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Antimicrobial Effects of Selected, Cultivated Red Seaweeds and Their Components in Combination with Tetracycline, against Poultry Pathogen Salmonella Enteritidis. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse8070511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Poultry and its products are an economical source of high-quality protein for human consumption. In animal agriculture, antibiotics are used as therapeutic agents to treat disease in livestock, or as prophylactics to prevent disease and in so doing enhance production. However, the extensive use of antibiotics in livestock husbandry has come at the cost of increasingly drug-resistant bacterial pathogens. This highlights an urgent need to find effective alternatives to be used to treat infections, particularly in poultry and especially caused by drug-resistant Salmonella strains. In this study, we describe the combined effect of extracts of the red seaweeds Chondrus crispus (CC) and Sarcodiotheca gaudichaudii (SG) and compounds isolated from these in combinations with industry standard antibiotics (i.e., tetracycline and streptomycin) against Salmonella Enteritidis. Streptomycin exhibited the higher antimicrobial activity against S. Enteritidis, as compared to tetracycline with a MIC25 and MIC50 of 1.00 and 1.63 μg/mL, respectively. The addition of a water extract of CC at a concentration of 200 µg/mL in addition to tetracycline significantly enhanced the antibacterial activity (log CFU/mL 4.7 and 4.5 at MIC25 and MIC50, respectively). SG water extract, at 400 and 800 µg/mL (p = 0.05, n = 9), also in combination with tetracycline, showed complete inhibition of bacterial growth. Combinations of floridoside (a purified red seaweed component) and tetracycline (MIC25 and MIC50) in vitro revealed that only the lower concentration (i.e., 15 μg/mL) of floridoside potentiated the activity of tetracycline. Sub-lethal concentrations of tetracycline (MIC50 and MIC25), in combination with floridoside, exhibited antimicrobial activities that were comparable to full-strength tetracycline (23 μg/mL). Furthermore, the relative transcript levels of efflux-related genes of S. Enteritidis, namely marA, arcB and ramA, were significantly repressed by the combined treatment of floridoside and tetracycline, as compared to control MIC treatments (MIC25 and MIC50). Taken together, these findings demonstrated that the red seaweeds CC and SG and their selected, purified components can be used to increase the lifetime of existing, patented antibiotics and can also help to reduce costly (economic and environmental) therapeutic and prophylactic use of antibiotics in poultry. To our knowledge, this is the first report of antibiotic potentiation of existing industry standard antibiotics using red seaweeds and their selected extracts against S. Enteritidis.
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Pal R, Seleem MN. Screening of Natural Products and Approved Oncology Drug Libraries for Activity against Clostridioides difficile. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5966. [PMID: 32249833 PMCID: PMC7136261 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63029-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile is the most common cause of healthcare-associated diarrhea. Infection of the gastrointestinal tract with this Gram-positive, obligate anaerobe can lead to potentially life-threatening conditions in the antibiotic-treated populace. New therapeutics are urgently needed to treat this infection and prevent its recurrence. Here, we screened two libraries from the National Cancer Institute, namely, the natural product set III library (117 compounds) and the approved oncology drugs set V library (114 compounds), against C. difficile. In the two libraries screened, 17 compounds from the natural product set III library and 7 compounds from the approved oncology drugs set V library were found to exhibit anticlostridial activity. The most potent FDA-approved drugs (mitomycin C and mithramycin A) and a promising natural product (aureomycin) were further screened against 20 clinical isolates of C. difficile. The anticancer drugs, mitomycin C (MIC50 = 0.25 μg/ml) and mithramycin A (MIC50 = 0.015 μg/ml), and the naturally derived tetracycline derivative, aureomycin (MIC50 = 0.06 μg/ml), exhibited potent activity against C. difficile strains. Mithramycin A and aureomycin were further found to inhibit toxin production by this pathogen. Given their efficacy, these compounds can provide a quick supplement to current treatment to address the unmet needs in treating C. difficile infection and preventing its recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rusha Pal
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Mohamed N Seleem
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA. .,Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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Volkov V, Righini R. Structural analysis of neutral tetracycline using anharmonicity of delocalized vibrations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:5655-60. [PMID: 24518961 DOI: 10.1039/c3cp54271h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
While tetracyclines are in active medical use, their bioactive atomic compositions are still questionable. Here, we investigate the structural properties of neutral tetracycline in dimethyl sulfoxide - the environment used often to mimic the environment in vivo. We compare the measured linear and nonlinear infrared spectra to those calculated for a collection of stable and energetically plausible tautomers, and describe the structurally sensitive off-diagonal peaks using anharmonicities of the normal modes. The comparison of experimental and theoretical 2DIR spectra is consistent with the numerical predictions of statistical thermodynamics on the relative weights of possible tautomers. In result, we provide the systematic account of the structural realizations of neutral tetracycline in DMSO.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Volkov
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg, 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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Hastings ML, Berniac J, Liu YH, Abato P, Jodelka FM, Barthel L, Kumar S, Dudley C, Nelson M, Larson K, Edmonds J, Bowser T, Draper M, Higgins P, Krainer AR. Tetracyclines that promote SMN2 exon 7 splicing as therapeutics for spinal muscular atrophy. Sci Transl Med 2010; 1:5ra12. [PMID: 20161659 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3000208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
There is at present no cure or effective therapy for spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), a neurodegenerative disease that is the leading genetic cause of infant mortality. SMA usually results from loss of the SMN1 (survival of motor neuron 1) gene, which leads to selective motor neuron degeneration. SMN2 is nearly identical to SMN1 but has a nucleotide replacement that causes exon 7 skipping, resulting in a truncated, unstable version of the SMA protein. SMN2 is present in all SMA patients, and correcting SMN2 splicing is a promising approach for SMA therapy. We identified a tetracycline-like compound, PTK-SMA1, which stimulates exon 7 splicing and increases SMN protein levels in vitro and in vivo in mice. Unlike previously identified molecules that stimulate SMN production via SMN2 promoter activation or undefined mechanisms, PTK-SMA1 is a unique therapeutic candidate in that it acts by directly stimulating splicing of exon 7. Synthetic small-molecule compounds such as PTK-SMA1 offer an alternative to antisense oligonucleotide therapies that are being developed as therapeutics for a number of disease-associated splicing defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Hastings
- Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60044, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nomura
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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Connell SR, Tracz DM, Nierhaus KH, Taylor DE. Ribosomal protection proteins and their mechanism of tetracycline resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 47:3675-81. [PMID: 14638464 PMCID: PMC296194 DOI: 10.1128/aac.47.12.3675-3681.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sean R Connell
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
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Connell SR, Trieber CA, Stelzl U, Einfeldt E, Taylor DE, Nierhaus KH. The tetracycline resistance protein Tet(o) perturbs the conformation of the ribosomal decoding centre. Mol Microbiol 2002; 45:1463-72. [PMID: 12354218 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2002.03115.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Tet(o) is an elongation factor-like protein found in clinical isolates of Campylobacter jejuni that confers resistance to the protein-synthesis inhibitor tetracycline. Tet(o) interacts with the 70S ribosome and promotes the release of bound tetracycline, however, as shown here, it does not form the same functional interaction with the 30S subunit. Chemical probing demonstrates that Tet(o) changes the reactivity of the 16S rRNA to dimethyl sulphate (DMS). These changes cluster within the decoding site, where C1214 is protected and A1408 is enhanced to DMS reactivity. C1214 is close to, but does not overlap, the primary tetracycline-binding site, whereas A1408 is in a region distinct from the Tet(o) binding site visualized by cryo-EM, indicating that Tet(o) induces long-range rearrangements that may mediate tetracycline resistance. Tetracycline enhances C1054 to DMS modification but this enhancement is inhibited in the presence of Tet(o) unlike the tetracycline-dependent protection of A892 which is unaffected by Tet(o). C1054 is part of the primary binding site of tetracycline and A892 is part of the secondary binding site. Therefore, the results for the first time demonstrate that the primary tetracycline binding site is correlated with tetracycline's inhibitory effect on protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean R Connell
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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Abstract
Chemical footprinting shows that several classes of antibiotics (streptomycin, tetracycline, spectinomycin, edeine, hygromycin and the neomycins) protect concise sets of highly conserved nucleotides in 16S ribosomal RNA when bound to ribosomes. These findings have strong implications for the mechanism of action of these antibiotics and for the assignment of functions to specific structural features of 16S rRNA.
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McMurry LM, Cullinane JC, Petrucci RE, Levy SB. Active uptake of tetracycline by membrane vesicles from susceptible Escherichia coli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1981; 20:307-13. [PMID: 7030198 PMCID: PMC181692 DOI: 10.1128/aac.20.3.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
A major portion of tetracycline accumulation by susceptible bacterial cells is energy dependent. Inner membrane vesicles prepared from susceptible Escherichia coli cells concentrated tetracycline 2.5 to 5 times above the external concentration when the electron transport substrate D-lactate or reduced phenazine methosulfate was added. This stimulation was reversed by cyanide, 2,4-dinitrophenol, and carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone. These vesicles data showed that proton motive force alone could energize tetracycline uptake. The lactate-dependent uptake had a pH optimum of 6.9 and a magnesium optimum of 1 mM and was not saturable up to 400 microM tetracycline. Although the vesicles were not as active as cells in concentrating tetracycline, they were less active to a similar extent in concentrating tetracycline, they were less active to a similar extent in concentrating proline, the transport of which is known to be solely proton motive force dependent. Therefore, we concluded that the active uptake of tetracycline in susceptible cells was largely, if not solely, energized by proton motive force.
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McMurry L, Petrucci RE, Levy SB. Active efflux of tetracycline encoded by four genetically different tetracycline resistance determinants in Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1980; 77:3974-7. [PMID: 7001450 PMCID: PMC349750 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.77.7.3974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 458] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetracycline resistance encoded by four genetically different determinants residing on plasmids in Escherichia coli was shown to be associated in each case with an energy-dependent decrease in accumulation of the antibiotic in whole cells in which resistance had been induced. The different class determinants examined were those on plasmids RP1 (class A), R222 (class B), R144 (class C), and RA1 (class D). This decrease in accumulation was attributable to an active efflux, because everted (inside-out) membrane vesicles made from tetracycline-induced E. coli cells containing any one of the four plasmids were shown to concentrate tetracycline by an active influx. This active uptake was not seen in inside-out vesicles from sensitive cells or uninduced R222-containing cells. In vesicles from induced R222-containing cells, the efflux appeared to be carrier-mediated with a Km of about 6 microM. These results demonstrate that active export of tetracycline is a common component of the mechanism for tetracycline resistance encoded by different plasmid-borne determinants in bacteria.
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Bermek E. Mechanisms in polypeptide chain elongation on ribosomes. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1978; 21:63-100. [PMID: 358280 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60267-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Gulbis J, Everett GW. Metal binding characteristics of tetracycline derivatives in DMSO solution. Tetrahedron 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4020(76)85048-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Experiments on the Binding Sites and the Action of Some Antibiotics which Inhibit Ribosomal Functions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1975. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-8405-9_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
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Streltsov SA, Kukhanova MK, Krayevsky AA, Beljavskaja IV, Victorova LS, Gursky GV, Treboganov AD, Gottikh BP. Binding of oxytetracycline to E coli ribosomes. Mol Biol Rep 1974; 1:391-6. [PMID: 4608374 DOI: 10.1007/bf00385671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Heinrich HC, Oppitz KH, Gabbe EE. [Inhibition of iron absorption in man by tetracycline (author's transl)]. KLINISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1974; 52:493-8. [PMID: 4409859 DOI: 10.1007/bf01468538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Fritz-Niggli H, Michel C, Rao KR. Sensitizing effect of Reverin (pyrrolidinomethyltetracycline) on the radiation damage of rat embryos as compared to its effect on other cell systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1974. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01965493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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18
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Lucas-Lenard J, Beres L. 2. Protein Synthesis—Peptide Chain Elongation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-6047(08)60134-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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Dockter ME, Magnuson JA. Characterization of the active transport of chlorotetracycline in staphylococcus aureus by a fluorescence technique. JOURNAL OF SUPRAMOLECULAR STRUCTURE 1974; 2:32-44. [PMID: 4211866 DOI: 10.1002/jss.400020105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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20
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Tachibana M, Machino M, Toyoda Y, Suzuki M. Morphologic effects of minocycline on the cochlea of the guinea pig. ARCHIV FUR KLINISCHE UND EXPERIMENTELLE OHREN- NASEN- UND KEHLKOPFHEILKUNDE 1973; 204:163-74. [PMID: 4358596 DOI: 10.1007/bf00301833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Burns DJ, Cundliffe E. Bacterial-protein synthesis. A novel system for studying antibiotic action in vivo. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1973; 37:570-4. [PMID: 4273053 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1973.tb03020.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Pitton JS. Mechanisms of bacterial resistance to antibiotics. ERGEBNISSE DER PHYSIOLOGIE, BIOLOGISCHEN CHEMIE UND EXPERIMENTELLEN PHARMAKOLOGIE 1972; 65:15-93. [PMID: 4566421 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-05814-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Schreier MH, Noll H. Conformational changes in ribosomes during protein synthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1971; 68:805-9. [PMID: 4927674 PMCID: PMC389048 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.68.4.805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In a purified system containing poly(U) and ribosomal subunits from Escherichia coli, and purified transfer factors T and G, the active ribosomal complex passes through a cycle of contraction and expansion with the addition of each amino acid; aminoacyl-tRNA binding catalyzed by T produces the stable compact state, corresponding to the 70S conformation, whereas translocation with G expands the ribosome to a less stable 60S form. It is also shown that formation of the first peptide bond must be preceded by translocation with G. These findings are consistent with a model of chain initiation in the absence of initiation factors in which deacylated tRNA(Phe) bound to the P site signals translocation by G and GTP as soon as the 60S initiation complex has been converted to the 70S form by the enzymatic binding of Phe-tRNA.
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Abstract
The heating of Salmonella typhimurium 7136 at 48 C for 30 min produces a population of cells that are incompetent at division on Levine Eosin Methylene Blue Agar containing 2.0% NaCl (EMB-NaCl). When these injured cells were placed in fresh citrate salts medium they recovered, and regained their tolerance to the EMB-NaCl medium and grew out. The addition of the selective inhibitors rifamycin, 5-fluorouracil, 2,4-dinitrophenol, chlorotetracycline, chloramphenicol, and 5-methyl-tryptophan to the recovery medium showed that the recovery process was dependent on ribosomal ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis, adenosine triphosphate synthesis, and the synthesis of new protein. These results were substantiated by incorporation experiments, which demonstrated that during recovery no deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis, and hence no cell division, occurred. Ribosomal RNA was synthesized during recovery, but its synthesis was not the rate-limiting step. A small but significant amount of protein was also formed during the latter part of the recovery period.
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Mikulík K, Blumauerová M, Vanĕk Z, Ludvík J. Characterization of ribosomes of a strain of Streptomyces aureofaciens producing chlortetracycline. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 1971; 16:24-30. [PMID: 4100551 DOI: 10.1007/bf02887331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Miller GH, Khalil SA, Martin AN. Structure-activity relationships of tetracyclines. I. Inhibition of cell division and protein and nucleic acid syntheses in Escherichia coli W. J Pharm Sci 1971; 60:33-40. [PMID: 4994066 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600600104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Hambleton P, Wild DG. Inhibition of Candida utilis by cycloheximide and acetoxycycloheximdie. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 1970; 15:245-52. [PMID: 5475118 DOI: 10.1007/bf02869050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Igarashi K, Kaji A. Relationship between sites 1,2 and acceptor, donor sites for the binding of aminoacyl tRNA to ribosomes. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1970; 14:41-6. [PMID: 4911379 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1970.tb00258.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Ishitsuka H, Kaji A. Release of tRNA from ribosomes by a factor other than G factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1970; 66:168-73. [PMID: 4921327 PMCID: PMC286103 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.66.1.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to the G factor there exists another factor in the E. coli extracts which stimulates the release of tRNA from ribosomes. This factor is distinctly different from the G factor and may play a role in removing tRNA from the ribosome after the polypeptide chain termination factor has released the completed chain from the ribosome-bound tRNA.
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Kaji H. Intraribosomal environment of the nascent peptide chain. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1970; 29:169-211. [PMID: 4928380 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60035-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Blundell MR, Wild DG. Inhibition of bacterial growth by metal salts. A survey of effects on the synthesis of ribonucleic acid and protein. Biochem J 1969; 115:207-12. [PMID: 4907879 PMCID: PMC1185091 DOI: 10.1042/bj1150207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of the growth of Escherichia coli M.R.E. 600 by six different metal salts was accompanied by a greater decrease in the synthesis of RNA than in that of protein. The action of cobalt chloride was exceptional; inhibited cells made an excess of RNA to an extent depending on the concentration of Co(2+), the time of incubation and the concentration of Mg(2+) in the medium. Preferential synthesis of RNA in the presence of cobalt chloride was not confined to E. coli but occurred to various extents in some, but not all, of the other micro-organisms that were tested. Possible reasons for the special effect of Co(2+) are discussed.
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Mikulíl K, Dinh Quyen N, Blumauerová M, Vanek Z. Binding of aureovocin to ribosomes of Streptomyces aureofaciens B-96. FEBS Lett 1969; 5:131-134. [PMID: 11947259 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(69)80313-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K Mikulíl
- Institute of Microbiology, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechoslovakia
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Cerná J, Rychlík I, Pulkrábek P. The effect of antibiotics on the coded binding of peptidyl-tRNA to the ribosome and on the transfer of the peptidyl residue to puromycin. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1969; 9:27-35. [PMID: 4891613 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1969.tb00571.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Kirschmann C, Davis BD. Phenotypic suppression in Escherichia coli by chloramphenicol and other reversible inhibitors of the ribosome. J Bacteriol 1969; 98:152-9. [PMID: 4891806 PMCID: PMC249917 DOI: 10.1128/jb.98.1.152-159.1969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics that interfere reversibly with various aspects of ribosomal function (chloramphenicol, tetracycline, erythromycin, and spectinomycin) are shown to antagonize, at barely inhibitory concentrations, the inhibitory effect of low concentrations of streptomycin (SM) on the growth of Escherichia coli. Paradoxically, these compounds can also replace SM in supporting the growth of conditionally SM-dependent mutants. Chloramphenicol produced about as much phenotypic suppression as SM in SM-sensitive strains, but less than that attainable with high concentrations of SM in resistant strains. The antagonism to SM inhibition and the phenotypic suppression appear to be specific for those growth inhibitors that act on the ribosome. Since inhibitors of the 50S subunit of the ribosome (chloramphenicol, erythromycin) are as active as inhibitors of the 30S subunit, it is suggested that phenotypic suppression by borderline concentrations of ribosome inhibitors does not necessarily depend on an alteration of the recognition region of the ribosome. Alternatively, partial inhibition of the ribosomes might change the environment in a way that would influence the frequency of misreading. Phenotypic suppression by a low concentration of SM as well as by chloramphenicol was found to depend on the presence of a trace of the required growth factor.
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Two Types of Binding of Erythromycin to Ribosomes from Antibiotic-sensitive and -resistant Bacillus subtilis 168. J Biol Chem 1969. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)94413-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Russell AD. The mechanism of action of some antibacterial agents. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1969; 6:135-99. [PMID: 4307054 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(08)70198-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Weisblum B, Davies J. Antibiotic inhibitors of the bacterial ribosome. BACTERIOLOGICAL REVIEWS 1968; 32:493-528. [PMID: 4179192 PMCID: PMC413162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Sarkar S, Thach RE. Inhibition of formylmethionyl-transfer RNA binding to ribosomes by tetracycline. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1968; 60:1479-86. [PMID: 5244755 PMCID: PMC224944 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.60.4.1479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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Comparative Studies on Specific and Nonspecific Binding of Transfer Ribonucleic Acid to Ribosomes. J Biol Chem 1968. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)56954-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Lucas-Lenard J, Haenni AL. Requirement of granosine 5'-triphosphate for ribosomal binding of aminoacyl-SRNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1968; 59:554-60. [PMID: 4870466 PMCID: PMC224708 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.59.2.554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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Evidence for the Enzymatic Binding of Aminoacyl Transfer Ribonucleic Acid to Rat Liver Ribosomes. J Biol Chem 1968. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)81735-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Rifino CB, Bousquet WF, Knevel AM, Belcastro P, Martin AN. Effect of certain tetracycline analogs on phenylalanine-14C incorporation by Escherichia coli B cell-free extracts. J Pharm Sci 1968; 57:351-2. [PMID: 4868038 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600570232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Reaction of Ribosome-bound Peptidyl Transfer Ribonucleic Acid with Aminoacyl Transfer Ribonucleic Acid or Puromycin. J Biol Chem 1967. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)99394-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Goor RS, Pappenheimer AM, Ames E. Studies on the mode of action of diphtheria toxin. V. Inhibition of peptide bond formation by toxin and NAD in cell-free systems and its reversal by nicotinamide. J Exp Med 1967; 126:923-39. [PMID: 4294109 PMCID: PMC2138399 DOI: 10.1084/jem.126.5.923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of soluble transferase II activity in cell-free systems by diphtheria toxin and NAD can be prevented or reversed in the presence of a sufficient concentration of nicotinamide. Quantitative studies on inhibition of peptide bond formation in cell-free extracts by toxin and NAD have indicated that two successive reversible reactions are involved. First, toxin and NAD interact mole for mole to form a relatively dissociable complex. This toxin-NAD complex then reacts with transferase II to form an enzymatically inactive product that is but slightly dissociated. In the presence of sufficient nicotinamide, however, the latter complex can be broken down to yield active transferase II once more. Based on the above model, an equation has been derived that accurately predicts the per cent inhibition of amino acid incorporation in cell-free systems at any given toxin and NAD level. The observed inhibition appears to be independent of the sensitivity to toxin of the cell species from which the extracts were derived, and depends only on the toxin and NAD concentrations. Although the model satisfactorily explains inhibition of peptide bond formation by toxin in cell-free systems, further assumptions are needed to explain how still lower concentrations of toxin are able to arrest protein synthesis completely in the living cell.
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Abstract
The properties of a site, on Escherichia coli ribosomes, which binds peptidyl-s-RNA (where s-RNA refers to ;soluble' or transfer RNA) have been investigated. The binding is stable both in low Mg(2+) concentration (0.1mm), and in high Mg(2+) concentration (10mm) in the absence or presence of potassium chloride (86mm). Puromycin has been used to break the bond between the s-RNA and the polypeptide, and in the absence of further protein synthesis this technique exposes free s-RNA molecules on the ribosomes. The s-RNA exposed remains bound in high Mg(2+) concentration, but the binding is unstable in high Mg(2+) concentration with potassium chloride and the s-RNA can be freed completely from the ribosomes by lowering the Mg(2+) concentration. It can also be displaced by s-RNA in the medium. It is suggested that this ribosomal binding site for peptidyl-s-RNA is the site for peptide bond formation. Further, it is proposed that it is the same site that can be demonstrated on ribosomes not engaged in protein synthesis and that, in high Mg(2+) concentration, will bind s-RNA molecules charged or uncharged with amino acids.
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Greenberger NJ. Inhibition of protein synthesis in rat intestinal slices by tetracycline. Nature 1967; 214:702-3. [PMID: 6049078 DOI: 10.1038/214702b0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Perzyński S, Szafrański P. The effect of soluble ribonucleic acid on the binding of rapidly 14C labelled ribonucleic acid to ribosomes. Biochem J 1967; 103:1contd-2c. [PMID: 5340508 PMCID: PMC1270399 DOI: 10.1042/bj1030001c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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