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Wang N, Yuan C, Wang Z, Yu C, Liu Z, Tian S, Hao K, Yuan X. An effective antiviral strategy based on silence of susceptibility genes through cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) attenuated vaccine vector. Virology 2025; 603:110396. [PMID: 39808892 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2025.110396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2024] [Revised: 12/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2025] [Indexed: 01/16/2025]
Abstract
Plant viruses represent a major threat to agriculture, affecting a wide range of crops with substantial economic losses. This study presented a novel strategy for managing plant viral diseases through the development an attenuated vaccine utilizing cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) for virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) targeting susceptibility gene. TOBAMOVIRUS MULTIPLICATION 2A (TOM2A) gene was identified as a critical factor that enhances susceptibility to TMV infection in plants. Two vaccines were constructed based on CMV attenuated vaccine vector-CR2V. The first vaccine was constructed by incorporating NtTOM2A fragments into CR2V, while the second vaccine was developed by inserting both NtTOM2A fragments and TMV-p183 fragments into CR2V. Each vaccine constructs significantly reduced TMV accumulation, exhibited no adverse effects on plant growth, and maintained stability of the inserted sequences up to 21 days post-vaccination (dpv) in vivo. The study underscored the potential of utilizing engineered plant viruses as environmentally sustainable vaccines for mitigating viral diseases in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naihe Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Cheng Yuan
- National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Chengming Yu
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Zhifei Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Shuyuan Tian
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Kaiqiang Hao
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China.
| | - Xuefeng Yuan
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China.
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2
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Huang R, Bie S, Li S, Yuan B, Zhang L, Zhang Z, Chen J, Ning W, Peng J, Zhang Y, Zhang S, Liu Y, Zhang D. Strigolactones Negatively Regulate Tobacco Mosaic Virus Resistance in Nicotiana benthamiana. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8518. [PMID: 39126086 PMCID: PMC11313310 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Strigolactones (SLs) are plant hormones that regulate diverse developmental processes and environmental responses in plants. It has been discovered that SLs play an important role in regulating plant immune resistance to pathogens but there are currently no reports on their role in the interaction between Nicotiana benthamiana and the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). In this study, the exogenous application of SLs weakened the resistance of N. benthamiana to TMV, promoting TMV infection, whereas the exogenous application of Tis108, a SL inhibitor, resulted in the opposite effect. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) inhibition of two key SL synthesis enzyme genes, NtCCD7 and NtCCD8, enhanced the resistance of N. benthamiana to TMV. Additionally, we conducted a screening of N. benthamiana related to TMV infection. TMV-infected plants treated with SLs were compared to the control by using RNA-seq. The KEGG enrichment analysis and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) suggested that plant hormone signaling transduction may play a significant role in the SL-TMV-N. benthamiana interactions. This study reveals new functions of SLs in regulating plant immunity and provides a reference for controlling TMV diseases in production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renyan Huang
- Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Science, Changsha 410125, China; (R.H.); (J.C.)
| | - Shuaijun Bie
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China;
| | - Shan Li
- Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Science, Changsha 410125, China; (R.H.); (J.C.)
| | - Bin Yuan
- Insititute of Plant Protection and Soil Fertilizer, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Nuclear Agriculture and Space Breeding Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Science, Changsha 410125, China; (R.H.); (J.C.)
| | - Jianbin Chen
- Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Science, Changsha 410125, China; (R.H.); (J.C.)
| | - Weimin Ning
- Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Science, Changsha 410125, China; (R.H.); (J.C.)
| | - Jing Peng
- Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Science, Changsha 410125, China; (R.H.); (J.C.)
| | - Yu Zhang
- Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Science, Changsha 410125, China; (R.H.); (J.C.)
| | - Songbai Zhang
- Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Science, Changsha 410125, China; (R.H.); (J.C.)
| | - Yong Liu
- Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Science, Changsha 410125, China; (R.H.); (J.C.)
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China;
| | - Deyong Zhang
- Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Science, Changsha 410125, China; (R.H.); (J.C.)
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China;
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Carr JP. Engineered Resistance to Tobamoviruses. Viruses 2024; 16:1007. [PMID: 39066170 PMCID: PMC11281658 DOI: 10.3390/v16071007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) was the first virus to be studied in detail and, for many years, TMV and other tobamoviruses, particularly tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) and tobamoviruses infecting pepper (Capsicum spp.), were serious crop pathogens. By the end of the twentieth and for the first decade of the twenty-first century, tobamoviruses were under some degree of control due to introgression of resistance genes into commercial tomato and pepper lines. However, tobamoviruses remained important models for molecular biology, biotechnology and bio-nanotechnology. Recently, tobamoviruses have again become serious crop pathogens due to the advent of tomato brown rugose fruit virus, which overcomes tomato resistance against TMV and ToMV, and the slow but apparently inexorable worldwide spread of cucumber green mottle mosaic virus, which threatens all cucurbit crops. This review discusses a range of mainly molecular biology-based approaches for protecting crops against tobamoviruses. These include cross-protection (using mild tobamovirus strains to 'immunize' plants against severe strains), expressing viral gene products in transgenic plants to inhibit the viral infection cycle, inducing RNA silencing against tobamoviruses by expressing virus-derived RNA sequences in planta or by direct application of double-stranded RNA molecules to non-engineered plants, gene editing of host susceptibility factors, and the transfer and optimization of natural resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Peter Carr
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
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Ye J, Song J, Gao Y, Lu X, Pei W, Li F, Feng H, Yang W. An automatic fluorescence phenotyping platform to evaluate dynamic infection process of Tobacco mosaic virus-green fluorescent protein in tobacco leaves. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:968855. [PMID: 36119566 PMCID: PMC9478445 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.968855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco is one of the important economic crops all over the world. Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) seriously affects the yield and quality of tobacco leaves. The expression of TMV in tobacco leaves can be analyzed by detecting green fluorescence-related traits after inoculation with the infectious clone of TMV-GFP (Tobacco mosaic virus - green fluorescent protein). However, traditional methods for detecting TMV-GFP are time-consuming and laborious, and mostly require a lot of manual procedures. In this study, we develop a low-cost machine-vision-based phenotyping platform for the automatic evaluation of fluorescence-related traits in tobacco leaf based on digital camera and image processing. A dynamic monitoring experiment lasting 7 days was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of this platform using Nicotiana tabacum L. with a total of 14 samples, including the wild-type strain SR1 and 4 mutant lines generated by RNA interference technology. As a result, we found that green fluorescence area and brightness generally showed an increasing trend over time, and the trends were different among these SR1 and 4 mutant lines samples, where the maximum and minimum of green fluorescence area and brightness were mutant-4 and mutant-1 respectively. In conclusion, the platform can full-automatically extract fluorescence-related traits with the advantage of low-cost and high accuracy, which could be used in detecting dynamic changes of TMV-GFP in tobacco leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junli Ye
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingyan Song
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, College of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Wenyue Pei
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Feng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wanneng Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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5
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Niu E, Ye C, Zhao W, Kondo H, Wu Y, Chen J, Andika IB, Sun L. Coat protein of Chinese wheat mosaic virus upregulates and interacts with cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, a negative regulator of plant autophagy, to promote virus infection. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 64:1631-1645. [PMID: 35713231 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular degradation mechanism involved in antiviral defense, but the strategies employed by plant viruses to counteract autophagy-related defense remain unknown for the majority of the viruses. Herein, we describe how the Chinese wheat mosaic virus (CWMV, genus Furovirus) interferes with autophagy and enhances its infection in Nicotiana benthamiana. Yeast two-hybrid screening and in vivo/in vitro assays revealed that the 19 kDa coat protein (CP19K) of CWMV interacts with cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases (GAPCs), negative regulators of autophagy, which bind autophagy-related protein 3 (ATG3), a key factor in autophagy. CP19K also directly interacts with ATG3, possibly leading to the formation of a CP19K-GAPC-ATG3 complex. CP19K-GAPC interaction appeared to intensify CP19K-ATG3 binding. Moreover, CP19K expression upregulated GAPC gene transcripts and reduced autophagic activities. Accordingly, the silencing of GAPC genes in transgenic N. benthamiana reduced CWMV accumulation, whereas CP19K overexpression enhanced it. Overall, our results suggest that CWMV CP19K interferes with autophagy through the promotion and utilization of the GAPC role as a negative regulator of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erbo Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xi'an, 712100, China
| | - Chaozheng Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xi'an, 712100, China
| | - Wanying Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xi'an, 712100, China
| | - Hideki Kondo
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Yunfeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xi'an, 712100, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Ida Bagus Andika
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Liying Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xi'an, 712100, China
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, 710-0046, Japan
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Ngou BPM, Ding P, Jones JDG. Thirty years of resistance: Zig-zag through the plant immune system. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:1447-1478. [PMID: 35167697 PMCID: PMC9048904 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 114.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the plant immune system is crucial for using genetics to protect crops from diseases. Plants resist pathogens via a two-tiered innate immune detection-and-response system. The first plant Resistance (R) gene was cloned in 1992 . Since then, many cell-surface pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) have been identified, and R genes that encode intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) have been cloned. Here, we provide a list of characterized PRRs and NLRs. In addition to immune receptors, many components of immune signaling networks were discovered over the last 30 years. We review the signaling pathways, physiological responses, and molecular regulation of both PRR- and NLR-mediated immunity. Recent studies have reinforced the importance of interactions between the two immune systems. We provide an overview of interactions between PRR- and NLR-mediated immunity, highlighting challenges and perspectives for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Pok Man Ngou
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Pingtao Ding
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden 2333 BE, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan D G Jones
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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7
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Li Y, Ye S, Hu Z, Hao N, Bo X, Liang H, Tian X. Identification of anti-TMV active flavonoid glycosides and their mode of action on virus particles from Clematis lasiandra Maxim. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:5268-5277. [PMID: 34310837 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is a disreputable plant pathogen that causes a decline in the quality and yield of various economic crops. Natural products are important potential sources of biopesticides to control TMV. This study focuses on the discovery of anti-TMV active flavonoid glycosides and their mode of action on TMV particles from Clematis lasiandra Maxim. RESULTS A new benzoyl acylated flavonoid glycoside, kaempferol 3-O-(2''-benzoyl)-β-d-glucopyranosyl-7-O-α-l-rhamnopyranoside (1), and nine known flavonoids (2-10) were identified first from C. lasiandra. The hydroxyl group at C-7, E-p-coumarate at C-6'' in the Glc of C-6, and the glucuronic acid at C-3 were functional groups for the antiviral flavonoid glycosides. Flavonoids 2, 5, and 6 showed higher inactivation efficacies of 64.62% to 82.54% compared with ningnanmycin at 500 μg ml-1 . The protective and curative efficacies for 2 and 5 were 57.44-59.00% and 41.17-43.92% at 500 μg ml-1 , respectively. Compound 5 showed higher TMV systemic resistance with control efficacies of 41.64%, 36.56% and 27.62% at concentrations of 500, 250 and 125 μg ml-1 compared with ningnanmycin in K326 tobaccos, respectively. Compound 5 can directly fracture TMV particles into small fragments combining with the fusion phenomena, and TMV-CP was an important target for 5 to break TMV particles. CONCLUSION Flavonoid glycosides from C. lasiandra showed potent antiviral activities against TMV with multiple modes of action including inactivation, protective and curative effects, and inducing systemic resistance. TMV-CP was an important target for active flavonoid glycosides to fracture TMV particles. The results provided evidence that flavonoid glycosides from C. lasiandra have the potential to control TMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yantao Li
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengwei Ye
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People's Republic of China
| | - Zilong Hu
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Hao
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Bo
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaguang Liang
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangrong Tian
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People's Republic of China
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People's Republic of China
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8
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Huang C. From Player to Pawn: Viral Avirulence Factors Involved in Plant Immunity. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040688. [PMID: 33923435 PMCID: PMC8073968 DOI: 10.3390/v13040688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the plant immune system, according to the 'gene-for-gene' model, a resistance (R) gene product in the plant specifically surveils a corresponding effector protein functioning as an avirulence (Avr) gene product. This system differs from other plant-pathogen interaction systems, in which plant R genes recognize a single type of gene or gene family because almost all virus genes with distinct structures and functions can also interact with R genes as Avr determinants. Thus, research conducted on viral Avr-R systems can provide a novel understanding of Avr and R gene product interactions and identify mechanisms that enable rapid co-evolution of plants and phytopathogens. In this review, we intend to provide a brief overview of virus-encoded proteins and their roles in triggering plant resistance, and we also summarize current progress in understanding plant resistance against virus Avr genes. Moreover, we present applications of Avr gene-mediated phenotyping in R gene identification and screening of segregating populations during breeding processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650021, China
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9
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Random Mutagenesis of Virus Gene for the Experimental Evaluation of the Durability of NB-LRR Class Plant Virus Resistance Gene. Methods Mol Biol 2020. [PMID: 31228110 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9635-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
NB-LRR class plant virus resistance gene is a one of the key players that shape the plant-virus interaction. Evolutionary arms race between plants and viruses often results in the breakdown of virus resistance in plants, which leads to a disastrous outcome in agricultural production. Although studies have analyzed the nature of plant virus resistance breakdown, it is still difficult to foresee the breakdown of a given virus resistance gene. In this chapter, we provide a protocol for evaluating the durability of plant virus resistance gene, which comprises the random mutagenesis of a virus gene, the introduction of the mutagenized gene into a virus context with highly efficient inoculation system, and the efficient screening of virus mutants that can overcome or escape a virus resistance.
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Guo Y, Dong Y, Xu C, Xie Q, Xie Y, Xia Z, An M, Wu Y. Novel combined biological antiviral agents Cytosinpeptidemycin and Chitosan oligosaccharide induced host resistance and changed movement protein subcellular localization of tobacco mosaic virus. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 164:40-46. [PMID: 32284135 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant viral diseases cause severe economic losses in agricultural production. Development of microorganism-derived antiviral agents provides an alternative strategy to efficiently control plant viral diseases. In this study, the antiviral effect and mechanism of a combined biological agent Cytosinpeptidemycin and Chitosan oligosaccharide (CytPM-COS) were investigated. CytPM-COS effectively inhibited tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) in Nicotiana glutinosa, suppressed viral RNA and CP accumulation in BY-2 protoplast and affected the subcellular localization as well as punctate formation of TMV MP in N. benthamiana leaves. In addition, CytPM-COS triggered reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and induced up-regulation of various defense responsive genes including PR-1, PR-5, FLS2, Hsp70. Our results indicated that CytPM-COS can potentially act as a pesticide for integrated control of plant viruses in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Guo
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yunqi Dong
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; High-tech Park for Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Tongliao 028000, China
| | - Chuantao Xu
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; Sichuan Tobacco Company Luzhou City Company, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Qiang Xie
- Sichuan Tobacco Company Luzhou City Company, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Yunbo Xie
- Sichuan Province Company of China Tobacco Corporation, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zihao Xia
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Mengnan An
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Yuanhua Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
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11
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Leisner SM, Schoelz JE. Joining the Crowd: Integrating Plant Virus Proteins into the Larger World of Pathogen Effectors. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2018; 56:89-110. [PMID: 29852091 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080417-050151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The first bacterial and viral avirulence ( avr) genes were cloned in 1984. Although virus and bacterial avr genes were physically isolated in the same year, the questions associated with their characterization after discovery were very different, and these differences had a profound influence on the narrative of host-pathogen interactions for the past 30 years. Bacterial avr proteins were subsequently shown to suppress host defenses, leading to their reclassification as effectors, whereas research on viral avr proteins centered on their role in the viral infection cycle rather than their effect on host defenses. Recent studies that focus on the multifunctional nature of plant virus proteins have shown that some virus proteins are capable of suppression of the same host defenses as bacterial effectors. This is exemplified by the P6 protein of Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV), a multifunctional plant virus protein that facilitates several steps in the infection, including modulation of host defenses. This review highlights the modular structure and multifunctional nature of CaMV P6 and illustrates its similarities to other, well-established pathogen effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Leisner
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, USA
| | - James E Schoelz
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA;
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12
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Abstract
The study of tobacco mosaic virus and other tobamovirus species has greatly contributed to the development of all areas of virology, including virus evolution. Research with tobamoviruses has been pioneer, or particularly significant, in all major areas of research in this field, including: the characterization of the genetic diversity of virus populations, the mechanisms and rates of generation of genetic diversity, the analysis of the genetic structure of virus populations and of the factors that shape it, the adaptation of viruses to hosts and the evolution of host range, and the evolution of virus taxa and of virus-host interactions. Many of these continue to be hot topics in evolutionary biology, or have been identified recently as such, including (i) host-range evolution, (ii) predicting the overcoming of resistance in crops, (iii) trade-offs between virus life-history traits in virus evolution, and (iv) the codivergence of viruses and hosts at different taxonomical and spatial scales. Tobamoviruses may be particularly appropriate to address these topics with plant viruses, as they provide convenient experimental systems, and as the detailed knowledge on their molecular and structural biology allows the analysis of the mechanisms behind evolutionary processes. Also, the extensive information on parameters related to infection dynamics and population structure may facilitate the development of realistic models to predict virus evolution. Certainly, tobamoviruses will continue to be favorite system for the study of virus evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Fraile
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas UPM-INIA, and E.T.S.I., Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando García-Arenal
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas UPM-INIA, and E.T.S.I., Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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13
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Ali ME, Waliullah S, Kobayashi K, Yaeno T, Yamaoka N, Nishiguchi M. Transmission of RNA silencing signal through grafting confers virus resistance from transgenically silenced tobacco rootstocks to non-transgenic tomato and tobacco scions. JOURNAL OF PLANT BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 25:245-252. [DOI: 10.1007/s13562-015-0334-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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14
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Hamel LP, Sekine KT, Wallon T, Sugiwaka Y, Kobayashi K, Moffett P. The Chloroplastic Protein THF1 Interacts with the Coiled-Coil Domain of the Disease Resistance Protein N' and Regulates Light-Dependent Cell Death. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 171:658-74. [PMID: 26951433 PMCID: PMC4854715 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
One branch of plant immunity is mediated through nucleotide-binding/Leu-rich repeat (NB-LRR) family proteins that recognize specific effectors encoded by pathogens. Members of the I2-like family constitute a well-conserved subgroup of NB-LRRs from Solanaceae possessing a coiled-coil (CC) domain at their N termini. We show here that the CC domains of several I2-like proteins are able to induce a hypersensitive response (HR), a form of programmed cell death associated with disease resistance. Using yeast two-hybrid screens, we identified the chloroplastic protein Thylakoid Formation1 (THF1) as an interacting partner for several I2-like CC domains. Co-immunoprecipitations and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays confirmed that THF1 and I2-like CC domains interact in planta and that these interactions take place in the cytosol. Several HR-inducing I2-like CC domains have a negative effect on the accumulation of THF1, suggesting that the latter is destabilized by active CC domains. To confirm this model, we investigated N', which recognizes the coat protein of most Tobamoviruses, as a prototypical member of the I2-like family. Transient expression and gene silencing data indicated that THF1 functions as a negative regulator of cell death and that activation of full-length N' results in the destabilization of THF1. Consistent with the known function of THF1 in maintaining chloroplast homeostasis, we show that the HR induced by N' is light-dependent. Together, our results define, to our knowledge, novel molecular mechanisms linking light and chloroplasts to the induction of cell death by a subgroup of NB-LRR proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis-Philippe Hamel
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1K 2R1, Canada (L.-P.H., T.W., P.M.); Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003 Japan (K.-T.S.); and Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan (Y.S., K.K.)
| | - Ken-Taro Sekine
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1K 2R1, Canada (L.-P.H., T.W., P.M.); Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003 Japan (K.-T.S.); and Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan (Y.S., K.K.)
| | - Thérèse Wallon
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1K 2R1, Canada (L.-P.H., T.W., P.M.); Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003 Japan (K.-T.S.); and Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan (Y.S., K.K.)
| | - Yuji Sugiwaka
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1K 2R1, Canada (L.-P.H., T.W., P.M.); Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003 Japan (K.-T.S.); and Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan (Y.S., K.K.)
| | - Kappei Kobayashi
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1K 2R1, Canada (L.-P.H., T.W., P.M.); Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003 Japan (K.-T.S.); and Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan (Y.S., K.K.)
| | - Peter Moffett
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1K 2R1, Canada (L.-P.H., T.W., P.M.); Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003 Japan (K.-T.S.); and Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan (Y.S., K.K.)
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15
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Fraile A, García-Arenal F. Environment and evolution modulate plant virus pathogenesis. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 17:50-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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16
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Peiró A, Cañizares MC, Rubio L, López C, Moriones E, Aramburu J, Sánchez-Navarro J. The movement protein (NSm) of Tomato spotted wilt virus is the avirulence determinant in the tomato Sw-5 gene-based resistance. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2014; 15:802-13. [PMID: 24690181 PMCID: PMC6638753 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The avirulence determinant triggering the resistance conferred by the tomato gene Sw-5 against Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is still unresolved. Sequence comparison showed two substitutions (C118Y and T120N) in the movement protein NSm present only in TSWV resistance-breaking (RB) isolates. In this work, transient expression of NSm of three TSWV isolates [RB1 (T120N), RB2 (C118Y) and non-resistance-breaking (NRB)] in Nicotiana benthamiana expressing Sw-5 showed a hypersensitive response (HR) only with NRB. Exchange of the movement protein of Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) with NSm supported cell-to-cell and systemic transport of the chimeric AMV RNAs into N. tabacum with or without Sw-5, except for the constructs with NBR when Sw-5 was expressed, although RB2 showed reduced cell-to-cell transport. Mutational analysis revealed that N120 was sufficient to avoid the HR, but the substitution V130I was required for systemic transport. Finally, co-inoculation of RB and NRB AMV chimeric constructs showed different prevalence of RB or NBR depending on the presence or absence of Sw-5. These results indicate that NSm is the avirulence determinant for Sw-5 resistance, and mutations C118Y and T120N are responsible for resistance breakdown and have a fitness penalty in the context of the heterologous AMV system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Peiró
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022, Valencia, Spain
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17
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de Ronde D, Butterbach P, Kormelink R. Dominant resistance against plant viruses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:307. [PMID: 25018765 PMCID: PMC4073217 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
To establish a successful infection plant viruses have to overcome a defense system composed of several layers. This review will overview the various strategies plants employ to combat viral infections with main emphasis on the current status of single dominant resistance (R) genes identified against plant viruses and the corresponding avirulence (Avr) genes identified so far. The most common models to explain the mode of action of dominant R genes will be presented. Finally, in brief the hypersensitive response (HR) and extreme resistance (ER), and the functional and structural similarity of R genes to sensors of innate immunity in mammalian cell systems will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dryas de Ronde
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Patrick Butterbach
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Richard Kormelink
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University Wageningen, Netherlands
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18
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Synthetic biology is a discipline that includes making life forms artificially from chemicals. Here, a DNA molecule was enzymatically synthesized in vitro from DNA templates made from oligonucleotides representing the text of the first Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) sequence elucidated in 1982. No infectious DNA molecule of that seminal reference sequence exists, so the goal was to synthesize it and then build viral chimeras. RESULTS RNA was transcribed from synthetic DNA and encapsidated with capsid protein in vitro to make synthetic virions. Plants inoculated with the virions did not develop symptoms. When two nucleotide mutations present in the original sequence, but not present in most other TMV sequences in GenBank, were altered to reflect the consensus, the derivative synthetic virions produced classic TMV symptoms. Chimeras were then made by exchanging TMV capsid protein DNA with Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) and Barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) capsid protein DNA. Virus expressing ToMV capsid protein exhibited altered, ToMV-like symptoms in Nicotiana sylvestris. A hybrid ORF6 protein unknown to nature, created by substituting the capsid protein genes in the virus, was found to be a major symptom determinant in Nicotiana benthamiana. Virus expressing BSMV capsid protein did not have an extended host range to barley, but did produce novel symptoms in N. benthamiana. CONCLUSIONS This first report of the chemical synthesis and artificial assembly of a plant virus corrects a long-standing error in the TMV reference genome sequence and reveals that unnatural hybrid virus proteins can alter symptoms unexpectedly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bret Cooper
- Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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19
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He M, He CQ, Ding NZ. Natural recombination between tobacco and tomato mosaic viruses. Virus Res 2012; 163:374-9. [PMID: 21925550 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 09/04/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is a positive-sense plant RNA virus which has a wide host range and a worldwide distribution. Other than a troublesome pathogen, TMV is regarded as a model system pioneering biologic research for a century. The tomato strain of TMV has been recognized to be a distinct tobamovirus as the tomato mosaic virus (ToMV). Recombination has been increasingly recognized as an important factor generating genetic diversity in many RNA viruses. However, it is still unclear whether recombination can function in driving the evolution of tobamoviruses. Herein, based on sequence comparison, we found three recombinants involving each viral gene, all of which might be derived from homologous or aberrant homologous recombination between TMV and ToMV. The study provided evidence that recombination did contribute to the genetic diversity of tobamoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei He
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
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20
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Ouko MO, Sambade A, Brandner K, Niehl A, Peña E, Ahad A, Heinlein M, Nick P. Tobacco mutants with reduced microtubule dynamics are less susceptible to TMV. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 62:829-39. [PMID: 20230489 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04195.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A panel of seven SR1 tobacco mutants (ATER1 to ATER7) derived via T-DNA activation tagging and screening for resistance to a microtubule assembly inhibitor, ethyl phenyl carbamate, were used to study the role of microtubules during infection and spread of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). In one of these lines, ATER2, alpha-tubulin is shifted from the tyrosinylated into the detyrosinated form, and the microtubule plus-end marker GFP-EB1 moves significantly slower when expressed in the background of the ATER2 mutant as compared with the SR1 wild type. The efficiency of cell-to-cell movement of TMV encoding GFP-tagged movement protein (MP-GFP) is reduced in ATER2 accompanied by a reduced association of MP-GFP with plasmodesmata. This mutant is also more tolerant to viral infection as compared with the SR1 wild type, implying that reduced microtubule dynamics confer a comparative advantage in face of TMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice O Ouko
- Botanical Institute 1, University of Karlsruhe, Kaiserstrasse 2, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
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21
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Fraile A, García-Arenal F. The coevolution of plants and viruses: resistance and pathogenicity. Adv Virus Res 2010; 76:1-32. [PMID: 20965070 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3527(10)76001-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Virus infection may damage the plant, and plant defenses are effective against viruses; thus, it is currently assumed that plants and viruses coevolve. However, and despite huge advances in understanding the mechanisms of pathogenicity and virulence in viruses and the mechanisms of virus resistance in plants, evidence in support of this hypothesis is surprisingly scant, and refers almost only to the virus partner. Most evidence for coevolution derives from the study of highly virulent viruses in agricultural systems, in which humans manipulate host genetic structure, what determines genetic changes in the virus population. Studies have focused on virus responses to qualitative resistance, either dominant or recessive but, even within this restricted scenario, population genetic analyses of pathogenicity and resistance factors are still scarce. Analyses of quantitative resistance or tolerance, which could be relevant for plant-virus coevolution, lag far behind. A major limitation is the lack of information on systems in which the host might evolve in response to virus infection, that is, wild hosts in natural ecosystems. It is presently unknown if, or under which circumstances, viruses do exert a selection pressure on wild plants, if qualitative resistance is a major defense strategy to viruses in nature, or even if characterized genes determining qualitative resistance to viruses did indeed evolve in response to virus infection. Here, we review evidence supporting plant-virus coevolution and point to areas in need of attention to understand the role of viruses in plant ecosystem dynamics, and the factors that determine virus emergence in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Fraile
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA) and E.T.S.I. Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
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22
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23
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Single amino acid substitution in the methyltransferase domain of Paprika mild mottle virus replicase proteins confers the ability to overcome the high temperature-dependent Hk gene-mediated resistance in Capsicum plants. Virus Res 2009; 140:98-102. [PMID: 19100793 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2008.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2008] [Revised: 10/30/2008] [Accepted: 11/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Capsicum plants harboring the Hk gene (Hk) show resistance to Paprika mild mottle virus (PaMMV) at 32 degrees C but not 24 degrees C. To identify the viral elicitor that activates the Hk-mediated resistance, several chimeric viral genomes were constructed between PaMMV and Tobacco mosaic virus-L. Infection patterns of these chimeric viruses in Hk-harboring plants revealed responsibility of PaMMV replicase genes for activation of the Hk-mediated resistance. The comparison of nucleotide sequence of replicase genes between PaMMV and PaHk1, an Hk-resistance-breaking strain of PaMMV, revealed that the adenine-to-uracil substitution at the nucleotide position 721 causes an amino acid change from threonine to serine at the 241st residue in the methyltransferase domain. Introduction of the A721U mutation into the replicase genes of parental PaMMV overcame the Hk resistance at 32 degrees C. The results indicate that Hk-mediated resistance is induced by PaMMV replicase proteins and that methyltransferase domain has a role in this elicitation.
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24
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Mansilla C, Sánchez F, Padgett HS, Pogue GP, Ponz F. Chimeras between oilseed rape mosaic virus and tobacco mosaic virus highlight the relevant role of the tobamoviral RdRp as pathogenicity determinant in several hosts. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2009; 10:59-68. [PMID: 19161353 PMCID: PMC6640237 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2008.00506.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Oilseed rape mosaic virus (ORMV) is a tobamovirus taxonomically distinct from the type member of the genus, Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). Both viruses display a specific host range, although they share certain hosts, such as Arabidopsis thaliana, Nicotiana benthamiana and N. tabacum, on which they induce different symptoms. Using a gain-of-symptom approach, we generated chimeric viruses, starting from a TMV infectious clone, over which different regions of ORMV were exchanged with their corresponding regions in the TMV genome. This approach allowed the association of pathogenicity determinants to certain genes within the ORMV genome. A general trend was observed associating the viral origin of the RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase (RdRp) gene and the gain of symptoms. In A. thaliana and N. benthamiana, chimeric viruses were unable to reproduce the symptoms induced by the parental viruses, leading to disease states which could be described as intermediate, and variable in some cases. In contrast, a hypersensitive reaction caused by both of these viruses on N-gene-bearing tobaccos could be found in resistance reactions to all chimeric viruses, suggesting that the avirulence determinant maps similarly in both viruses. A systemic necrotic spotting typical of non-N-gene tobaccos infected with ORMV was associated with the polymerase domain of RdRp. To our knowledge, this is the first time that this controversial portion of the tobamovirus genome has been identified directly as a pathogenicity determinant. None of the reactions of the chimeric viruses could be correlated with increases or decreases in virus titres in the infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Mansilla
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA), INIA, Ed. Z. Autopista A-6 km 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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25
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Jin M, Li C, Shi Y, Ryabov E, Huang J, Wu Z, Fan Z, Hong Y. A single amino acid change in a geminiviral Rep protein differentiates between triggering a plant defence response and initiating viral DNA replication. J Gen Virol 2008; 89:2636-2641. [PMID: 18796734 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.2008/001966-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have devised an in planta system for functional analysis of the replication-associated protein (Rep) of African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV). Using this assay and PCR-based random mutagenesis, we have identified an ACMV Rep mutant that failed to trigger the hypersensitive response (HR), but had an enhanced ability to initiate DNA replication. The mutant Rep-green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion protein was localized to the nucleus. Sequence analysis showed that the mutated Rep gene had three nucleotide changes (A6-->T, T375-->G and G852-->A); only the A6-->T transversion resulted in an amino acid substitution (Arg to Ser), which is at the second residue in the 358 amino acid ACMV Rep protein. Our results indicate that a single amino acid can alter the differential ability of ACMV Rep to trigger the host-mediated HR defence mechanism and to initiate viral DNA replication. The implications of this finding are discussed in the context of plant-virus interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingfei Jin
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, PR China.,Warwick HRI, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, UK
| | - Chunyang Li
- Warwick HRI, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, UK
| | - Yan Shi
- Department of Plant Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, PR China.,Warwick HRI, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, UK
| | - Eugene Ryabov
- Warwick HRI, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, UK
| | - Jing Huang
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, PR China
| | - Zirong Wu
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, PR China
| | - Zaifeng Fan
- Department of Plant Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, PR China.,Warwick HRI, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, UK
| | - Yiguo Hong
- Warwick HRI, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, UK
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26
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Sacristán S, García-Arenal F. The evolution of virulence and pathogenicity in plant pathogen populations. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2008; 9:369-84. [PMID: 18705877 PMCID: PMC6640236 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2007.00460.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The term virulence has a conflicting history among plant pathologists. Here we define virulence as the degree of damage caused to a host by parasite infection, assumed to be negatively correlated with host fitness, and pathogenicity the qualitative capacity of a parasite to infect and cause disease on a host. Selection may act on both virulence and pathogenicity, and their change in parasite populations can drive parasite evolution and host-parasite co-evolution. Extensive theoretical analyses of the factors that shape the evolution of pathogenicity and virulence have been reported in last three decades. Experimental work has not followed the path of theoretical analyses. Plant pathologists have shown greater interest in pathogenicity than in virulence, and our understanding of the molecular basis of pathogenicity has increased enormously. However, little is known regarding the molecular basis of virulence. It has been proposed that the mechanisms of recognition of parasites by hosts will have consequences for the evolution of pathogenicity, but much experimental work is still needed to test these hypotheses. Much theoretical work has been based on evidence from cellular plant pathogens. We review here the current experimental and observational evidence on which to test theoretical hypotheses or conjectures. We compare evidence from viruses and cellular pathogens, mostly fungi and oomycetes, which differ widely in genomic complexity and in parasitism. Data on the evolution of pathogenicity and virulence from viruses and fungi show important differences, and their comparison is necessary to establish the generality of hypotheses on pathogenicity and virulence evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad Sacristán
- Depto. de Biotecnología, E.T.S.I. Agrónomos and Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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27
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Abstract
A variety of techniques have been used to examine plant viral genomes, the functions of virus-encoded proteins, plant responses induced by virus infection and plant-virus interactions. This overview considers these technologies and how they have been used to identify novel viral and plant proteins or genes involved in disease and resistance responses, as well as defense signaling. These approaches include analysis of spatial and temporal responses by plants to infection, and techniques that allow the expression of viral genes transiently or transgenically in planta, the expression of plant and foreign genes from virus vectors, the silencing of plants genes, imaging of live, infected cells, and the detection of interactions between viral proteins and plant gene products, both in planta and in various in vitro or in vivo systems. These methods and some of the discoveries made using these approaches are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Palukaitis
- Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
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28
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Kyrychenko AM, Telegeyeva TA, Kovalenko OG. Molecular and genetic mechanisms of resistance of plants to viruses. CYTOL GENET+ 2007. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452707020107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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Bent AF, Mackey D. Elicitors, effectors, and R genes: the new paradigm and a lifetime supply of questions. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2007; 45:399-436. [PMID: 17506648 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.phyto.45.062806.094427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 463] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The plant basal immune system can detect broadly present microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs, also called PAMPs) and induce defenses, but adapted microbes express a suite of effector proteins that often act to suppress these defenses. Plants have evolved other receptors (R proteins) that detect these pathogen effectors and activate strong defenses. Pathogens can subsequently alter or delete their recognized effectors to avoid defense elicitation, at risk of a fitness cost associated with loss of those effectors. Significant research progress is revealing, among other things, mechanisms of MAMP perception, the host defense processes and specific host proteins that pathogen effectors target, the mechanisms of R protein activation, and the ways in which pathogen effector suites and R genes evolve. These findings carry practical ramifications for resistance durability and for future resistance engineering. The present review uses numerous questions to help clarify what we know and to identify areas that are ripe for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew F Bent
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
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30
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Sawada H, Takeuchi S, Matsumoto K, Hamada H, Kiba A, Matsumoto M, Watanabe Y, Suzuki K, Hikichi Y. A New Tobamovirus-resistance Gene, Hk, in Capsicum annuum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.2503/jjshs.74.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiromasa Sawada
- Kochi Prefectural Agriculture Research Center
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kochi University
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31
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Abstract
Genetic resistance to plant viruses has been used for at least 80 years to control agricultural losses to viral diseases. To date, hundreds of naturally occurring genes for resistance to plant viruses have been reported from studies of both monocot and dicot crops, their wild relatives, and the plant model, Arabidopsis. The isolation and characterization of a few of these genes in the past decade have resulted in detailed knowledge of some of the molecules that are critical in determining the outcome of plant viral infection. In this chapter, we have catalogued genes for resistance to plant viruses and have summarized current knowledge regarding their identity and inheritance. Insofar as information is available, the genetic context, genomic organization, mechanisms of resistance and agricultural deployment of plant virus resistance genes are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung-Cheorl Kang
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
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32
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Hong Y, Stanley J, van Wezel R. Novel system for the simultaneous analysis of geminivirus DNA replication and plant interactions in Nicotiana benthamiana. J Virol 2003; 77:13315-22. [PMID: 14645587 PMCID: PMC296063 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.24.13315-13322.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2003] [Accepted: 09/12/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The origin of replication of African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) and a gene expression vector based on Potato virus X were exploited to devise an in planta system for functional analysis of the geminivirus replication-associated protein (Rep) in transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana line pOri-2. This line contains an integrated copy of a tandem repeat of the ACMV origin of replication flanking nonviral sequences that can be mobilized and replicated by Rep as an episomal replicon. A Rep-GFP fusion protein can also mobilize and amplify the replicon, facilitating Rep detection in planta. The activity of Rep and its mutants, Rep-mediated host response, and the correlation between Rep intracellular localization and biological functions could be effectively assessed by using this in planta system. Our results indicate that modification of amino acid residues R(2), R(5), R(7) and K(11) or H(56), L(57) and H(58) prevent Rep function in replication. This defect correlates with possible loss of Rep nuclear localization and inability to trigger the host defense mechanism resembling a hypersensitive response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiguo Hong
- Horticulture Research International, East Malling, West Malling, Kent ME19 6BJ, United Kingdom.
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van Wezel R, Dong X, Blake P, Stanley J, Hong Y. Differential roles of geminivirus Rep and AC4 (C4) in the induction of necrosis in Nicotiana benthamiana. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2002; 3:461-71. [PMID: 20569353 DOI: 10.1046/j.1364-3703.2002.00141.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARY The replication-associated protein (Rep) of two distinct begomoviruses, the bipartite African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) and the monopartite Tomato yellow leaf curl virus-China (TYLCV-C), elicits a reaction resembling a hypersensitive response (HR), associated with the induction of local necrosis and a systemic burst of hydrogen peroxide production, when expressed from a potato virus X vector in Nicotiana benthamiana. Transient expression of the ACMV Rep after Agrobacterium infiltration of N. benthamiana also triggered an HR-like response. We have identified a region of the ACMV Rep, referred to as the HR-like determinant domain (HRD, amino acids 119-179) that is essential for induction of the phenotype. Two additional regions have been identified (amino acids 1-85 and 86-118) that have various effects on the Rep-mediated phenotype, suggesting that structural constraints are imposed on the functional HRD. The co-expression of Rep with either AC4 or C4, expressed from overlapping open reading frames, triggers systemic necrosis in infected-tissues, but AC4 or C4 alone is neither an inducer nor enhancer of the HR-like phenotype. We propose that ACMV AC4 and TYLCV-C C4 may counter the plant defence mechanism that is initiated by the Rep-mediated local HR-like phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene van Wezel
- Horticulture Research International, East Malling, Kent ME19 6BJ, UK
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Jenner CE, Tomimura K, Ohshima K, Hughes SL, Walsh JA. Mutations in Turnip mosaic virus P3 and cylindrical inclusion proteins are separately required to overcome two Brassica napus resistance genes. Virology 2002; 300:50-9. [PMID: 12202205 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2002.1519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Brassica napus differential line 165 is resistant to infection by Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) isolates belonging to pathotypes 1 and 3. Nucleotide sequences of resistance-breaking mutants of pathotype 1 (UK 1), pathotype 3 (CHN 12), and wild-type isolates have been determined. When the mutations identified were introduced into an infectious clone of UK 1, a single mutation in the viral P3 protein induced a hypersensitive (necrotic) response in inoculated leaves of line 165 plants. Full systemic nonnecrotic infection was only possible when another mutation (in the cylindrical inclusion protein) was introduced. Tests on segregating populations derived from line 165 indicated that the two viral genes were pathogenicity determinants for two different resistance genes in line 165. One gene responsible for an extreme form of resistance (no symptoms seen) was epistatic to a second responsible for the hypersensitive reaction. These results help to explain the relative stability of the resistance in line 165 and to further define the genetic basis of the TuMV pathotyping system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol E Jenner
- Horticulture Research International, Wellesbourne, Warwick, CV35 9EF, United Kingdom.
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35
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Culver JN. Tobacco mosaic virus assembly and disassembly: determinants in pathogenicity and resistance. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2002; 40:287-308. [PMID: 12147762 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.phyto.40.120301.102400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The structural proteins of plant viruses have evolved to self-associate into complex macromolecules that are centrally involved in virus biology. In this review, the structural and biophysical properties of the Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) coat protein (CP) are addressed in relation to its role in host resistance and disease development. TMV CP affects the display of several specific virus and host responses, including cross-protection, systemic virus movement, hypersensitive disease resistance, and symptom development. Studies indicate that the three-dimensional structure of CP is critical to the control of these responses, either directly through specific structural motifs or indirectly via alterations in CP assembly. Thus, both the structure and assembly of the TMV CP function as determinants in the induction of disease and resistance responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- James N Culver
- Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, College Park 20742, USA.
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36
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Knapp E, Dawson WO, Lewandowski DJ. Conundrum of the lack of defective RNAs (dRNAs) associated with tobamovirus Infections: dRNAs that can move are not replicated by the wild-type virus; dRNAs that are replicated by the wild-type virus do not move. J Virol 2001; 75:5518-25. [PMID: 11356959 PMCID: PMC114264 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.12.5518-5525.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2001] [Accepted: 03/20/2001] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Two classes of artificially constructed defective RNAs (dRNAs) of Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) were examined in planta with helper viruses that expressed one (183 kDa) or both (126 and 183 kDa) of the replicase-associated proteins. The first class of artificially constructed dRNAs had the helicase and polymerase (POL) domains deleted; the second had an intact 126-kDa protein open reading frame (ORF). Despite extremely high levels of replication in protoplasts, the first class of dRNAs did not accumulate in plants. The dRNAs with an intact 126-kDa protein ORF were replicated at moderate levels in protoplasts and in planta when supported by a TMV mutant that expressed the 183-kDa protein but not the 126-kDa protein (183F). These dRNAs were not supported by helper viruses expressing both replicase-associated proteins. De novo dRNAs were generated in plants infected by 183F but not in plants infected with virus with the wild-type replicase. These novel dRNAs each contained a new stop codon near the location of the wild-type stop codon for the 126-kDa protein and had most of the POL domain deleted. The fact that only dRNAs that contained a complete 126-kDa protein ORF moved systemically suggests that expression of a functional 126-kDa protein or the presence of certain sequences and/or structures within this ORF is required for movement of dRNAs. At least two factors may contribute to the lack of naturally occurring dRNAs in association with wild-type TMV infections: an inability of TMV to support dRNAs that can move in plants and the inability of dRNAs that can be replicated by TMV to move in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Knapp
- Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850, USA
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37
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Takahashi H, Suzuki M, Natsuaki K, Shigyo T, Hino K, Teraoka T, Hosokawa D, Ehara Y. Mapping the virus and host genes involved in the resistance response in cucumber mosaic virus-Infected Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2001; 42:340-347. [PMID: 11266586 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pce039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A yellow strain of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) [CMV(Y)] induces a resistance response characterized by inhibition of virus systemic movement with development of necrotic local lesions in the virus-inoculated leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana ecotype C24. In this report, the avirulence determinant in the virus genome was defined and the resistance gene (RCY1) of C24 was genetically mapped. The response of C24 to CMV containing the chimeric RNA3 between CMV(Y) and a virulent strain of CMV indicated that the coat protein gene of CMV(Y) determined the localization of the virus in the inoculated leaves of C24. The RCY1 locus was mapped between two CAPS markers, DFR and T43968, which were located in the region containing genetically defined disease resistance genes and their homologues. These results indicate that the resistance response to CMV(Y) in C24 is determined by the combination of the coat protein gene and RCY1 on chromosome 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Takahashi
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 981-8555 Japan.
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38
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Garrido-Ramirez ER, Sudarshana MR, Lucas WJ, Gilbertson RL. Bean dwarf mosaic virus BV1 protein is a determinant of the hypersensitive response and avirulence in Phaseolus vulgaris. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2000; 13:1184-94. [PMID: 11059485 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.2000.13.11.1184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The capacities of the begomoviruses Bean dwarf mosaic virus (BDMV) and Bean golden yellow mosaic virus (BGYMV) to differeBean dwarf mosaic viru certain common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivars were used to identify viral determinants of the hypersensitive response (HR) and avirulence (avr) in BDMV. A series of hybrid DNA-B components, containing BDMV and BGYMV sequences, was constructed and coinoculated with BDMV DNA-A (BDMV-A) or BDMVA-green florescent protein into seedlings of cv. Topcrop (susceptible to BDMV and BGYMV) and the BDMV-resistant cvs. Othello and Black Turtle Soup T-39 (BTS). The BDMV avr determinant, in bean hypocotyl tissue, was mapped to the BDMV BV1 open reading frame and, most likely, to the BV1 protein. The BV1 also was identified as the determinant of the HR in Othello. However, the HR was not required for resistance in Othello nor was it associated with BDMV resistance in BTS. BDMV BV1, a nuclear shuttle protein that mediates viral DNA export from the nucleus, represents a new class of viral avr determinant. These results are discussed in terms of the relationship between the HR and resistance.
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39
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Lin B, Heaton LA. Mutational analyses of the putative calcium binding site and hinge of the turnip crinkle virus coat protein. Virology 1999; 259:34-42. [PMID: 10364487 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1999.9742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The turnip crinkle carmovirus (TCV) coat protein (CP) is folded into R (RNA-binding), S (shell), and P (protruding) domains. The S domain is an eight-stranded beta barrel common to the coat protein subunits of most RNA viruses. A five-amino-acid hinge connects the S and P domains. In assembled particles, each pair of CP subunits is thought to bind a single calcium ion through interactions with three residues of one subunit and two residues of a neighboring subunit. These five residues comprise the putative calcium-binding site (CBS). The putative CBS and hinge are adjacent to one another. Mutations were introduced into the putative CBS or hinge in an effort to further determine the biological functions of TCV CP. One putative CBS mutant, TCV-M32, exhibited wild-type cell-to-cell movement but failed to move systemically in Nicotiana benthamiana, and particles were not detected. Another putative CBS mutant, TCV-M23, exhibited deficient cell-to-cell movement but particles accumulated in isolated protoplasts. Two other putative CBS mutants, TCV-M22 and -M33, showed wild-type cell-to-cell and systemic movement but elicited mild systemic symptoms that were somewhat delayed. All of the hinge mutants exhibited wild-type movement but some elicited non-wild-type symptoms. Point mutations in the putative CBS or hinge appear to alter virus-ion interactions, secondary structure, or particle conformation, thereby affecting interactions between the CP and plant hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Lin
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506-5502, USA
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40
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Fernandez I, Candresse T, Le Gall O, Dunez J. The 5' noncoding region of grapevine chrome mosaic nepovirus RNA-2 triggers a necrotic response on three Nicotiana spp. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 1999; 12:337-44. [PMID: 10188272 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.1999.12.4.337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The 5' noncoding region (NCR) of grapevine chrome mosaic nepovirus (GCMV) was cloned in a viral vector derived from potato virus X (PVX). The recombinant virus obtained was inoculated to Nicotiana benthamiana, N. clevelandii, and N. tabacum plants. Infected plants developed necrotic symptoms in place of the vein clearing and mosaic typically observed after inoculation with PVX. Northern (RNA) blot analysis showed that the replication of PVX was not specifically altered by the presence of the GCMV 5' NCR. Inoculation of recombinant PVX harboring deleted forms of the GCMV 5' NCR showed that the three stem-loop structures at the 3' end of the 5' NCR (nucleotides 153 to 206) are dispensable for the induction of necrosis. Further deletion analysis indicated that neither the 5'-most 70 nucleotides of the 5' NCR nor the downstream region (nucleotides 71 to 217) alone is able to induce the necrotic symptoms. In the presence of both the sequence encoding the GCMV coat protein and the GCMV 3' NCR, the GCMV 5' NCR failed to induce necrosis in the PVX background. The mechanisms by which the expression of the 5' NCR might modify PVX symptoms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Fernandez
- INRA, Station de Pathologie Végétale, Villenave d'Ornon, France
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41
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Abstract
In celebration of a century of research on tobacco mosaic virus that initiated the science of virology, I review recent progress relative to earlier contributions concerning how viruses cause diseases of plants and how plants defend themselves from viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- W O Dawson
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Lake Alfred 33850, USA
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42
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Harrison BD, Wilson TM. Milestones in the research on tobacco mosaic virus. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1999; 354:521-9. [PMID: 10212931 PMCID: PMC1692547 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.1999.0403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Beijerinck's (1898) recognition that the cause of tobacco mosaic disease was a novel kind of pathogen became the breakthrough which eventually led to the establishment of virology as a science. Research on this agent, tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), has continued to be at the forefront of virology for the past century. After an initial phase, in which numerous biological properties of TMV were discovered, its particles were the first shown to consist of RNA and protein, and X-ray diffraction analysis of their structure was the first of a helical nucleoprotein. In the molecular biological phase of research, TMV RNA was the first plant virus genome to be sequenced completely, its genes were found to be expressed by cotranslational particle disassembly and the use of subgenomic mRNA, and the mechanism of assembly of progeny particles from their separate parts was discovered. Molecular genetical and cell biological techniques were then used to clarify the roles and modes of action of the TMV non-structural proteins: the 126 kDa and 183 kDa replicase components and the 30 kDa cell-to-cell movement protein. Three different TMV genes were found to act as avirulence genes, eliciting hypersensitive responses controlled by specific, but different, plant genes. One of these (the N gene) was the first plant gene controlling virus resistance to be isolated and sequenced. In the biotechnological sphere, TMV has found several applications: as the first source of transgene sequences conferring virus resistance, in vaccines consisting of TMV particles genetically engineered to carry foreign epitopes, and in systems for expressing foreign genes. TMV owes much of its popularity as a research mode to the great stability and high yield of its particles. Although modern methods have much decreased the need for such properties, and TMV may have a less dominant role in the future, it continues to occupy a prominent position in both fundamental and applied research.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Harrison
- Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
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43
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Okada Y. Historical overview of research on the tobacco mosaic virus genome: genome organization, infectivity and gene manipulation. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1999; 354:569-82. [PMID: 10212936 PMCID: PMC1692538 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.1999.0408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Early in the development of molecular biology, TMV RNA was widely used as a mRNA [corrected] that could be purified easily, and it contributed much to research on protein synthesis. Also, in the early stages of elucidation of the genetic code, artificially produced TMV mutants were widely used and provided the first proof that the genetic code was non-overlapping. In 1982, Goelet et al. determined the complete TMV RNA base sequence of 6395 nucleotides. The four genes (130K, 180K, 30K and coat protein) could then be mapped at precise locations in the TMV genome. Furthermore it had become clear, a little earlier, that genes located internally in the genome were expressed via subgenomic mRNAs. The initiation site for assembly of TMV particles was also determined. However, although TMV contributed so much at the beginning of the development of molecular biology, its influence was replaced by that of Escherichia coli and its phages in the next phase. As recombinant DNA technology developed in the 1980s, RNA virus research became more detached from the frontier of molecular biology. To recover from this setback, a gene-manipulation system was needed for RNA viruses. In 1986, two such systems were developed for TMV, using full-length cDNA clones, by Dawson's group and by Okada's group. Thus, reverse genetics could be used to elucidate the basic functions of all proteins encoded by the TMV genome. Identification of the function of the 30K protein was especially important because it was the first evidence that a plant virus possesses a cell-to-cell movement function. Many other plant viruses have since been found to encode comparable 'movement proteins'. TMV thus became the first plant virus for which structures and functions were known for all its genes. At the birth of molecular plant pathology, TMV became a leader again. TMV has also played pioneering roles in many other fields. TMV was the first virus for which the amino acid sequence of the coat protein was determined and first virus for which cotranslational disassembly was demonstrated both in vivo and in vitro. It was the first virus for which activation of a resistance gene in a host plant was related to the molecular specificity of a product of a viral gene. Also, in the field of plant biotechnology, TMV vectors are among the most promising. Thus, for the 100 years since Beijerinck's work, TMV research has consistently played a leading role in opening up new areas of study, not only in plant pathology, but also in virology, biochemistry, molecular biology, RNA genetics and biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Okada
- Department of Bioscience, Teikyo University, Utsunomiya, Japan
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44
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Toedt JM, Braswell EH, Schuster TM, Yphantis DA, Taraporewala ZF, Culver JN. Biophysical characterization of a designed TMV coat protein mutant, R46G, that elicits a moderate hypersensitivity response in Nicotiana sylvestris. Protein Sci 1999; 8:261-70. [PMID: 10048319 PMCID: PMC2144261 DOI: 10.1110/ps.8.2.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The hypersensitivity resistance response directed by the N' gene in Nicotiana sylvestris is elicited by the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) coat protein R46G, but not by the U1 wild-type TMV coat protein. In this study, the structural and hydrodynamic properties of R46G and wild-type coat proteins were compared for variations that may explain N' gene elicitation. Circular dichroism spectroscopy reveals no significant secondary or tertiary structural differences between the elicitor and nonelicitor coat proteins. Analytical ultracentrifugation studies, however, do show different concentration dependencies of the weight average sedimentation coefficients at 4 degrees C. Viral reconstitution kinetics at 20 degrees C were used to determine viral assembly rates and as an initial assay of the rate of 20S formation, the obligate species for viral reconstitution. These kinetic results reveal a decreased lag time for reconstitution performed with R46G that initially lack the 20S aggregate. However, experiments performed with 20S initially present reveal no detectable differences indicating that the mechanism of viral assembly is similar for the two coat protein species. Therefore, an increased rate of 20S formation from R46G subunits may explain the differences in the viral reconstitution lag times. The inferred increase in the rate of 20S formation is verified by direct measurement of the 20S boundary as a function of time at 20 degrees C using velocity sedimentation analysis. These results are consistent with the interpretation that there may be an altered size distribution and/or lifetime of the small coat protein aggregates in elicitors that allows N. sylvestris to recognize the invading virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Toedt
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and the National Analytical Ultracentrifugation Facility, University of Connecticut, Storrs 06269, USA.
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45
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Orlov VN, Kust SV, Kalmykov PV, Krivosheev VP, Dobrov EN, Drachev VA. A comparative differential scanning calorimetric study of tobacco mosaic virus and of its coat protein ts mutant. FEBS Lett 1998; 433:307-11. [PMID: 9744816 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(98)00924-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) 'melting curves' for virions and coat proteins (CP) of wild-type tobacco mosaic virus (strain U1) and for its CP ts mutant ts21-66 were measured. Strain U1 and ts21-66 mutant (two amino acid substitutions in CP: 121 --> T and D66 --> G) differ in the type of symptoms they induce on some host plants. It was observed that CP subunits of both U1 and ts21-66 at pH 8.0, in the form of small (3-4S) aggregates, possess much lower thermal stability than in the virions. Assembly into the virus particles resulted in a DSC melting temperature increase from 41 to 72 degrees C for U1 and from 38 to 72 degrees C for ts21-66 CP. In the RNA-free helical virus-like protein assemblies U1 and ts21-66 CP subunits had a thermal stability intermediate between those in 3-4S aggregates and in the virions. ts21-66 helical protein displayed a somewhat lower thermal stability than U1.
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Affiliation(s)
- V N Orlov
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physical and Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Russia
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46
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Weber H, Pfitzner AJ. Tm-2(2) resistance in tomato requires recognition of the carboxy terminus of the movement protein of tomato mosaic virus. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 1998; 11:498-503. [PMID: 9612948 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.1998.11.6.498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The Tm-2(2) resistance gene is used in most commercial tomato cultivars for protection against infection with tomato mosaic virus (ToMV). It has been suggested that Tm-2(2) resistance interferes with viral cell-to-cell movement in plants; ToMV strain ToMV-2(2) requires two amino acid (aa) exchanges in the carboxy-terminal region of the viral 30-kDa movement protein (at positions 238 and 244) to overcome Tm-2(2) resistance. For further analysis of this region of the 30-kDa protein, two stop codons were introduced into ToMV movement proteins at aa positions 235 and 237, leading to deletion of the terminal 30 aa. The mutant virus strains were able to infect wild-type tomato plants systemically, suggesting the carboxy-terminal portion of the ToMV 30-kDa protein is dispensable for virus transport in tomato. Even more important, the deletion mutants overcame the Tm-2(2) resistance gene. These data indicate the carboxy-terminal domain of the ToMV movement protein serves as a recognition target in the context of the Tm-2(2) resistance gene. Furthermore, expression of the 30-kDa movement protein from wild-type ToMV, but not from ToMV-2(2), in transgenic tomato plants with the Tm-2(2) resistance gene led to elicitation of a necrotic reaction in tomato seedlings, showing that the 30-kDa protein on its own is able to induce the plant's defense reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Weber
- Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Genetik, FG Allgemeine Virologie, Stuttgart, Germany
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47
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Tsuda S, Kirita M, Watanabe Y. Characterization of a pepper mild mottle tobamovirus strain capable of overcoming the L3 gene-mediated resistance, distinct from the resistance-breaking Italian isolate. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 1998; 11:327-31. [PMID: 9530869 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.1998.11.4.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Green pepper plants with the L3 resistance gene usually develop necrotic lesions on leaves infected with a Japanese strain of pepper mild mottle tobamovirus (PMMoV-J). A recently discovered strain, PMMoV-Ij, has the ability to overcome L3 resistance. Phytopathological responses of a variety of plant species to PMMoV-J and PMMoV-Ij were determined and the coat protein (CP) sequence comparisons revealed both amino acids 43 and 50 of PMMoV-Ij were unique. This led us to believe that substitutions at these residues would enable PMMoV-J to overcome L3 resistance. This was confirmed by Western blot (immunoblot) detection of PMMoV-J containing both point mutations in upper uninoculated leaves of resistant plants. Computer models suggest the critical residues in overcoming resistance lie in CP regions that putatively interact with other subunits. These results contribute to our understanding of the virus's ability to circumvent plant resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tsuda
- Plant Biotechnology Institute, Ibaraki Agricultural Center, Japan.
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48
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Hutcheson SW. Current concepts of active defense in plants. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 1998; 36:59-90. [PMID: 15012493 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.phyto.36.1.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence indicates that elicitation of primary active defense responses results from a recognition event frequently involving protein-protein interactions. Most pathogen avirulence determinants eliciting resistance gene-dependent responses have been shown to be proteins with no apparent enzymic activity. Disruption of the tertiary and quaternary structure of these proteins abolishes their elicitor activity. Critical to their elicitor activity is their display by the pathogen. Resistance genes are proposed to function as receptors for the eliciting proteins. The most consistent feature of resistance gene products is the presence of potential protein binding domains in the form of leucine-rich repeat regions, and there is direct evidence for the physical interaction of elicitor proteins and receptor proteins in several cases. Thus in many but not all cases the primary recognition event eliciting an active defense response during incompatible interactions appears to be a protein-protein interaction occurring between a specific pathogen protein and a strategically placed receptor protein in the host cell. The interaction of elicitor protein with the receptor protein activates a signal transduction pathway leading to programmed cell death and an oxidative burst.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Hutcheson
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, and the Center for Agricultural Biotechnology of the University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
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49
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Revers F, Lot H, Souche S, Le Gall O, Candresse T, Dunez J. Biological and molecular variability of lettuce mosaic virus isolates. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 1997; 87:397-403. [PMID: 18945118 DOI: 10.1094/phyto.1997.87.4.397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Lettuce mosaic potyvirus (LMV) causes severe disease of commercial lettuce crops. LMV isolates show wide biological variability, particularly in their ability to overcome the resistance genes described in Lactuca sativa. For a better understanding of the molecular interaction between lettuce and LMV, biological and molecular characterization of a collection of 10 LMV isolates known to differ in virulence or aggressiveness was performed. The ability of these isolates to overcome the resistance genes was reevaluated under standardized conditions. To study the molecular variability of LMV, an immunocapture-reverse transcription-poly-merase chain reaction technique, coupled with direct sequencing, was used to obtain nucleotide sequence data from three short regions of the LMV genome. Clustering analysis was performed and compared to the biological properties of the 10 isolates. Three groups of LMV isolates were discriminated based on the molecular data. These groups appear to correlate with the geographic origin of the isolates rather than with their pathogenicity. Sequence comparison with California isolates clearly showed that the California isolates are related to the western European isolates, raising the possibility of past exchanges of LMV between western Europe and California.
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50
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Revers F, Yang SJ, Walter J, Souche S, Lot H, Le Gall O, Candresse T, Dunez J. Comparison of the complete nucleotide sequences of two isolates of lettuce mosaic virus differing in their biological properties. Virus Res 1997; 47:167-77. [PMID: 9085548 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(96)01411-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The complete nucleotide sequences of the genomic RNAs of the 0 and E isolates of lettuce mosaic potyvirus (LMV) have been determined. These two isolates differ by their behavior towards two lettuce resistance genes and by their seed transmission properties. LMV-0 is unable to induce disease in lettuce carrying either one of the mol1 and mol2 recessive resistance genes, whereas LMV-E is able to induce disease in the same plants. The genomes of these two isolates are 10080 nucleotides (nt) in length, excluding the poly(A) tract, and encode polyproteins of 3255 amino acids (aa). The open reading frame is flanked by a 5' non-coding region of 103 nt and a 3' non-coding region of 212 nucleotides. Ten proteins were predicted. The P3 protein, with 377 aa, is the longest potyviral P3 protein characterized to date while the P1 protein, with 437 aa, is among the longest P1 proteins reported. Sequence comparisons between the two isolates demonstrated only limited sequence difference. The overall nucleotide and amino acid sequence identities between LMV-0 and LMV-E are 94 and 97% respectively. The greatest variability occurs in the P1 and in the variable N-terminal region of the coat protein, while the NIa protease domain, the NIb protein, the C-terminus of the helper component protease and the 3' non-coding region are extensively conserved. While this sequence analysis does not allow direct identification of determinants involved in the resistance breaking or in the seed transmissibility properties, these data are a first step towards the characterization of these determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Revers
- Station de Pathologie Végétale, INRA, Villenave d'Ornon, France
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