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Astegno A, Bonza MC, Vallone R, La Verde V, D'Onofrio M, Luoni L, Molesini B, Dominici P. Arabidopsis calmodulin-like protein CML36 is a calcium (Ca 2+) sensor that interacts with the plasma membrane Ca 2+-ATPase isoform ACA8 and stimulates its activity. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:15049-15061. [PMID: 28726644 PMCID: PMC5592680 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.787796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Calmodulin-like (CML) proteins are major EF-hand-containing, calcium (Ca2+)-binding proteins with crucial roles in plant development and in coordinating plant stress tolerance. Given their abundance in plants, the properties of Ca2+ sensors and identification of novel target proteins of CMLs deserve special attention. To this end, we recombinantly produced and biochemically characterized CML36 from Arabidopsis thaliana We analyzed Ca2+ and Mg2+ binding to the individual EF-hands, observed metal-induced conformational changes, and identified a physiologically relevant target. CML36 possesses two high-affinity Ca2+/Mg2+ mixed binding sites and two low-affinity Ca2+-specific sites. Binding of Ca2+ induced an increase in the α-helical content and a conformational change that lead to the exposure of hydrophobic regions responsible for target protein recognition. Cation binding, either Ca2+ or Mg2+, stabilized the secondary and tertiary structures of CML36, guiding a large structural transition from a molten globule apo-state to a compact holoconformation. Importantly, through in vitro binding and activity assays, we showed that CML36 interacts directly with the regulative N terminus of the Arabidopsis plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase isoform 8 (ACA8) and that this interaction stimulates ACA8 activity. Gene expression analysis revealed that CML36 and ACA8 are co-expressed mainly in inflorescences. Collectively, our results support a role for CML36 as a Ca2+ sensor that binds to and modulates ACA8, uncovering a possible involvement of the CML protein family in the modulation of plant-autoinhibited Ca2+ pumps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Astegno
- From the Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy and
| | - Maria Cristina Bonza
- the Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Rosario Vallone
- From the Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy and
| | - Valentina La Verde
- From the Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy and
| | - Mariapina D'Onofrio
- From the Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy and
| | - Laura Luoni
- the Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Barbara Molesini
- From the Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy and
| | - Paola Dominici
- From the Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy and
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Gordon RE, Puszkin S. Endocytic Vesicles of Type I Pneumocytes. I. Immunocytochemical Colocalization of Calmodulin with Clathrin Molecules. J Histotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1179/his.1989.12.3.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Pavlíková D, Pavlík M, Vasícková S, Száková J, Vokác K, Balík J, Tlustos P. Development of a procedure for the sequential extraction of substances binding trace elements in plant biomass. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 381:863-72. [PMID: 15750871 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-004-2955-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2004] [Revised: 10/01/2004] [Accepted: 11/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This work investigates how the amounts of some important substances in a plant, and their behaviour inside the plant, depend on the levels of stress placed on the plant. To this end, model plant spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) was cultivated on soil treated with sewage sludge. The sewage sludge contained various trace elements (As, Cd, Cu, Zn), and the uptake of these trace elements placed the plant under stress. Following this, a sequential extraction procedure was employed to determine the levels and distributions of trace elements within the most important groups of compounds present in the spinach plants. Since the usual five-step sequential extraction procedure provides only general information on the distributions of elements within individual groups of organic compounds, due to the wide range of organic compounds within the individual fractions, this scheme was extended and improved through the addition of two solvent extraction steps-a butanol step (between the ethyl acetate and methanol solvent steps) and an H(2)O step (after the methanol+H(2)O solvent step). The distributions and levels of the trace elements within the main groups of compounds in spinach biomass was investigated using this new seven step sequential extraction (water free solvents: petroleum ether (A) --> ethyl acetate (B) --> butanol (C) --> methanol (D) --> water solvents: methanol+H(2)O (1+1; v/v) (E) --> H(2)O (F) --> methanol+H(2)O+HCl (49.3+49.3+1.4; v/v/v) (G)). The isolated fractions were characterized using IR spectroscopy and the trace element contents were determined in the individual fractions. Lipophilic compounds with low contents of Cd, Cu and Zn were separated in the first two fractions (A, B). Compounds with higher As contents (11.5-12.8% of total content) were also extracted in the second fraction, B. These two fractions formed the smallest portion of the isolated fractions. Low molecular compounds from secondary metabolism and polar lipids were separated in the third (C) and fourth (D) fractions, and high molecular compounds (mainly polypeptides and proteins) separated in the fifth and sixth fractions (E, F). The addition of the H(2)O solvent step was particularly useful for separating compounds that have a significant impact on trace element bounds. The methanol fraction was dominant for all treatments, and a significant decrease in the spinach biomass separated in this fraction was observed when the soil was treated with sewage sludge. Most of the As (35.5-38.8% of total content), Cu (45.0-51.6%) and Zn (39.8-47.2%) was also determined in this fraction. The G fraction (obtained after acid hydrolysis) contained polar compounds. Most of the Cd was also found in this fraction, as was a significant amount of Zn. Non-extractable residues formed the last fraction (polysaccharides, proteins).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Pavlíková
- Department of Agrochemistry and Plant Nutrition, Czech University of Agriculture in Prague, 165 21 Prague, Czech Republic
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Strata F, Sciancalepore M, Cherubini E. Cyclic AMP-dependent modulation of giant depolarizing potentials by metabotropic glutamate receptors in the rat hippocampus. J Physiol 1995; 489 ( Pt 1):115-25. [PMID: 8583396 PMCID: PMC1156797 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1995.sp021035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
1. Intracellular recordings were used to study the role of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) in modulating GABA-mediated giant depolarizing potentials (GDPs) in immature rat hippocampal CA3 neurones. 2. The mGluR antagonist (RS)-alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine (MCPG, 1 mM) reduced the frequency of GDPs. The broad-spectrum ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonist kynurenic acid (1 mM) blocked GDPs. 3. In the presence of kynurenic acid, both tetanic stimulation of the hilus or bath application of quisqualic acid (1 microM) and trans-1-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (t-ACPD, 20 microM) induced the appearance of GDPs. These effects were antagonized by MCPG (1 mM) or L(+)-2-amino-3-phosphonopropionic acid (L-AP3) and blocked by bicuculline (10 microM). 4. 8-Bromo-cAMP (8-Br-cAMP, 0.3 mM), 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX, 200 microM) or forskolin (30 microM) mimicked the effects of mGluR agonists on GDPs. The forskolin analogue 1,9-dideoxyforskolin (30 microM), which does not activate adenylate cyclase, was ineffective. 5. Incubation of slices in the presence of the protein kinase A inhibitor Rp-adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphothioate triethylamine (Rp-cAMPS) (500 microM) or superfusion of Rp-cAMPS (20 microM) prevented the effects of forskolin or t-ACPD on GDPs. In the presence of kynurenic acid, the protein kinase C activator, phorbol 12,13-diacetate (2 microM) induced the appearance of GDPs. This effect was prevented by staurosporine (1 microM). However, staurosporine (1-3 microM) did not modify the effects of t-ACPD on GDPs. 6. It is suggested that, during development, mGluRs enhance the synchronous release of GABA, responsible for GDPs, through cAMP-dependent protein kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Strata
- Biophysics Laboratory, International School for Advanced Studies, SISSA, Trieste, Italy
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5
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Scheibel LW. Role of calcium/calmodulin-mediated processes in protozoa. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1992; 134:165-242. [PMID: 1582773 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)62029-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L W Scheibel
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences School of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland 20814
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6
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Oh SH, Roberts DM. Analysis of the state of posttranslational calmodulin methylation in developing pea plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1990; 93:880-7. [PMID: 16667596 PMCID: PMC1062604 DOI: 10.1104/pp.93.3.880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A specific calmodulin-N-methyltransferase was used in a radiometric assay to analyze the degree of methylation of lysine-115 in pea (Pisum sativum) plants. Calmodulin was isolated from dissected segments of developing roots of young etiolated and green pea plants and was tested for its ability to be methylated by incubation with the calmodulin methyltransferase in the presence of [(3)H]methyl-S-adenosylmethionine. By this approach, the presence of unmethylated calmodulins were demonstrated in pea tissues, and the levels of methylation varied depending on the developmental state of the tissue tested. Calmodulin methylation levels were lower in apical root segments of both etiolated and green plants, and in the young lateral roots compared with the mature, differentiated root tissues. The incorporation of methyl groups into these calmodulin samples appears to be specific for position 115 since site-directed mutants of calmodulin with substitutions at this position competitively inhibited methyl group incorporation. The present findings, combined with previous data showing differences in the ability of methylated and unmethylated calmodulins to activate pea NAD kinase (DM Roberts et al. [1986] J Biol Chem 261: 1491-1494) raise the possibility that posttranslational methylation of calmodulin could be another mechanism for regulating calmodulin activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Oh
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-0840
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Thompson MP, Piazza GJ, Brower DP, Farrell HM. Purification and Characterization of Calmodulins from Papaver somniferum and Euphorbia lathyris. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1989; 89:501-5. [PMID: 16666573 PMCID: PMC1055871 DOI: 10.1104/pp.89.2.501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Calmodulins (CaM) were isolated and characterized from two well-known latex producing plants, Papaver somniferum and Euphorbia lathyris. The molecular weights of both were determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to be 17,000 comparable to that of bovine brain CaM. Amino acid compositions also compared similarly with those of known CaMs, with regard to the presence of trimethyllysine and the ratio of phenylalanine to tyrosine. The Cornish-Bowden equation (SDeltan) revealed strong statistical correlations of P. somniferum and E. lathyris CaM with those of other plants and animals, although their amino acid compositions were not identical. Both plant CaM stimulated CaM dependent cAMP phosphodiesterase: for Papaver somniferum the K(a) was found to be 1.09 nanomolar and for Euphorbia lathyris, 2.01 nanomolar.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Thompson
- Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19118
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8
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Siegel FL. Enzymatic N-methylation of calmodulin. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1988; 231:341-51. [PMID: 3414438 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-9042-8_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F L Siegel
- University of Wisconsin Medical School 53706
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9
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Christakos S, Malkowitz L, Sori A, Sperduto A, Feldman SC. Calcium binding protein in squid brain: biochemical similarity to the 28,000-Mr vitamin D-dependent calcium binding protein (calbindin-D28k). J Neurochem 1987; 49:1427-37. [PMID: 3312496 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1987.tb01010.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A calcium binding protein that is biochemically similar to vertebrate 28,000-Mr vitamin D-dependent calcium binding protein (calbindin-D28k) has been purified from squid brain. Squid brain calbindin was found to have an isoelectric point of 5.0, was heat stable up to 60 degrees C, and showed increased electrophoretic mobility in the presence of chelator. Amino acid analysis revealed a high content of glutamic and aspartic acids and a low level of methionine, histidine, and tyrosine, a finding similar but not identical to the composition of vertebrate calbindin-D28k. The molecular weight of the squid protein, determined by Ferguson plot analysis of data obtained from sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis, was calculated to be 25,700, as compared with 27,800 for rat renal calbindin. Immunocytochemical analysis demonstrated immunoreactive protein in a selected population of neurons and fibers in several areas of the molluscan nervous system. This study represents the first purification from an invertebrate of a calcium binding protein that is biochemically similar to vitamin D-dependent calcium binding protein. These results demonstrate that calbindin, although not identical in vertebrates and cephalopods, may be phylogenetically conserved in structure. The restricted distribution of immunoreactive calbindin in both the cephalopod and mammalian brain suggests that the function of neuronal calbindin may also be conserved in evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Christakos
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark 07103
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10
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Zielinski RE. Calmodulin mRNA in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) : Apparent Regulation by Cell Proliferation and Light. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1987; 84:937-43. [PMID: 16665547 PMCID: PMC1056698 DOI: 10.1104/pp.84.3.937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Calmodulin is encoded by a 650-nucleotide mRNA in higher plants. This messenger was identified in barley and pea by a combination of in vitro translation and blot hybridization experiments using anti-sense RNA produced from an eel calmodulin cDNA probe. In all plant tissues tested, calmodulin mRNA represents between 0.01 and 0.1% of the total translatable mRNA population. Calmodulin mRNA levels are three- to fourfold higher in the meristematic zone of the first leaf of barley. At all other stages of leaf cell differentiation, calmodulin mRNA levels are nearly identical. During light-induced development in barley leaves, the relative proportion of translatable calmodulin mRNA declines about twofold. Cytoplasmic mRNAs that may encode calmodulin-like proteins were also detected. The levels of several of these putative Ca(2+)-binding protein mRNAs are modulated during the course of light-induced barley leaf cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Zielinski
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
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11
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Camatini M, Casale A. Actin and calmodulin coexist in the equatorial segment of ejaculated boar sperm. GAMETE RESEARCH 1987; 17:97-105. [PMID: 3333755 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.1120170202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The direct overlay technique with iodinated calmodulin on boar sperm fractions evidenced a strong bond in the 45,000 molecular weight, which is the region recognized by anti-actin antibodies. This result and the close codistribution of the two staining patterns for calmodulin and actin with immunofluorescence and immunoelectronmicroscopy suggest a possible interaction between calmodulin and actin in boar sperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Camatini
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Milano, Italy
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12
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Morino H, Kawamoto T, Miyake M, Kakimoto Y. Purification and properties of calmodulin-lysine N-methyltransferase from rat brain cytosol. J Neurochem 1987; 48:1201-8. [PMID: 3102693 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1987.tb05647.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A S-adenosylmethionine:protein-lysine N-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.43) has been purified from rat brain cytosol 7,080-fold with a yield of 8%, using octopus calmodulin as a substrate. It contains a lysine residue that is not fully methylated. The enzyme was purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation, Sephacryl S-200 gel filtration, and phosphocellulose and octopus calmodulin-Sepharose affinity chromatographies. Among protein substrates, it was highly specific toward octupus calmodulin. The Km values for octopus calmodulin and S-adenosyl-L-methionine were found to be 2.2 X 10(-8) M and 0.8 X 10(-6) M, respectively. The molecular weight was estimated to be 57,000 by gel filtration and the pH optimum was between 7.5 and 8.5. The enzyme was stimulated in the presence of 10(-7) M Mn2+ and 10(-4) M Ca2+. HPLC of the acid hydrolysate of methyl-3H-labeled calmodulin showed the formation of epsilon-N-mono, epsilon-N-di, and epsilon-N-trimethyllysine. Reverse-phase HPLC of tryptic peptides of the methyl-3H-labeled calmodulin demonstrated that the labeled N-methyllysine lies in the 107-126 peptide. These findings suggest that this enzyme methylated a specific lysine residue of octopus calmodulin.
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Kauer JC, Erickson-Viitanen S, Wolfe HR, DeGrado WF. p-Benzoyl-L-phenylalanine, a new photoreactive amino acid. Photolabeling of calmodulin with a synthetic calmodulin-binding peptide. J Biol Chem 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)67441-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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14
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Fulton C, Cheng KL, Lai EY. Two calmodulins in Naegleria flagellates: characterization, intracellular segregation, and programmed regulation of mRNA abundance during differentiation. J Cell Biol 1986; 102:1671-8. [PMID: 3700472 PMCID: PMC2114234 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.102.5.1671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Flagellates of Naegleria gruberi contain two calmodulins that differ in apparent molecular weight and intracellular location. Calmodulin-1, localized in flagella, has an apparent molecular weight of approximately 16,000, approximately the size of other protozoan calmodulins, whereas calmodulin-2, localized in cell bodies, is 15,300. Both proteins, purified, are calmodulins by several criteria, including Ca2+-dependent stimulation of calmodulin-dependent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase and affinity for antibodies to vertebrate calmodulin. The finding of two calmodulins is unusual. Since the only known difference is apparent molecular weight, one calmodulin could be derived from the other, except that both calmodulins are synthesized in a wheat germ, cell-free system directed by RNA from differentiating Naegleria. Translatable mRNAs encoding calmodulins 1 and 2, not detected in amebas, appear and subsequently disappear concurrently during the 100-min differentiation of Naegleria from amebas to flagellates. Furthermore, these mRNAs increase and then decrease in abundance concurrently with those for flagellar tubulins, which suggests the possibility that the expression of the unrelated genes for calmodulin and tubulin may be under coordinate control during differentiation.
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Allan E, Trewavas A. Quantitative changes in calmodulin and NAD kinase during early cell development in the root apex of Pisum sativum L. PLANTA 1985; 165:493-501. [PMID: 24241222 DOI: 10.1007/bf00398094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/1984] [Accepted: 01/21/1985] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Calmodulin and NAD kinase were extracted from serial developmental sections of the pea root apex. Highly purified samples of calmodulin were assayed by NAD-kinase activation, and whole-cell extracts were examined by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Calmodulin was found to vary 17-fold in concentration over the apical 2 mm, being high in the region of the root cap and meristem, falling rapidly at the base of the meristem during early stages of rapid cell elongation. The rate of decline was different between stele and cortex. Except for a minor increase in concentration 2.5-5 mm from the apex, which coincides with the region of localised meristematic activity during initiation of lateral root primordia, the concentration of calmodulin remained at the lower level throughout the more basal sections of the apical 10 mm. In-vitro NAD-kinase activity was found to increase 17-fold per cell over the apical 30 mm, almost entirely as the result of an increase in calmodulin-dependent activity. Quantitative estimates of both calmodulin and NAD kinase were found to be highly dependent on extraction procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Allan
- Botany Department, University of Edinburgh, Mayfield Road, EH9 3JH, Edinburgh, UK
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16
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Lukas TJ, Wiggins ME, Watterson DM. Amino Acid sequence of a novel calmodulin from the unicellular alga chlamydomonas. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1985; 78:477-83. [PMID: 16664269 PMCID: PMC1064762 DOI: 10.1104/pp.78.3.477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
An amino acid sequence for a Chlamydomonas calmodulin has been elucidated with emphasis on the characterization of differences that are unique to Chlamydomonas and Dictyostelium calmodulin. While the concentration of calmodulin required for half-maximal activation of plant NAD kinase varies among vertebrate, higher plant, algal, and slime mold calmodulins, only calmodulins from the unicellular alga Chlamydomonas and the slime mold Dictyostelium show increased maximal activation of NAD kinase (Roberts, Burgess, Watterson 1984 Plant Physiol 75: 796-798; Marshak, Clarke, Roberts, Watterson 1984 Biochemistry 23: 2891-2899). The same preparations of calmodulin do not show major differences in phosphodiesterase or myosin light chain kinase activator activity.We report here that a Chlamydomonas calmodulin has four primary structural features similar to Dictyostelium that are not found in other calmodulins characterized to date: an altered carboxy terminus including a novel 11-residue extension for Chlamydomonas calmodulin, unique residues at positions 81 and 118, and an unmethylated lysine at position 115. The only amino acid sequence identity unique to Chlamydomonas and Dictyostelium calmodulin is the presence of a lysine at position 115 instead of a trimethyllysine. These studies indicate that the methylation state of lysine 115 may be important in the maximal NAD kinase activator activity of calmodulin and support the concept that calmodulin has multiple functional domains in addition to multiple structural domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Lukas
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
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Babu YS, Sack JS, Greenhough TJ, Bugg CE, Means AR, Cook WJ. Three-dimensional structure of calmodulin. Nature 1985; 315:37-40. [PMID: 3990807 DOI: 10.1038/315037a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 744] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The three-dimensional structure of calmodulin has been determined crystallographically at 3.0 A resolution. The molecule consists of two globular lobes connected by a long exposed alpha-helix. Each lobe binds two calcium ions through helix-loop-helix domains similar to those of other calcium-binding proteins. The long helix between the lobes may be involved in interactions of calmodulin with drugs and various proteins.
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18
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Biosynthesis of calmodulin in normal and virus-transformed chicken embryo fibroblasts. Mol Cell Biol 1984. [PMID: 6203028 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.4.5.883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here that the higher levels of calmodulin in transformed chicken embryo fibroblasts are due to an increase in the rate of synthesis of calmodulin that results from an increased amount of calmodulin-specific mRNA in transformed cells. Transformation of several types of eucaryotic cells by oncogenic viruses results in a two- to threefold increase in the intracellular levels of calmodulin. We used the normal chicken embryo fibroblast and its Rous sarcoma virus-transformed counterpart to examine the biosynthesis of calmodulin. We show that the higher levels of calmodulin found in transformed fibroblasts appear to be the consequence of a selective increase in the rate of synthesis of calmodulin above that of total soluble or total cellular protein. A significant difference in the rate of degradation of calmodulin or total protein between transformed and normal cells was not detected. We also examined the mechanism of the increased synthesis rate of calmodulin and show that the levels of calmodulin mRNA are increased in transformed fibroblasts as measured by both translational activity and hybridization to a calmodulin cDNA probe. It is suggested by these data that the higher levels of calmodulin in transformed cells may result from a specific increase in the rate of either calmodulin gene transcription or mRNA processing.
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Abstract
Dissociated brain cell cultures were derived from 14-day-old embryonic as well as from newborn mice. The cells were grown in a medium containing 10% fetal calf serum. Indirect immunofluorescence was performed using antisera directed against the Ca2+-binding protein parvalbumin (Mr 12,000). In embryonic cultures a large proportion of cells was intensely stained by antiparvalbumin . In double-labelling experiments involving the simultaneous application of antisera against parvalbumin and the neuron-specific enolase, the enolase-containing cells were also parvalbumin-positive and both antisera revealed identical intracellular staining patterns. Conversely, almost no parvalbumin- and enolase-positive cells were present in cultures derived from newborn mice. However, in these cultures many cells were immunoreactive toward the myelin basic protein, an accepted marker for oligodendrocytes. The presence of parvalbumin within the embryonic brain cell cultures was confirmed by analyses of the culture extracts (4 mM EDTA, pH 7.5) by HPLC on reverse-phase supports, two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and immunoblotting. The present study suggests that in mouse brain cell cultures, parvalbumin is localized in neurons.
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Biro RL, Daye S, Serlin BS, Terry ME, Datta N, Sopory SK, Roux SJ. Characterization of oat calmodulin and radioimmunoassay of its subcellular distribution. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1984; 75:382-6. [PMID: 16663631 PMCID: PMC1066917 DOI: 10.1104/pp.75.2.382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A protein identifiable as calmodulin has been isolated from oat (Avena sativa, var Garry) tissues. This protein is relatively heat stable, binds to hydrophobic gels, and phenothiazines in a calcium-dependent fashion, and binds to antibody to rat testes calmodulin. Based on its migration on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels, ultraviolet absorption spectrum, and amino acid composition, oat calmodulin is essentially identical to calmodulin isolated from other higher plants. Radioimmunoassays indicate that calmodulin is associated with isolated oat protoplasts, mitochondria, etioplasts, and nuclei and also appears to be a component of oat cell wall fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Biro
- Department of Botany, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
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Zendegui JG, Zielinski RE, Watterson DM, Van Eldik LJ. Biosynthesis of calmodulin in normal and virus-transformed chicken embryo fibroblasts. Mol Cell Biol 1984; 4:883-9. [PMID: 6203028 PMCID: PMC368833 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.4.5.883-889.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We report here that the higher levels of calmodulin in transformed chicken embryo fibroblasts are due to an increase in the rate of synthesis of calmodulin that results from an increased amount of calmodulin-specific mRNA in transformed cells. Transformation of several types of eucaryotic cells by oncogenic viruses results in a two- to threefold increase in the intracellular levels of calmodulin. We used the normal chicken embryo fibroblast and its Rous sarcoma virus-transformed counterpart to examine the biosynthesis of calmodulin. We show that the higher levels of calmodulin found in transformed fibroblasts appear to be the consequence of a selective increase in the rate of synthesis of calmodulin above that of total soluble or total cellular protein. A significant difference in the rate of degradation of calmodulin or total protein between transformed and normal cells was not detected. We also examined the mechanism of the increased synthesis rate of calmodulin and show that the levels of calmodulin mRNA are increased in transformed fibroblasts as measured by both translational activity and hybridization to a calmodulin cDNA probe. It is suggested by these data that the higher levels of calmodulin in transformed cells may result from a specific increase in the rate of either calmodulin gene transcription or mRNA processing.
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Walker SW, Wark JD, MacNeil S, Mellersh H, Brown BL, Tomlinson S. Isolation, purification and cell-free synthesis of calmodulin from the pig anterior pituitary gland. Biochem J 1984; 217:827-32. [PMID: 6712599 PMCID: PMC1153287 DOI: 10.1042/bj2170827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Calmodulin was extracted and purified from pig anterior pituitary gland. The protein was characterized by its migration on sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis in the presence of Ca2+ or EGTA, its U.V. spectrum between 240 and 290 nm and the activation of calmodulin-deficient cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase. The yield was 370 mg/kg wet wt. mRNA was also extracted from the same tissue and translated in a wheat-germ cell-free translation system. Translated calmodulin was identified by its heat-stability, its co-migration with authentic anterior-pituitary calmodulin on sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, its acidic isoelectric point (4.15) on flat-bed isoelectric focusing, its Ca2+-dependent binding to fluphenazine-Sepharose 6B, and its co-elution from this gel with authentic unlabelled calmodulin with EGTA buffer. Calmodulin was not translated as a precursor form. In this tissue it was calculated that calmodulin accounted for 0.5-1% of the total translated protein.
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Schleicher M, Lukas TJ, Watterson DM. Further Characterization of Calmodulin from the Monocotyledon Barley (Hordeum vulgare). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1983; 73:666-70. [PMID: 16663279 PMCID: PMC1066527 DOI: 10.1104/pp.73.3.666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We report here that calmodulin isolated from the monocotyledon barley is indistinguishable by a variety of criteria from calmodulin isolated from the dicotyledon spinach. In contrast to previous reports, we find that barley (Hordeum vulgare) calmodulin has an amino acid composition similar to that of vertebrate and spinach calmodulins, including the presence of a single trimethyllysinyl residue, and that barley calmodulin quantitatively activates cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase. Furthermore, spinach and barley calmodulins are similar in terms of tryptic peptide maps and immunoreactivity with various antisera that differ in their molecular specificities for calmodulins. Limited amino acid sequence analysis demonstrates that the region around the single histidinyl and trimethyllysinyl residues is identical among barley, spinach, and vertebrate calmodulins and that barley calmodulin, like spinach calmodulin, has a novel glutamine residue at position 96. We conclude that calmodulin is highly conserved among higher plants and that detailed sequence analysis is required before significant differences, if any, can be assigned to barley or other higher plant calmodulins. These studies suggest that calmodulin's fundamental importance to the eukaryotic cell may have been established prior to the evolutionary emergence of higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schleicher
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
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24
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Analytical subcellular distribution of calmodulin and calmodulin-binding proteins in normal and virus-transformed fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)32657-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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25
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Gordon RE, Williams KB, Puszkin S. Immune localization of calmodulin in the ciliated cells of hamster tracheal epithelium. J Cell Biol 1982; 95:57-63. [PMID: 6216258 PMCID: PMC2112340 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.95.1.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Melachronous beating of cilia of epithelial surfaces of most respiratory airways moves the overlying mucous layer in a caudal direction. The molecular mechanisms controlling ciliary beat remain largely unknown. Calcium, an element in its cationic form, is ubiquitous in biological functions and its concentration is critical for ciliary beating. Calmodulin, a calcium-binding protein which regulates the activity of many enzymes and cellular processes, may regulate ciliary beating by controlling enzymes responsible for mechanochemical movement between adjacent peripheral microtubule doublets composing the ciliary axoneme. As a first step in describing a calmodulin-related controlling mechanism for ciliary beating, calmodulin was localized in the ciliated cells lining the respiratory tracts of hamsters by electron microscopy, using an indirect immunoperoxidase technique with anticalmodulin antibodies as the molecular probe. Thin-sections revealed calmodulin located on microtubules and dynein arms of the ciliary shaft, basal body, apical cytoskeletal microtubules, and plasma membranes in specimens fixed with 1 mM Ca+2. Specimens fixed with less Ca+2 (1 microM), Mn+2, Mg+2, and EGTA showed a diffuse pattern of calmodulin with loci of greatest densities on basal body microtubule triplets. Demembranated specimens showed a less specific localization on axonemal microtubules but only on cells fixed with Ca+2. Calmodulin, by binding calcium, may function in ciliary beating in the respiratory tract of mammals either directly or indirectly through its effects on the energy-producing enzymes and by control of Ca+2 flux through plasma membranes.
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Cox JA, Ferraz C, Demaille JG, Perez RO, van Tuinen D, Marmé D. Calmodulin from neurospora crassa. General properties and conformational changes. J Biol Chem 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)33878-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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The regulation of Ca2+ transport by fast skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum. Role of calmodulin and of the 53,000-dalton glycoprotein. J Biol Chem 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)68297-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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30
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Marshak DR, Watterson DM, Van Eldik LJ. Calcium-dependent interaction of S100b, troponin C, and calmodulin with an immobilized phenothiazine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1981; 78:6793-7. [PMID: 6947252 PMCID: PMC349137 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.78.11.6793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We have purified the brain-specific protein S100b by affinity-based adsorption chromatography on phenothiazine-Sepharose conjugates and studied the interaction of this and other calcium-modulated proteins with the immobilized antipsychotic drug. Bovine brain calmodulin, rabbit skeletal muscle troponin C, and bovine brain S100b bind to phenothiazine-Sepharose in a calcium-dependent manner. These three proteins competitively inhibit the calcium-dependent binding of 125I-labeled chicken gizzard calmodulin to the immobilized drug. However, carp parvalbumin and chicken intestinal vitamin D-dependent calcium binding protein do not inhibit the phenothiazine--calmodulin interaction. These results suggest that the known amino acid sequence homology among calmodulin, troponin C, and S100b may be reflected in a similar functional domain present in these proteins but absent in parvalbumin and vitamin D-dependent protein.
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Bloxham DP, Parmelee DC, Kumar S, Wade RD, Ericsson LH, Neurath H, Walsh KA, Titani K. Primary structure of porcine heart citrate synthase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1981; 78:5381-5. [PMID: 6795632 PMCID: PMC348749 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.78.9.5381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The sequence of 437 amino acid residues of porcine heart citrate synthase [citrate oxaloacetate-lyase (pro-3S-CH2COO leads to acetyl-CoA), EC 4. 1. 3. 7] has been determined by the alignment of fragments generated by cleavage with cyanogen bromide and with trypsin. Isolation of the peptides was facilitated by recent developments in the high-performance liquid chromatography of peptide mixtures. The alignment of these peptides was consistent with that previously deduced from fragments derived by restricted cleavage of citrate synthase by limited proteolysis and cleavage of aspartyl-prolyl bonds and asparaginyl-glycyl bonds. The enzyme contains a modified amino acid, trimethyllysine, at residue 368, showing that the enzyme is subjected to post-translational modification.
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Gagnon C, Kelly S, Manganiello V, Vaughan M, Odya C, Strittmatter W, Hoffman A, Hirata F. Modification of calmodulin function by enzymatic carboxylic methylation. Nature 1981; 291:515-6. [PMID: 6262661 DOI: 10.1038/291515a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Van Eldik L, Watterson D. Reproducible production of antiserum against vertebrate calmodulin and determination of the immunoreactive site. J Biol Chem 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)69419-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Saito T, Strobel H. Purification to homogeneity and characterization of a form of cytochrome P-450 with high specificity for benzo[alpha]pyrene from beta-naphthoflavone-pretreated rat liver microsomes. J Biol Chem 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)70076-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Means AR. Calmodulin: properties, intracellular localization, and multiple roles in cell regulation. RECENT PROGRESS IN HORMONE RESEARCH 1981; 37:333-67. [PMID: 7280357 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-571137-1.50011-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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38
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Van Eldik LJ, Piperno G, Watterson DM. Comparative biochemistry of calmodulins and calmodulin-like proteins. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1980; 356:36-42. [PMID: 6112948 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1980.tb29597.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Jarrett HW, Charbonneau H, Anderson JM, McCann RO, Cormier MJ. Plant calmodulin and the regulation of NAD kinase. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1980; 356:119-29. [PMID: 6263144 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1980.tb29605.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Van Eldik LJ, Piperno G, Watterson DM. Similarities and dissimilarities between calmodulin and a Chlamydomonas flagellar protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1980; 77:4779-83. [PMID: 6254039 PMCID: PMC349930 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.77.8.4779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A protein that resembles vertebrate calmodulins and troponin C has been isolated from Chlamydomonas flagella by using a calmodulin purification protocol that included calcium-dependent affinity-based adsorption chromatography on phenothiazine-Sepharose conjugates. The flagellar protein resembled calmodulin in elution from reverse-phase columns, had a peptide map similar to that of calmodulin, and competed with vertebrate calmodulin in a radioimmunoassay using antisera against vertebrate calmodulin. However, this flagellar protein did not activate phosphodiesterase, lacked N epsilon-trimethyllysine, and had an isoelectric point approximately 0.3 pH unit higher than that of vertebrate calmodulin. When analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under various conditions, the Chlamydomonas protein migrated between vertebrate calmodulins and rabbit skeletal muscle troponin C and did not manifest a large calcium-dependent mobility shift. This calmodulin-like protein was identified as one of the approximately 200 35S-labeled components in Chlamydomonas flagella resolved by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. These studies indicate that calmodulin and a structurally and functionally homologous protein are present in the same cell. These studies also demonstrate that caution is necessary: (i) in identifying a protein as a calmodulin, (ii) in using phenothiazines or antisera directed against vertebrate calmodulins as specific probes for calmodulin, and (iii) in the interpretation of experiments on biological systems in which calmodulin is substituted for the homologous calmodulin-like protein.
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