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Takashima T, Komori N, Uechi K, Taira T. Characterization of an antifungal β-1,3-glucanase from Ficus microcarpa latex and comparison of plant and bacterial β-1,3-glucanases for fungal cell wall β-glucan degradation. PLANTA 2023; 258:116. [PMID: 37946063 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04271-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Each β-1,3-glucanase with antifungal activity or yeast lytic activity hydrolyzes different structures of β-1,3-glucans in the fungal cell wall, respectively. Plants express several glycoside hydrolases that target chitin and β-glucan in fungal cell walls and inhibit pathogenic fungal infection. An antifungal β-1,3-glucanase was purified from gazyumaru (Ficus microcarpa) latex, designated as GlxGluA, and the corresponding gene was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The sequence shows that GlxGluA belongs to glycoside hydrolase family 17 (GH17). To investigate how GlxGluA acts to degrade fungal cell wall β-glucan, it was compared with β-1,3-glucanase with different substrate specificities. We obtained recombinant β-1,3-glucanase (designated as CcGluA), which belongs to GH64, from the bacterium Cellulosimicrobium cellulans. GlxGluA inhibited the growth of the filamentous fungus Trichoderma viride but was unable to lyse the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In contrast, CcGluA lysed yeast cells but had a negligible inhibitory effect on the growth of filamentous fungi. GlxGluA degraded the cell wall of T. viride better than CcGluA, whereas CcGluA degraded the cell wall of S. cerevisiae more efficiently than GlxGluA. These results suggest that the target substrates in fungal cell walls differ between GlxGluA (GH17 class I β-1,3-glucanase) and CcGluA (GH64 β-1,3-glucanase).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Takashima
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan
| | - Nao Komori
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan
| | - Keiko Uechi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan
| | - Toki Taira
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan.
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, 890-8580, Japan.
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Enzymatic Investigation of Spongospora subterranea Zoospore Attachment to Roots of Potato Cultivars Resistant or Susceptible to Powdery Scab Disease. Proteomes 2023; 11:proteomes11010007. [PMID: 36810563 PMCID: PMC9944879 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes11010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
For potato crops, host resistance is currently the most effective and sustainable tool to manage diseases caused by the plasmodiophorid Spongospora subterranea. Arguably, zoospore root attachment is the most critical phase of infection; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. This study investigated the potential role of root-surface cell-wall polysaccharides and proteins in cultivars resistant/susceptible to zoospore attachment. We first compared the effects of enzymatic removal of root cell-wall proteins, N-linked glycans and polysaccharides on S. subterranea attachment. Subsequent analysis of peptides released by trypsin shaving (TS) of root segments identified 262 proteins that were differentially abundant between cultivars. These were enriched in root-surface-derived peptides but also included intracellular proteins, e.g., proteins associated with glutathione metabolism and lignin biosynthesis, which were more abundant in the resistant cultivar. Comparison with whole-root proteomic analysis of the same cultivars identified 226 proteins specific to the TS dataset, of which 188 were significantly different. Among these, the pathogen-defence-related cell-wall protein stem 28 kDa glycoprotein and two major latex proteins were significantly less abundant in the resistant cultivar. A further major latex protein was reduced in the resistant cultivar in both the TS and whole-root datasets. In contrast, three glutathione S-transferase proteins were more abundant in the resistant cultivar (TS-specific), while the protein glucan endo-1,3-beta-glucosidase was increased in both datasets. These results imply a particular role for major latex proteins and glucan endo-1,3-beta-glucosidase in regulating zoospore binding to potato roots and susceptibility to S. subterranea.
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Jue D, Liu L, Sang X, Shi S. A comparative proteomic analysis provides insight into the molecular mechanism of bud break in longan. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:486. [PMID: 36224553 PMCID: PMC9558362 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03868-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The timing of bud break is very important for the flowering and fruiting of longan. To obtain new insights into the underlying regulatory mechanism of bud break in longan, a comparative analysis was conducted in three flower induction stages of two longan varieties with opposite flowering phenotypes by using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ). RESULTS In total, 3180 unique proteins were identified in 18 samples, and 1101 differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) were identified. "SX" ("Shixia"), a common longan cultivated variety that needs an appropriate period of low temperatures to accumulate energy and nutrients for flower induction, had a strong primary inflorescence, had a strong axillary inflorescence, and contained high contents of sugars, and most DAPs during the bud break process were enriched in assimilates and energy metabolism. Combined with our previous transcriptome data, it was observed that sucrose synthase 6 (SS6) and granule-bound starch synthase 1 (GBSSI) might be the key DAPs for "SX" bud break. Compared to those of "SX", the primary inflorescence, axillary inflorescence, floral primordium, bract, and prophyll of "SJ" ("Sijimi") were weaker. In addition, light, rather than a high sugar content or chilling duration, might act as the key signal for triggering bud break. In addition, catalase isozyme 1, an important enzyme in the redox cycle, and RuBisCO, a key enzyme in the Calvin cycle of photosynthetic carbon assimilation, might be the key DAPs for SJ bud break. CONCLUSION Our results present a dynamic picture of the bud break of longan, not only revealing the temporal specific expression of key candidate genes and proteins but also providing a scientific basis for the genetic improvement of this fruit tree species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengwei Jue
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Economic Plant Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Special Plant Industry in Chongqing, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Special Plant Seedling, Institute of Special Plants, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, 402160, Yongchuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountains Regions of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, 400715, Beibei, Chongqing, China
| | - Liqin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit Biology (Ministry of Agriculture), South Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, 524091, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xuelian Sang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Economic Plant Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Special Plant Industry in Chongqing, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Special Plant Seedling, Institute of Special Plants, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, 402160, Yongchuan, China.
| | - Shengyou Shi
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit Biology (Ministry of Agriculture), South Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, 524091, Zhanjiang, China.
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4
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Zhou Y, Jiang S, Jiao Y, Wang H. Synergistic effects of nanochitin on inhibition of tobacco root rot disease. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 99:205-212. [PMID: 28237570 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.02.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials have great potential for use in various fields, due to their unique properties. In order to explore the bioactivity of nanochitin on tobacco, the effects of nanochitin suspensions on tobacco seed germination, seedling growth, and synergistic effects with fungicides were studied in indoor and field trials. Results showed that 0.004% (w/v) of nanochitin improved tobacco seed germination and shortened mean time to germination significantly; 0.005% (w/v) of nanochitin increased tobacco stem length, stem girth, leaf number and leaf area, and 0.001% (w/v) of nanochitin had synergistic effects on inhibition of tobacco root rot when mixed with metalaxyl mancozeb and thiophanate methyl fungicides. This indicates that nanochitin suspensions have a strong potential to protect tobacco from tobacco root rot diseases and reduce the use of chemical fungicides in tobacco plantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- NanoAgro Center, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Shijun Jiang
- NanoAgro Center, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yongji Jiao
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Hezhong Wang
- NanoAgro Center, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
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5
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Chakraborty S, Nascimento R, Zaini PA, Gouran H, Rao BJ, Goulart LR, Dandekar AM. Sequence/structural analysis of xylem proteome emphasizes pathogenesis-related proteins, chitinases and β-1, 3-glucanases as key players in grapevine defense against Xylella fastidiosa. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2007. [PMID: 27257535 PMCID: PMC4888286 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Xylella fastidiosa, the causative agent of various plant diseases including Pierce’s disease in the US, and Citrus Variegated Chlorosis in Brazil, remains a continual source of concern and economic losses, especially since almost all commercial varieties are sensitive to this Gammaproteobacteria. Differential expression of proteins in infected tissue is an established methodology to identify key elements involved in plant defense pathways. Methods. In the current work, we developed a methodology named CHURNER that emphasizes relevant protein functions from proteomic data, based on identification of proteins with similar structures that do not necessarily have sequence homology. Such clustering emphasizes protein functions which have multiple copies that are up/down-regulated, and highlights similar proteins which are differentially regulated. As a working example we present proteomic data enumerating differentially expressed proteins in xylem sap from grapevines that were infected with X. fastidiosa. Results. Analysis of this data by CHURNER highlighted pathogenesis related PR-1 proteins, reinforcing this as the foremost protein function in xylem sap involved in the grapevine defense response to X. fastidiosa. β-1, 3-glucanase, which has both anti-microbial and anti-fungal activities, is also up-regulated. Simultaneously, chitinases are found to be both up and down-regulated by CHURNER, and thus the net gain of this protein function loses its significance in the defense response. Discussion. We demonstrate how structural data can be incorporated in the pipeline of proteomic data analysis prior to making inferences on the importance of individual proteins to plant defense mechanisms. We expect CHURNER to be applicable to any proteomic data set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Chakraborty
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis (UC Davis) , CA , United States of America
| | - Rafael Nascimento
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis (UC Davis), CA, United States of America; Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Paulo A Zaini
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Campus Umuarama , Uberlândia Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Hossein Gouran
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis (UC Davis) , CA , United States of America
| | - Basuthkar J Rao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research , Mumbai, Maharashtra , India
| | - Luiz R Goulart
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia Minas Gerais, Brazil; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis (UC Davis), CA, United States of America
| | - Abhaya M Dandekar
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis (UC Davis) , CA , United States of America
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6
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Chakraborty S, Nascimento R, Zaini PA, Gouran H, Rao BJ, Goulart LR, Dandekar AM. Sequence/structural analysis of xylem proteome emphasizes pathogenesis-related proteins, chitinases and β-1, 3-glucanases as key players in grapevine defense against Xylella fastidiosa. PeerJ 2016. [PMID: 27257535 DOI: 10.7717/peerj2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Xylella fastidiosa, the causative agent of various plant diseases including Pierce's disease in the US, and Citrus Variegated Chlorosis in Brazil, remains a continual source of concern and economic losses, especially since almost all commercial varieties are sensitive to this Gammaproteobacteria. Differential expression of proteins in infected tissue is an established methodology to identify key elements involved in plant defense pathways. Methods. In the current work, we developed a methodology named CHURNER that emphasizes relevant protein functions from proteomic data, based on identification of proteins with similar structures that do not necessarily have sequence homology. Such clustering emphasizes protein functions which have multiple copies that are up/down-regulated, and highlights similar proteins which are differentially regulated. As a working example we present proteomic data enumerating differentially expressed proteins in xylem sap from grapevines that were infected with X. fastidiosa. Results. Analysis of this data by CHURNER highlighted pathogenesis related PR-1 proteins, reinforcing this as the foremost protein function in xylem sap involved in the grapevine defense response to X. fastidiosa. β-1, 3-glucanase, which has both anti-microbial and anti-fungal activities, is also up-regulated. Simultaneously, chitinases are found to be both up and down-regulated by CHURNER, and thus the net gain of this protein function loses its significance in the defense response. Discussion. We demonstrate how structural data can be incorporated in the pipeline of proteomic data analysis prior to making inferences on the importance of individual proteins to plant defense mechanisms. We expect CHURNER to be applicable to any proteomic data set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Chakraborty
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis (UC Davis) , CA , United States of America
| | - Rafael Nascimento
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis (UC Davis), CA, United States of America; Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Paulo A Zaini
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Campus Umuarama , Uberlândia Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Hossein Gouran
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis (UC Davis) , CA , United States of America
| | - Basuthkar J Rao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research , Mumbai, Maharashtra , India
| | - Luiz R Goulart
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia Minas Gerais, Brazil; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis (UC Davis), CA, United States of America
| | - Abhaya M Dandekar
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis (UC Davis) , CA , United States of America
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De Storme N, Geelen D. Callose homeostasis at plasmodesmata: molecular regulators and developmental relevance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:138. [PMID: 24795733 PMCID: PMC4001042 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata are membrane-lined channels that are located in the plant cell wall and that physically interconnect the cytoplasm and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of adjacent cells. Operating as controllable gates, plasmodesmata regulate the symplastic trafficking of micro- and macromolecules, such as endogenous proteins [transcription factors (TFs)] and RNA-based signals (mRNA, siRNA, etc.), hence mediating direct cell-to-cell communication and long distance signaling. Besides this physiological role, plasmodesmata also form gateways through which viral genomes can pass, largely facilitating the pernicious spread of viral infections. Plasmodesmatal trafficking is either passive (e.g., diffusion) or active and responses both to developmental and environmental stimuli. In general, plasmodesmatal conductivity is regulated by the controlled build-up of callose at the plasmodesmatal neck, largely mediated by the antagonistic action of callose synthases (CalSs) and β-1,3-glucanases. Here, in this theory and hypothesis paper, we outline the importance of callose metabolism in PD SEL control, and highlight the main molecular factors involved. In addition, we also review other proteins that regulate symplastic PD transport, both in a developmental and stress-responsive framework, and discuss on their putative role in the modulation of PD callose turn-over. Finally, we hypothesize on the role of structural sterols in the regulation of (PD) callose deposition and outline putative mechanisms by which this regulation may occur.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Danny Geelen
- *Correspondence: Danny Geelen, Laboratory for In Vitro Biology and Horticulture, Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of Ghent, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium e-mail:
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8
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Zavaliev R, Levy A, Gera A, Epel BL. Subcellular dynamics and role of Arabidopsis β-1,3-glucanases in cell-to-cell movement of tobamoviruses. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2013; 26:1016-30. [PMID: 23656331 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-03-13-0062-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
β-1,3-Glucanases (BG) have been implicated in enhancing virus spread by degrading callose at plasmodesmata (Pd). Here, we investigate the role of Arabidopsis BG in tobamovirus spread. During Turnip vein clearing virus infection, the transcription of two pathogenesis-related (PR)-BG AtBG2 and AtBG3 increased but that of Pd-associated BG AtBG_pap did not change. In transgenic plants, AtBG2 was retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) network and was not secreted. As a stress response mediated by salicylic acid, AtBG2 was secreted and appeared as a free extracellular protein localized in the entire apoplast but did not accumulate at Pd sites. At the leading edge of Tobacco mosaic virus spread, AtBG2 co-localized with the viral movement protein in the ER-derived bodies, similarly to other ER proteins, but was not secreted to the cell wall. In atbg2 mutants, callose levels at Pd and virus spread were unaffected. Likewise, AtBG2 overexpression had no effect on virus spread. However, in atbg_pap mutants, callose at Pd was increased and virus spread was reduced. Our results demonstrate that the constitutive Pd-associated BG but not the stress-regulated extracellular PR-BG are directly involved in regulation of callose at Pd and cell-to-cell transport in Arabidopsis, including the spread of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Zavaliev
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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9
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De Marcos Lousa C, Gershlick DC, Denecke J. Mechanisms and concepts paving the way towards a complete transport cycle of plant vacuolar sorting receptors. THE PLANT CELL 2012; 24:1714-32. [PMID: 22570446 PMCID: PMC3442565 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.095679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Delivery of proteins to the lytic vacuole in plants is a complex cascade of selective interactions that specifically excludes residents of the endoplasmic reticulum and secreted proteins. Vacuolar transport must be highly efficient to avoid mistargeting of hydrolytic enzymes to locations where they could be harmful. While plant vacuolar sorting signals have been well described for two decades, it is only during the last 5 years that a critical mass of data was gathered that begins to reveal how vacuolar sorting receptors (VSRs) may complete a full transport cycle. Yet, the field is far from reaching a consensus regarding the organelles that could be involved in vacuolar sorting, their potential biogenesis, and the ultimate recycling of membranes and protein machinery that maintain this pathway. This review will highlight the important landmarks in our understanding of VSR function and compare recent transport models that have been proposed so that an emerging picture of plant vacuolar sorting mechanisms can be drawn.
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10
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Zavaliev R, Ueki S, Epel BL, Citovsky V. Biology of callose (β-1,3-glucan) turnover at plasmodesmata. PROTOPLASMA 2011; 248:117-30. [PMID: 21116665 PMCID: PMC9473521 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-010-0247-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The turnover of callose (β-1,3-glucan) within cell walls is an essential process affecting many developmental, physiological and stress related processes in plants. The deposition and degradation of callose at the neck region of plasmodesmata (Pd) is one of the cellular control mechanisms regulating Pd permeability during both abiotic and biotic stresses. Callose accumulation at Pd is controlled by callose synthases (CalS; EC 2.4.1.34), endogenous enzymes mediating callose synthesis, and by β-1,3-glucanases (BG; EC 3.2.1.39), hydrolytic enzymes which specifically degrade callose. Transcriptional and posttranslational regulation of some CalSs and BGs are strongly controlled by stress signaling, such as that resulting from pathogen invasion. We review the role of Pd-associated callose in the regulation of intercellular communication during developmental, physiological, and stress response processes. Special emphasis is placed on the involvement of Pd-callose in viral pathogenicity. Callose accumulation at Pd restricts virus movement in both compatible and incompatible interactions, while its degradation promotes pathogen spread. Hence, studies on mechanisms of callose turnover at Pd during viral cell-to-cell spread are of importance for our understanding of host mechanisms exploited by viruses in order to successfully spread within the infected plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Zavaliev
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
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11
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Marshall RS, D'Avila F, Di Cola A, Traini R, Spanò L, Fabbrini MS, Ceriotti A. Signal peptide-regulated toxicity of a plant ribosome-inactivating protein during cell stress. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 65:218-29. [PMID: 21223387 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04413.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The fate of the type I ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) saporin when initially targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in tobacco protoplasts has been examined. We find that saporin expression causes a marked decrease in protein synthesis, indicating that a fraction of the toxin reaches the cytosol and inactivates tobacco ribosomes. We determined that saporin is largely secreted but some is retained intracellularly, most likely in a vacuolar compartment, thus behaving very differently from the prototype RIP ricin A chain. We also find that the signal peptide can interfere with the catalytic activity of saporin when the protein fails to be targeted to the ER membrane, and that saporin toxicity undergoes signal sequence-specific regulation when the host cell is subjected to ER stress. Replacement of the saporin signal peptide with that of the ER chaperone BiP reduces saporin toxicity and makes it independent of cell stress. We propose that this stress-induced toxicity may have a role in pathogen defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S Marshall
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy
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12
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Bulcke MV, Bauw G, Castresana C, Van Montagu M, Vandekerckhove J. Characterization of vacuolar and extracellular beta(1,3)-glucanases of tobacco: Evidence for a strictly compartmentalized plant defense system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 86:2673-7. [PMID: 16594025 PMCID: PMC286980 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.86.8.2673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
beta(1,3)-Glucanases are a class of hormonally and developmentally regulated plant hydrolytic enzymes, which are also induced upon pathogen infection, suggesting a role of these hydrolases in the defense response to pathogens. We have purified several beta(1,3)-glucanases present in tobacco leaves from control plants and from plants treated with salicylic acid or infected with Pseudomonas syringae and studied in detail the subcellular localization of the different isoforms. Partial protein sequence analysis demonstrated that each of the different isoforms had a unique amino acid sequence and was therefore encoded by a different gene. We have also demonstrated that two of these isoforms, similar to the cytokinin/auxin-regulated isoforms previously isolated from tobacco cell suspensions, are located in the central vacuole. Upon salicylic acid treatment or P. syringae infection, three secreted isoforms are induced, belonging to the so-called pathogenesis-related proteins. These pathogenesis-related beta(1,3)-glucanases are all distinct from each other and also different from the vacuolar isoforms. We demonstrate that the vacuolar isoforms are not secreted to the extracellular spaces of the plant following pathogen infection, suggesting that any function they play in the plant defense response is restricted to an intracellularly coordinated defense process.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Bulcke
- Laboratorium voor Genetica, Rijksuniversiteit Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
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Vierheilig H, Alt M, Lange J, Gut-Rella M, Wiemken A, Boller T. Colonization of Transgenic Tobacco Constitutively Expressing Pathogenesis-Related Proteins by the Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus Glomus mosseae. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 61:3031-4. [PMID: 16535103 PMCID: PMC1388557 DOI: 10.1128/aem.61.8.3031-3034.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the effect of constitutive expression of pathogenesis-related proteins (PRs) in tobacco plants on vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza. Tobacco lines genetically transformed to express various PRs constitutively under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter of tobacco were examined. Immunoblot analysis and activity measurements demonstrated high levels of expression of the PRs in the root systems of the plants. Constitutive expression of the following acidic isoforms of tobacco PRs did not affect the time course or the final level of colonization by the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae: PR-1a, PR-3 (=PR-Q), PR-Q(prm1), PR-4, and PR-5. Similarly, constitutive expression of an acidic cucumber chitinase, of a basic tobacco chitinase with and without its vacuolar targeting peptide, of a basic (beta)-1,3-glucanase, and of combinations of PR-Q and PR-Q(prm1) or basic chitinase and basic (beta)-1,3-glucanase did not affect colonization by the mycorrhizal fungus. A delay of colonization by G. mosseae was observed in tobacco plants constitutively expressing the acidic isoform of tobacco PR-2, a protein with (beta)-1,3-glucanase activity.
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Khan AA, Shi Y, Shih DS. Cloning and Partial Characterization of a β-1,3-glucanase Gene from Strawberry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 14:406-12. [PMID: 15018349 DOI: 10.1080/10425170310001608399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogenesis-related proteins, including beta-1,3-glucanses, are believed to be involved in plant defense mechanisms. We have cloned a beta-1,3-glucanse gene from strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch). This gene, designated FaBG2-1, is a Class II glucanase gene composed of two exons and one intron. The location of a 397-base intron in the gene was confirmed by sequencing a partial cDNA clone obtained by using a rapid amplification of cDNA ends procedure. Also, based on the cDNA sequence, the transcription start site of FaBG2-1 was assigned to a -54G residue. Genomic Southern blot analysis indicated that FaBG2-1 is a member of a multi-gene family. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that this beta-1,3-glucanase gene is expressed constitutively in strawberry leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar A Khan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, LSU Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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15
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Ageez A, Kazama Y, Sugiyama R, Kawano S. Male-fertility genes expressed in male flower buds of Silene latifolia include homologs of anther-specific genes. Genes Genet Syst 2009; 80:403-13. [PMID: 16501309 DOI: 10.1266/ggs.80.403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
When the female plant of Silene latifolia is infected with the smut fungus Microbotryum violaceum, its rudimentary stamens develop into anthers which contain fungus teliospores instead of pollen. To identify genes required for maturation of anthers in S. latifolia, we performed a cDNA subtraction approach with healthy male buds and female buds infected with M. violaceum. We isolated five cDNA clones, which were preferentially expressed in healthy male buds during stages associated with a burst in tapetal activity. These five cDNAs are predicted to encode a mandelonitrile lyase protein (SlMDL1), a strictosidine synthase protein (SlSs), a glycosyl hydrolase 17 protein (SlGh17), a proline-rich protein APG precursor (SlAPG), and a chalcone-synthase-like protein (SlChs). All five genes showed expression in both healthy and fungus-infected male buds, but not expressed in either healthy or infected female buds. The first three genes were highly expressed in both tapetum and pollen grains while the last two genes were expressed only inside the tapetum of male flower buds. Phylogenetic analysis results showed that SlChs and SlGh17 belong to anther-specific subgroups of chalcone-synthase-like genes and glycosyl hydrolase 17 family genes, respectively. Our results suggest that the isolated five genes are related to the fertility of the anther leading to the development of fertile pollen. The smut fungus was not able to induce the expression of the five genes in the infected female buds. This raises the possibility that these genes are under the control of master gene(s) on the Y chromosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr Ageez
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
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16
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Liu CT, Aono T, Kinoshita M, Miwa H, Iki T, Lee KB, Oyaizu H. Isolation and differential expression of β-1,3-glucanase messenger RNAs, SrGLU3 and SrGLU4, following inoculation of Sesbania rostrata. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2006; 33:983-990. [PMID: 32689309 DOI: 10.1071/fp06086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2006] [Accepted: 06/27/2006] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report here the isolation and characterisation of two new β-1,3-glucanase cDNAs, SrGLU3 and SrGLU4, from a tropical legume Sesbania rostrata Bremek. & Oberm., which form N2-fixing nodules on the stem after infection by Azorhizobium caulinodans. SrGLU3 was characterised as being grouped in a branch with tobacco class I β-1,3-glucanases, where the isoforms were reported to be induced by either pathogen infection or ethylene treatment. SrGLU4 was characterised as separate from other classes, and we propose this new branch as a new class (Class VI). The SrGLU3 gene was constitutively expressed in normal stem nodules induced by the wild type strain of A. caulinodans (ORS571), and also even in immature stem nodules induced by a mutant (ORS571-C1), which could not form mature stem-nodules. In contrast, the transcript accumulation of SrGLU4 was hardly detectable in immature nodules inoculated by the ORS571-C1 mutant. We suggest that S. rostrata makes use of SrGLU4 to discriminate between symbionts and non-symbionts (mutants) in developing nodules. We propose the SrGLU4 gene as a new nodulin during nodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Te Liu
- Laboratory of Plant Functional Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Aono
- Laboratory of Plant Functional Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Misako Kinoshita
- Laboratory of Plant Functional Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hiroki Miwa
- Laboratory of Plant Functional Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Taichiro Iki
- Laboratory of Plant Functional Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kyung-Bum Lee
- Laboratory of Plant Functional Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Oyaizu
- Laboratory of Plant Functional Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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17
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Shi Y, Zhang Y, Shih DS. Cloning and expression analysis of two beta-1,3-glucanase genes from strawberry. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 163:956-67. [PMID: 16949959 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2005.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2005] [Accepted: 09/30/2005] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We isolated from strawberry (Fragariae x ananassa Duch) a genomic clone of a beta-1,3-glucanase gene, designated as FaBG2-2. In addition, a related cDNA clone, designated as FaBG2-3, was also isolated. FaBG2-2 and FaBG2-3 are similar in their coding regions, except that FaBG2-2 does not appear to contain a signal peptide coding sequence. The 5' and 3' flanking regions of FaBG2-2 and FaBG2-3 are differentt. Using real-time PCR, the expression patterns of FaBG2-3 and a previously isolated beta-1,3-glucanase gene, FaBG2-1, in strawberry plants infected with Colletotrichum fragariae or Colletotrichum acutatum were analyzed at different time points post-infection. The results showed that expressions of both genes in the leaves of infected plants were induced by the two fungi, but the level of induction was several fold greater with C. fragariae. Comparison of the expression levels of the two genes revealed that the level of FaBG2-3 expression was several hundred to over a thousand fold higher than that of FaBG2-1. Furthermore, the expression levels of the two genes in the leaf, fruit, crown and root of uninfected strawberry plants were analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlin Shi
- Department of Biological Sciences, LSU Agricultural Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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18
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Shinya T, Gondo S, Iijima H, Hanai K, Matsuoka H, Saito M. Cell-lytic activity of tobacco BY-2 induced by a fungal elicitor from alternaria alternata attributed to the expression of a class I beta-1,3-glucanase gene. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2004; 68:1265-72. [PMID: 15215590 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.68.1265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Stress-induced cell-lytic activity was found in tobacco BY-2 cells treated with various stresses. Among 14 stresses, an elicitor fraction isolated from Alternaria alternata showed the highest inducing activity. Cell-lytic activity increased for 72 h even in the control sample, treated with distilled water, and several isozymes of beta-1,3-glucanases and chitinases were found to be involved in it. In contrast, cell-lytic activity in BY-2 cells treated with a fungal elicitor reached a higher level after 60 h. The principal enzymes specifically involved in this stress-induced portion are speculated to be basic beta-1,3-glucanases. A class I beta-1,3-glucanase gene (glu1) was found to be the specific gene for the stress-induced cell-lytic activity. Its expression became observable at 24 h, and the intensity reached a maximum at about 60-72 h. The glu1 was thus assigned as a late gene. Its role in the stress response is discussed in conjunction with earlier genes such as chitinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Shinya
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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19
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Rinne PLH, Schoot CVD. Plasmodesmata at the crossroads between development, dormancy, and defense. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1139/b03-123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Plants are frequently exposed to environmental stress and organisms that seek to benefit from their autotrophic nature. To cope with these challenges plants have developed stress-resistance mechanisms, which involve sensing, activation of signal transduction cascades, changes in gene expression, and physiological adjustment. Exposure to one kind of stress often leads to cross-tolerance, that is, resistance to different kinds of stresses. The search for a common underlying mechanism concentrates mostly on changes in cellular physiology and gene expression. We focus on the cross-protective measures that are taken at the level above the single cell. We argue that the controlled alterations in symplasmic permeability that underlie development also play a role in survival and defense strategies. In development, most of the alterations are transient and dynamic, whereas the more persistent alterations function predominantly in dormancy and defense and are under the control of two key enzymes: 1,3-β-D-glucan synthase and 1,3-β-D-glucanase. 1,3-β-D-Glucan synthase functions in the narrowing or closing of plasmodesmata, whereas 1,3-β-D-glucanase counteracts this process. We propose that the closing of symplasmic paths constitutes an unspecific but effective early measure in adaptation and defense, which is accompanied by specific strategies tailored to the various challenges plants face.Key words: cross-adaptation, dormancy sphincter, 1,3-β-D-glucanase, 1,3-β-D-glucan synthase, meristem, overwintering, plasmodesmata, virus movement.
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20
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Krishnan R, McDonald KA, Dandekar AM, Jackman AP, Falk B. Expression of recombinant trichosanthin, a ribosome-inactivating protein, in transgenic tobacco. J Biotechnol 2002; 97:69-88. [PMID: 12052684 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1656(02)00058-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Trichosanthin (TCS) is an antiviral plant defense protein, classified as a type-I ribosome-inactivating protein, found in the root tuber and leaves of the medicinal plant Trichosanthes kirilowii. It is processed from a larger precursor protein, containing a 23 amino acid amino (N)-terminal sequence (pre sequence) and a 19 amino acid carboxy (C)-terminal extension (pro sequence). Various constructs of the TCS gene were expressed in transgenic tobacco plants to determine the effects of the amino- and carboxy-coding gene sequences on TCS expression and host toxicity in plants. The maximum TCS expression levels of 2.7% of total soluble protein (0.05% of total dry weight) were obtained in transgenic tobacco plants carrying the complete prepro-TCS gene sequence under the Cauliflower mosaic virus 35S RNA promoter. The N-terminal sequence matched the native TCS sequence indicating that the T. kirilowii signal sequence was properly processed in tobacco and the protein translation inhibitory activity of purified rTCS was similar to native TCS. One hundred-fold lower expression levels and phenotypic aberrations were evident in plants expressing the gene constructs without the C-terminal coding sequence. Transgenic tobacco plants expressing recombinant TCS exhibited delayed symptoms of systemic infection following exposure to Cucumber mosaic virus and Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). Local lesion assays using extracts from the infected transgenic plants indicated reduced levels of TMV compared with nontransgenic controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Krishnan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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21
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Buchner P, Rochat C, Wuillème S, Boutin JP. Characterization of a tissue-specific and developmentally regulated beta-1,3-glucanase gene in pea (Pisum sativum). PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2002; 49:171-86. [PMID: 11999373 DOI: 10.1023/a:1014910900312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
As part of a search for seed coat-specific expressed genes in Pisum sativum cv. Finale by PCR-based methods, we identified and isolated a cDNA encoding a beta- 1,3-glucanase, designated PsGNS2. The deduced peptide sequence of PsGNS2 is similar to a subfamily of beta-1,3-glucanases, which is characterized by the presence of a long amino acid extension at the C-terminal end compared to the other beta-1,3-glucanases. PsGNS2 is expressed in young flowers and in the seed coat and is weakly expressed in vegetative tissues (roots and stems) during seedling development. It is not inducible by environmental stress or in response to fungal infection. In developing pea flowers the transcript is detectable in all four whirls. In the seed coat the expression is temporally and spatially regulated. High abundance of the transcript became visible in the seed coat when the embryo reached the late heart stage and remained until the mid seed-filling stage. In situ hybridization data demonstrated that the expression of PsGNS2 is restricted to a strip of the inner parenchyma tissue of the seed coat, which is involved in temporary starch accumulation and embryo nutrition. This tissue showed also less callose deposits than the other ones. The 5' genomic region of PsGNS2 was isolated and promoter activity studies in transgenic Medicago truncatula showed a seed-specific expression. Highest activity of the promoter was found in the seed coat and in the endosperm part of the seed.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/isolation & purification
- Fusarium/growth & development
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/drug effects
- Glucan 1,3-beta-Glucosidase
- Glucuronidase/genetics
- Glucuronidase/metabolism
- In Situ Hybridization
- Medicago/genetics
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Pisum sativum/genetics
- Pisum sativum/growth & development
- Pisum sativum/microbiology
- Plant Proteins/genetics
- Plant Proteins/metabolism
- Plants, Genetically Modified
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Salicylic Acid/pharmacology
- Seeds/enzymology
- Seeds/genetics
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Stress, Mechanical
- beta-Glucosidase/genetics
- beta-Glucosidase/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Buchner
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Semences, INRA, Versailles, France
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22
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Leubner-Metzger G, Meins F. Antisense-transformation reveals novel roles for class I beta-1,3-glucanase in tobacco seed after-ripening and photodormancy. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2001; 52:1753-9. [PMID: 11520863 DOI: 10.1093/jexbot/52.362.1753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the molecular basis for seed dormancy, after-ripening, and radicle emergence through the covering layers during germination. In tobacco, endosperm rupture occurs after testa rupture and is the limiting step in seed germination. Class I beta-1,3-glucanase (betaGLU I), which is induced in the micropylar endosperm just prior to its penetration by the radicle, is believed to help weaken the endosperm wall. Evidence is presented here for a second site of betaGLU I action during after-ripening. Tobacco plants were transformed with antisense betaGLU I constructs with promoters thought to direct endosperm-specific expression. Unexpectedly, these transformants were unaffected in endosperm rupture and did not exhibit reduced betaGLU I expression during germination. Nevertheless, antisense betaGLU I transformation delayed the onset of testa rupture in light-imbibed, after-ripened seeds and inhibited the after-ripening-mediated release of photodormancy. It is proposed that betaGLU I expression in the dry seed contributes to the after-ripening-mediated release of seed dormancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Leubner-Metzger
- Friedrich Miescher-Institute, Maulbeerstrasse 66, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland.
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23
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Ren N, Timko MP. AFLP analysis of genetic polymorphism and evolutionary relationships among cultivated and wild Nicotiana species. Genome 2001. [DOI: 10.1139/g01-060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis was used to determine the degree of intra- and inter-specific genetic variation in the genus Nicotiana. Forty-six lines of cultivated tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) and seven wild Nicotiana species, including N. sylvestris, N. tomentosiformis, N. otophora, N. glutinosa, N. suaveolens, N. rustica, and N. longiflora, were analyzed, using at least eight different oligonucleotide primer combinations capable of detecting a minimum of 50 polymorphic bands per primer pair. The amount of genetic polymorphism present among cultivated tobacco lines (N. tabacum) was limited, as evidenced by the high degree of similarity in the AFLP profiles of cultivars collected worldwide. Six major clusters were found within cultivated tobacco that were primarily based upon geographic origin and manufacturing quality traits. A greater amount of genetic polymorphism exists among wild species of Nicotiana than among cultivated forms. Pairwise comparisons of the AFLP profiles of wild and cultivated Nicotiana species show that polymorphic bands present in N. tabacum can be found in at least one of three proposed wild progenitor species (i.e., N. sylvestris, N. tomentosiformis, and N. otophora). This observation provides additional support for these species contributing to the origin of N. tabacum.Key words: AFLP, evolution, genetic diversity, Nicotiana, tobacco, wild relatives of tobacco.
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24
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Huecas S, Villalba M, Rodríguez R. Ole e 9, a Major Olive Pollen Allergen Is a 1,3-β-Glucanase. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:27959-66. [PMID: 11373288 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m103041200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Olive pollen allergy is a clinical disorder affecting the human population of Mediterranean areas. A novel major allergen, Ole e 9, has been isolated from olive pollen by gel permeation, hydrophobic affinity, and reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatographies. It is involved in the allergic responses of 65% of patients suffering olive pollinosis. Ole e 9 (molecular mass of 46.4 kDa) displays 1,3-beta-endoglucanase activity (38.9 +/- 5.6 mg of glucose released/min x micromol of protein at pH 4.5-6.0 using laminarin as substrate). It is the first 1,3-beta-glucanase, a member of the "pathogenesis-related" protein family, detected in pollen tissue. Seven tryptic peptides of the allergen were sequenced by Edman degradation and used for designing primers to clone the cDNA codifying the protein. Specific cDNA for Ole e 9 was synthesized from total RNA and amplified using the polymerase chain reaction. The allergen sequence showed an open reading frame of 460 amino acids comprising a putative signal peptide of 26 residues. It shows 39, 33, and 32% sequence identity including the catalytic residues when compared with 1,3-beta-glucanases from wheat, willow, and Arabidopsis thaliana, respectively. Northern blot analysis showed that Ole e 9 transcript is specifically expressed in the pollen tissue, and highly conserved counterparts were only detected in taxonomically related pollens.
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MESH Headings
- Allergens/chemistry
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Antigens, Plant
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Northern
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Glucan 1,3-beta-Glucosidase
- Humans
- Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
- Hypersensitivity/metabolism
- Immunoblotting
- Immunoglobulin E/metabolism
- Models, Genetic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Open Reading Frames
- Plant Proteins/biosynthesis
- Plant Proteins/chemistry
- Plants/metabolism
- Pollen/chemistry
- Pollen/metabolism
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Protein Binding
- Protein Sorting Signals
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Trypsin/metabolism
- beta-Glucosidase/biosynthesis
- beta-Glucosidase/chemistry
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Affiliation(s)
- S Huecas
- Departamento de Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular I, Facultad de Quimica, Universidad Complutense, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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25
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Hadlington JL, Denecke J. Sorting of soluble proteins in the secretory pathway of plants. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2000; 3:461-8. [PMID: 11074376 DOI: 10.1016/s1369-5266(00)00114-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The secretory pathway of plants is a network of organelles that communicate via vesicle transport. This process involves budding on donor membranes followed by their targeting to, recognition by and fusion with the acceptor membrane. Protein sorting through the plant secretory pathway is a process that requires the specific recognition of signals by receptor molecules. For soluble proteins, recognition takes place in the lumen of the secretory pathway. The sorting receptors must mediate signal transduction across the membrane to convey the information about the presence of cargo molecules to cytosolic factors, which regulate the formation of transport vesicles. Recently, a number of key elements in this process have been identified, providing tools to study protein sorting at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Hadlington
- Leeds Institute for Plant Biotechnology and Agriculture, Faculty of Biological Sciences, The University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, Leeds, UK
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26
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Jung HW, Hwang BK. Pepper gene encoding a basic beta-1,3-glucanase is differentially expressed in pepper tissues upon pathogen infection and ethephon or methyl jasmonate treatment. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2000; 159:97-106. [PMID: 11011097 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-9452(00)00334-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A basic beta-1,3-glucanase cDNA clone (CABGLU) was isolated from the cDNA library constructed from hypersensitive response lesions of pepper leaves infected with avirulent strain of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria. The deduced polypeptide of CABGLU which contains a C-terminal extension N-glycosylated at a single site characterized as typical structure of class I beta-1,3-glucanase has a high level of identity with tobacco basic beta-1,3-glucanase (77.4%), but only a moderate level of identity with tomato acidic beta-1,3-glucanase (42.6%). Genomic DNA gel blot analysis indicates that the pepper genome contains one or two beta-1,3-glucanase copy genes. Transcripts of the CABGLU gene were more induced in incompatible interactions than in compatible interactions, when inoculated with X. campestris pv. vesicatoria or Phytophthora capsici. Accumulation of CABGLU mRNA was strongly induced in pepper leaves by both ethephon and methyl jasmonate. The CABGLU mRNA was constitutively expressed only in the roots of all the plant organs. These data indicate that the basic beta-1,3-glucanase gene may be induced by pathogen attack and abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- HW Jung
- Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Biology, Korea University, 136-701, Seoul, South Korea
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27
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Sasabe M, Takeuchi K, Kamoun S, Ichinose Y, Govers F, Toyoda K, Shiraishi T, Yamada T. Independent pathways leading to apoptotic cell death, oxidative burst and defense gene expression in response to elicitin in tobacco cell suspension culture. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2000; 267:5005-13. [PMID: 10931182 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01553.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We characterized pharmacologically the hypersensitive cell death of tobacco BY-2 cells that followed treatments with Escherichia coli preparations of INF1, the major secreted elicitin of the late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans. INF1 elicitin treatments resulted in fragmentation and 180 bp laddering of tobacco DNA as early as 3 h post-treatment. INF1 elicitin also induced rapid accumulation of H2O2 typical of oxidative burst, and the expression of defense genes such as phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) gene at 1 h and 3 h after elicitin treatment, respectively. To investigate the involvement of the oxidative burst and/or the expression of defense genes in the signal transduction pathways leading to hypersensitive cell death, we analyzed the effect of several chemical inhibitors of signal transduction pathways on the various responses. The results indicated that (a) the cell death required serine proteases, Ca2+ and protein kinases, (b) the oxidative burst was involved in Ca2+ and protein kinase mediated pathways, but elicitin-induced AOS was neither necessary nor sufficient for cell death and PAL gene expression, and (c) the signaling pathway of PAL gene expression required protein kinases. These results suggest that the three signal transduction pathways leading to cell death, oxidative burst and expression of defense genes branch in the early stages that follow elicitin recognition by tobacco cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sasabe
- Science and Technology for Energy Conversion, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, and Laboratory of Plant Pathology & Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Okayama University, Japan
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28
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Leubner-Metzger G, Meins F. Sense transformation reveals a novel role for class I beta-1, 3-glucanase in tobacco seed germination. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2000; 23:215-21. [PMID: 10929115 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2000.00773.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
'Coat-enhanced' seed dormancy of many dicotyledonous species, including tobacco, is released during after-ripening. Rupture of the endosperm, which is the limiting step in tobacco seed germination, is preceded by induction of class I beta-1,3-glucanase (betaGLU I) in the micropylar endosperm where the radicle will penetrate. Treating after-ripened tobacco seeds with abscisic acid (ABA) delays endosperm rupture and inhibits betaGLU I induction. Sense transformation with a chimeric ABA-inducible betaGLU I transgene resulted in over-expression of betaGLU I in seeds and promoted endosperm rupture of mature seeds and of ABA-treated after-ripened seeds. Taken together, these results provide direct evidence that betaGLU I contributes to endosperm rupture. Over-expression of betaGLU I during germination also replaced the effects of after-ripening on endosperm rupture. This suggests that regulation of betaGLU I by ABA signalling pathways might have a key role in after-ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Leubner-Metzger
- Friedrich Miescher-Institute, Maulbeerstrasse 66, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland.
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29
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Cheong YH, Kim1 CY, Chun HJ, Moon BC, Park HC, Kim JK, Lee S, Han C, Lee SY, Cho MJ. Molecular cloning of a soybean class III beta-1,3-glucanase gene that is regulated both developmentally and in response to pathogen infection. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2000; 154:71-81. [PMID: 10725560 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-9452(00)00187-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We isolated and characterized a soybean gene (SGN1) encoding a basic beta-1,3-glucanase that is a plant class III isoform of beta-1,3-glucanase. The deduced amino acid sequence of the SGN1 gene is similar to that of the PR-Q'b gene, the basic class III beta-1,3-glucanase of tomato. Based on RNA blot hybridization, SGN1 gene expression was detected in all tissues of 4-day old seedlings, but it was present only in root tissue of 30-day old plants. GUS expression analysis carried out in transgenic tobacco plants harboring a SGN1::GUS reporter gene revealed the same expression pattern. Furthermore, the expression of SGN1 was strongly induced by a variety of defense-related signals, such as treatment with H(2)O(2), wounding, or treatment with fungal elicitor prepared from Phytophthora spp as well as inoculation with Pseudomonas syringae. However, the expression level of SGN1 was hardly induced with jasmonate, ethephon and salicylate. Overall the results suggest that the SGN1 may play a role in both plant development and plant defense against pathogen attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- YH Cheong
- Department of Biochemistry, Gyeongsang National University, Chinju, South Korea
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30
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Jin W, Horner HT, Palmer RG, Shoemaker RC. Analysis and mapping of gene families encoding beta-1,3-glucanases of soybean. Genetics 1999; 153:445-52. [PMID: 10471725 PMCID: PMC1460737 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/153.1.445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligonucleotide primers designed for conserved sequences from coding regions of beta-1,3-glucanase genes from different species were used to amplify related sequences from soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Sequencing and cross-hybridization of amplification products indicated that at least 12 classes of beta-1,3-glucanase genes exist in the soybean. Members of classes mapped to 34 loci on five different linkage groups using an F(2) population of 56 individuals. beta-1,3-Glucanase genes are clustered onto regions of five linkage groups. Data suggest that more closely related genes are clustered together on one linkage group or on duplicated regions of linkage groups. Northern blot analyses performed on total RNA from root, stem, leaf, pod, flower bud, and hypocotyl using DNA probes for the different classes of beta-1,3-glucanase genes revealed that the mRNA levels of all classes were low in young leaves. SGlu2, SGlu4, SGlu7, and SGlu12 mRNA were highly accumulated in young roots and hypocotyls. SGlu7 mRNA also accumulated in pods and flower buds.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Jin
- Interdepartmental Plant Physiology Program and Department of Botany, Zoology/Genetics and USDA ARS CICG Research Unit, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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31
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Does MP, Houterman PM, Dekker HL, Cornelissen BJ. Processing, targeting, and antifungal activity of stinging nettle agglutinin in transgenic tobacco. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 120:421-32. [PMID: 10364393 PMCID: PMC59280 DOI: 10.1104/pp.120.2.421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/1998] [Accepted: 02/23/1999] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The gene encoding the precursor to stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L. ) isolectin I was introduced into tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). In transgenic plants this precursor was processed to mature-sized lectin. The mature isolectin is deposited intracellularly, most likely in the vacuoles. A gene construct lacking the C-terminal 25 amino acids was also introduced in tobacco to study the role of the C terminus in subcellular trafficking. In tobacco plants that expressed this construct, the mutant precursor was correctly processed and the mature isolectin was targeted to the intercellular space. These results indicate the presence of a C-terminal signal for intracellular retention of stinging nettle lectin and most likely for sorting of the lectin to the vacuoles. In addition, correct processing of this lectin did not depend on vacuolar deposition. Isolectin I purified from tobacco displayed identical biological activities as isolectin I isolated from stinging nettle. In vitro antifungal assays on germinated spores of the fungi Botrytis cinerea, Trichoderma viride, and Colletotrichum lindemuthianum revealed that growth inhibition by stinging nettle isolectin I occurs at a specific phase of fungal growth and is temporal, suggesting that the fungi had an adaptation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Does
- Section for Plant Pathology, Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, BioCentrum Amsterdam, Kruislaan 318, 1098 SM Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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32
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Holtorf H, Schöb H, Kunz C, Waldvogel R, Meins F. Stochastic and nonstochastic post-transcriptional silencing of chitinase and beta-1,3-glucanase genes involves increased RNA turnover-possible role for ribosome-independent RNA degradation. THE PLANT CELL 1999; 11:471-84. [PMID: 10072405 PMCID: PMC144180 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.11.3.471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Stochastic and nonstochastic post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) in Nicotiana sylvestris plants carrying tobacco class I chitinase (CHN) and beta-1,3-glucanase transgenes differs in incidence, stability, and pattern of expression. Measurements with inhibitors of RNA synthesis (cordycepin, actinomycin D, and alpha-amanitin) showed that both forms of PTGS are associated with increased sequence-specific degradation of transcripts, suggesting that increased RNA turnover may be a general feature of PTGS. The protein synthesis inhibitors cycloheximide and verrucarin A did not inhibit degradation of CHN RNA targeted for PTGS, confirming that PTGS-related RNA degradation does not depend on ongoing protein synthesis. Because verrucarin A, unlike cycloheximide, dissociates mRNA from ribosomes, our results also suggest that ribosome-associated RNA degradation pathways may not be involved in CHN PTGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Holtorf
- Friedrich Miescher Institute, P.O. Box 2543, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
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33
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Delp G, Palva ET. A novel flower-specific Arabidopsis gene related to both pathogen-induced and developmentally regulated plant beta-1,3-glucanase genes. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1999; 39:565-75. [PMID: 10092183 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006194822666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Beta-1,3-glucanases are usually associated with plant defense responses, although some are also developmentally or hormonally regulated. We characterized two Arabidopsis genes linked in a tandem array, BG4 and BG5, encoding putative novel isoforms of beta-1,3-glucanase. The deduced polypeptides, BG4 and BG5, were highly similar to each other (89% amino acid identity) but only moderately related (32 to 41% amino acid identity) to the different categories of previously characterized beta-1,3-glucanases, suggesting that BG4 and BG5 may represent a novel class of beta-1,3-glucanases in plants. Neither of the genes was responsive to pathogen or SA induction in contrast to the previously identified Arabidopsis beta-1,3-glucanases, nor could we detect any developmental or hormonally induced expression in the vegetative parts of the plants. Both RNA blot and in situ hybridization data demonstrated that the BG4 gene was specifically expressed in the style and septum of the ovary, suggesting that the corresponding protein is involved in the reproductive process of the plant.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Arabidopsis/enzymology
- Arabidopsis/genetics
- Arabidopsis/microbiology
- Bacteria/pathogenicity
- DNA, Plant/chemistry
- DNA, Plant/genetics
- DNA, Plant/isolation & purification
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Genes, Plant/genetics
- Glucan 1,3-beta-Glucosidase
- In Situ Hybridization
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Plant Shoots/genetics
- RNA, Plant/genetics
- RNA, Plant/metabolism
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Tissue Distribution
- beta-Glucosidase/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- G Delp
- Department of Plant Science, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
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34
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Esteban PF, Vazquez de Aldana CR, del Rey F. Cloning and characterization of 1,3-beta-glucanase-encoding genes from non-conventional yeasts. Yeast 1999; 15:91-109. [PMID: 10029988 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0061(19990130)15:2<91::aid-yea343>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular cloning of 1,3-beta-glucanase-encoding genes from different yeast species was achieved by screening genomic libraries with DNA probes obtained by PCR-amplification using oligonucleotides designed according to conserved regions in the EXG1, EXG2 and SSG1 genes from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The nucleotide sequence of the KlEXG1 (Kluyveromyces lactis), HpEXG1 (Hansenula polymorpha) and SoEXG1 (Schwanniomyces occidentalis) genes was determined. K1EXG1 consists of a 1287 bp open reading frame encoding a protein of 429 amino acids (49,815 Da). HpEXG1 specifies a 435-amino acid polypeptide (49,268 Da) which contains two potential N-glycosylation sites. SoEXG1 encodes a protein of 425 residues (49,132 Da) which contains one potential site for N-linked glycosylation. Expression in S. cerevisiae of KlEXG1, SoEXG1 or HpEXG1 under control of their native promoters resulted in the secretion of active 1,3-beta-glucanases. Disruption of KlEXG1 did not result in a phenotype under laboratory conditions. Comparison of the primary translation products encoded by KlEXG1, HpEXG1 and SoEXG1 with the previously characterized exo-1,3-beta-glucanases from S. cerevisiae and C. albicans reveals that enzymes with this type of specificity constitute a family of highly conserved proteins in yeasts. KlExg1p, HpExg1p and SoExg1p contain the invariant amino acid positions which have been shown to be important in the catalytic function of family 5 glycosyl hydrolases.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F Esteban
- Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Salamancal/CSIC, Spain
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35
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Romero GO, Simmons C, Yaneshita M, Doan M, Thomas BR, Rodriguez RL. Characterization of rice endo-beta-glucanase genes (Gns2-Gns14) defines a new subgroup within the gene family. Gene 1998; 223:311-20. [PMID: 9858757 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(98)00368-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Thirteen new beta-glucanase-encoding genes have been identified in the rice genome. These genes, together with other monocot beta-glucanases, have now been classified into four subfamilies based on the structure and function of the genes. Two tandem gene clusters, Gns2-Gns3-Gns4 and Gns5-Gns6, were classified in the defense-related Subfamily A. Growth-related 1,3;1,4-beta-glucanase Gns1 was classified in Subfamily B. Gns7 and Gns8, together with the barley genes GVI and Hv34, represent Subfamily C. Gns9 and a beta-glucanase gene from wheat were grouped in Subfamily D. Genes in Subfamilies C and D have structures that are distinct from those of the other subfamilies, but there are very little data available on the biochemical or physiological roles of these genes. Gene expression in growing tissues and lack of gene induction in response to disease-related treatments suggest that Subfamilies C and D may function in control of plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- G O Romero
- Section of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-8535, USA
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36
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Leubner-Metzger G, Petruzzelli L, Waldvogel R, Vögeli-Lange R, Meins F. Ethylene-responsive element binding protein (EREBP) expression and the transcriptional regulation of class I beta-1,3-glucanase during tobacco seed germination. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1998; 38:785-95. [PMID: 9862496 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006040425383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Class I beta-1,3-glucanase (betaGLU I) is transcriptionally induced in the micropylar endosperm just before its rupture prior to the germination (i.e. radicle emergence) of Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. 'Havana 425' seeds. Ethylene is involved in endosperm rupture and high-level betaGLU I expression; but, it does not affect the spatial and temporal pattern of betaGLU I expression. A promoter deletion analysis of the tobacco betaGLU I B gene suggests that (1) the distal - 1452 to - 1193 region, which contains the positively acting ethylene-responsive element (ERE), is required for high-level, ethylene-sensitive expression, (2) the regions - 1452 to - 1193 and -402 to 0 contribute to downregulation by abscisic acid (ABA), and (3) the region -402 to -211 is necessary and sufficient for low-level micropylar-endosperm-specific expression. Transcripts of the ERE-binding proteins (EREBPs) showed a novel pattern of expression during seed germination: light or gibberellin was required for EREBP-3 and EREBP-4 expression; EREBP-4 expression was constitutive and unaffected by ABA or ethylene; EREBP-3 showed transient induction just before endosperm rupture, which was earlier in ethylene-treated seeds and inhibited by ABA. No expression of EREBP- and EREBP-2 was detected. In contrast to betaGLU I, EREBP-3 and EREBP-4 were not expressed specifically in the micropylar endosperm. The results suggest that transcriptional regulation of betaGLU I could depend on: activation of ethylene signalling pathways acting via EREBP-3 with the ERE as the target, and ethylene-independent signalling pathways with targets in the proximal promoter region that are likely to determine spatial and temporal patterns of expression.
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37
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Cruz-Ortega R, Cushman JC, Ownby JD. cDNA clones encoding 1,3-beta-glucanase and a fimbrin-like cytoskeletal protein are induced by Al toxicity in wheat roots. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1997; 114:1453-60. [PMID: 9276954 PMCID: PMC158438 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.4.1453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A cDNA library made from mRNA of Al-treated roots of an Al-sensitive wheat (Triticum aestivum cv Victory) cultivar was screened with a degenerate oligonucleotide probe derived from the partial amino acid sequence of the Al-induced protein TAI-18. Of seven clones that initially hybridized with the probe, one encoded a novel 1,3-beta-glucanase having a calculated molecular weight of 46.3 and an isoelectric point of 6.0. Like the A6 1,3-beta-glucanase gene products from Brassica napus and Arabidopsis thaliana, the predicted wheat protein had a C-terminal extension with three potential glycosylation sites. Northern analysis revealed that wheat 1,3-beta-glucanase mRNA was up-regulated in Al-intoxicated roots, with highest expression after 12 h. The antibody to A6 1,3-beta-glucanase from B. napus cross-reacted with a 56-kD protein that was induced after 24 h. A second partial cDNA clone showed similarity to genes encoding cytoskeletal fimbrin-like (actin-bundling) proteins. Although well studied in animals and fungi, fimbrins have not previously been described in plants. Fimbrin-like transcripts were up-regulated after 24 h of Al treatment in the Al-sensitive wheat cv Victory. In the Al-tolerant cv Atlas 66, fimbrin-like mRNA was up-regulated within 12 h by Al concentrations that did not inhibit root growth. Cellular stress associated with Al toxicity therefore causes up-regulation of a defense-related gene and a gene involved in the maintenance of cytoskeletal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Cruz-Ortega
- Department of Botany, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater 74078, USA
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38
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Hincha DK, Meins F, Schmitt JM. [beta]-1,3-Glucanase Is Cryoprotective in Vitro and Is Accumulated in Leaves during Cold Acclimation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1997; 114:1077-1083. [PMID: 12223761 PMCID: PMC158397 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.3.1077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We have used isolated spinach (Spinacea oleracea L.) thylakoid membranes to investigate the possible cryoprotective properties of class I [beta]-1,3-glucanase (1,3-[beta]-D-glucan 3-glucanohydrolase; EC 3.2.1.39) and chitinase. Class I [beta]-1,3-glucanase that was purified from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) protected thylakoids against freeze-thaw injury in our in vitro assays, whereas class I chitinase from tobacco had no effect under the same conditions. The [beta]-1,3-glucanase acted by reducing the influx of solutes into the membrane vesicles during freezing and thereby reduced osmotic stress and vesicle rupture during thawing. Western blots probed with antibodies directed against tobacco class I [beta]-1,3-glucanase showed that in spinach and cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) leaves an isoform of 41 kD was accumulated during frost hardening under natural conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Hincha
- Institut fur Pflanzenphysiologie und Mikrobiologie, Freie Universitat, Konigin Luise-Strasse 12-16, D-14195 Berlin, Germany (D.K.H., J.M.S.)
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39
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Balandin T, Castresana C. Silencing of a beta-1,3-glucanase transgene is overcome during seed formation. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1997; 34:125-37. [PMID: 9177319 DOI: 10.1023/a:1005882106266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Expression of a beta-1,3-glucanase transgene (gn1) driven by the CaMV 35S promoter is silenced in the T17 homozygous tobacco transgenic line. This silencing process is post-transcriptionally regulated and subject to developmental control. We have examined this phenomenon to investigate the developmental pathways involved in suppression and reactivation of gn1 expression as well as to identify the plant tissues where these processes occur. Analysis of beta-1,3-glucanase activity and gene expression have allowed us to determine that suppression of gn1 is a very efficient process reducing the steady-state gn1 mRNA level, simultaneously, in all leaves of the plant. Gene silencing occurs a few weeks after seed germination, and is maintained throughout vegetative growth and floral development. Expression of gn1 is restored in the maturing fruit some time after fertilization. In situ hybridization analyses show that expression of gn1 is restored within the developing seeds in tissues derived from meiotically divided cells. In contrast to the high level of expression found in seedlings obtained from germinated T17 homozygous seeds, the expression of gn1 is not reactivated in plantlets regenerated in vitro from leaf explants of suppressed T17 homozygous plants that is, in plant tissues obtained by mitotic division. Thus, reactivation of gn1 expression specifically occurs along the developmental programme controlling sexual reproduction and likely throughout epigenetic modifications affecting the state of gene expression during meiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Balandin
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, C.S.I.C., Campus Universidad Autónoma, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
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40
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Abstract
Virus and fungal resistance traits are important targets in the genetic engineering of agricultural and horticultural crops. We have engineered resistance against potato virus X in important commercial potato cultivars. Four years of field trials with resistant potatoes have demonstrated the commercial feasibility of improving potato cultivars by selectively adding new traits while preserving intrinsic properties. In our pursuit for a broad resistance against fungi we have focused on the exploitation of genes encoding antifungal proteins. We present results demonstrating the antifungal effect of some of these proteins
in vitro
, as well as the synergy between specific chitinases and β-1,3-glucanases. We also report high level resistance against
Fusarium oxysporum
in transgenic tomato plants expressing a specific combination of genes encoding these enzymes.
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41
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Beffa RS, Hofer RM, Thomas M, Meins F. Decreased Susceptibility to Viral Disease of [beta]-1,3-Glucanase-Deficient Plants Generated by Antisense Transformation. THE PLANT CELL 1996; 8:1001-1011. [PMID: 12239410 PMCID: PMC161154 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.8.6.1001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Antifungal class I [beta]-1,3-glucanases are believed to be part of the constitutive and induced defenses of plants against fungal infection. Unexpectedly, mutants deficient in these enzymes generated by antisense transformation showed markedly reduced lesion size, lesion number, and virus yield in the local-lesion response of Havana 425 tobacco to tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and of Nicotiana sylvestris to tobacco necrosis virus. These mutants also showed decreased severity of mosaic disease symptoms, delayed spread of symptoms, and reduced yield of virus in the susceptible response of N. sylvestris to TMV. The symptoms of disease in the responses of both plant species were positively correlated with [beta]-1,3-glucanase content in a series of independent transformants. Taken together, these results provide direct evidence that [beta]-1,3-glucanases function in viral pathogenesis. Callose, a substrate for [beta]-1,3-glucanase, acts as a physical barrier to the spread of virus. Callose deposition in and surrounding TMV-induced lesions was increased in the [beta]-1,3-glucanase-deficient, local-lesion Havana 425 host, suggesting as a working hypothesis that decreased susceptibility to virus resulted from increased deposition of callose in response to infection. Our results suggest novel means, based on antisense transformation with host genes, for protecting plants against viral infection. These observations also raise the intriguing possibility that viruses can use a defense response of the host against fungal infection[mdash]production of [beta]-1,3-glucanases[mdash]to promote their own replication and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. S. Beffa
- The Friedrich Miescher Institute, P.O. Box 2543, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
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42
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Beffa RS, Hofer RM, Thomas M, Meins F. Decreased Susceptibility to Viral Disease of [beta]-1,3-Glucanase-Deficient Plants Generated by Antisense Transformation. THE PLANT CELL 1996; 8:1001-1011. [PMID: 12239410 DOI: 10.2307/3870211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Antifungal class I [beta]-1,3-glucanases are believed to be part of the constitutive and induced defenses of plants against fungal infection. Unexpectedly, mutants deficient in these enzymes generated by antisense transformation showed markedly reduced lesion size, lesion number, and virus yield in the local-lesion response of Havana 425 tobacco to tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and of Nicotiana sylvestris to tobacco necrosis virus. These mutants also showed decreased severity of mosaic disease symptoms, delayed spread of symptoms, and reduced yield of virus in the susceptible response of N. sylvestris to TMV. The symptoms of disease in the responses of both plant species were positively correlated with [beta]-1,3-glucanase content in a series of independent transformants. Taken together, these results provide direct evidence that [beta]-1,3-glucanases function in viral pathogenesis. Callose, a substrate for [beta]-1,3-glucanase, acts as a physical barrier to the spread of virus. Callose deposition in and surrounding TMV-induced lesions was increased in the [beta]-1,3-glucanase-deficient, local-lesion Havana 425 host, suggesting as a working hypothesis that decreased susceptibility to virus resulted from increased deposition of callose in response to infection. Our results suggest novel means, based on antisense transformation with host genes, for protecting plants against viral infection. These observations also raise the intriguing possibility that viruses can use a defense response of the host against fungal infection[mdash]production of [beta]-1,3-glucanases[mdash]to promote their own replication and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. S. Beffa
- The Friedrich Miescher Institute, P.O. Box 2543, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
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43
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Leubner-Metzger G, Frundt C, Vogeli-Lange R, Meins F. Class I [beta]-1,3-Glucanases in the Endosperm of Tobacco during Germination. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1995; 109:751-759. [PMID: 12228629 PMCID: PMC161374 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.3.751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Rupture of the seed coat and rupture of the endosperm are separate events in the germination of Nicotiana tabacum L. cv Havana 425 seeds. Treatment with 10-5 M abscisic acid (ABA) did not appreciably affect seed-coat rupture but greatly delayed subsequent endosperm rupture by more than 100 h and resulted in the formation of a novel structure consisting of the enlarging radicle with a sheath of greatly elongated endosperm tissue. Therefore, ABA appears to act primarily by delaying endosperm rupture and radicle emergence. Measurements of [beta]-1,3-glucanase activity, antigen content, and mRNA accumulation together with reporter gene experiments showed that induction of class I [beta]-1,3-glucanase genes begins just prior to the onset of endosperm rupture but after the completion of seed-coat rupture. This induction was localized exclusively in the micropylar region of the endosperm, where the radicle will penetrate. ABA treatment markedly inhibited the rate of [beta]-1,3-glucanase accumulation but did not delay the onset of induction. Independent of the ABA concentration used, onset of endosperm rupture was correlated with the same [beta]-1,3-glucanase content/seed. These results suggest that ABA-sensitive class I [beta]-1,3-glucanases promote radicle penetration of the endosperm, which is a key limiting step in tobacco seed germination.
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44
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Hon WC, Griffith M, Mlynarz A, Kwok YC, Yang DS. Antifreeze proteins in winter rye are similar to pathogenesis-related proteins. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1995; 109:879-89. [PMID: 8552719 PMCID: PMC161389 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.3.879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The ability to control extracellular ice formation during freezing is critical to the survival of freezing-tolerant plants. Antifreeze proteins, which are proteins that have the ability to retard ice crystal growth, were recently identified as the most abundant apoplastic proteins in cold-acclimated winter rye (Secale cereale L.) leaves. In the experiments reported here, amino-terminal sequence comparisons, immuno-cross-reactions, and enzyme activity assays all indicated that these antifreeze proteins are similar to members of three classes of pathogenesis-related proteins, namely, endochitinases, endo-beta-1,3-glucanases, and thaumatin-like proteins. Apoplastic endochitinases and endo-beta-1,3-glucanases that were induced by pathogens in freezing-sensitive tobacco did not exhibit antifreeze activity. Our findings suggest that subtle structural differences may have evolved in the pathogenesis-related proteins that accumulate at cold temperatures in winter rye to confer upon these proteins the ability to bind to ice.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Hon
- Department of Biochemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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45
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Chye ML, Cheung KY. beta-1,3-Glucanase is highly-expressed in laticifers of Hevea brasiliensis. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1995; 29:397-402. [PMID: 7579190 DOI: 10.1007/bf00043663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Clones encoding beta-1,3-glucanase have been isolated from a Hevea cDNA library prepared from the latex of Hevea brasiliensis using a probe Nicotiana plumbaginifolia cDNA encoding beta-1,3-glucanase, gnl. Nucleotide sequence analysis showed that a 1.2 kb Hevea cDNA encoding a basic beta-1,3-glucanase showed 68% nucleotide homology to gnl cDNA. Northern blot analysis using the Hevea cDNA as probe detected a mRNA of 1.3 kb which was expressed at higher levels in latex than in leaf. In situ hybridization analysis using petiole sections from Hevea localized the beta-1,3-glucanase mRNA to the laticifer cells. Genomic Southern analysis suggested the presence of a low-copy gene family encoding beta-1,3-glucanases in H. brasiliensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Chye
- Department of Botany, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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46
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Matsuoka K, Bassham DC, Raikhel NV, Nakamura K. Different sensitivity to wortmannin of two vacuolar sorting signals indicates the presence of distinct sorting machineries in tobacco cells. J Cell Biol 1995; 130:1307-18. [PMID: 7559754 PMCID: PMC2120585 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.130.6.1307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Vacuolar matrix proteins in plant cells are sorted from the secretory pathway to the vacuoles at the Golgi apparatus. Previously, we reported that the NH2-terminal propeptide (NTPP) of the sporamin precursor and the COOH-terminal propeptide (CTPP) of the barley lectin precursor contain information for vacuolar sorting. To analyze whether these propeptides are interchangeable, we expressed constructs consisting of wild-type or mutated NTPP with the mature part of barley lectin and sporamin with CTPP and mutated NTPP in tobacco BY-2 cells. The vacuolar localization of these constructs indicated that the signals were interchangeable. We next analyzed the effect of wortmannin, a specific inhibitor of mammalian phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase on vacuolar delivery by NTPP and CTPP in tobacco cells. Pulse-chase analysis indicated that 33 microM wortmannin caused almost complete inhibition of CTPP-mediated transport to the vacuoles, while NTPP-mediated transport displayed almost no sensitivity to wortmannin at this concentration. This indicates that there are at least two different mechanisms for vacuolar sorting in tobacco cells, and the CTPP-mediated pathway is sensitive to wortmannin. We compared the dose dependencies of wortmannin on the inhibition of CTPP-mediated vacuolar delivery of proteins and on the inhibition of the synthesis of phospholipids in tobacco cells. Wortmannin inhibited PI 3- and PI 4-kinase activities and phospholipid synthesis. Missorting caused by wortmannin displays a dose dependency that is similar to the dose dependency for the inhibition of synthesis of PI 4-phosphate and major phospholipids. This is different, however, than the inhibition of synthesis of PI 3-phosphate. Thus, the synthesis of phospholipids could be involved in CTPP-mediated vacuolar transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Matsuoka
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, School of Agricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Japan
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Cid VJ, Durán A, del Rey F, Snyder MP, Nombela C, Sánchez M. Molecular basis of cell integrity and morphogenesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microbiol Rev 1995; 59:345-86. [PMID: 7565410 PMCID: PMC239365 DOI: 10.1128/mr.59.3.345-386.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In fungi and many other organisms, a thick outer cell wall is responsible for determining the shape of the cell and for maintaining its integrity. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been a useful model organism for the study of cell wall synthesis, and over the past few decades, many aspects of the composition, structure, and enzymology of the cell wall have been elucidated. The cell wall of budding yeasts is a complex and dynamic structure; its arrangement alters as the cell grows, and its composition changes in response to different environmental conditions and at different times during the yeast life cycle. In the past few years, we have witnessed a profilic genetic and molecular characterization of some key aspects of cell wall polymer synthesis and hydrolysis in the budding yeast. Furthermore, this organism has been the target of numerous recent studies on the topic of morphogenesis, which have had an enormous impact on our understanding of the intracellular events that participate in directed cell wall synthesis. A number of components that direct polarized secretion, including those involved in assembly and organization of the actin cytoskeleton, secretory pathways, and a series of novel signal transduction systems and regulatory components have been identified. Analysis of these different components has suggested pathways by which polarized secretion is directed and controlled. Our aim is to offer an overall view of the current understanding of cell wall dynamics and of the complex network that controls polarized growth at particular stages of the budding yeast cell cycle and life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- V J Cid
- Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
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48
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Ohme-Takagi M, Shinshi H. Ethylene-inducible DNA binding proteins that interact with an ethylene-responsive element. THE PLANT CELL 1995; 7:173-82. [PMID: 7756828 PMCID: PMC160773 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.7.2.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 674] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrated that the GCC box, which is an 11-bp sequence (TAAGAGCCGCC) conserved in the 5' upstream region of ethylene-inducible pathogenesis-related protein genes in Nicotiana spp and in some other plants, is the sequence that is essential for ethylene responsiveness when incorporated into a heterologous promoter. Competitive gel retardation assays showed DNA binding activities to be specific to the GCC box sequence in tobacco nuclear extracts. Four different cDNAs encoding DNA binding proteins specific for the GCC box sequence were isolated, and their products were designated ethylene-responsive element binding proteins (EREBPs). The deduced amino acid sequences of EREBPs exhibited no homology with those of known DNA binding proteins or transcription factors; neither did the deduced proteins contain a basic leucine zipper or zinc finger motif. The DNA binding domain was identified within a region of 59 amino acid residues that was common to all four deduced EREBPs. Regions highly homologous to the DNA binding domain of EREBPs were found in proteins deduced from the cDNAs of various plants, suggesting that this domain is evolutionarily conserved in plants. RNA gel blot analysis revealed that accumulation of mRNAs for EREBPs was induced by ethylene, but individual EREBPs exhibited different patterns of expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ohme-Takagi
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Bioscience and Human Technology, Ibaraki, Japan
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Ohme-Takagi M, Shinshi H. Ethylene-inducible DNA binding proteins that interact with an ethylene-responsive element. THE PLANT CELL 1995; 7:173-182. [PMID: 7756828 DOI: 10.2307/3869993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrated that the GCC box, which is an 11-bp sequence (TAAGAGCCGCC) conserved in the 5' upstream region of ethylene-inducible pathogenesis-related protein genes in Nicotiana spp and in some other plants, is the sequence that is essential for ethylene responsiveness when incorporated into a heterologous promoter. Competitive gel retardation assays showed DNA binding activities to be specific to the GCC box sequence in tobacco nuclear extracts. Four different cDNAs encoding DNA binding proteins specific for the GCC box sequence were isolated, and their products were designated ethylene-responsive element binding proteins (EREBPs). The deduced amino acid sequences of EREBPs exhibited no homology with those of known DNA binding proteins or transcription factors; neither did the deduced proteins contain a basic leucine zipper or zinc finger motif. The DNA binding domain was identified within a region of 59 amino acid residues that was common to all four deduced EREBPs. Regions highly homologous to the DNA binding domain of EREBPs were found in proteins deduced from the cDNAs of various plants, suggesting that this domain is evolutionarily conserved in plants. RNA gel blot analysis revealed that accumulation of mRNAs for EREBPs was induced by ethylene, but individual EREBPs exhibited different patterns of expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ohme-Takagi
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Bioscience and Human Technology, Ibaraki, Japan
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50
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Chapter 9 N-Glycosylation of Plant Proteins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(08)60603-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
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