellular features and processes, including photosystem II assembly in cyanobacteria, with enhanced spatiotemporal resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey K Dahlgren
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- Interdisciplinary Quantitative Biology Program (IQ Biology), BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Colin Gates
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Thomas Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Cameron
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA.
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9
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Abstract
Photosynthetic membranes are typically densely packed with proteins, and this is crucial for their function in efficient trapping of light energy. Despite being crowded with protein, the membranes are fluid systems in which proteins and smaller molecules can diffuse. Fluidity is also crucial for photosynthetic function, as it is essential for biogenesis, electron transport, and protein redistribution for functional regulation. All photosynthetic membranes seem to maintain a delicate balance between crowding, order, and fluidity. How does this work in phototrophic bacteria? In this review, we focus on two types of intensively studied bacterial photosynthetic membranes: the chromatophore membranes of purple bacteria and the thylakoid membranes of cyanobacteria. Both systems are distinct from the plasma membrane, and both have a distinctive protein composition that reflects their specialized roles. Chromatophores are formed from plasma membrane invaginations, while thylakoid membranes appear to be an independent intracellular membrane system. We discuss the techniques that can be applied to study the organization and dynamics of these membrane systems, including electron microscopy techniques, atomic force microscopy, and many variants of fluorescence microscopy. We go on to discuss the insights that havebeen acquired from these techniques, and the role of membrane dynamics in the physiology of photosynthetic membranes. Membrane dynamics on multiple timescales are crucial for membrane function, from electron transport on timescales of microseconds to milliseconds to regulation and biogenesis on timescales of minutes to hours. We emphasize the open questions that remain in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrad W. Mullineaux
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Lu-Ning Liu
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
- College of Marine Life Sciences, and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
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10
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Over Expression of the Cyanobacterial Pgr5-Homologue Leads to Pseudoreversion in a Gene Coding for a Putative Esterase in Synechocystis 6803. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:life10090174. [PMID: 32899164 PMCID: PMC7555055 DOI: 10.3390/life10090174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Pgr5 proteins play a major direct role in cyclic electron flow paths in plants and eukaryotic phytoplankton. The genomes of many cyanobacterial species code for Pgr5-like proteins but their function is still uncertain. Here, we present evidence that supports a link between the Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 Pgr5-like protein and the regulation of intracellular redox balance. The knockout strain, pgr5KO, did not display substantial phenotypic response under our experimental conditions, confirming results obtained in earlier studies. However, the overexpression strain, pgr5OE, accumulated 2.5-fold more chlorophyll than the wild type and displayed increased content of photosystems matching the chlorophyll increase. As a result, electron transfer rates through the photosynthetic apparatus of pgr5OE increased, as did the amount of energy stored as glycogen. While, under photoautotrophic conditions, this metabolic difference had only minor effects, under mixotrophic conditions, pgr5OE cultures collapsed. Interestingly, this specific phenotype of pgr5OE mutants displayed a tendency for reverting, and cultures which previously collapsed in the presence of glucose were now able to survive. DNA sequencing of a pgr5OE strain revealed a second site suppression mutation in slr1916, a putative esterase associated with redox regulation. The phenotype of the slr1916 knockout is very similar to that of the strain reported here and to that of the pmgA regulator knockout. These data demonstrate that, in Synechocystis 6803, there is strong selection against overexpression of the Pgr5-like protein. The pseudoreversion event in a gene involved in redox regulation suggests a connection of the Pgr5-like protein to this network.
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11
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Mahbub M, Hemm L, Yang Y, Kaur R, Carmen H, Engl C, Huokko T, Riediger M, Watanabe S, Liu LN, Wilde A, Hess WR, Mullineaux CW. mRNA localization, reaction centre biogenesis and thylakoid membrane targeting in cyanobacteria. NATURE PLANTS 2020; 6:1179-1191. [PMID: 32895528 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-020-00764-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The thylakoid membranes of cyanobacteria form a complex intracellular membrane system with a distinctive proteome. The sites of biogenesis of thylakoid proteins remain uncertain, as do the signals that direct thylakoid membrane-integral proteins to the thylakoids rather than to the plasma membrane. Here, we address these questions by using fluorescence in situ hybridization to probe the subcellular location of messenger RNA molecules encoding core subunits of the photosystems in two cyanobacterial species. These mRNAs cluster at thylakoid surfaces mainly adjacent to the central cytoplasm and the nucleoid, in contrast to mRNAs encoding proteins with other locations. Ribosome association influences the distribution of the photosynthetic mRNAs on the thylakoid surface, but thylakoid affinity is retained in the absence of ribosome association. However, thylakoid association is disrupted in a mutant lacking two mRNA-binding proteins, which probably play roles in targeting photosynthetic proteins to the thylakoid membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moontaha Mahbub
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Department of Botany, Jagannath University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Luisa Hemm
- Institute of Biology III, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yuxiao Yang
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Ramanpreet Kaur
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Helder Carmen
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Christoph Engl
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Tuomas Huokko
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Satoru Watanabe
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Lu-Ning Liu
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- College of Marine Life Sciences, and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Annegret Wilde
- Institute of Biology III, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang R Hess
- Institute of Biology III, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Conrad W Mullineaux
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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12
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Greening C, Lithgow T. Formation and function of bacterial organelles. Nat Rev Microbiol 2020; 18:677-689. [PMID: 32710089 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-020-0413-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Advances in imaging technologies have revealed that many bacteria possess organelles with a proteomically defined lumen and a macromolecular boundary. Some are bound by a lipid bilayer (such as thylakoids, magnetosomes and anammoxosomes), whereas others are defined by a lipid monolayer (such as lipid bodies), a proteinaceous coat (such as carboxysomes) or have a phase-defined boundary (such as nucleolus-like compartments). These diverse organelles have various metabolic and physiological functions, facilitating adaptation to different environments and driving the evolution of cellular complexity. This Review highlights that, despite the diversity of reported organelles, some unifying concepts underlie their formation, structure and function. Bacteria have fundamental mechanisms of organelle formation, through which conserved processes can form distinct organelles in different species depending on the proteins recruited to the luminal space and the boundary of the organelle. These complex subcellular compartments provide evolutionary advantages as well as enabling metabolic specialization, biogeochemical processes and biotechnological advances. Growing evidence suggests that the presence of organelles is the rule, rather than the exception, in bacterial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Greening
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.
| | - Trevor Lithgow
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.
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13
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Yang W, Wang F, Liu LN, Sui N. Responses of Membranes and the Photosynthetic Apparatus to Salt Stress in Cyanobacteria. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:713. [PMID: 32582247 PMCID: PMC7292030 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are autotrophs whose photosynthetic process is similar to that of higher plants, although the photosynthetic apparatus is slightly different. They have been widely used for decades as model systems for studying the principles of photosynthesis, especially the effects of environmental stress on photosynthetic activities. Salt stress, which is the most common abiotic stress in nature, combines ionic and osmotic stresses. High cellular ion concentrations and osmotic stress can alter normal metabolic processes and photosynthesis. Additionally, salt stress increases the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) contents. Excessive amounts of ROS will damage the photosynthetic apparatus, inhibit the synthesis of photosystem-related proteins, including the D1 protein, and destroy the thylakoid membrane structure, leading to inhibited photosynthesis. In this review, we mainly introduce the effects of salt stress on the cyanobacterial membranes and photosynthetic apparatus. We also describe specific salt tolerance mechanisms. A thorough characterization of the responses of membranes and photosynthetic apparatus to salt stress may be relevant for increasing agricultural productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Lu-Ning Liu
- College of Marine Life Sciences, and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Na Sui
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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14
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Han R, Rempfer K, Zhang M, Dobbek H, Zouni A, Dau H, Luber S. Investigating the Structure and Dynamics of Apo‐Photosystem II. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201900351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruocheng Han
- Institut für ChemieUniversität Zürich Winterthurerstrasse 129 8057 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Katharina Rempfer
- Institut für ChemieUniversität Zürich Winterthurerstrasse 129 8057 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Miao Zhang
- Institut für BiologieHumboldt Universität zu Berlin Philippstrasse 13 10115 Berlin Germany
| | - Holger Dobbek
- Institut für BiologieHumboldt Universität zu Berlin Philippstrasse 13 10115 Berlin Germany
| | - Athina Zouni
- Institut für BiologieHumboldt Universität zu Berlin Philippstrasse 13 10115 Berlin Germany
| | - Holger Dau
- Institut für PhysikFreie Universität Berlin Arnimallee 14 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Sandra Luber
- Institut für ChemieUniversität Zürich Winterthurerstrasse 129 8057 Zürich Switzerland
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15
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Rast A, Schaffer M, Albert S, Wan W, Pfeffer S, Beck F, Plitzko JM, Nickelsen J, Engel BD. Biogenic regions of cyanobacterial thylakoids form contact sites with the plasma membrane. NATURE PLANTS 2019; 5:436-446. [PMID: 30962530 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-019-0399-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about how the photosynthetic machinery is arranged in time and space during the biogenesis of thylakoid membranes. Using in situ cryo-electron tomography to image the three-dimensional architecture of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis, we observed that the tips of multiple thylakoids merge to form a substructure called the 'convergence membrane'. This high-curvature membrane comes into close contact with the plasma membrane at discrete sites. We generated subtomogram averages of 70S ribosomes and array-forming phycobilisomes, then mapped these structures onto the native membrane architecture as markers for protein synthesis and photosynthesis, respectively. This molecular localization identified two distinct biogenic regions in the thylakoid network: thylakoids facing the cytosolic interior of the cell that were associated with both marker complexes, and convergence membranes that were decorated by ribosomes but not phycobilisomes. We propose that the convergence membranes perform a specialized biogenic function, coupling the synthesis of thylakoid proteins with the integration of cofactors from the plasma membrane and the periplasmic space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rast
- Department of Molecular Plant Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Martinsried, Germany
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Miroslava Schaffer
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Sahradha Albert
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - William Wan
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Stefan Pfeffer
- Center for Molecular Biology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Florian Beck
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jürgen M Plitzko
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jörg Nickelsen
- Department of Molecular Plant Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Martinsried, Germany.
| | - Benjamin D Engel
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany.
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16
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Shang JL, Chen M, Hou S, Li T, Yang YW, Li Q, Jiang HB, Dai GZ, Zhang ZC, Hess WR, Qiu BS. Genomic and transcriptomic insights into the survival of the subaerial cyanobacterium Nostoc flagelliforme
in arid and exposed habitats. Environ Microbiol 2019; 21:845-863. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Long Shang
- School of Life Sciences, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology; Central China Normal University; Hubei 430079 People's Republic of China
| | - Min Chen
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Sydney; Sydney New South Wales 2006 Australia
| | - Shengwei Hou
- Genetics and Experimental Bioinformatics, Institute of Biology III, Faculty of Biology; University of Freiburg; Freiburg 79104 Germany
| | - Tao Li
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology; Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Science; Hubei 430072 People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Wen Yang
- School of Life Sciences, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology; Central China Normal University; Hubei 430079 People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology; Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Science; Hubei 430072 People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Bo Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology; Central China Normal University; Hubei 430079 People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Zheng Dai
- School of Life Sciences, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology; Central China Normal University; Hubei 430079 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Chun Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology; Central China Normal University; Hubei 430079 People's Republic of China
| | - Wolfgang R. Hess
- Genetics and Experimental Bioinformatics, Institute of Biology III, Faculty of Biology; University of Freiburg; Freiburg 79104 Germany
| | - Bao-Sheng Qiu
- School of Life Sciences, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology; Central China Normal University; Hubei 430079 People's Republic of China
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17
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Gandini C, Schmidt SB, Husted S, Schneider A, Leister D. The transporter SynPAM71 is located in the plasma membrane and thylakoids, and mediates manganese tolerance in Synechocystis PCC6803. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 215:256-268. [PMID: 28318016 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is an essential constituent of photosystem II (PSII) and therefore indispensable for oxygenic photosynthesis. Very little is known about how Mn is transported, delivered and retained in photosynthetic cells. Recently, the thylakoid-localized transporter PAM71 has been linked to chloroplast Mn homeostasis in Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, we characterize the function of its homolog in Synechocystis (SynPAM71). We used a loss-of-function line (ΔSynPAM71), wild-type (WT) cells exposed to Mn stress and strains expressing a tagged variant of SynPAM71 to characterize the role of SynPAM71 in cyanobacterial Mn homeostasis. The ΔSynPAM71 strain displays an Mn-sensitive phenotype with reduced levels of chlorophyll and PSI accumulation, defects in PSII photochemistry and intracellular Mn enrichment, particularly in the thylakoid membranes. These effects are attributable to Mn toxicity, as very similar symptoms were observed in WT cells exposed to excess Mn. Moreover, CyanoP, which is involved in the early steps of PSII assembly, is massively upregulated in ΔSynPAM71. SynPAM71 was detected in both the plasma membrane and, to a lesser extent, the thylakoid membranes. Our results suggest that SynPAM71 is involved in the maintenance of Mn homeostasis through the export of Mn from the cytoplasm into the periplasmic and luminal compartments, where it can be stored without interfering with cytoplasmic metabolic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Gandini
- Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen (Botanik), Department Biologie I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Martinsried, 82152, Germany
| | - Sidsel Birkelund Schmidt
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences and Copenhagen Plant Science Centre (CPSC), Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, 1871, Denmark
| | - Søren Husted
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences and Copenhagen Plant Science Centre (CPSC), Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, 1871, Denmark
| | - Anja Schneider
- Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen (Botanik), Department Biologie I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Martinsried, 82152, Germany
| | - Dario Leister
- Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen (Botanik), Department Biologie I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Martinsried, 82152, Germany
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18
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Heidrich J, Thurotte A, Schneider D. Specific interaction of IM30/Vipp1 with cyanobacterial and chloroplast membranes results in membrane remodeling and eventually in membrane fusion. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2016; 1859:537-549. [PMID: 27693914 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2016.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The photosynthetic light reaction takes place within the thylakoid membrane system in cyanobacteria and chloroplasts. Besides its global importance, the biogenesis, maintenance and dynamics of this membrane system are still a mystery. In the last two decades, strong evidence supported the idea that these processes involve IM30, the inner membrane-associated protein of 30kDa, a protein also known as the vesicle-inducing protein in plastids 1 (Vipp1). Even though we just only begin to understand the precise physiological function of this protein, it is clear that interaction of IM30 with membranes is crucial for biogenesis of thylakoid membranes. Here we summarize and discuss forces guiding IM30-membrane interactions, as the membrane properties as well as the oligomeric state of IM30 appear to affect proper interaction of IM30 with membrane surfaces. Interaction of IM30 with membranes results in an altered membrane structure and can finally trigger fusion of adjacent membranes, when Mg2+ is present. Based on recent results, we finally present a model summarizing individual steps involved in IM30-mediated membrane fusion. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Lipid order/lipid defects and lipid-control of protein activity edited by Dirk Schneider.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Heidrich
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Johann-Joachim-Becher-Weg 30, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Adrien Thurotte
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Johann-Joachim-Becher-Weg 30, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Dirk Schneider
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Johann-Joachim-Becher-Weg 30, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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19
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Heinz S, Rast A, Shao L, Gutu A, Gügel IL, Heyno E, Labs M, Rengstl B, Viola S, Nowaczyk MM, Leister D, Nickelsen J. Thylakoid Membrane Architecture in Synechocystis Depends on CurT, a Homolog of the Granal CURVATURE THYLAKOID1 Proteins. THE PLANT CELL 2016; 28:2238-2260. [PMID: 27543090 PMCID: PMC5059811 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.16.00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis occurs in thylakoids, a highly specialized membrane system. In the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp PCC 6803 (hereafter Synechocystis 6803), the thylakoids are arranged parallel to the plasma membrane and occasionally converge toward it to form biogenesis centers. The initial steps in PSII assembly are thought to take place in these regions, which contain a membrane subcompartment harboring the early assembly factor PratA and are referred to as PratA-defined membranes (PDMs). Loss of CurT, the Synechocystis 6803 homolog of Arabidopsis thaliana grana-shaping proteins of the CURVATURE THYLAKOID1 family, results in disrupted thylakoid organization and the absence of biogenesis centers. As a consequence, PSII is less efficiently assembled and accumulates to only 50% of wild-type levels. CurT induces membrane curvature in vitro and is distributed all over the thylakoids, with local concentrations at biogenesis centers. There it forms a sophisticated tubular network at the cell periphery, as revealed by live-cell imaging. CurT is part of several high molecular mass complexes, and Blue Native/SDS-PAGE and isoelectric focusing demonstrated that different isoforms associate with PDMs and thylakoids. Moreover, CurT deficiency enhances sensitivity to osmotic stress, adding a level of complexity to CurT function. We propose that CurT is crucial for the differentiation of membrane architecture, including the formation of PSII-related biogenesis centers, in Synechocystis 6803.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Heinz
- Molekulare Pflanzenwissenschaften, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Biozentrum, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Anna Rast
- Molekulare Pflanzenwissenschaften, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Biozentrum, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Lin Shao
- Molekulare Pflanzenwissenschaften, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Biozentrum, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Andrian Gutu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Irene L Gügel
- Biochemie und Physiologie der Pflanzen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Biozentrum, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Munich Centre for Integrated Protein Science CiPSM, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Eiri Heyno
- Biochemie der Pflanzen, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Mathias Labs
- Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Biozentrum, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Birgit Rengstl
- Molekulare Pflanzenwissenschaften, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Biozentrum, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Stefania Viola
- Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Biozentrum, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Marc M Nowaczyk
- Biochemie der Pflanzen, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Dario Leister
- Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Biozentrum, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jörg Nickelsen
- Molekulare Pflanzenwissenschaften, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Biozentrum, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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20
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Weisz DA, Gross ML, Pakrasi HB. The Use of Advanced Mass Spectrometry to Dissect the Life-Cycle of Photosystem II. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:617. [PMID: 27242823 PMCID: PMC4862242 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Photosystem II (PSII) is a photosynthetic membrane-protein complex that undergoes an intricate, tightly regulated cycle of assembly, damage, and repair. The available crystal structures of cyanobacterial PSII are an essential foundation for understanding PSII function, but nonetheless provide a snapshot only of the active complex. To study aspects of the entire PSII life-cycle, mass spectrometry (MS) has emerged as a powerful tool that can be used in conjunction with biochemical techniques. In this article, we present the MS-based approaches that are used to study PSII composition, dynamics, and structure, and review the information about the PSII life-cycle that has been gained by these methods. This information includes the composition of PSII subcomplexes, discovery of accessory PSII proteins, identification of post-translational modifications and quantification of their changes under various conditions, determination of the binding site of proteins not observed in PSII crystal structures, conformational changes that underlie PSII functions, and identification of water and oxygen channels within PSII. We conclude with an outlook for the opportunity of future MS contributions to PSII research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Weisz
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. LouisSt. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. LouisSt. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael L. Gross
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. LouisSt. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Himadri B. Pakrasi
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. LouisSt. Louis, MO, USA
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21
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Rast A, Rengstl B, Heinz S, Klingl A, Nickelsen J. The Role of Slr0151, a Tetratricopeptide Repeat Protein from Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, during Photosystem II Assembly and Repair. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:605. [PMID: 27200072 PMCID: PMC4853703 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The assembly and repair of photosystem II (PSII) is facilitated by a variety of assembly factors. Among those, the tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) protein Slr0151 from Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 (hereafter Synechocystis) has previously been assigned a repair function under high light conditions (Yang et al., 2014). Here, we show that inactivation of slr0151 affects thylakoid membrane ultrastructure even under normal light conditions. Moreover, the level and localization of Slr0151 are affected in a variety of PSII-related mutants. In particular, the data suggest a close functional relationship between Slr0151 and Sll0933, which interacts with Ycf48 during PSII assembly and is homologous to PAM68 in Arabidopsis thaliana. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed a punctate distribution of Slr0151 within several different membrane types in Synechocystis cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rast
- Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Biozentrum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenPlanegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Birgit Rengstl
- Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Biozentrum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenPlanegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Steffen Heinz
- Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Biozentrum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenPlanegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Andreas Klingl
- Pflanzliche Entwicklungsbiologie, Biozentrum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenPlanegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jörg Nickelsen
- Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Biozentrum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenPlanegg-Martinsried, Germany
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22
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Bohne AV, Schwenkert S, Grimm B, Nickelsen J. Roles of Tetratricopeptide Repeat Proteins in Biogenesis of the Photosynthetic Apparatus. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 324:187-227. [PMID: 27017009 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Biosynthesis of the photosynthetic apparatus is a complex operation, which includes the concerted synthesis and assembly of lipids, pigments and metal cofactors, and dozens of proteins. Research conducted in recent years has shown that these processes, as well as the stabilization and repair of this molecular machinery, are facilitated by transiently acting regulatory proteins, many of which belong to the superfamily of helical repeat proteins. Here, we focus on one of its families in photoautotrophic model organisms, the tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) proteins, which participate in almost all of these steps and are crucial for biogenesis of the thylakoid membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-V Bohne
- Molecular Plant Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - S Schwenkert
- Botany, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - B Grimm
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - J Nickelsen
- Molecular Plant Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
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23
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Selão TT, Zhang L, Knoppová J, Komenda J, Norling B. Photosystem II Assembly Steps Take Place in the Thylakoid Membrane of the Cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC6803. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:95-104. [PMID: 26578692 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Thylakoid biogenesis is an intricate process requiring accurate and timely assembly of proteins, pigments and other cofactors into functional, photosynthetically competent membranes. PSII assembly is studied in particular as its core protein, D1, is very susceptible to photodamage and has a high turnover rate, particularly in high light. PSII assembly is a modular process, with assembly steps proceeding in a specific order. Using aqueous two-phase partitioning to separate plasma membranes (PM) and thylakoid membranes (TM), we studied the subcellular localization of the early assembly steps for PSII biogenesis in a Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 cyanobacterium strain lacking the CP47 antenna. This strain accumulates the early D1-D2 assembly complex which was localized in TM along with associated PSII assembly factors. We also followed insertion and processing of the D1 precursor (pD1) by radioactive pulse-chase labeling. D1 is inserted into the membrane with a C-terminal extension which requires cleavage by a specific protease, the C-terminal processing protease (CtpA), to allow subsequent assembly of the oxygen-evolving complex. pD1 insertion as well as its conversion to mature D1 under various light conditions was seen only in the TM. Epitope-tagged CtpA was also localized in the same membrane, providing further support for the thylakoid location of pD1 processing. However, Vipp1 and PratA, two proteins suggested to be part of the so-called 'thylakoid centers', were found to associate with the PM. Together, these results suggest that early PSII assembly steps occur in TM or specific areas derived from them, with interaction with PM needed for efficient PSII and thylakoid biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago T Selão
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551 Singapore
| | - Lifang Zhang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551 Singapore
| | - Jana Knoppová
- Institute of Microbiology, Center Algatech, Opatovický mlýn, Novohradská 237, 379 81 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Komenda
- Institute of Microbiology, Center Algatech, Opatovický mlýn, Novohradská 237, 379 81 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Birgitta Norling
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551 Singapore
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24
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Gao L, Wang J, Ge H, Fang L, Zhang Y, Huang X, Wang Y. Toward the complete proteome of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2015; 126:203-219. [PMID: 25862646 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-015-0140-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The proteome of the photosynthetic model organism Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 has been extensively analyzed in the last 15 years for the purpose of identifying proteins specifically expressed in subcellular compartments or differentially expressed in different environmental or internal conditions. This review summarizes the progress achieved so far with the emphasis on the impact of different techniques, both in sample preparation and protein identification, on the increasing coverage of proteome identification. In addition, this review evaluates the current completeness of proteome identification, and provides insights on the potential factors that could affect the complete identification of the Synechocystis proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 West Beichen Rd, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jinlong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 West Beichen Rd, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Haitao Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Longfa Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 West Beichen Rd, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yuanya Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 West Beichen Rd, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiahe Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 West Beichen Rd, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yingchun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 West Beichen Rd, Beijing, 100101, China.
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25
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Heinz S, Liauw P, Nickelsen J, Nowaczyk M. Analysis of photosystem II biogenesis in cyanobacteria. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2015; 1857:274-87. [PMID: 26592144 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Photosystem II (PSII), a large multisubunit membrane protein complex found in the thylakoid membranes of cyanobacteria, algae and plants, catalyzes light-driven oxygen evolution from water and reduction of plastoquinone. Biogenesis of PSII requires coordinated assembly of at least 20 protein subunits, as well as incorporation of various organic and inorganic cofactors. The stepwise assembly process is facilitated by numerous protein factors that have been identified in recent years. Further analysis of this process requires the development or refinement of specific methods for the identification of novel assembly factors and, in particular, elucidation of the unique role of each. Here we summarize current knowledge of PSII biogenesis in cyanobacteria, focusing primarily on the impact of methodological advances and innovations. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Organization and dynamics of bioenergetic systems in bacteria, edited by Conrad Mullineaux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Heinz
- Molekulare Pflanzenwissenschaften, Biozentrum LMU München, Großhaderner Str. 2-4, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Pasqual Liauw
- Biochemie der Pflanzen, Ruhr Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Jörg Nickelsen
- Molekulare Pflanzenwissenschaften, Biozentrum LMU München, Großhaderner Str. 2-4, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
| | - Marc Nowaczyk
- Biochemie der Pflanzen, Ruhr Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
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26
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Liu LN. Distribution and dynamics of electron transport complexes in cyanobacterial thylakoid membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2015; 1857:256-65. [PMID: 26619924 PMCID: PMC4756276 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The cyanobacterial thylakoid membrane represents a system that can carry out both oxygenic photosynthesis and respiration simultaneously. The organization, interactions and mobility of components of these two electron transport pathways are indispensable to the biosynthesis of thylakoid membrane modules and the optimization of bioenergetic electron flow in response to environmental changes. These are of fundamental importance to the metabolic robustness and plasticity of cyanobacteria. This review summarizes our current knowledge about the distribution and dynamics of electron transport components in cyanobacterial thylakoid membranes. Global understanding of the principles that govern the dynamic regulation of electron transport pathways in nature will provide a framework for the design and synthetic engineering of new bioenergetic machinery to improve photosynthesis and biofuel production. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Organization and dynamics of bioenergetic systems in bacteria, edited by Conrad Mullineaux. Cyanobacterial thylakoid membranes carry out both oxygenic photosynthesis and respiration. Electron transport components are located in the thylakoid membrane and functionally coordinate with each other. Distribution and dynamics of electron transport components are physiologically regulated in response to environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Ning Liu
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom.
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27
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Battchikova N, Angeleri M, Aro EM. Proteomic approaches in research of cyanobacterial photosynthesis. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2015; 126:47-70. [PMID: 25359503 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-014-0050-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Oxygenic photosynthesis in cyanobacteria, algae, and plants is carried out by a fabulous pigment-protein machinery that is amazingly complicated in structure and function. Many different approaches have been undertaken to characterize the most important aspects of photosynthesis, and proteomics has become the essential component in this research. Here we describe various methods which have been used in proteomic research of cyanobacteria, and demonstrate how proteomics is implemented into on-going studies of photosynthesis in cyanobacterial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Battchikova
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland.
| | - Martina Angeleri
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Eva-Mari Aro
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland
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28
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Frain KM, Gangl D, Jones A, Zedler JAZ, Robinson C. Protein translocation and thylakoid biogenesis in cyanobacteria. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2015; 1857:266-73. [PMID: 26341016 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria exhibit a complex form of membrane differentiation that sets them apart from most bacteria. Many processes take place in the plasma membrane, but photosynthetic light capture, electron transport and ATP synthesis take place in an abundant internal thylakoid membrane. This review considers how this system of subcellular compartmentalisation is maintained, and how proteins are directed towards the various subcompartments--specifically the plasma membrane, periplasm, thylakoid membrane and thylakoid lumen. The involvement of Sec-, Tat- and signal recognition particle- (SRP)-dependent protein targeting pathways is discussed, together with the possible involvement of a so-called 'spontaneous' pathway for the insertion of membrane proteins, previously characterised for chloroplast thylakoid membrane proteins. An intriguing aspect of cyanobacterial cell biology is that most contain only a single set of genes encoding Sec, Tat and SRP components, yet the proteomes of the plasma and thylakoid membranes are very different. The implications for protein sorting mechanisms are considered. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Organization and dynamics of bioenergetic systems in bacteria, edited by Prof Conrad Mullineaux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Frain
- Centre for Molecular Processing, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Ingram Building, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, United Kingdom
| | - Doris Gangl
- Centre for Molecular Processing, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Ingram Building, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Jones
- Centre for Molecular Processing, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Ingram Building, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, United Kingdom
| | - Julie A Z Zedler
- Centre for Molecular Processing, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Ingram Building, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Robinson
- Centre for Molecular Processing, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Ingram Building, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, United Kingdom.
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29
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Hennig R, Heidrich J, Saur M, Schmüser L, Roeters SJ, Hellmann N, Woutersen S, Bonn M, Weidner T, Markl J, Schneider D. IM30 triggers membrane fusion in cyanobacteria and chloroplasts. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7018. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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30
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Sacharz J, Bryan SJ, Yu J, Burroughs NJ, Spence EM, Nixon PJ, Mullineaux CW. Sub-cellular location of FtsH proteases in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 suggests localised PSII repair zones in the thylakoid membranes. Mol Microbiol 2015; 96:448-62. [PMID: 25601560 PMCID: PMC4949578 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In cyanobacteria and chloroplasts, exposure to HL damages the photosynthetic apparatus, especially the D1 subunit of Photosystem II. To avoid chronic photoinhibition, a PSII repair cycle operates to replace damaged PSII subunits with newly synthesised versions. To determine the sub-cellular location of this process, we examined the localisation of FtsH metalloproteases, some of which are directly involved in degrading damaged D1. We generated transformants of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 expressing GFP-tagged versions of its four FtsH proteases. The ftsH2-gfp strain was functional for PSII repair under our conditions. Confocal microscopy shows that FtsH1 is mainly in the cytoplasmic membrane, while the remaining FtsH proteins are in patches either in the thylakoid or at the interface between the thylakoid and cytoplasmic membranes. HL exposure which increases the activity of the Photosystem II repair cycle led to no detectable changes in FtsH distribution, with the FtsH2 protease involved in D1 degradation retaining its patchy distribution in the thylakoid membrane. We discuss the possibility that the FtsH2-GFP patches represent Photosystem II 'repair zones' within the thylakoid membranes, and the possible advantages of such functionally specialised membrane zones. Anti-GFP affinity pull-downs provide the first indication of the composition of the putative repair zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Sacharz
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
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31
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Rast A, Heinz S, Nickelsen J. Biogenesis of thylakoid membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2015; 1847:821-30. [PMID: 25615584 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Thylakoids mediate photosynthetic electron transfer and represent one of the most elaborate energy-transducing membrane systems. Despite our detailed knowledge of its structure and function, much remains to be learned about how the machinery is put together. The concerted synthesis and assembly of lipids, proteins and low-molecular-weight cofactors like pigments and transition metal ions require a high level of spatiotemporal coordination. While increasing numbers of assembly factors are being functionally characterized, the principles that govern how thylakoid membrane maturation is organized in space are just starting to emerge. In both cyanobacteria and chloroplasts, distinct production lines for the fabrication of photosynthetic complexes, in particular photosystem II, have been identified. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Chloroplast Biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rast
- Molekulare Pflanzenwissenschaften, Biozentrum LMU München, Großhaderner Str. 2-4, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Steffen Heinz
- Molekulare Pflanzenwissenschaften, Biozentrum LMU München, Großhaderner Str. 2-4, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jörg Nickelsen
- Molekulare Pflanzenwissenschaften, Biozentrum LMU München, Großhaderner Str. 2-4, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
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32
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Gao L, Ge H, Huang X, Liu K, Zhang Y, Xu W, Wang Y. Systematically ranking the tightness of membrane association for peripheral membrane proteins (PMPs). Mol Cell Proteomics 2014; 14:340-53. [PMID: 25505158 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m114.044800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Large-scale quantitative evaluation of the tightness of membrane association for nontransmembrane proteins is important for identifying true peripheral membrane proteins with functional significance. Herein, we simultaneously ranked more than 1000 proteins of the photosynthetic model organism Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 for their relative tightness of membrane association using a proteomic approach. Using multiple precisely ranked and experimentally verified peripheral subunits of photosynthetic protein complexes as the landmarks, we found that proteins involved in two-component signal transduction systems and transporters are overall tightly associated with the membranes, whereas the associations of ribosomal proteins are much weaker. Moreover, we found that hypothetical proteins containing the same domains generally have similar tightness. This work provided a global view of the structural organization of the membrane proteome with respect to divergent functions, and built the foundation for future investigation of the dynamic membrane proteome reorganization in response to different environmental or internal stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Gao
- From the ‡State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 West Beichen Rd., Beijing 100101, China
| | - Haitao Ge
- §State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xiahe Huang
- From the ‡State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 West Beichen Rd., Beijing 100101, China
| | - Kehui Liu
- From the ‡State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 West Beichen Rd., Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuanya Zhang
- From the ‡State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 West Beichen Rd., Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wu Xu
- ¶Department of Chemistry, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana 70504
| | - Yingchun Wang
- From the ‡State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 West Beichen Rd., Beijing 100101, China;
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33
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Yang H, Liao L, Bo T, Zhao L, Sun X, Lu X, Norling B, Huang F. Slr0151 in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 is required for efficient repair of photosystem II under high-light condition. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 56:1136-50. [PMID: 25146729 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are ancient photosynthetic prokaryotes that have adapted successfully to adverse environments including high-light irradiation. Although it is known that the repair of photodamaged photosystem II (PSII) in the organisms is a highly regulated process, our knowledge of the molecular components that regulate each step of the process is limited. We have previously identified a hypothetical protein Slr0151 in the membrane fractions of cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Here, we report that Slr0151 is involved in PSII repair of the organism. We generated a mutant strain (Δslr0151) lacking the protein Slr0151 and analyzed its characteristics under normal and high-light conditions. Targeted deletion of slr0151 resulted in decreased PSII activity in Synechocystis. Moreover, the mutant exhibited increased photoinhibition due to impairment of PSII repair under high-light condition. Further analysis using in vivo radioactive labeling and 2-D blue native/sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that the PSII repair cycle was hindered at the levels of D1 synthesis and disassembly and/or assembly of PSII in the mutant. Protein interaction assays demonstrated that Slr0151 interacts with D1 and CP43 proteins. Taken together, these results indicate that Slr0151 plays an important role in regulating PSII repair in the organism under high-light stress condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haomeng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
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34
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Cormann KU, Bartsch M, Rögner M, Nowaczyk MM. Localization of the CyanoP binding site on photosystem II by surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:595. [PMID: 25414711 PMCID: PMC4220643 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Photosystem II (PSII), a large multi subunit membrane protein complex localized in the thylakoid membrane of cyanobacteria and chloroplasts, is the only known enzyme that catalyzes the light-driven oxidation of water. In addition to the membrane intrinsic part of PSII, efficient oxygen evolution requires soluble protein subunits at its luminal interface. In contrast to the detailed crystal structure of the active cyanobacterial complex the characterization of intermediate PSII species related to its assembly and repair is hampered by their instability or low abundance. As most structural variations of the corresponding PSII species are based on a different set of protein factors bound to the luminal interface of the complex we developed a system for interaction analysis between PSII and its soluble interaction partners based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy. The assay was validated by the correct localization of the extrinsic PSII proteins PsbO, PsbV, and PsbU on the luminal PSII surface and used to determine the unknown binding position of CyanoP, the cyanobacterial homolog of higher plant PsbP. The CyanoP binding site was clearly localized in the center of PSII at a position, which is occupied by the PsbO subunit in mature PSII complexes. Consistently, we demonstrate selective binding of CyanoP to an inactive PSII assembly intermediate that lacks the extrinsic subunits PsbO, PsbV, and PsbU. These findings suggest, that CyanoP functions in the dynamic lifecycle of PSII, possibly in the association of CP47 and CP43 or in photoactivation of the oxygen-evolving complex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marc M. Nowaczyk
- *Correspondence: Marc M. Nowaczyk, Plant Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany e-mail:
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35
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Rexroth S, Rexroth D, Veit S, Plohnke N, Cormann KU, Nowaczyk MM, Rögner M. Functional characterization of the small regulatory subunit PetP from the cytochrome b6f complex in Thermosynechococcus elongatus. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:3435-48. [PMID: 25139006 PMCID: PMC4176442 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.125930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The cyanobacterial cytochrome b(6)f complex is central for the coordination of photosynthetic and respiratory electron transport and also for the balance between linear and cyclic electron transport. The development of a purification strategy for a highly active dimeric b(6)f complex from the thermophilic cyanobacterium Thermosynechococcus elongatus BP-1 enabled characterization of the structural and functional role of the small subunit PetP in this complex. Moreover, the efficient transformability of this strain allowed the generation of a ΔpetP mutant. Analysis on the whole-cell level by growth curves, photosystem II light saturation curves, and P700(+) reduction kinetics indicate a strong decrease in the linear electron transport in the mutant strain versus the wild type, while the cyclic electron transport via photosystem I and cytochrome b(6)f is largely unaffected. This reduction in linear electron transport is accompanied by a strongly decreased stability and activity of the isolated ΔpetP complex in comparison with the dimeric wild-type complex, which binds two PetP subunits. The distinct behavior of linear and cyclic electron transport may suggest the presence of two distinguishable pools of cytochrome b(6)f complexes with different functions that might be correlated with supercomplex formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Rexroth
- Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Dorothea Rexroth
- Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Sebastian Veit
- Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Nicole Plohnke
- Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Kai U Cormann
- Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Marc M Nowaczyk
- Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Matthias Rögner
- Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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36
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Mabbitt PD, Wilbanks SM, Eaton-Rye JJ. Structure and function of the hydrophilic Photosystem II assembly proteins: Psb27, Psb28 and Ycf48. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2014; 81:96-107. [PMID: 24656878 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2014.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Photosystem II (PS II) is a macromolecular complex responsible for light-driven oxidation of water and reduction of plastoquinone as part of the photosynthetic electron transport chain found in thylakoid membranes. Each PS II complex is composed of at least 20 protein subunits and over 80 cofactors. The biogenesis of PS II requires further hydrophilic and membrane-spanning proteins which are not part of the active holoenzyme. Many of these biogenesis proteins make transient interactions with specific PS II assembly intermediates: sometimes these are essential for biogenesis while in other examples they are required for optimizing assembly of the mature complex. In this review the function and structure of the Psb27, Psb28 and Ycf48 hydrophilic assembly factors is discussed by combining structural, biochemical and physiological information. Each of these assembly factors has homologues in all oxygenic photosynthetic organisms. We provide a simple overview for the roles of these protein factors in cyanobacterial PS II assembly emphasizing their participation in both photosystem biogenesis and recovery from photodamage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Mabbitt
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Sigurd M Wilbanks
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Julian J Eaton-Rye
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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37
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Pribil M, Labs M, Leister D. Structure and dynamics of thylakoids in land plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:1955-72. [PMID: 24622954 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Thylakoids of land plants have a bipartite structure, consisting of cylindrical grana stacks, made of membranous discs piled one on top of the other, and stroma lamellae which are helically wound around the cylinders. Protein complexes predominantly located in the stroma lamellae and grana end membranes are either bulky [photosystem I (PSI) and the chloroplast ATP synthase (cpATPase)] or are involved in cyclic electron flow [the NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (NDH) and PGRL1-PGR5 heterodimers], whereas photosystem II (PSII) and its light-harvesting complex (LHCII) are found in the appressed membranes of the granum. Stacking of grana is thought to be due to adhesion between Lhcb proteins (LHCII or CP26) located in opposed thylakoid membranes. The grana margins contain oligomers of CURT1 proteins, which appear to control the size and number of grana discs in a dosage- and phosphorylation-dependent manner. Depending on light conditions, thylakoid membranes undergo dynamic structural changes that involve alterations in granum diameter and height, vertical unstacking of grana, and swelling of the thylakoid lumen. This plasticity is realized predominantly by reorganization of the supramolecular structure of protein complexes within grana stacks and by changes in multiprotein complex composition between appressed and non-appressed membrane domains. Reversible phosphorylation of LHC proteins (LHCPs) and PSII components appears to initiate most of the underlying regulatory mechanisms. An update on the roles of lipids, proteins, and protein complexes, as well as possible trafficking mechanisms, during thylakoid biogenesis and the de-etiolation process complements this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Pribil
- Plant Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (LMU), D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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38
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Mullineaux CW. Co-existence of photosynthetic and respiratory activities in cyanobacterial thylakoid membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2013; 1837:503-11. [PMID: 24316145 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2013.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The thylakoid membranes of cyanobacteria are the major sites of respiratory electron transport as well as photosynthetic light reactions. The photosynthetic and respiratory electron transport chains share some components, and their presence in the same membrane opens up the possibility for a variety of "unorthodox" electron transport routes. Many of the theoretically possible electron transport pathways have indeed been detected in particular species and circumstances. Electron transport has a crucial impact on the redox balance of the cell and therefore the pathways of electron flow in the cyanobacterial thylakoid membrane must be tightly regulated. This review summarises what is known of cyanobacterial electron transport components, their interactions and their sub-cellular location. The role of thylakoid membrane organisation in controlling electron transport pathways is discussed with respect to recent evidence that the larger-scale distribution of complexes in the membrane is important for controlling electron exchange between the photosynthetic and respiratory complexes. The distribution of complexes on scales of 100nm or more is under physiological control, showing that larger-scale thylakoid membrane re-arrangement is a key factor in controlling the crosstalk between photosynthetic and respiratory electron transport. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Dynamic and ultrastructure of bioenergetic membranes and their components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrad W Mullineaux
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK.
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39
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C-terminal processing of reaction center protein D1 is essential for the function and assembly of photosystem II in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:16247-52. [PMID: 24043802 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1313894110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosystem II (PSII) reaction center protein D1 is synthesized as a precursor (pD1) with a short C-terminal extension. The pD1 is processed to mature D1 by carboxyl-terminal peptidase A to remove the C-terminal extension and form active protein. Here we report functional characterization of the Arabidopsis gene encoding D1 C-terminal processing enzyme (AtCtpA) in the chloroplast thylakoid lumen. Recombinant AtCtpA converted pD1 to mature D1 and a mutant lacking AtCtpA retained all D1 in precursor form, confirming that AtCtpA is solely responsible for processing. As with cyanobacterial ctpa, a knockout Arabidopsis atctpa mutant was lethal under normal growth conditions but was viable with sucrose under low-light conditions. Viable plants, however, showed deficiencies in PSII and thylakoid stacking. Surprisingly, unlike its cyanobacterial counterpart, the Arabidopsis mutant retained both monomer and dimer forms of the PSII complexes that, although nonfunctional, contained both the core and extrinsic subunits. This mutant was also essentially devoid of PSII supercomplexes, providing an unexpected link between D1 maturation and supercomplex assembly. A knock-down mutant expressing about 2% wild-type level of AtCtpA showed normal growth under low light but was stunted and accumulated pD1 under high light, indicative of delayed C-terminal processing. Although demonstrating the functional significance of C-terminal D1 processing in PSII biogenesis, our study reveals an unsuspected link between D1 maturation and PSII supercomplex assembly in land plants, opening an avenue for exploring the mechanism for the association of light-harvesting complexes with the PSII core complexes.
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Nickelsen J, Zerges W. Thylakoid biogenesis has joined the new era of bacterial cell biology. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:458. [PMID: 24312109 PMCID: PMC3826073 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Nickelsen
- Molecular Plant Sciences, Ludwig-Maximillians-UniversityPlanegg-Martinsried, Germany
- *Correspondence: ;
| | - William Zerges
- Biology Department, Concordia UniversityMontreal, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: ;
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Nickelsen J, Rengstl B. Photosystem II assembly: from cyanobacteria to plants. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 64:609-35. [PMID: 23451783 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-050312-120124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Photosystem II (PSII) is an integral-membrane, multisubunit complex that initiates electron flow in oxygenic photosynthesis. The biogenesis of this complex machine involves the concerted assembly of at least 20 different polypeptides as well as the incorporation of a variety of inorganic and organic cofactors. Many factors have recently been identified that constitute an integrative network mediating the stepwise assembly of PSII components. One recurring theme is the subcellular organization of the assembly process in specialized membranes that form distinct biogenesis centers. Here, we review our current knowledge of the molecular components and events involved in PSII assembly and their high degree of evolutionary conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Nickelsen
- Molekulare Pflanzenwissenschaften, Biozentrum Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
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Meierhoff K, Westhoff P. The Biogenesis of the Thylakoid Membrane: Photosystem II, a Case Study. PLASTID DEVELOPMENT IN LEAVES DURING GROWTH AND SENESCENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5724-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Degradation of PsbO by the Deg protease HhoA Is thioredoxin dependent. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45713. [PMID: 23029195 PMCID: PMC3446894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The widely distributed members of the Deg/HtrA protease family play an important role in the proteolysis of misfolded and damaged proteins. Here we show that the Deg protease rHhoA is able to degrade PsbO, the extrinsic protein of the Photosystem II (PSII) oxygen-evolving complex in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 and in spinach. PsbO is known to be stable in its oxidized form, but after reduction by thioredoxin it became a substrate for recombinant HhoA (rHhoA). rHhoA cleaved reduced eukaryotic (specifically, spinach) PsbO at defined sites and created distinct PsbO fragments that were not further degraded. As for the corresponding prokaryotic substrate (reduced PsbO of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803), no PsbO fragments were observed. Assembly to PSII protected PsbO from degradation. For Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, our results show that HhoA, HhoB, and HtrA are localized in the periplasma and/or at the thylakoid membrane. In agreement with the idea that PsbO could be a physiological substrate for Deg proteases, part of the cellular fraction of the three Deg proteases of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 (HhoA, HhoB, and HtrA) was detected in the PSII-enriched membrane fraction.
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Komenda J, Sobotka R, Nixon PJ. Assembling and maintaining the Photosystem II complex in chloroplasts and cyanobacteria. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 15:245-51. [PMID: 22386092 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2012.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants, algae and cyanobacteria grow because of their ability to use sunlight to extract electrons from water. This vital reaction is catalysed by the Photosystem II (PSII) complex, a large multi-subunit pigment-protein complex embedded in the thylakoid membrane. Recent results show that assembly of PSII occurs in a step-wise fashion in defined regions of the membrane system, involves conserved auxiliary factors and is closely coupled to chlorophyll biosynthesis. PSII is also repaired following damage by light. FtsH proteases play an important role in selectively removing damaged proteins from the complex, both in chloroplasts and cyanobacteria, whilst undamaged subunits and pigments are recycled. The chloroplastic Deg proteases play a supplementary role in PSII repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Komenda
- Institute of Microbiology, Laboratory of Photosynthesis, Opatovický mlýn, Třeboň, Czech Republic
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Vothknecht UC, Otters S, Hennig R, Schneider D. Vipp1: a very important protein in plastids?! JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:1699-712. [PMID: 22131161 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
As a key feature in oxygenic photosynthesis, thylakoid membranes play an essential role in the physiology of plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. Despite their importance in the process of oxygenic photosynthesis, their biogenesis has remained a mystery to the present day. A decade ago, vesicle-inducing protein in plastids 1 (Vipp1) was described to be involved in thylakoid membrane formation in chloroplasts and cyanobacteria. Most follow-up studies clearly linked Vipp1 to membranes and Vipp1 interactions as well as the defects observed after Vipp1 depletion in chloroplasts and cyanobacteria indicate that Vipp1 directly binds to membranes, locally stabilizes bilayer structures, and thereby retains membrane integrity. Here current knowledge about the structure and function of Vipp1 is summarized with a special focus on its relationship to the bacterial phage shock protein A (PspA), as both proteins share a common origin and appear to have retained many similarities in structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute C Vothknecht
- Department of Biology I, LMU Munich, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
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Stengel A, Gügel IL, Hilger D, Rengstl B, Jung H, Nickelsen J. Initial steps of photosystem II de novo assembly and preloading with manganese take place in biogenesis centers in Synechocystis. THE PLANT CELL 2012; 24:660-75. [PMID: 22319052 PMCID: PMC3315239 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.111.093914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp PCC 6803, early steps in thylakoid membrane (TM) biogenesis are considered to take place in specialized membrane fractions resembling an interface between the plasma membrane (PM) and TM. This region (the PratA-defined membrane) is defined by the presence of the photosystem II (PSII) assembly factor PratA (for processing-associated TPR protein) and the precursor of the D1 protein (pD1). Here, we show that PratA is a Mn(2+) binding protein that contains a high affinity Mn(2+) binding site (K(d) = 73 μM) and that PratA is required for efficient delivery of Mn(2+) to PSII in vivo, as Mn(2+) transport is retarded in pratA(-). Furthermore, ultrastructural analyses of pratA(-) depict changes in membrane organization in comparison to the wild type, especially a semicircle-shaped structure, which appears to connect PM and TM, is lacking in pratA(-). Immunogold labeling located PratA and pD1 to these distinct regions at the cell periphery. Thus, PratA is necessary for efficient delivery of Mn(2+) to PSII, leading to Mn(2+) preloading of PSII in the periplasm. We propose an extended model for the spatial organization of Mn(2+) transport to PSII, which is suggested to take place concomitantly with early steps of PSII assembly in biogenesis centers at the cell periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stengel
- Molekulare Pflanzenwissenschaften, Biozentrum Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Irene L. Gügel
- Biochemie und Physiologie der Pflanzen, Biozentrum Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Daniel Hilger
- Mikrobiologie, Biozentrum Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Birgit Rengstl
- Molekulare Pflanzenwissenschaften, Biozentrum Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Heinrich Jung
- Mikrobiologie, Biozentrum Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jörg Nickelsen
- Molekulare Pflanzenwissenschaften, Biozentrum Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Address correspondence to
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Spetea C, Pfeil BE, Schoefs B. Phylogenetic Analysis of the Thylakoid ATP/ADP Carrier Reveals New Insights into Its Function Restricted to Green Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 2:110. [PMID: 22629269 PMCID: PMC3355511 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2011.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/17/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
ATP is the common energy currency of cellular metabolism in all living organisms. Most of them synthesize ATP in the cytosol or on the mitochondrial inner membrane, whereas land plants, algae, and cyanobacteria also produce it on the thylakoid membrane during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. From the site of synthesis, ATP is transported to the site of utilization via intracellular membrane transporters. One major type of ATP transporters is represented by the mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier family. Here we review a recently characterized member, namely the thylakoid ATP/ADP carrier from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtTAAC). Thus far, no orthologs of this carrier have been characterized in other organisms, although similar sequences can be recognized in many sequenced genomes. Protein Sequence database searches and phylogenetic analyses indicate the absence of TAAC in cyanobacteria and its appearance early in the evolution of photosynthetic eukaryotes. The TAAC clade is composed of carriers found in land plants and some green algae, but no proteins from other photosynthetic taxa, such as red algae, brown algae, and diatoms. This implies that TAAC-like sequences arose only once before the divergence of green algae and land plants. Based on these findings, it is proposed that TAAC may have evolved in response to the need of a new activity in higher photosynthetic eukaryotes. This activity may provide the energy to drive reactions during biogenesis and turnover of photosynthetic complexes, which are heterogeneously distributed in a thylakoid membrane system composed of appressed and non-appressed regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Spetea
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of GothenburgGothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bernard E. Pfeil
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of GothenburgGothenburg, Sweden
| | - Benoît Schoefs
- Mer, Molécules, Santé, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université du Maine à Le MansLe Mans, France
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Li T, Yang HM, Cui SX, Suzuki I, Zhang LF, Li L, Bo TT, Wang J, Murata N, Huang F. Proteomic Study of the Impact of Hik33 Mutation in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 under Normal and Salt Stress Conditions. J Proteome Res 2011; 11:502-14. [DOI: 10.1021/pr200811s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hao-Meng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Su-Xia Cui
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Iwane Suzuki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Li-Fang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ting-Ting Bo
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jie Wang
- National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
| | - Norio Murata
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203 Jeddah 21589, KSA
| | - Fang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
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Yao DCI, Brune DC, Vavilin D, Vermaas WFJ. Photosystem II component lifetimes in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803: small Cab-like proteins stabilize biosynthesis intermediates and affect early steps in chlorophyll synthesis. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:682-692. [PMID: 22090028 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.320994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
To gain insight in the lifetimes of photosystem II (PSII) chlorophyll and proteins, a combined stable isotope labeling (15N)/mass spectrometry method was used to follow both old and new pigments and proteins. Photosystem I-less Synechocystis cells were grown to exponential or post-exponential phase and then diluted in BG-11 medium with [15N]ammonium and [15N]nitrate. PSII was isolated, and the masses of PSII protein fragments and chlorophyll were determined. Lifetimes of PSII components ranged from 1.5 to 40 h, implying that at least some of the proteins and chlorophyll turned over independently from each other. Also, a significant amount of nascent PSII components accumulated in thylakoids when cells were in post-exponential growth phase. In a mutant lacking small Cab-like proteins (SCPs), most PSII protein lifetimes were unaffected, but the lifetime of chlorophyll and the amount of nascent PSII components that accumulated were decreased. In the absence of SCPs, one of the PSII biosynthesis intermediates, the monomeric PSII complex without CP43, was missing. Therefore, SCPs may stabilize nascent PSII protein complexes. Moreover, upon SCP deletion, the rate of chlorophyll synthesis and the accumulation of early tetrapyrrole precursors were drastically reduced. When [14N]aminolevulinic acid (ALA) was supplemented to 15N-BG-11 cultures, the mutant lacking SCPs incorporated much more exogenous ALA into chlorophyll than the control demonstrating that ALA biosynthesis was impaired in the absence of SCPs. This illustrates the major effects that nonstoichiometric PSII components such as SCPs have on intermediates and assembly but not on the lifetime of PSII proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny C I Yao
- School of Life Sciences and Center for Bioenergy and Photosynthesis, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-4501
| | - Daniel C Brune
- School of Life Sciences and Center for Bioenergy and Photosynthesis, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-4501
| | - Dmitri Vavilin
- School of Life Sciences and Center for Bioenergy and Photosynthesis, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-4501
| | - Wim F J Vermaas
- School of Life Sciences and Center for Bioenergy and Photosynthesis, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-4501.
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Wegener KM, Bennewitz S, Oelmüller R, Pakrasi HB. The Psb32 protein aids in repairing photodamaged photosystem II in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis 6803. MOLECULAR PLANT 2011; 4:1052-1061. [PMID: 21653280 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssr044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Photosystem II (PSII), a membrane protein complex, catalyzes the photochemical oxidation of water to molecular oxygen. This enzyme complex consists of approximately 20 stoichiometric protein components. However, due to the highly energetic reactions it catalyzes as part of its normal activity, PSII is continuously damaged and repaired. With advances in protein detection technologies, an increasing number of sub-stoichiometric PSII proteins have been identified, many of which aid in the biogenesis and assembly of this protein complex. Psb32 (Sll1390) has previously been identified as a protein associated with highly active purified PSII preparations from the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. To investigate its function, the subcellular localization of Psb32 and the impact of deletion of the psb32 gene on PSII were analyzed. Here, we show that Psb32 is an integral membrane protein, primarily located in the thylakoid membranes. Although not required for cell viability, Psb32 protects cells from oxidative stress and additionally confers a selective fitness advantage in mixed culture experiments. Specifically, Psb32 protects PSII from photodamage and accelerates its repair. Thus, the data suggest that Psb32 plays an important role in minimizing the effect of photoinhibition on PSII.
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