1
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Patil MR, Bihari A. A comprehensive study of p53 protein. J Cell Biochem 2022; 123:1891-1937. [PMID: 36183376 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The protein p53 has been extensively investigated since it was found 43 years ago and has become a "guardian of the genome" that regulates the division of cells by preventing the growth of cells and dividing them, that is, inhibits the development of tumors. Initial proof of protein existence by researchers in the mid-1970s was found by altering and regulating the SV40 big T antigen termed the A protein. Researchers demonstrated how viruses play a role in cancer by employing viruses' ability to create T-antigens complex with viral tumors, which was discovered in 1979 following a viral analysis and cancer analog research. Researchers later in the year 1989 explained that in Murine Friend, a virus-caused erythroleukemia, commonly found that p53 was inactivated to suggest that p53 could be a "tumor suppressor gene." The TP53 gene, encoding p53, is one of human cancer's most frequently altered genes. The protein-regulated biological functions of all p53s include cell cycles, apoptosis, senescence, metabolism of the DNA, angiogenesis, cell differentiation, and immunological response. We tried to unfold the history of the p53 protein, which was discovered long back in 1979, that is, 43 years of research on p53, and how p53's function has been developed through time in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha R Patil
- Department of Computer-Applications, School of Information Technology and Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anand Bihari
- Department of Computational Intelligence, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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2
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Yuan Y, Zhang X, Du K, Zhu X, Chang S, Chen Y, Xu Y, Sun J, Luo X, Deng S, Qin Y, Feng X, Wei Y, Fan X, Liu Z, Zheng B, Ashktorab H, Smoot D, Li S, Xie X, Jin Z, Peng Y. Circ_CEA promotes the interaction between the p53 and cyclin-dependent kinases 1 as a scaffold to inhibit the apoptosis of gastric cancer. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:827. [PMID: 36167685 PMCID: PMC9515085 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05254-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been reported to play essential roles in tumorigenesis and progression. This study aimed to identify dysregulated circRNAs in gastric cancer (GC) and investigate the functions and underlying mechanism of these circRNAs in GC development. Here, we identify circ_CEA, a circRNA derived from the back-splicing of CEA cell adhesion molecule 5 (CEA) gene, as a novel oncogenic driver of GC. Circ_CEA is significantly upregulated in GC tissues and cell lines. Circ_CEA knockdown suppresses GC progression, and enhances stress-induced apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, circ_CEA interacts with p53 and cyclin-dependent kinases 1 (CDK1) proteins. It serves as a scaffold to enhance the association between p53 and CDK1. As a result, circ_CEA promotes CDK1-mediated p53 phosphorylation at Ser315, then decreases p53 nuclear retention and suppresses its activity, leading to the downregulation of p53 target genes associated with apoptosis. These findings suggest that circ_CEA protects GC cells from stress-induced apoptosis, via acting as a protein scaffold and interacting with p53 and CDK1 proteins. Combinational therapy of targeting circ_CEA and chemo-drug caused more cell apoptosis, decreased tumor volume and alleviated side effect induced by chemo-drug. Therefore, targeting circ_CEA might present a novel treatment strategy for GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yuan
- grid.508211.f0000 0004 6004 3854Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Disease Prevention and Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Pathology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaojing Zhang
- grid.508211.f0000 0004 6004 3854Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Disease Prevention and Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Pathology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060 People’s Republic of China
| | - Kaining Du
- grid.508211.f0000 0004 6004 3854Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Disease Prevention and Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Pathology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Zhu
- grid.499351.30000 0004 6353 6136Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518118 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Chang
- grid.508211.f0000 0004 6004 3854Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Disease Prevention and Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Pathology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Chen
- grid.508211.f0000 0004 6004 3854Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Disease Prevention and Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Pathology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yidan Xu
- grid.508211.f0000 0004 6004 3854Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Disease Prevention and Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Pathology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiachun Sun
- grid.453074.10000 0000 9797 0900The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, No. 24, Jinhua Road, Jianxi District, Luoyang, Henan 471003 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaonuan Luo
- grid.508211.f0000 0004 6004 3854Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Disease Prevention and Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Pathology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shiqi Deng
- grid.508211.f0000 0004 6004 3854Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Disease Prevention and Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Pathology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Qin
- grid.452847.80000 0004 6068 028XDepartment of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianling Feng
- grid.508211.f0000 0004 6004 3854Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Disease Prevention and Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Pathology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanjie Wei
- grid.458489.c0000 0001 0483 7922Center for High Performance Computing, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinmin Fan
- grid.508211.f0000 0004 6004 3854Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Disease Prevention and Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Pathology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ziyang Liu
- grid.508211.f0000 0004 6004 3854Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Disease Prevention and Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Pathology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060 People’s Republic of China
| | - Baixin Zheng
- grid.508211.f0000 0004 6004 3854Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Disease Prevention and Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Pathology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hassan Ashktorab
- grid.257127.40000 0001 0547 4545Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, Howard University, College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20060 USA
| | - Duane Smoot
- Department of Medicine, Meharry Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37208 USA
| | - Song Li
- grid.454883.60000 0004 1788 7648Shenzhen Science & Technology Development Exchange Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxun Xie
- grid.256607.00000 0004 1798 2653School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021 Guangxi People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhe Jin
- grid.508211.f0000 0004 6004 3854Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Disease Prevention and Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Pathology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yin Peng
- grid.508211.f0000 0004 6004 3854Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Disease Prevention and Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Pathology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060 People’s Republic of China
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3
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Baonza A, Tur-Gracia S, Pérez-Aguilera M, Estella C. Regulation and coordination of the different DNA damage responses in Drosophila. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:993257. [PMID: 36147740 PMCID: PMC9486394 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.993257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells have evolved mechanisms that allow them to respond to DNA damage to preserve genomic integrity and maintain tissue homeostasis. These responses include the activation of the cell cycle checkpoints and the repair mechanisms or the induction of apoptosis that eventually will eliminate damaged cells. These “life” vs. “death” decisions differ depending on the cell type, stages of development, and the proliferation status of the cell. The apoptotic response after DNA damage is of special interest as defects in its induction could contribute to tumorigenesis or the resistance of cancer cells to therapeutic agents such as radiotherapy. Multiples studies have elucidated the molecular mechanisms that mediate the activation of the DNA damage response pathway (DDR) and specifically the role of p53. However, much less is known about how the different cellular responses such as cell proliferation control and apoptosis are coordinated to maintain tissue homeostasis. Another interesting question is how the differential apoptotic response to DNA damage is regulated in distinct cell types. The use of Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism has been fundamental to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms triggered by genotoxic stress. Here, we review the current knowledge regarding the cellular responses to ionizing radiation as the cause of DNA damage with special attention to apoptosis in Drosophila: how these responses are regulated and coordinated in different cellular contexts and in different tissues. The existence of intrinsic mechanisms that might attenuate the apoptotic pathway in response to this sort of DNA damage may well be informative for the differences in the clinical responsiveness of tumor cells after radiation therapy.
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4
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Coordination between cell proliferation and apoptosis after DNA damage in Drosophila. Cell Death Differ 2022; 29:832-845. [PMID: 34824391 PMCID: PMC8989919 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-021-00898-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to genotoxic stress promotes cell cycle arrest and DNA repair or apoptosis. These "life" or "death" cell fate decisions often rely on the activity of the tumor suppressor gene p53. Therefore, the precise regulation of p53 is essential to maintain tissue homeostasis and to prevent cancer development. However, how cell cycle progression has an impact on p53 cell fate decision-making is mostly unknown. In this work, we demonstrate that Drosophila p53 proapoptotic activity can be impacted by the G2/M kinase Cdk1. We find that cell cycle arrested or endocycle-induced cells are refractory to ionizing radiation-induced apoptosis. We show that p53 binding to the regulatory elements of the proapoptotic genes and its ability to activate their expression is compromised in experimentally arrested cells. Our results indicate that p53 genetically and physically interacts with Cdk1 and that p53 proapoptotic role is regulated by the cell cycle status of the cell. We propose a model in which cell cycle progression and p53 proapoptotic activity are molecularly connected to coordinate the appropriate response after DNA damage.
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5
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Wang K, Du H, Zhuang Q, Lu H, Xu R, Xue D. Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 shows to be a potential genetic target for chemical cystitis. Immun Inflamm Dis 2021; 9:950-958. [PMID: 34080795 PMCID: PMC8342199 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In the present study, we aimed to explore whether common genetic targets or signaling pathways existed in chemical cystitis. Methods Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database was used to search the related gene expression profiles. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by using GEO2R. The DAVID 6.8 Beta and R software were used to perform Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis and Gene Ontology function analysis of DEGs. The protein‐protein interaction network was constructed by STRING 11.0 to reveal the potential gene interactions. The expression of cyclin‐dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) at the messnger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels was examined by real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blot analysis analysis, respectively. Results The GEO database was searched, and the gene expression profiles of GSE55986 and GSE68539 were downloaded. A total of 262 DEGs and 356 DEGs were identified from GSE55986 and GSE68539, respectively. We found that the p53 signaling pathway might play a key role in the development of chemical cystitis, and Cdk1 acted as a crucial gene in the p53 signaling pathway. Moreover, the experimental results of real‐time PCR and Western blot analysis analysis demonstrated that the expression of Cdk1 at the mRNA and protein levels in cystitis tissues was significantly increased in different animal models of chemical cystitis compared with the control group. Conclusion Cdk1 might be a potential pathogenic genetic target for chemical cystitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wang
- Department of Surgical Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huaping Du
- Department of Neurology, Suzhou Ninth People's Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qianfeng Zhuang
- Department of Surgical Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Lu
- Department of Surgical Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Renfang Xu
- Department of Surgical Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dong Xue
- Department of Surgical Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
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6
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Zhao B, Katuwawala A, Oldfield CJ, Dunker AK, Faraggi E, Gsponer J, Kloczkowski A, Malhis N, Mirdita M, Obradovic Z, Söding J, Steinegger M, Zhou Y, Kurgan L. DescribePROT: database of amino acid-level protein structure and function predictions. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:D298-D308. [PMID: 33119734 PMCID: PMC7778963 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We present DescribePROT, the database of predicted amino acid-level descriptors of structure and function of proteins. DescribePROT delivers a comprehensive collection of 13 complementary descriptors predicted using 10 popular and accurate algorithms for 83 complete proteomes that cover key model organisms. The current version includes 7.8 billion predictions for close to 600 million amino acids in 1.4 million proteins. The descriptors encompass sequence conservation, position specific scoring matrix, secondary structure, solvent accessibility, intrinsic disorder, disordered linkers, signal peptides, MoRFs and interactions with proteins, DNA and RNAs. Users can search DescribePROT by the amino acid sequence and the UniProt accession number and entry name. The pre-computed results are made available instantaneously. The predictions can be accesses via an interactive graphical interface that allows simultaneous analysis of multiple descriptors and can be also downloaded in structured formats at the protein, proteome and whole database scale. The putative annotations included by DescriPROT are useful for a broad range of studies, including: investigations of protein function, applied projects focusing on therapeutics and diseases, and in the development of predictors for other protein sequence descriptors. Future releases will expand the coverage of DescribePROT. DescribePROT can be accessed at http://biomine.cs.vcu.edu/servers/DESCRIBEPROT/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi Zhao
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Akila Katuwawala
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | | | - A Keith Dunker
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Eshel Faraggi
- Battelle Center for Mathematical Medicine at the Nationwide Children's Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jörg Gsponer
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Andrzej Kloczkowski
- Battelle Center for Mathematical Medicine at the Nationwide Children's Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Nawar Malhis
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Milot Mirdita
- Quantitative and Computational Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Zoran Obradovic
- Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Johannes Söding
- Quantitative and Computational Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin Steinegger
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yaoqi Zhou
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lukasz Kurgan
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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7
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Huang H, Fu Y, Zhang Y, Peng F, Lu M, Feng Y, Chen L, Chen Z, Li M, Chen Y. Dissection of Anti-tumor Activity of Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor SAHA in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Cells via Quantitative Phosphoproteomics. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:577784. [PMID: 33324635 PMCID: PMC7726116 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.577784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), a pan HDAC inhibitor, has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL). Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of SAHA on tumors are yet not fully understood. Protein phosphorylation is one of the most important means to regulate key biological processes (BPs), such as cell division, growth, migration, differentiation, and intercellular communication. Thus, investigation on the impacts of SAHA treatment on global cellular phosphorylation covering major signaling pathways deepens our understanding on its anti-tumor mechanisms. Here we comprehensively identified and quantified protein phosphorylation for the first time in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells upon SAHA treatment by combining tandem mass tags (TMTs)-based quantitative proteomics and titanium dioxide (TiO2)-based phosphopeptide enrichment. In total, 7,430 phosphorylation sites on 2,456 phosphoproteins were identified in the NPC cell line 5-8F, of which 1,176 phosphorylation sites on 528 phosphoproteins were significantly elevated upon SAHA treatment. Gene ontology (GO) analysis showed that SAHA influenced several BPs, including mRNA/DNA processing and cell cycle. Furthermore, signaling pathway analysis and immunoblotting demonstrated that SAHA activated tumor suppressors like p53 and Rb1 via phosphorylation and promoted cell apoptosis in NPC cells but inactivated energetic pathways such as AMPK signaling. Overall, our study indicated that SAHA exerted anti-tumor roles in NPC cells, which may serve as novel therapeutic for NPC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huichao Huang
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ying Fu
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fang Peng
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Miaolong Lu
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yilu Feng
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Molecular and Computational Biology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Zhuchu Chen
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Maoyu Li
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yongheng Chen
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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8
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Bouhaddou M, Memon D, Meyer B, White KM, Rezelj VV, Correa Marrero M, Polacco BJ, Melnyk JE, Ulferts S, Kaake RM, Batra J, Richards AL, Stevenson E, Gordon DE, Rojc A, Obernier K, Fabius JM, Soucheray M, Miorin L, Moreno E, Koh C, Tran QD, Hardy A, Robinot R, Vallet T, Nilsson-Payant BE, Hernandez-Armenta C, Dunham A, Weigang S, Knerr J, Modak M, Quintero D, Zhou Y, Dugourd A, Valdeolivas A, Patil T, Li Q, Hüttenhain R, Cakir M, Muralidharan M, Kim M, Jang G, Tutuncuoglu B, Hiatt J, Guo JZ, Xu J, Bouhaddou S, Mathy CJP, Gaulton A, Manners EJ, Félix E, Shi Y, Goff M, Lim JK, McBride T, O'Neal MC, Cai Y, Chang JCJ, Broadhurst DJ, Klippsten S, De Wit E, Leach AR, Kortemme T, Shoichet B, Ott M, Saez-Rodriguez J, tenOever BR, Mullins RD, Fischer ER, Kochs G, Grosse R, García-Sastre A, Vignuzzi M, Johnson JR, Shokat KM, Swaney DL, Beltrao P, Krogan NJ. The Global Phosphorylation Landscape of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Cell 2020; 182:685-712.e19. [PMID: 32645325 PMCID: PMC7321036 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 710] [Impact Index Per Article: 177.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The causative agent of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has infected millions and killed hundreds of thousands of people worldwide, highlighting an urgent need to develop antiviral therapies. Here we present a quantitative mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomics survey of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Vero E6 cells, revealing dramatic rewiring of phosphorylation on host and viral proteins. SARS-CoV-2 infection promoted casein kinase II (CK2) and p38 MAPK activation, production of diverse cytokines, and shutdown of mitotic kinases, resulting in cell cycle arrest. Infection also stimulated a marked induction of CK2-containing filopodial protrusions possessing budding viral particles. Eighty-seven drugs and compounds were identified by mapping global phosphorylation profiles to dysregulated kinases and pathways. We found pharmacologic inhibition of the p38, CK2, CDK, AXL, and PIKFYVE kinases to possess antiviral efficacy, representing potential COVID-19 therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Bouhaddou
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Danish Memon
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Bjoern Meyer
- Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, Cedex 15, France
| | - Kris M White
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Veronica V Rezelj
- Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, Cedex 15, France
| | - Miguel Correa Marrero
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Benjamin J Polacco
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - James E Melnyk
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Svenja Ulferts
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Robyn M Kaake
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jyoti Batra
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Alicia L Richards
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Erica Stevenson
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - David E Gordon
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ajda Rojc
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Kirsten Obernier
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Fabius
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Margaret Soucheray
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Lisa Miorin
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Elena Moreno
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Cassandra Koh
- Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, Cedex 15, France
| | - Quang Dinh Tran
- Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, Cedex 15, France
| | - Alexandra Hardy
- Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, Cedex 15, France
| | - Rémy Robinot
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, Cedex 15, France; Vaccine Research Institute, 94000 Creteil, France
| | - Thomas Vallet
- Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, Cedex 15, France
| | | | - Claudia Hernandez-Armenta
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alistair Dunham
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sebastian Weigang
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Julian Knerr
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Maya Modak
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Diego Quintero
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yuan Zhou
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Aurelien Dugourd
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Bioquant, Heidelberg University, Faculty of Medicine, and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Alberto Valdeolivas
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Bioquant, Heidelberg University, Faculty of Medicine, and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Trupti Patil
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Qiongyu Li
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ruth Hüttenhain
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Merve Cakir
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Monita Muralidharan
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Minkyu Kim
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Gwendolyn Jang
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Beril Tutuncuoglu
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Joseph Hiatt
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jeffrey Z Guo
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jiewei Xu
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Sophia Bouhaddou
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Christopher J P Mathy
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Anna Gaulton
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Emma J Manners
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Eloy Félix
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ying Shi
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Marisa Goff
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jean K Lim
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Emmie De Wit
- NIH/NIAID/Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Andrew R Leach
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tanja Kortemme
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Brian Shoichet
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Melanie Ott
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Julio Saez-Rodriguez
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Bioquant, Heidelberg University, Faculty of Medicine, and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Benjamin R tenOever
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - R Dyche Mullins
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | | | - Georg Kochs
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79008, Germany
| | - Robert Grosse
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79008, Germany; Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies (CIBSS), Freiburg 79104, Germany.
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA; The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - Marco Vignuzzi
- Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, Cedex 15, France.
| | - Jeffery R Johnson
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Kevan M Shokat
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
| | - Danielle L Swaney
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Pedro Beltrao
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Nevan J Krogan
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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9
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Martínez-Alonso D, Malumbres M. Mammalian cell cycle cyclins. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 107:28-35. [PMID: 32334991 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Proper progression throughout the cell division cycle depends on the expression level of a family of proteins known as cyclins, and the subsequent activation of cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks). Among the numerous members of the mammalian cyclin family, only a few of them, cyclins A, B, C, D and E, are known to display critical roles in the cell cycle. These functions will be reviewed here with a special focus on their relevance in different cell types in vivo and their implications in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Martínez-Alonso
- Cell Division and Cancer Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) Madrid, Spain.
| | - Marcos Malumbres
- Cell Division and Cancer Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) Madrid, Spain.
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10
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Abstract
Cell division is a highly regulated and carefully orchestrated process. Understanding the mechanisms that promote proper cell division is an important step toward unraveling important questions in cell biology and human health. Early studies seeking to dissect the mechanisms of cell division used classical genetics approaches to identify genes involved in mitosis and deployed biochemical approaches to isolate and identify proteins critical for cell division. These studies underscored that post-translational modifications and cyclin-kinase complexes play roles at the heart of the cell division program. Modern approaches for examining the mechanisms of cell division, including the use of high-throughput methods to study the effects of RNAi, cDNA, and chemical libraries, have evolved to encompass a larger biological and chemical space. Here, we outline some of the classical studies that established a foundation for the field and provide an overview of recent approaches that have advanced the study of cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Y Ong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Jorge Z Torres
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095 .,The Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095.,Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
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11
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Xie B, Wang S, Jiang N, Li JJ. Cyclin B1/CDK1-regulated mitochondrial bioenergetics in cell cycle progression and tumor resistance. Cancer Lett 2018; 443:56-66. [PMID: 30481564 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A mammalian cell houses two genomes located separately in the nucleus and mitochondria. During evolution, communications and adaptations between these two genomes occur extensively to achieve and sustain homeostasis for cellular functions and regeneration. Mitochondria provide the major cellular energy and contribute to gene regulation in the nucleus, whereas more than 98% of mitochondrial proteins are encoded by the nuclear genome. Such two-way signaling traffic presents an orchestrated dynamic between energy metabolism and consumption in cells. Recent reports have elucidated the way how mitochondrial bioenergetics synchronizes with the energy consumption for cell cycle progression mediated by cyclin B1/CDK1 as the communicator. This review is to recapitulate cyclin B1/CDK1 mediated mitochondrial activities in cell cycle progression and stress response as well as its potential link to reprogram energy metabolism in tumor adaptive resistance. Cyclin B1/CDK1-mediated mitochondrial bioenergetics is applied as an example to show how mitochondria could timely sense the cellular fuel demand and then coordinate ATP output. Such nucleus-mitochondria oscillation may play key roles in the flexible bioenergetics required for tumor cell survival and compromising the efficacy of anti-cancer therapy. Further deciphering the cyclin B1/CDK1-controlled mitochondrial metabolism may invent effect targets to treat resistant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Xie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Shuangyan Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Nian Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Jian Jian Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.
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12
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Serine 392 phosphorylation modulates p53 mitochondrial translocation and transcription-independent apoptosis. Cell Death Differ 2017; 25:190-203. [PMID: 28937686 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2017.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53 is a key regulator of apoptosis induced by various cellular stresses. p53 can induce apoptosis by two mechanisms. First, p53 acts as a transcription factor inducing and repressing pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic targets genes, respectively. Second, p53 is able to translocate to the mitochondria, where it interacts with BCL-2 family members to induce membrane permeabilization and cytochrome c release. p53 transcriptional activity is regulated by a set of post-translational modifications that have been well documented. However, how these modifications impact the direct mitochondrial pathway of death remain poorly understood. In this study, we focused on the role of serine 392 phosphorylation in the control of p53-dependent apoptosis. We used CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing to substitute serine 392 by a non-phosphorylatable alanine in HCT-116 colon carcinoma cells. The S392A mutant displayed normal transcriptional activity following genotoxic stress, but markedly impaired ability to localize to mitochondria. The decreased mitochondrial localization of the S392A mutant correlated with a lower ability to induce apoptosis. Confirmatory observations were made following enforced expression of the S392A p53 mutant or a phospho-mimetic S392E mutant in H1299 lung carcinoma cells. Our observations support the premise that serine 392 phosphorylation of p53 influences its mitochondrial translocation and transcription-independent apoptotic function.
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13
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Shree S, Singh AK, Saxena R, Kumar H, Agarwal A, Sharma VK, Srivastava K, Srivastava KK, Sanyal S, Ramachandran R. The M. tuberculosis HAD phosphatase (Rv3042c) interacts with host proteins and is inhibited by Clofazimine. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:3401-17. [PMID: 26984196 PMCID: PMC11108430 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2177-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis codes for a HAD-phosphatase, Rv3042c (MtSerB2), that has earlier been characterized as a metabolic enzyme. Here we demonstrate that MtSerB2 is secreted into the cytosol of infected macrophages and is found in bronchoalveolar lavage samples of tuberculosis patients. MtSerB2 induces significant cytoskeleton rearrangements through cofilin activation and affects the expression of genes that regulate actin dynamics. It specifically interacts with HSP90, HSP70 and HSP27 that block apoptotic pathways and not with other HSPs. It actively dephosphorylates MAPK-p38 and NF-kappa B p65 that play crucial roles in inflammatory and immune responses. This in turn leads to down-regulation of Interleukin 8, a chemotactic and inflammatory cytokine. Finally, during evaluation of inhibitors against MtSerB2 we found that Clofazimine, a drug being evaluated for XDR and MDR tuberculosis, inhibits MtSerB2 phosphatase activity and reverses the above effects and interactions with host proteins. Overall, the study identifies that MtSerB2 has new functions that might help the pathogen to evade the host's immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal Shree
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abhishek Kumar Singh
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Richa Saxena
- Microbiology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Harish Kumar
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Aparna Agarwal
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Sharma
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kanchan Srivastava
- Microbiology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kishore Kumar Srivastava
- Microbiology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sabyasachi Sanyal
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ravishankar Ramachandran
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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14
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Abstract
Although the p53 tumor suppressor gene is well known to be involved in the pathogen esis of malignant astrocytomas, its significance in the development of low-grade glio mas, including the nonastrocytic tumors, remains underexplored. In an attempt to further understanding the molecular genetics of glial tumorigenesis, 37 low-grade gliomas of different histologic subtypes were screened for p53 mutations with the polymerase chain reaction, single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis and direct DNA sequencing. Forty-eight tumors, including the previously mentioned 37 cases, were examined immunohistochemically with paraffin-embedded tissues for p53 protein labeling. Only two diffuse astrocytomas exhibited p53 genetic abnormalities, and both tumors behaved aggressively. Two tumors exhibited p53 protein immuno labeling, including one of the cases with genetic changes. p53 genetic alterations are only rarely involved in the pathogenesis of low-grade gliomas. The authors speculate that they occur late in the transition from low-grade to high-grade tumors. Int J Surg Pathol 1 (3):163-170, 1994
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Keung Ng
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology
| | - M. Phil
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology
| | - Kwok-Wai Lo
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology
| | | | - Wai-Sang Poon
- Neurosurgical Unit, Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
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15
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Abstract
Apoptosis is a regulated form of cell death that proceeds by defined biochemical pathways. Most apoptosis is controlled by interactions between pro-survival and pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins in which death is often the consequence of permeabilization of the mitochondrial outer membrane. Many drugs affect this equilibrium to favor apoptosis but this process is not completely understood. We show that the chemotherapeutic drug cisplatin initiates an apoptotic pathway by phosphorylation of a pro-survival Bcl-2 family member, Bcl-xL, by cyclin-dependent kinase 2. The phosphorylation occurred at a previously unreported site and its biologic significance was demonstrated by a phosphomimetic modification of Bcl-xL that was able to induce apoptosis without addition of cisplatin. The mechanism of cell death induction was similar to that initiated by pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins, that is, phosphorylated Bcl-xL translocated to the mitochondrial membrane, and formed pores in the membrane. This initiated cytochrome c release and caspase activation that resulted in cell death.
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16
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Kennedy JJ, Yan P, Zhao L, Ivey RG, Voytovich UJ, Moore HD, Lin C, Pogosova-Agadjanyan EL, Stirewalt DL, Reding KW, Whiteaker JR, Paulovich AG. Immobilized Metal Affinity Chromatography Coupled to Multiple Reaction Monitoring Enables Reproducible Quantification of Phospho-signaling. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 15:726-39. [PMID: 26621847 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.o115.054940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A major goal in cell signaling research is the quantification of phosphorylation pharmacodynamics following perturbations. Traditional methods of studying cellular phospho-signaling measure one analyte at a time with poor standardization, rendering them inadequate for interrogating network biology and contributing to the irreproducibility of preclinical research. In this study, we test the feasibility of circumventing these issues by coupling immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC)-based enrichment of phosphopeptides with targeted, multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mass spectrometry to achieve precise, specific, standardized, multiplex quantification of phospho-signaling responses. A multiplex immobilized metal affinity chromatography- multiple reaction monitoring assay targeting phospho-analytes responsive to DNA damage was configured, analytically characterized, and deployed to generate phospho-pharmacodynamic curves from primary and immortalized human cells experiencing genotoxic stress. The multiplexed assays demonstrated linear ranges of ≥3 orders of magnitude, median lower limit of quantification of 0.64 fmol on column, median intra-assay variability of 9.3%, median inter-assay variability of 12.7%, and median total CV of 16.0%. The multiplex immobilized metal affinity chromatography- multiple reaction monitoring assay enabled robust quantification of 107 DNA damage-responsive phosphosites from human cells following DNA damage. The assays have been made publicly available as a resource to the community. The approach is generally applicable, enabling wide interrogation of signaling networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob J Kennedy
- From the ‡ Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Ping Yan
- From the ‡ Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Lei Zhao
- From the ‡ Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Richard G Ivey
- From the ‡ Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Uliana J Voytovich
- From the ‡ Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Heather D Moore
- From the ‡ Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Chenwei Lin
- From the ‡ Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., Seattle, Washington 98109
| | | | - Derek L Stirewalt
- From the ‡ Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Kerryn W Reding
- §University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St., Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Jeffrey R Whiteaker
- From the ‡ Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Amanda G Paulovich
- From the ‡ Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., Seattle, Washington 98109;
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17
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Abstract
p53 has been studied intensively as a major tumour suppressor that detects oncogenic events in cancer cells and eliminates them through senescence (a permanent non-proliferative state) or apoptosis. Consistent with this role, p53 activity is compromised in a high proportion of all cancer types, either through mutation of the TP53 gene (encoding p53) or changes in the status of p53 modulators. p53 has additional roles, which may overlap with its tumour-suppressive capacity, in processes including the DNA damage response, metabolism, aging, stem cell differentiation and fertility. Moreover, many mutant p53 proteins, termed 'gain-of-function' (GOF), acquire new activities that help drive cancer aggression. p53 is regulated mainly through protein turnover and operates within a negative-feedback loop with its transcriptional target, MDM2 (murine double minute 2), an E3 ubiquitin ligase which mediates the ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation of p53. Induction of p53 is achieved largely through uncoupling the p53-MDM2 interaction, leading to elevated p53 levels. Various stress stimuli acting on p53 (such as hyperproliferation and DNA damage) use different, but overlapping, mechanisms to achieve this. Additionally, p53 activity is regulated through critical context-specific or fine-tuning events, mediated primarily through post-translational mechanisms, particularly multi-site phosphorylation and acetylation. In the present review, I broadly examine these events, highlighting their regulatory contributions, their ability to integrate signals from cellular events towards providing most appropriate response to stress conditions and their importance for tumour suppression. These are fascinating aspects of molecular oncology that hold the key to understanding the molecular pathology of cancer and the routes by which it may be tackled therapeutically.
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Candas D, Li JJ. MnSOD in oxidative stress response-potential regulation via mitochondrial protein influx. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:1599-617. [PMID: 23581847 PMCID: PMC3942709 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 472] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The mitochondrial antioxidant manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) is encoded by genomic DNA and its dismutase function is fully activated in the mitochondria to detoxify free radical O2(•-) generated by mitochondrial respiration. Accumulating evidence shows an extensive communication between the mitochondria and cytoplasm under oxidative stress. Not only is the MnSOD gene upregulated by oxidative stress, but MnSOD activity can be enhanced via the mitochondrial protein influx (MPI). RECENT ADVANCES A cluster of MPI containing cytoplasmic/nuclear proteins, such as cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases, and p53 interact with and alter MnSOD activity. These proteins modulate MnSOD superoxide scavenging activity via post-translational modifications in the mitochondria. In addition to well-established pathways in gene expression, recent findings suggest that MnSOD enzymatic activity can also be enhanced by phosphorylation of specific motifs in mitochondria. This review attempts to discuss the pre- and post-translational regulation of MnSOD, and how these modifications alter MnSOD activity, which induces a cell adaptive response to oxidative stress. CRITICAL ISSUES MnSOD is biologically significant to aerobic cells. Its role in protecting the cells against the deleterious effects of reactive oxygen species is evident. However, the exact network of MnSOD-associated cellular adaptive reaction to oxidative stress and its post-translational modifications, especially its enzymatic enhancement via phosphorylation, is not yet fully understood. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The broad discussion of the multiple aspects of MnSOD regulation, including gene expression, protein modifications, and enzymatic activity, will shed light onto the unknown mechanisms that govern the prosurvival networks involved in cellular and mitochondrial adaptive response to genotoxic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demet Candas
- 1 Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Davis , Sacramento, California
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Alexandrou AT, Li JJ. Cell cycle regulators guide mitochondrial activity in radiation-induced adaptive response. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:1463-80. [PMID: 24180340 PMCID: PMC3936506 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE There are accruing concerns on potential genotoxic agents present in the environment including low-dose ionizing radiation (LDIR) that naturally exists on earth's surface and atmosphere and is frequently used in medical diagnosis and nuclear industry. Although its long-term health risk is being evaluated and remains controversial, LDIR is shown to induce temporary but significant adaptive responses in mammalian cells and animals. The mechanisms guiding the mitochondrial function in LDIR-induced adaptive response represent a unique communication between DNA damage and cellular metabolism. Elucidation of the LDIR-regulated mitochondrial activity may reveal new mechanisms adjusting cellular function to cope with hazardous environmental stress. RECENT ADVANCES Key cell cycle regulators, including Cyclin D1/CDK4 and Cyclin B1/cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) complexes, are actively involved in the regulation of mitochondrial functions via phosphorylation of their mitochondrial targets. Accumulating new evidence supports a concept that the Cyclin B1/CDK1 complex acts as a mediator in the cross talk between radiation-induced DNA damage and mitochondrial functions to coordinate cellular responses to low-level genotoxic stresses. CRITICAL ISSUES The LDIR-mediated mitochondrial activity via Cyclin B1/CDK1 regulation is an irreplaceable network that is able to harmonize vital cellular functions with adjusted mitochondrial metabolism to enhance cellular homeostasis. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Further investigation of the coordinative mechanism that regulates mitochondrial activities in sublethal stress conditions, including LDIR, will reveal new insights of how cells cope with genotoxic injury and will be vital for future targeted therapeutic interventions that reduce environmental injury and cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aris T Alexandrou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, NCI-Designated Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Davis , Sacramento, California
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Requirement for phosphorylation of P53 at Ser312 in suppression of chemical carcinogenesis. Sci Rep 2013; 3:3105. [PMID: 24173284 PMCID: PMC3813944 DOI: 10.1038/srep03105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The p53 tumour suppressor is activated in response to a wide variety of genotoxic stresses, frequently via post-translational modification. Using a knock in mouse model with a Ser312 to Ala mutation, we show here that phosphorylation of p53 on Ser312 helps to prevent tumour induction by the alkylating agent MNU, which predominantly caused T cell lymphomas. This is consistent with our previous observation that p53312A/A mice are more susceptible to X-ray induced tumourigenesis. Phosphorylation on Ser312 aids p53's interaction with E2F1, and enhances p53-mediated apoptosis. Loss of E2F1 alone does not affect tumour susceptibility to MNU, but its absence partially rescues tumour formation in p53312A/A mice, thus reflecting the oncogenic properties of E2F1. Our data confirms the participation of Ser312 phosphorylation in tumour suppression by p53.
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Gannon HS, Jones SN. Using Mouse Models to Explore MDM-p53 Signaling in Development, Cell Growth, and Tumorigenesis. Genes Cancer 2012; 3:209-18. [PMID: 23150754 DOI: 10.1177/1947601912455324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The p53 transcription factor regulates the expression of numerous genes whose products affect cell proliferation, senescence, cellular metabolism, apoptosis, and DNA repair. These p53-mediated effects can inhibit the growth of stressed or mutated cells and suppress tumorigenesis in the organism. However, the various growth-inhibitory properties of p53 must be kept in check in nondamaged cells in order to facilitate proper embryogenesis or the homeostatic maintenance of adult tissues. This requisite inhibition of p53 is performed primarily by the MDM oncoproteins, Mdm2 and MdmX. These p53-binding proteins limit p53 activity both in normal cells and in stressed cells seeking to promote resolution of their p53-stress response. Many mouse models bearing genetic alterations in Mdm2 or MdmX have been generated to explore the function and regulation of MDM-p53 signaling in development, in tissue homeostasis, in aging, and in cancer. These models not only have demonstrated a critical need for Mdm2 and MdmX in normal cell growth and in development but more recently have identified the MDM-p53 signaling axis as a key regulator of the cellular response to a wide variety of genetic or metabolic stresses. In this review, we discuss what has been learned from various studies of these Mdm2 and MdmX mouse models and highlight a few of the many important remaining questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh S Gannon
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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22
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Lin X, Tang M, Tao Y, Li L, Liu S, Guo L, Li Z, Ma X, Xu J, Cao Y. Epstein-Barr virus-encoded LMP1 triggers regulation of the ERK-mediated Op18/stathmin signaling pathway in association with cell cycle. Cancer Sci 2012; 103:993-9. [PMID: 22417000 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2012.02271.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 12/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The MAPKs are activated by a variety of cellular stimuli to participate in a series of signaling cascades and mediate diverse intracellular responses. One potential target of the MAPKs is Op18/stathmin, a molecule that acts as an integrator of diverse cell signaling pathways and regulates the dynamics of microtubules, which are involved in modulating a variety of cellular processes, including cell cycle progression and cell growth. Our study focused on the regulation of the MAPK-mediated Op18/stathmin signaling pathway, which is triggered by the Epstein-Barr virus-encoded latent membrane protein 1 ( LMP1) oncogene in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. The results showed that the activity of MAPK, which was induced by LMP1, varied with cell cycle progression; LMP1 upregulated phosphorylation of ERK during the G(1)/S phase, but negatively regulated phosphorylation of ERK during the G(2)/M phase. We found that the regulation of Op18/stathmin signaling by LMP1 was mainly mediated through ERK. The inhibition of LMP1 expression attenuated the interaction of ERK with Op18/stathmin and promoted microtubule depolymerization. These findings indicate the existence of a new cell cycle-associated signaling pathway in which LMP1 regulates ERK-mediated Op18/stathmin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechi Lin
- Cancer Research Institute, Changsha, China
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Regulation of nucleocytoplasmic trafficking of viral proteins: an integral role in pathogenesis? BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2011; 1813:2176-90. [PMID: 21530593 PMCID: PMC7114211 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2011.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Signal-dependent targeting of proteins into and out of the nucleus is mediated by members of the importin (IMP) family of transport receptors, which recognise targeting signals within a cargo protein and mediate passage through the nuclear envelope-embedded nuclear pore complexes. Regulation of this process is paramount to processes such as cell division and differentiation, but is also critically important for viral replication and pathogenesis; phosphorylation appears to play a major role in regulating viral protein nucleocytoplasmic trafficking, along with other posttranslational modifications. This review focuses on viral proteins that utilise the host cell IMP machinery in order to traffic into/out of the nucleus, and in particular those where trafficking is critical to viral replication and/or pathogenesis, such as simian virus SV40 large tumour antigen (T-ag), human papilloma virus E1 protein, human cytomegalovirus processivity factor ppUL44, and various gene products from RNA viruses such as Rabies. Understanding of the mechanisms regulating viral protein nucleocytoplasmic trafficking is paramount to the future development of urgently needed specific and effective anti-viral therapeutics. This article was originally intended for the special issue "Regulation of Signaling and Cellular Fate through Modulation of Nuclear Protein Import". The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience caused.
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Goldstein I, Marcel V, Olivier M, Oren M, Rotter V, Hainaut P. Understanding wild-type and mutant p53 activities in human cancer: new landmarks on the way to targeted therapies. Cancer Gene Ther 2010; 18:2-11. [PMID: 20966976 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2010.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Three decades of p53 research have led to many advances in understanding the basic biology of normal and cancer cells. Nonetheless, the detailed functions of p53 in normal cells, and even more so in cancer cells, remain obscure. A major breakthrough is the realization that mutant p53 has a life of its own: it contributes to cancer not only through loss of activity, but also through gain of specific 'mutant functions'. This new focus on mutant p53 is the rationale behind the meeting series dedicated to advances on mutant p53 biology. This review provides an overview of results presented at the Fourth International Workshop on Mutant p53, held in Akko, Israel in March 2009. New roles and functions of p53 relevant for tumor suppressions were presented, including the regulation of microRNAs networks, the modulation of cell-stroma interactions and the induction of senescence. A main focus of the meeting was the rapidly growing body of knowledge on autonomous properties of mutant p53 and on their oncogenic 'gain of function' impact. Importantly, the meeting highlighted that, 30 years after p53 discovery, research on mutant p53 is entering the clinical and translational era. Two major steps forward in this respect are a better understanding of the active mechanism of small drugs targeting mutant p53 in tumor cells and an improved definition of the prognostic and predictive value of mutant p53 in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Goldstein
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovat, Israel
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Phosphorylation of Ser312 contributes to tumor suppression by p53 in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:19479-84. [PMID: 20962274 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1005165107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53 is a master sensor of stress, and posttranslational modifications are key in controlling its stability and transcriptional activities. p53 can be phosphorylated on at least 23 Ser/Thr residues, the majority of which are phosphorylated by stress-related kinases. An exception is Ser315 in human p53 (Ser312 in mouse), which is predominantly phosphorylated by cell cycle-related kinases. To understand the biological importance of Ser312 phosphorylation in vivo, we generated p53Ser312Ala knock-in mice. We show here that, although Ser312 is not essential for mouse life span under normal physiological conditions, Ser312Ala mutation dampens p53's activity during embryonic development. This is evident from its partial rescue of embryonic lethality caused by Mdm4 deletion. In agreement with the notion that Ser312 mutation weakens p53 function, Ser312Ala mice are also more susceptible to tumorigenesis following a sublethal ionizing radiation dose. Importantly, in the cohort studied, Ser312 mutation predisposes mice to develop thymic lymphomas and liver tumors, partly due to p53Ser312Ala's inability to fully induce a set of p53 target genes including p21 and cyclin G1. Thus, we demonstrate that phosphorylation of Ser312 is required for p53 to function fully as a tumor suppressor in vivo.
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26
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Cyclin B1/Cdk1 phosphorylation of mitochondrial p53 induces anti-apoptotic response. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12341. [PMID: 20808790 PMCID: PMC2925892 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The pro-apoptotic function of p53 has been well defined in preventing genomic instability and cell transformation. However, the intriguing fact that p53 contributes to a pro-survival advantage of tumor cells under DNA damage conditions raises a critical question in radiation therapy for the 50% human cancers with intact p53 function. Herein, we reveal an anti-apoptotic role of mitochondrial p53 regulated by the cell cycle complex cyclin B1/Cdk1 in irradiated human colon cancer HCT116 cells with p53+/+ status. Steady-state levels of p53 and cyclin B1/Cdk1 were identified in the mitochondria of many human and mouse cells, and their mitochondrial influx was significantly enhanced by radiation. The mitochondrial kinase activity of cyclin B1/Cdk1 was found to specifically phosphorylate p53 at Ser-315 residue, leading to enhanced mitochondrial ATP production and reduced mitochondrial apoptosis. The improved mitochondrial function can be blocked by transfection of mutant p53 Ser-315-Ala, or by siRNA knockdown of cyclin B1 and Cdk1 genes. Enforced translocation of cyclin B1 and Cdk1 into mitochondria with a mitochondrial-targeting-peptide increased levels of Ser-315 phosphorylation on mitochondrial p53, improved ATP production and decreased apoptosis by sequestering p53 from binding to Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. Furthermore, reconstitution of wild-type p53 in p53-deficient HCT116 p53−/− cells resulted in an increased mitochondrial ATP production and suppression of apoptosis. Such phenomena were absent in the p53-deficient HCT116 p53−/− cells reconstituted with the mutant p53. These results demonstrate a unique anti-apoptotic function of mitochondrial p53 regulated by cyclin B1/Cdk1-mediated Ser-315 phosphorylation in p53-wild-type tumor cells, which may provide insights for improving the efficacy of anti-cancer therapy, especially for tumors that retain p53.
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27
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Restoration of the tumor suppressor p53 by downregulating cyclin B1 in human papillomavirus 16/18-infected cancer cells. Oncogene 2010; 29:5591-603. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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28
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Fulcher AJ, Roth DM, Fatima S, Alvisi G, Jans DA. The BRCA‐1 binding protein BRAP2 is a novel, negative regulator of nuclear import of viral proteins, dependent on phosphorylation flanking the nuclear localization signal. FASEB J 2009; 24:1454-66. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-136564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex J. Fulcher
- Nuclear Signaling LaboratoryDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Daniela M. Roth
- Nuclear Signaling LaboratoryDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Shadma Fatima
- Nuclear Signaling LaboratoryDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Gualtiero Alvisi
- Nuclear Signaling LaboratoryDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - David A. Jans
- Nuclear Signaling LaboratoryDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
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29
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Deisseroth AB, Zhang W, Cha Y, Yuan T, Chen H, Sims S, Wedrychowski A, Gao PQ, Huston L, Filaccio M, Claxton D, Kornblau S, Johnson E, Zack Howard OM, Andersson B, Giglio AD, Gressot L, Kantarjian H, Talpaz M, Khouri I, Champlin R, Andreeff M, Gaozza E, Seong D, Suh SP, Ellerson D, Hu G, Chou M. New Directions in the Biology and Therapy of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/10428199209064884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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30
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Joshi AR, Jobanputra V, Lele KM, Wolgemuth DJ. Distinct properties of cyclin-dependent kinase complexes containing cyclin A1 and cyclin A2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 378:595-9. [PMID: 19056339 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.11.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 11/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The distinct expression patterns of the two A-type cyclins during spermatogenesis and the absolute requirement for cyclin A1 in this biological process in vivo suggest that they may confer distinct biochemical properties to their CDK partners. We therefore compared human cyclin A1- and cyclin A2-containing CDK complexes in vitro by determining kinetic constants and by examining the complexes for their ability to phosphorylate pRb and p53. Differences in biochemical activity were observed in CDK2 but not CDK1 when complexed with cyclin A1 versus cyclin A2. Further, CDK1/cyclin A1 is a better kinase complex for phosphorylating potentially physiologically relevant substrates pRb and p53 than CDK2/cyclin A2. The activity of CDKs can therefore be regulated depending upon which A-type cyclin they bind and CDK1/cyclin A1 might be preferred in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha R Joshi
- Department of Gen. and Dev., Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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31
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Contasta I, Pellegrini P, Berghella AM, Del Beato T, Adorno D. Colon cancer and gene alterations: their immunological implications and suggestions for prognostic indices and improvements in biotherapy. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2007; 21:488-505. [PMID: 17105421 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2006.21.488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown that changes occur in c-Ki-ras, p53, and Bcl2 gene structure and function during the various stages of human colon carcinogenesis. Alterations of these genes are responsible for the establishment of a state of continuous stimulus for cell division and apoptotic inhibition at physiological and pharmacological levels. This paper focuses on the results of our research aimed at investigating how these gene alterations influence tumoral mechanisms on an immunological level and how immunological parameters can be used as prognostic markers for the passage of normal tissue to adenoma and adenoma to carcinoma. Overall, our data suggest that an alteration in the c-Ki-ras gene results in a switch to a suppressive type of immune response, determining an impairment of immune cell activation at both antigen- presenting-cell and T-cell levels. c-Ki-ras gene mutations, p53 deletions, and Bc12 expression, on the other hand, can be used as prognostic markers for the passage of normal tissue to adenoma and adenoma to carcinoma. The p53 oncogene does not appear to impair patients' immunological response further. In conclusion, an evaluation of c-Ki-ras, rather than p53 gene alterations, would seem to be more relevant in colon cancer prevention programs and biotherapy improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Contasta
- CNR Institute of Organ Transplantation and Immunocytology (ITOI), L'Aquila, Italy.
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Matsumoto M, Furihata M, Ohtsuki Y. Posttranslational phosphorylation of mutant p53 protein in tumor development. Med Mol Morphol 2006; 39:79-87. [PMID: 16821145 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-006-0320-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2006] [Accepted: 04/20/2006] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
p53 has been called the "cellular gatekeeper" and the "genome guard," because in response to exposure to DNA-damaging agents, it induces cell-cycle arrest in G1 or apoptosis and also directly affects DNA replication. Multiple mechanisms regulate p53 activity and posttranslational modification, including multisite phosphorylation of wild-type p53, in particular. Normal functions of wild-type p53 are abrogated by mutation of this gene, and oncogenic studies have revealed that p53 mutation is among the most common genetic alteration in human cancers. It is generally accepted that mutant p53 protein may not only lose the tumor suppressor functions of wild-type p53 but also acquire additional tumorigenetic roles, including dominant-negative effects and gain of function. Although many studies have revealed such aberrant functions of mutant p53, less is known about the posttranslational phosphorylation status of mutant p53 and novel biological functions of phosphorylation in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Matsumoto
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kochi Medical School Hospital, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8305, Japan.
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Bodey B, Bodey B, Siegel SE. Mechanisms and markers of carcinogenesis and neoplastic progression. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2006; 5:1317-32. [PMID: 16197337 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.5.10.1317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neoplastic transformation evolves over a period of time involving the progression of the cellular immunophenotype (IP) from normal to hyperplastic to dysplastic, and finally, to fully malignant IPs. Superimposed on these changes is the interaction of the initiated cell with its microenvironment, whereby the neoplastically transformed cells, through the regulation or dysregulation of cytoskeletal, integrin, protease and adhesion molecules, develop a novel manner of relation with their surrounding microenvironment. Studies of the neuroendocrine-immune network revealed that the hormonal and cytokine milieu plays an important role impacting the growth and dedifferentiation capabilities of neoplastic cells. This is further affected by the tumour cells themselves determining the constitution of this hormonal microenvironment, allowing the most aggressive and invasive of neoplastically transformed cell clones to promote their own growth and dissemination. The elucidation of the steps of the progression of cancer from premalignant to metastatic and invasive forms is of utmost importance in the differential diagnosis of neoplasms and in the establishment of more efficacious therapeutic regimens. These regimens will certainly begin to take on a more individualised form. The functional characterisation of various human malignancies as to the neoplastically transformed cells' IP, the bases of their interaction with tissue stromal elements, and the molecules involved in the humoral microenvironment of the particular stage of tumour will certainly allow for the better diagnosis, staging, prognostication and treatment of cancers in the future. This paper reviews carcinogenesis from nutritional, genetic and molecular, and humoral aspects, and discusses the importance of tumour markers in the diagnosis and therapeutic management of human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bela Bodey
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Reseda, Los Angeles, CA 91335, USA.
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Wesierska-Gadek J, Schmid G. Dual action of the inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases: targeting of the cell-cycle progression and activation of wild-type p53 protein. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2005; 15:23-38. [PMID: 16370931 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.15.1.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) represents a novel approach to the therapy of human malignancies. Already in clinical trials, recently developed CDK inhibitors very efficiently target the rapidly proliferating cancer cells and inhibit their cell-cycle progression. Interestingly, some CDK inhibitors additionally affect the stability and activity of the tumour-suppressor protein p53, thereby enhancing their antiproliferative action towards cancer cells. Considering the fact that the p53 protein is mutated or inactivated in approximately 50% of all human cancers, the efficacy of CDK inhibitor therapy could differ between cancer cells depending on their p53 status. Moreover, recent reports demonstrating that some cancer cells can proliferate despite CDK2 inhibition questioned the central role of CDK2 in the cell-cycle control and suitability of CDK2 as a therapeutic target; however, the p53 activation that is mediated by CDK inhibitors could be essential for the efficacy of CDK inhibitors in therapy of CDK2-independent cancers. Furthermore, there is also reason to believe that CDK2 inhibitors could be used for another purpose, to protect normal cells from the effects of chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Józefa Wesierska-Gadek
- Division Institute of Cancer Research, Dept. of Medicine I, Cell Cycle Regulation Group, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8 a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Mohapatra S, Chu B, Zhao X, Pledger WJ. Accumulation of p53 and reductions in XIAP abundance promote the apoptosis of prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res 2005; 65:7717-23. [PMID: 16140939 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-0347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Toward the goal of developing effective treatments for prostate cancers, we examined the effects of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors on the survival of prostate cancer cells. We show that roscovitine, R-roscovitine, and CGP74514A (collectively referred to as CKIs) induce the apoptosis of LNCaP and LNCaP-Rf cells, both of which express wild-type p53. Apoptosis required caspase-9 and caspase-3 activity, and cytochrome c accumulated in the cytosol of CKI-treated cells. Amounts of p53 increased substantially in CKI-treated cells, whereas amounts of the endogenous caspase inhibitor XIAP decreased. CKIs did not appreciably induce the apoptosis of LNCaP cells treated with pifithrin-alpha, which prevents p53 accumulation, or of prostate cancer cells that lack p53 function (PC3 and DU145). Ectopic expression of p53 in PC3 cells for 44 hours did not reduce XIAP abundance or induce apoptosis. However, p53-expressing PC3 cells readily apoptosed when exposed to CKIs or when depleted of XIAP by RNA interference. These findings show that CKIs induce the mitochondria-mediated apoptosis of prostate cancer cells by a dual mechanism: p53 accumulation and XIAP depletion. They suggest that these events in combination may prove useful in the treatment of advanced prostate cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhra Mohapatra
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute and University of South Florida Medical Center, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA.
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Upton JW, van Dyk LF, Speck SH. Characterization of murine gammaherpesvirus 68 v-cyclin interactions with cellular cdks. Virology 2005; 341:271-83. [PMID: 16102793 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2005] [Revised: 05/06/2005] [Accepted: 07/13/2005] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
All known gamma2-herpesviruses encode a cyclin homolog with significant homology to mammalian D-type cyclins. The murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (gammaHV68) viral cyclin (v-cyclin) has been shown to be oncogenic when expression is targeted to thymocytes in transgenic mice and to be critical for virus reactivation from latency. Here, we investigate the interaction of the gammaHV68 v-cyclin with cellular cyclin-dependent kinases (cdks). We show that, in contrast to the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) v-cyclin, the gammaHV68 v-cyclin preferentially interacts with cdk2 and cdc2 but does not interact with either cdk4 or cdk6. Mutation of conserved residues, predicted to be involved in cdk binding based on the gammaHV68 v-cyclin:cdk2 crystal structure, resulted in the loss of both cdk binding and the ability to mediate phosphorylation of substrates. Like the KSHV v-cyclin, the gammaHV68 v-cyclin appears to confer expanded substrate specificity to the cellular cdk binding partners. As expected, the gammaHV68 v-cyclin:cdk complexes are able to target phosphorylation of histone H1, the retinoblastoma protein (pRb), and p27(Kip1) as assessed using in vitro kinase assays. Notably, hyperphosphorylation of pRb was observed during wt gammaHV68 replication in serum-starved murine fibroblasts, but not in cells that were either mock-infected or infected with a v-cyclin null gammaHV68. In addition, infection of serum-starved murine fibroblasts also results in a v-cyclin-dependent increase in cdk2-associated kinase activity and a concomitant decrease in the levels of p27(Kip1). Taken together, the latter studies served to validate the results of the in vitro kinase assays. Finally, in vitro kinase assays revealed that the gammaHV68 v-cyclin:cdk complexes can also phosphorylate p21(Cip1), Bcl-2, and p53. The latter suggests that, at least in vitro, the gammaHV68 v-cyclin exhibits functional characteristics of both cyclin E and cyclin A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason W Upton
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, NE Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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37
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Beder LB, Gunduz M, Ouchida M, Gunduz E, Sakai A, Fukushima K, Nagatsuka H, Ito S, Honjo N, Nishizaki K, Shimizu K. Identification of a candidate tumor suppressor gene RHOBTB1 located at a novel allelic loss region 10q21 in head and neck cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2005; 132:19-27. [PMID: 16170569 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-005-0033-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2005] [Accepted: 08/22/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Aims of the study are to narrow-down the hotspot region on 10q21 defined by previous genome-wide loss of heterozygosity (LOH) analysis in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) and to define candidate tumor suppressor genes (TSG) concerned with 10q21. MATERIALS AND METHODS LOH analysis was carried out with ten polymorphic microsatellite markers. Expression analysis was performed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR, and mutation analysis by PCR and direct sequencing. RESULTS LOH analysis on 10q21 in 52 HNSCC indicated distinctive and frequent allelic loss at D10S589 (42%). Among flanking genes, we found the RHOBTB1 gene as a candidate TSG, since an intragenic marker demonstrated the highest LOH (44%). Expression analysis revealed down-regulation of RHOBTB1 mRNA in 37% of tumors. Interestingly, all the five tumors that showed decreased expression of RHOBTB1 were accompanied with LOH, supporting the haploinsufficiency and class 2 TSG characteristics of RHOBTB1. No pathogenic mutation of RHOBTB1 was found. Furthermore, another gene within the region, EGR2, was also taken under scope. LOH frequencies around the EGR2 gene were relatively low (23 and 33%). Albeit semi-quantitative expression analysis of EGR2 demonstrated downregulation in 45% of tumor samples, no relation was found between the expression levels and LOH status. CONCLUSION Frequent allelic loss and decreased expression of RHOBTB1 suggested that this gene has a role in tumorigenesis of a subset of HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levent B Beder
- Department of Otolaryngology, Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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Fogal V, Hsieh JK, Royer C, Zhong S, Lu X. Cell cycle-dependent nuclear retention of p53 by E2F1 requires phosphorylation of p53 at Ser315. EMBO J 2005; 24:2768-82. [PMID: 16037820 PMCID: PMC1182237 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2004] [Accepted: 06/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We show here that the cell cycle-dependent DNA-binding and transcriptional activity of p53 correlates with E2F expression in human primary fibroblasts. E2F1 binds and stimulates DNA-binding, transactivation and apoptotic functions of p53 but not p63 and p73. E2F1 binds residues 347-370 of p53 and enhances nuclear retention of Ser315 phosphorylated p53. This regulation of p53 by E2F1 is cell cycle dependent, as the cellular distribution of Ser315 phosphorylated p53 is associated with the periodic expression of E2F and cyclin A throughout the cell cycle. This is the first demonstration that the activities of p53 are regulated during the cell cycle by E2F/p53 interactions and that phosphorylation of p53 at Ser315 is required for this regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Fogal
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University College London Branch, London, UK
| | - Jung-Kuang Hsieh
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University College London Branch, London, UK
| | - Christophe Royer
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University College London Branch, London, UK
| | - Shan Zhong
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University College London Branch, London, UK
| | - Xin Lu
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University College London Branch, London, UK
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39
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Habran L, Bontems S, Di Valentin E, Sadzot-Delvaux C, Piette J. Varicella-zoster virus IE63 protein phosphorylation by roscovitine-sensitive cyclin-dependent kinases modulates its cellular localization and activity. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:29135-43. [PMID: 15955820 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m503312200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
During the first stage of Varicella-Zoster virus (VZV) infection, IE63 (immediate early 63 protein) is mostly expressed in the nucleus and also slightly in the cytoplasm, and during latency, IE63 localizes in the cytoplasm quite exclusively. Because phosphorylation is known to regulate various cellular mechanisms, we investigated the impact of phosphorylation by roscovitine-sensitive cyclin-dependent kinase (RSC) on the localization and functional properties of IE63. We demonstrated first that IE63 was phosphorylated on Ser-224 in vitro by CDK1 and CDK5 but not by CDK2, CDK7, or CDK9. Furthermore, by using roscovitine and CDK1 inhibitor III (CiIII), we showed that CDK1 phosphorylated IE63 on Ser-224 in vivo. By mutagenesis and the use of inhibitors, we demonstrated that phosphorylation on Ser-224 was important for the correct localization of the protein. Indeed, the substitution of these residues by alanine led to an exclusive nuclear localization of the protein, whereas mutations into glutamic acid did not modify its subcellular distribution. When transfected or VZV-infected cells were treated with roscovitine or CiIII, an exclusive nuclear localization of IE63 was also observed. By using a transfection assay, we also showed that phosphorylation on Ser-224 and Thr-222 was essential for the down-regulation of the basal activity of the VZV DNA polymerase gene promoter. Similarly, roscovitine and CiIII impaired these properties of the wild-type form of IE63. These observations clearly demonstrated the importance of CDK1-mediated IE63 phosphorylation for a correct distribution of IE63 between both cellular compartments and for its repressive activity toward the promoter tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Habran
- Laboratory of Virology and Immunology, Center for Biomedical Genoproteomics, Institute of Pathology B23, University of Liège, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
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Subramanian D, Griffith JD. Modulation of p53 binding to Holliday junctions and 3-cytosine bulges by phosphorylation events. Biochemistry 2005; 44:2536-44. [PMID: 15709766 DOI: 10.1021/bi048700u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recognition of certain types of DNA lesions by the tumor suppressor protein, p53, represents one of the several downstream functions of this protein in response to DNA damage. This binding property is regulated by several factors including posttranslational modifications and interactions with other proteins. Phosphorylation by several stress-response kinases activates p53 by increasing protein stability as well as transactivation properties. Here we examined the effect of phosphorylation events on the sequence-independent binding properties of p53 using two DNA substrates: One resembling Holliday junctions and the other containing extra base bulges. Gel retardation assays showed that dephosphorylation of serine 392 in the C-terminal domain of p53 greatly reduces Holliday junction and lesion recognition. In contrast, sequence-specific binding is disrupted by the removal of some N-terminal phosphates but not serine 392. Rephosphorylation of p53 by certain kinases can restore p53 recognition of Holliday junctions and 3-cytosine bulges. In all cases, phosphorylation of serine 392 occurs; however, reactivation also involves other residues. Together, the results show that p53 DNA binding activity is strongly regulated by the phosphorylation state of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Subramanian
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7295, USA
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41
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Lin T, Chao C, Saito S, Mazur SJ, Murphy ME, Appella E, Xu Y. p53 induces differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells by suppressing Nanog expression. Nat Cell Biol 2004; 7:165-71. [PMID: 15619621 DOI: 10.1038/ncb1211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 652] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2004] [Accepted: 11/22/2004] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The tumour suppressor p53 becomes activated in response to upstream stress signals, such as DNA damage, and causes cell-cycle arrest or apoptosis. Here we report a novel role for p53 in the differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs). p53 binds to the promoter of Nanog, a gene required for ESC self-renewal, and suppresses Nanog expression after DNA damage. The rapid down-regulation of Nanog mRNA during ESC differentiation correlates with the induction of p53 transcriptional activity and Ser 315 phosphorylation. The importance of Ser 315 phosphorylation was revealed by the finding that induction of p53 activity is impaired in p53(S315A) knock-in ESCs during differentiation, leading to inefficient suppression of Nanog expression. The decreased inhibition of Nanog expression in p53(S315A) ESCs during differentiation is due to an impaired recruitment of the co-repressor mSin3a to the Nanog promoter. These findings indicate an alternative mechanism for p53 to maintain genetic stability in ESCs, by inducing the differentiation of ESCs into other cell types that undergo efficient p53-dependent cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongxiang Lin
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0322, USA
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42
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Longshaw VM, Chapple JP, Balda MS, Cheetham ME, Blatch GL. Nuclear translocation of the Hsp70/Hsp90 organizing protein mSTI1 is regulated by cell cycle kinases. J Cell Sci 2004; 117:701-10. [PMID: 14754904 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.00905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The co-chaperone murine stress-inducible protein 1 (mSTI1), an Hsp70/Hsp90 organizing protein (Hop) homologue, mediates the assembly of the Hsp70/Hsp90 chaperone heterocomplex. The mSTI1 protein can be phosphorylated in vitro by cell cycle kinases proximal to a putative nuclear localization signal (NLS), which substantiated a predicted casein kinase II (CKII)-cdc2 kinase-NLS (CcN) motif at position 180-239 and suggested that mSTI1 might move between the cytoplasm and the nucleus under certain cell cycle conditions. The mechanism responsible for the cellular localization of mSTI1 was probed using NIH3T3 fibroblasts to investigate the localization of endogenous mSTI1 and enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-tagged mSTI1 mutants. Localization studies on cell lines stably expressing NLS(mSTI1)-EGFP and EGFP demonstrated that the NLS(mSTI1) was able to promote a nuclear localization of EGFP. The mSTI1 protein was exclusively cytoplasmic in most cells under normal conditions but was present in the nucleus of a subpopulation of cells and accumulated in the nucleus following inhibition of nuclear export (leptomycin B treatment). G1/S-phase arrest (using hydroxyurea) and inhibition of cdc2 kinase (using olomoucine) but not inhibition of casein kinase II (using 5,6-dichlorobenzimidazole riboside), increased the proportion of cells with endogenous mSTI1 nuclear staining. mSTI1-EGFP behaved identically to endogenous mSTI1. The functional importance of key residues was tested using modified mSTI1-EGFP proteins. Inactivation and phosphorylation mimicking of potential phosphorylation sites in mSTI1 altered the nuclear translocation. Mimicking of phosphorylation at the mSTI1 CKII phosphorylation site (S189E) promoted nuclear localization of mSTI1-EGFP. Mimicking phosphorylation at the cdc2 kinase phosphorylation site (T198E) promoted cytoplasmic localization of mSTI1-EGFP at the G1/S-phase transition,whereas removal of this site (T198A) promoted the nuclear localization of mSTI1-EGFP under the same conditions. These data provide the first evidence of nuclear import and export of a major Hsp70/Hsp90 co-chaperone and the regulation of this nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling by cell cycle status and cell cycle kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria M Longshaw
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
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43
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Liu Q, Kaneko S, Yang L, Feldman RI, Nicosia SV, Chen J, Cheng JQ. Aurora-A abrogation of p53 DNA binding and transactivation activity by phosphorylation of serine 215. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:52175-82. [PMID: 15469940 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m406802200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53 is important in the decision to either arrest cell cycle progression or induce apoptosis in response to a variety of stimuli. p53 posttranslational modifications and association with other proteins have been implicated in the regulation of its stability and transactivation activity. Here we show that p53 is phosphorylated by the mitotic kinase Aurora-A at serine 215. Unlike most identified phosphorylation sites of p53 that positively associate with p53 function (Brooks, C. L., and Gu, W. (2003) Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 15, 164-171), the phosphorylation of p53 by Aurora-A at Ser-215 abrogates p53 DNA binding and transactivation activity. Downstream target genes of p53, such as p21Cip/WAF1 and PTEN, were inhibited by Aurora-A in a Ser-215 phosphorylation-dependent manner (i.e. phosphomimic p53-S215D lost and non-phosphorylatable p53-S215A retained normal p53 function). As a result, Aurora-A overrides the apoptosis and cell cycle arrest induced by cisplatin and gamma-irradiation, respectively. However, the effect of Aurora-A on p53 DNA binding and transactivation activity was not affected by phosphorylation of Ser-315, a recently identified Aurora-A phosphorylation site of p53 (Katayama, H., Sasai, K., Kawai, H., Yuan, Z. M., Bondaruk, J., Suzuki, F., Fujii, S., Arlinghaus, R. B., Czerniak, B. A., and Sen, S. (2004) Nat. Genet. 36, 55-62). Our data indicate that phosphorylation of p53 at Ser-215 by Aurora-A is a major mechanism to inactivate p53 and can provide a molecular insight for Aurora-A function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyuan Liu
- Departments of Pathology and Interdisciplinary Oncology, University of South Florida College of Medicine and H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA
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44
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena S Stavridi
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4268, USA
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45
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Kanehara K, Ito K, Akiyama Y. YaeL proteolysis of RseA is controlled by the PDZ domain of YaeL and a Gln-rich region of RseA. EMBO J 2004; 22:6389-98. [PMID: 14633997 PMCID: PMC291843 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/cdg602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
sigmaE is an alternative sigma factor involved in a pathway of extracytoplasmic stress responses in Escherichia coli. Under normal growth conditions, sigmaE activity is down-regulated by the membrane-bound anti-sigmaE protein, RseA. Extracytoplasmic stress signals induce degradation of RseA by two successive proteolytic events: DegS-catalyzed first cleavage at a periplasmic site followed by YaeL-mediated second proteolysis at an intramembrane region. Normally, the second reaction (site-2 proteolysis) only occurs after the first cleavage (site-1 cleavage). Here, we show that YaeL variants with the periplasmic PDZ domain deleted or mutated allows unregulated cleavage of RseA and consequent sigmaE activation. It was also found that a glutamine-rich region in the periplasmic domain of RseA was required for the avoidance of the YaeL-mediated proteolysis in the absence of site-1 cleavage. These results indicate that multiple negative elements both in the enzyme (PDZ domain) and in the substrate (glutamine-rich region) determine the strict dependence of the site-2 proteolysis on the site-1 cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazue Kanehara
- Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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46
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Qu L, Huang S, Baltzis D, Rivas-Estilla AM, Pluquet O, Hatzoglou M, Koumenis C, Taya Y, Yoshimura A, Koromilas AE. Endoplasmic reticulum stress induces p53 cytoplasmic localization and prevents p53-dependent apoptosis by a pathway involving glycogen synthase kinase-3beta. Genes Dev 2004; 18:261-77. [PMID: 14744935 PMCID: PMC338280 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1165804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53, a sensor of multiple forms of cellular stress, is regulated by post-translational mechanisms to induce cell-cycle arrest, senescence, or apoptosis. We demonstrate that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inhibits p53-mediated apoptosis. The mechanism of inhibition involves the increased cytoplasmic localization of p53 due to phosphorylation at serine 315 and serine 376, which is mediated by glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3beta). ER stress induces GSK-3beta binding to p53 in the nucleus and enhances the cytoplasmic localization of the tumor suppressor. Inhibition of apoptosis caused by ER stress requires GSK-3beta and does not occur in cells expressing p53 with mutation(s) of serine 315 and/or serine 376 to alanine(s). As a result of the increased cytoplasmic localization, ER stress prevents p53 stabilization and p53-mediated apoptosis upon DNA damage. It is concluded that inactivation of p53 is a protective mechanism utilized by cells to adapt to ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- LiKe Qu
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, Sir Mortimer B Davis-Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec H3T 1E2, Canada
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47
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Fischer PM, Gianella-Borradori A. CDK inhibitors in clinical development for the treatment of cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2003; 12:955-70. [PMID: 12783600 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.12.6.955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent protein kinases (CDKs) are key regulators of the cell division cycle, whose various checkpoints proliferating cells must traverse. Since CDK deregulation, either through direct or indirect means, is found in most cancer cells, pharmacological CDK inhibition has become an attractive strategy towards mechanism-based and non-genotoxic therapies in oncology. Over the last decade, discovery and lead optimisation efforts have provided a wealth of potential drug candidate molecules capable of inhibiting CDKs, blocking cell-cycle progression, modulating transcription and inducing apoptosis selectively in cancer cells. However, only few such agents have as yet reached clinical evaluation. Here, the preclinical and clinical results obtained so far with flavopiridol (L868275, HMR1275; Aventis), 7-hydroxystaurosporine (UCN-01, KW-2401; Kyowa Hakko Kogyo) and roscovitine (R-roscovitine, CYC202; Cyclacel) are summarised. Furthermore, the potential for monotherapy and applications in combination with existing drugs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Fischer
- Cyclacel Limited, James Lindsay Place, Dundee DD1 5JJ, Scotland, UK.
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48
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, USA.
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49
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Toby GG, Gherraby W, Coleman TR, Golemis EA. A novel RING finger protein, human enhancer of invasion 10, alters mitotic progression through regulation of cyclin B levels. Mol Cell Biol 2003; 23:2109-22. [PMID: 12612082 PMCID: PMC149478 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.23.6.2109-2122.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The process of cellular morphogenesis is highly conserved in eukaryotes and is dependent upon the function of proteins that are centrally involved in specification of the cell cycle. The human enhancer of invasion clone 10 (HEI10) protein was identified from a HeLa cell library based on its ability to promote yeast agar invasion and filamentation. Through two-hybrid screening, the mitotic cyclin B1 and an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme were isolated as HEI10-interacting proteins. Mutation of the HEI10 divergent RING finger motif (characteristic of E3 ubiquitin ligases) and Cdc2/cyclin binding and phosphorylation sites alter HEI10-dependent yeast phenotypes, including delay in G(2)/M transition. In vertebrates, the addition of HEI10 inhibits nuclear envelope breakdown and mitotic entry in Xenopus egg extracts. Mechanistically, HEI10 expression reduces cyclin B levels in cycling Xenopus eggs and reduces levels of the cyclin B ortholog Clb2p in yeast. HEI10 is itself a specific in vitro substrate of purified cyclin B/cdc2, with a TPVR motif as primary phosphorylation site. Finally, HEI10 is itself ubiquitinated in egg extracts and is also autoubiquitinated in vitro. These and other points lead to a model in which HEI10 defines a divergent class of E3 ubiquitin ligase, functioning in progression through G(2)/M.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garabet G Toby
- Division of Basic Science, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 7701 Burholme Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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50
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Grundt K, Skjeldal L, Anthonsen HW, Skauge T, Huitfeldt HS, Østvold AC. A putative DNA-binding domain in the NUCKS protein. Arch Biochem Biophys 2002; 407:168-75. [PMID: 12413487 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9861(02)00513-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the DNA-binding properties of a NUCKS-derived, synthetic peptide containing an extended GRP motif. This peptide binds to random-sequence DNA, but did not bind preferentially to poly(dA-dT). A synthetic peptide with the same amino acid composition but with a random sequence did not bind to DNA, suggesting that the structure of the DNA-binding domain plays a pivotal role in the interaction with DNA. NMR and graphic modeling were employed to investigate the structure of the synthetic peptide. It was shown that the DNA-binding peptide constituted an alpha helix in phosphate buffer at pH 5.5. Docking results indicated an almost perfect fit for this small, helical peptide into the major groove of DNA with the possibility of four basic residues interacting with the phosphate backbone of DNA. One consensus site for phosphorylation by Cdk1 is located in the N-terminal end of the DNA-binding peptide. Upon phosphorylation of this site, the binding to DNA was completely prohibited. Immunofluorescence experiments showed that NUCKS was located in the nuclei in proliferating cells in interphase of the cell cycle, but was distributed throughout the cytoplasm in mitotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Grundt
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Oslo, Box 1115 Blindern, Oslo, Norway
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