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Ehrlich M, Ehrlich KC, Lacey M, Baribault C, Sen S, Estève PO, Pradhan S. Epigenetics of Genes Preferentially Expressed in Dissimilar Cell Populations: Myoblasts and Cerebellum. EPIGENOMES 2024; 8:4. [PMID: 38390894 PMCID: PMC10885033 DOI: 10.3390/epigenomes8010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
While studying myoblast methylomes and transcriptomes, we found that CDH15 had a remarkable preference for expression in both myoblasts and cerebellum. To understand how widespread such a relationship was and its epigenetic and biological correlates, we systematically looked for genes with similar transcription profiles and analyzed their DNA methylation and chromatin state and accessibility profiles in many different cell populations. Twenty genes were expressed preferentially in myoblasts and cerebellum (Myob/Cbl genes). Some shared DNA hypo- or hypermethylated regions in myoblasts and cerebellum. Particularly striking was ZNF556, whose promoter is hypomethylated in expressing cells but highly methylated in the many cell populations that do not express the gene. In reporter gene assays, we demonstrated that its promoter's activity is methylation sensitive. The atypical epigenetics of ZNF556 may have originated from its promoter's hypomethylation and selective activation in sperm progenitors and oocytes. Five of the Myob/Cbl genes (KCNJ12, ST8SIA5, ZIC1, VAX2, and EN2) have much higher RNA levels in cerebellum than in myoblasts and displayed myoblast-specific hypermethylation upstream and/or downstream of their promoters that may downmodulate expression. Differential DNA methylation was associated with alternative promoter usage for Myob/Cbl genes MCF2L, DOK7, CNPY1, and ANK1. Myob/Cbl genes PAX3, LBX1, ZNF556, ZIC1, EN2, and VAX2 encode sequence-specific transcription factors, which likely help drive the myoblast and cerebellum specificity of other Myob/Cbl genes. This study extends our understanding of epigenetic/transcription associations related to differentiation and may help elucidate relationships between epigenetic signatures and muscular dystrophies or cerebellar-linked neuropathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Ehrlich
- Tulane Cancer Center, Hayward Human Genetics Center, Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Kenneth C Ehrlich
- Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Michelle Lacey
- Department of Mathematics, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Carl Baribault
- Information Technology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Sagnik Sen
- Genome Biology Division, New England Biolabs, Ipswich, MA 01938, USA
| | | | - Sriharsa Pradhan
- Genome Biology Division, New England Biolabs, Ipswich, MA 01938, USA
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Akova Ölken E, Aszodi A, Taipaleenmäki H, Saito H, Schönitzer V, Chaloupka M, Apfelbeck M, Böcker W, Saller MM. SFRP2 Overexpression Induces an Osteoblast-like Phenotype in Prostate Cancer Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11244081. [PMID: 36552843 PMCID: PMC9777425 DOI: 10.3390/cells11244081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer bone metastasis is still one of the most fatal cancer diagnoses for men. Survival of the circulating prostate tumor cells and their adaptation strategy to survive in the bone niche is the key point to determining metastasis in early cancer stages. The promoter of SFRP2 gene, encoding a WNT signaling modulator, is hypermethylated in many cancer types including prostate cancer. Moreover, SFRP2 can positively regulate osteogenic differentiation in vitro and in vivo. Here, we showed SFRP2 overexpression in the prostate cancer cell line PC3 induces an epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), increases the attachment, and modifies the transcriptome towards an osteoblast-like phenotype (osteomimicry) in a collagen 1-dependent manner. Our data reflect a novel molecular mechanism concerning how metastasizing prostate cancer cells might increase their chance to survive within bone tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Akova Ölken
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Musculoskeletal University Center Munich (MUM), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Hospital, Fraunhoferstraße 20, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Attila Aszodi
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Musculoskeletal University Center Munich (MUM), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Hospital, Fraunhoferstraße 20, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Hanna Taipaleenmäki
- Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine (IMM), Musculoskeletal University Center Munich (MUM), LMU Hospital, Fraunhoferstraße 20, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Hiroaki Saito
- Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine (IMM), Musculoskeletal University Center Munich (MUM), LMU Hospital, Fraunhoferstraße 20, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Veronika Schönitzer
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Musculoskeletal University Center Munich (MUM), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Hospital, Fraunhoferstraße 20, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Michael Chaloupka
- Urologischen Klinik und Poliklinik, LMU Hospital, Marchioninistr 15, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Maria Apfelbeck
- Urologischen Klinik und Poliklinik, LMU Hospital, Marchioninistr 15, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Böcker
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Musculoskeletal University Center Munich (MUM), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Hospital, Fraunhoferstraße 20, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Maximilian Michael Saller
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Musculoskeletal University Center Munich (MUM), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Hospital, Fraunhoferstraße 20, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-89-4400-55486
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Toniolo L, Sirago G, Fiotti N, Giacomello E. Golgi Complex form and Function: A Potential Hub Role Also in Skeletal Muscle Pathologies? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314989. [PMID: 36499316 PMCID: PMC9740117 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing number of disorders has been associated with mutations in the components of the vesicular transport machinery. The early secretory pathway consists of Endoplasmic Reticulum, numerous vesicles, and the Golgi Complex (GC), which work together to modify and package proteins to deliver them to their destination. The GC is a hub organelle, crucial for organization of the other secretory pathway components. As a consequence, GC's form and function are key players in the pathogenesis of several disorders. Skeletal muscle (SKM) damage can be caused by defective protein modifications and traffic, as observed in some Limb girdle muscular dystrophies. Interestingly, in turn, muscle damage in Duchenne dystrophic SKM cells also includes the alteration of GC morphology. Based on the correlation between GC's form and function described in non-muscle diseases, we suggest a key role for this hub organelle also in the onset and progression of some SKM disorders. An altered GC could affect the secretory pathway via primary (e.g., mutation of a glycosylation enzyme), or secondary mechanisms (e.g., GC mis-localization in Duchenne muscles), which converge in SKM cell failure. This evidence induces considering the secretory pathway as a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of muscular dystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Toniolo
- Laboratory of Muscle Biophysics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sirago
- Laboratory of Muscle Biophysics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Nicola Fiotti
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Emiliana Giacomello
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-040-3993251
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Yamada T, Saitoh Y, Kametani K, Kamijo A, Sakamoto T, Terada N. Involvement of membrane palmitoylated protein 2 (MPP2) in the synaptic molecular complex at the mouse cerebellar glomerulus. Histochem Cell Biol 2022; 158:497-511. [PMID: 35854144 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-022-02137-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that the membrane skeletal protein 4.1G in the peripheral nervous system transports membrane palmitoylated protein 6 (MPP6), which interacts with the synaptic scaffolding protein Lin7 and cell adhesion molecule 4 (CADM4) in Schwann cells that form myelin. In the present study, we investigated the localization of and proteins related to MPP2, a highly homologous family protein of MPP6, in the cerebellum of the mouse central nervous system, in which neurons are well organized. Immunostaining for MPP2 was observed at cerebellar glomeruli (CG) in the granular layer after postnatal day 14. Using the high-resolution Airyscan mode of a confocal laser-scanning microscope, MPP2 was detected as a dot pattern and colocalized with CADM1 and Lin7, recognized as small ring/line patterns, as well as with calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine protein kinase (CASK), NMDA glutamate receptor 1 (GluN1), and M-cadherin, recognized as dot patterns, indicating the localization of MPP2 in the excitatory postsynaptic region and adherens junctions of granule cells. An immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that MPP2 formed a molecular complex with CADM1, CASK, M-cadherin, and Lin7. Furthermore, the Lin7 staining pattern showed small rings surrounding mossy fibers in wild-type CG, while it changed to the dot/spot pattern inside small rings detected with CADM1 staining in MPP2-deficient CG. These results indicate that MPP2 influences the distribution of Lin7 to synaptic cell membranes at postsynaptic regions in granule cells at CG, at which electric signals enter the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Yamada
- Health Science Division, Department of Medical Sciences, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Yurika Saitoh
- Health Science Division, Department of Medical Sciences, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
- Center for Medical Education, Teikyo University of Science, Adachi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyokazu Kametani
- Health Science Division, Department of Medical Sciences, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Akio Kamijo
- Health Science Division, Department of Medical Sciences, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
- Division of Basic and Clinical Medicine, Nagano College of Nursing, Komagane, Nagano, Japan
| | - Takeharu Sakamoto
- Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nobuo Terada
- Health Science Division, Department of Medical Sciences, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan.
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Taylor L, Wankell M, Saxena P, McFarlane C, Hebbard L. Cell adhesion an important determinant of myogenesis and satellite cell activity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2021; 1869:119170. [PMID: 34763027 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.119170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscles represent a complex and highly organised tissue responsible for all voluntary body movements. Developed through an intricate and tightly controlled process known as myogenesis, muscles form early in development and are maintained throughout life. Due to the constant stresses that muscles are subjected to, skeletal muscles maintain a complex course of regeneration to both replace and repair damaged myofibers and to form new functional myofibers. This process, made possible by a pool of resident muscle stem cells, termed satellite cells, and controlled by an array of transcription factors, is additionally reliant on a diverse range of cell adhesion molecules and the numerous signaling cascades that they initiate. This article will review the literature surrounding adhesion molecules and their roles in skeletal muscle myogenesis and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Taylor
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Centre for Tropical Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology, Australian Institute of Tropical Medicine and Health, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Miriam Wankell
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Centre for Tropical Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology, Australian Institute of Tropical Medicine and Health, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Pankaj Saxena
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Townsville University Hospital, Townsville, Queensland, Australia; College of Medicine, Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Craig McFarlane
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Centre for Tropical Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology, Australian Institute of Tropical Medicine and Health, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Lionel Hebbard
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Centre for Tropical Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology, Australian Institute of Tropical Medicine and Health, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia; Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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Advanced Glycation End Products Are Retained in Decellularized Muscle Matrix Derived from Aged Skeletal Muscle. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168832. [PMID: 34445538 PMCID: PMC8396213 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Decellularized tissues are biocompatible materials that engraft well, but the age of their source has not been explored for clinical translation. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are chemical cross-links that accrue on skeletal muscle collagen in old age, stiffening the matrix and increasing inflammation. Whether decellularized biomaterials derived from aged muscle would suffer from increased AGE collagen cross-links is unknown. We characterized gastrocnemii of 1-, 2-, and 20-month-old C57BL/6J mice before and after decellularization to determine age-dependent changes to collagen stiffness and AGE cross-linking. Total and soluble collagen was measured to assess if age-dependent increases in collagen and cross-linking persisted in decellularized muscle matrix (DMM). Stiffness of aged DMM was determined using atomic force microscopy. AGE levels and the effect of an AGE cross-link breaker, ALT-711, were tested in DMM samples. Our results show that age-dependent increases in collagen amount, cross-linking, and general stiffness were observed in DMM. Notably, we measured increased AGE-specific cross-links within old muscle, and observed that old DMM retained AGE cross-links using ALT-711 to reduce AGE levels. In conclusion, deleterious age-dependent modifications to collagen are present in DMM from old muscle, implying that age matters when sourcing skeletal muscle extracellular matrix as a biomaterial.
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The cooperation of cis-elements during M-cadherin promoter activation. Biochem J 2021; 478:911-926. [PMID: 33527978 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
M-cadherin is a skeletal muscle-specific transmembrane protein mediating the cell-cell adhesion of myoblasts during myogenesis. It is expressed in the proliferating satellite cells and highly induced by myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) during terminal myogenic differentiation. Several conserved cis-elements, including 5 E-boxes, 2 GC boxes, and 1 conserved downstream element (CDE) were identified in the M-cadherin proximal promoter. We found that E-box-3 and -4 close to the transcription initiation site (TIS) mediated most of its transactivation by MyoD, the strongest myogenic MRF. Including of any one of the other E-boxes restored the full activation by MyoD, suggesting an essential collaboration between E-boxes. Stronger activation of M-cadherin promoter than that of muscle creatine kinase (MCK) by MyoD was observed regardless of culture conditions and the presence of E47. Furthermore, MyoD/E47 heterodimer and MyoD ∼ E47 fusion protein achieved similar levels of activation in differentiation medium (DM), suggesting high affinity of MyoD/E47 to E-boxes 3/4 under DM. We also found that GC boxes and CDE positively affected MyoD mediated activation. The CDE element was predicted to be the target of the chromatin-modifying factor Meis1/Pbx1 heterodimer. Knockdown of Pbx1 significantly reduced the expression level of M-cadherin, but increased that of N-cadherin. Using ChIP assay, we further found significant reduction in MyoD recruitment to M-cadherin promoter when CDE was deleted. Taken together, these observations suggest that the chromatin-modifying function of Pbx1/Meis1 is critical to M-cadherin promoter activation before MyoD is recruited to E-boxes to trigger transcription.
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Abstract
The resident stem cell for skeletal muscle is the satellite cell. On the 50th anniversary of its discovery in 1961, we described the history of skeletal muscle research and the seminal findings made during the first 20 years in the life of the satellite cell (Scharner and Zammit 2011, doi: 10.1186/2044-5040-1-28). These studies established the satellite cell as the source of myoblasts for growth and regeneration of skeletal muscle. Now on the 60th anniversary, we highlight breakthroughs in the second phase of satellite cell research from 1980 to 2000. These include technical innovations such as isolation of primary satellite cells and viable muscle fibres complete with satellite cells in their niche, together with generation of many useful reagents including genetically modified organisms and antibodies still in use today. New methodologies were combined with description of endogenous satellite cells markers, notably Pax7. Discovery of the muscle regulatory factors Myf5, MyoD, myogenin, and MRF4 in the late 1980s revolutionized understanding of the control of both developmental and regerenative myogenesis. Emergence of genetic lineage markers facilitated identification of satellite cells in situ, and also empowered transplantation studies to examine satellite cell function. Finally, satellite cell heterogeneity and the supportive role of non-satellite cell types in muscle regeneration were described. These major advances in methodology and in understanding satellite cell biology provided further foundations for the dramatic escalation of work on muscle stem cells in the 21st century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise N. Engquist
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Peter S. Zammit
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
- Correspondence to: Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK. E-mail:
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Owens DJ, Messéant J, Moog S, Viggars M, Ferry A, Mamchaoui K, Lacène E, Roméro N, Brull A, Bonne G, Butler-Browne G, Coirault C. Lamin-Related Congenital Muscular Dystrophy Alters Mechanical Signaling and Skeletal Muscle Growth. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010306. [PMID: 33396724 PMCID: PMC7795708 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Laminopathies are a clinically heterogeneous group of disorders caused by mutations in the LMNA gene, which encodes the nuclear envelope proteins lamins A and C. The most frequent diseases associated with LMNA mutations are characterized by skeletal and cardiac involvement, and include autosomal dominant Emery–Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD), limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 1B, and LMNA-related congenital muscular dystrophy (LMNA-CMD). Although the exact pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for LMNA-CMD are not yet understood, severe contracture and muscle atrophy suggest that mutations may impair skeletal muscle growth. Using human muscle stem cells (MuSCs) carrying LMNA-CMD mutations, we observe impaired myogenic fusion with disorganized cadherin/β catenin adhesion complexes. We show that skeletal muscle from Lmna-CMD mice is unable to hypertrophy in response to functional overload, due to defective fusion of activated MuSCs, defective protein synthesis and defective remodeling of the neuromuscular junction. Moreover, stretched myotubes and overloaded muscle fibers with LMNA-CMD mutations display aberrant mechanical regulation of the yes-associated protein (YAP). We also observe defects in MuSC activation and YAP signaling in muscle biopsies from LMNA-CMD patients. These phenotypes are not recapitulated in closely related but less severe EDMD models. In conclusion, combining studies in vitro, in vivo, and patient samples, we find that LMNA-CMD mutations interfere with mechanosignaling pathways in skeletal muscle, implicating A-type lamins in the regulation of skeletal muscle growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Owens
- Center for Research in Myology, Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMRS_974, 75013 Paris, France; (D.J.O.); (J.M.); (A.F.); (K.M.); (A.B.); (G.B.); (G.B.-B.)
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK;
| | - Julien Messéant
- Center for Research in Myology, Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMRS_974, 75013 Paris, France; (D.J.O.); (J.M.); (A.F.); (K.M.); (A.B.); (G.B.); (G.B.-B.)
| | | | - Mark Viggars
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK;
| | - Arnaud Ferry
- Center for Research in Myology, Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMRS_974, 75013 Paris, France; (D.J.O.); (J.M.); (A.F.); (K.M.); (A.B.); (G.B.); (G.B.-B.)
- Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Kamel Mamchaoui
- Center for Research in Myology, Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMRS_974, 75013 Paris, France; (D.J.O.); (J.M.); (A.F.); (K.M.); (A.B.); (G.B.); (G.B.-B.)
- Neuromuscular Morphology Unit, Institute of Myology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 75013 Paris, France; (E.L.); (N.R.)
| | - Emmanuelle Lacène
- Neuromuscular Morphology Unit, Institute of Myology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 75013 Paris, France; (E.L.); (N.R.)
| | - Norma Roméro
- Neuromuscular Morphology Unit, Institute of Myology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 75013 Paris, France; (E.L.); (N.R.)
- APHP, Reference Center for Neuromuscular Disorders, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Institute of Myology, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Astrid Brull
- Center for Research in Myology, Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMRS_974, 75013 Paris, France; (D.J.O.); (J.M.); (A.F.); (K.M.); (A.B.); (G.B.); (G.B.-B.)
| | - Gisèle Bonne
- Center for Research in Myology, Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMRS_974, 75013 Paris, France; (D.J.O.); (J.M.); (A.F.); (K.M.); (A.B.); (G.B.); (G.B.-B.)
| | - Gillian Butler-Browne
- Center for Research in Myology, Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMRS_974, 75013 Paris, France; (D.J.O.); (J.M.); (A.F.); (K.M.); (A.B.); (G.B.); (G.B.-B.)
| | - Catherine Coirault
- Center for Research in Myology, Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMRS_974, 75013 Paris, France; (D.J.O.); (J.M.); (A.F.); (K.M.); (A.B.); (G.B.); (G.B.-B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-1-1-4216-5708
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Masson SWC, Sorrenson B, Shepherd PR, Merry TL. β-catenin regulates muscle glucose transport via actin remodelling and M-cadherin binding. Mol Metab 2020; 42:101091. [PMID: 33011305 PMCID: PMC7568189 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Skeletal muscle glucose disposal following a meal is mediated through insulin-stimulated movement of the GLUT4-containing vesicles to the cell surface. The highly conserved scaffold-protein β-catenin is an emerging regulator of vesicle trafficking in other tissues. Here, we investigated the involvement of β-catenin in skeletal muscle insulin-stimulated glucose transport. Methods Glucose homeostasis and transport was investigated in inducible muscle specific β-catenin knockout (BCAT-mKO) mice. The effect of β-catenin deletion and mutation of β-catenin serine 552 on signal transduction, glucose uptake and protein–protein interactions were determined in L6-G4-myc cells, and β-catenin insulin-responsive binding partners were identified via immunoprecipitation coupled to label-free proteomics. Results Skeletal muscle specific deletion of β-catenin impaired whole-body insulin sensitivity and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake into muscle independent of canonical Wnt signalling. In response to insulin, β-catenin was phosphorylated at serine 552 in an Akt-dependent manner, and in L6-G4-myc cells, mutation of β-cateninS552 impaired insulin-induced actin-polymerisation, resulting in attenuated insulin-induced glucose transport and GLUT4 translocation. β-catenin was found to interact with M-cadherin in an insulin-dependent β-cateninS552-phosphorylation dependent manner, and loss of M-cadherin in L6-G4-myc cells attenuated insulin-induced actin-polymerisation and glucose transport. Conclusions Our data suggest that β-catenin is a novel mediator of glucose transport in skeletal muscle and may contribute to insulin-induced actin-cytoskeleton remodelling to support GLUT4 translocation. Deletion of β-catenin from the muscles of adult mice attenuates skeletal muscle glucose uptake. Insulin stimulates phosphorylation of β-cateninS552 by a mechanism involving Akt, and this is required for insulin's effects on both GLUT4 trafficking and actin remodelling. Insulin promotes β-catenin/M-cadherin binding, to support cortical actin remodelling associated with GLUT4 translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart W C Masson
- Discipline of Nutrition, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Brie Sorrenson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peter R Shepherd
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Troy L Merry
- Discipline of Nutrition, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Palumbo O, Palumbo P, Di Muro E, Cinque L, Petracca A, Carella M, Castori M. A Private 16q24.2q24.3 Microduplication in a Boy with Intellectual Disability, Speech Delay and Mild Dysmorphic Features. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11060707. [PMID: 32604767 PMCID: PMC7349372 DOI: 10.3390/genes11060707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
No data on interstitial microduplications of the 16q24.2q24.3 chromosome region are available in the medical literature and remain extraordinarily rare in public databases. Here, we describe a boy with a de novo 16q24.2q24.3 microduplication at the Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)-array analysis spanning ~2.2 Mb and encompassing 38 genes. The patient showed mild-to-moderate intellectual disability, speech delay and mild dysmorphic features. In DECIPHER, we found six individuals carrying a “pure” overlapping microduplication. Although available data are very limited, genomic and phenotype comparison of our and previously annotated patients suggested a potential clinical relevance for 16q24.2q24.3 microduplication with a variable and not (yet) recognizable phenotype predominantly affecting cognition. Comparing the cytogenomic data of available individuals allowed us to delineate the smallest region of overlap involving 14 genes. Accordingly, we propose ANKRD11, CDH15, and CTU2 as candidate genes for explaining the related neurodevelopmental manifestations shared by these patients. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that a clinical and molecular comparison among patients with overlapping 16q24.2q24.3 microduplication has been done. This study broadens our knowledge of the phenotypic consequences of 16q24.2q24.3 microduplication, providing supporting evidence of an emerging syndrome.
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Besser RR, Bowles AC, Alassaf A, Carbonero D, Claure I, Jones E, Reda J, Wubker L, Batchelor W, Ziebarth N, Silvera R, Khan A, Maciel R, Saporta M, Agarwal A. Enzymatically crosslinked gelatin-laminin hydrogels for applications in neuromuscular tissue engineering. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:591-606. [PMID: 31859298 PMCID: PMC7141910 DOI: 10.1039/c9bm01430f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We report a water-soluble and non-toxic method to incorporate additional extracellular matrix proteins into gelatin hydrogels, while obviating the use of chemical crosslinkers such as glutaraldehyde. Gelatin hydrogels were fabricated using a range of gelatin concentrations (4%-10%) that corresponded to elastic moduli of approximately 1 kPa-25 kPa, respectively, a substrate stiffness relevant for multiple cell types. Microbial transglutaminase was then used to enzymatically crosslink a layer of laminin on top of gelatin hydrogels, resulting in 2-component gelatin-laminin hydrogels. Human induced pluripotent stem cell derived spinal spheroids readily adhered and rapidly extended axons on GEL-LN hydrogels. Axons displayed a more mature morphology and superior electrophysiological properties on GEL-LN hydrogels compared to the controls. Schwann cells on GEL-LN hydrogels adhered and proliferated normally, displayed a healthy morphology, and maintained the expression of Schwann cell specific markers. Lastly, skeletal muscle cells on GEL-LN hydrogels achieved long-term culture for up to 28 days without delamination, while expressing higher levels of terminal genes including myosin heavy chain, MyoD, MuSK, and M-cadherin suggesting enhanced maturation potential and myotube formation compared to the controls. Future studies will employ the superior culture outcomes of this hybrid substrate for engineering functional neuromuscular junctions and related organ on a chip applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel R Besser
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, 1251 Memorial Dr, MEA 203, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA.
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Hayashi S, Yonekura S. Thermal stimulation at 39°C facilitates the fusion and elongation of C2C12 myoblasts. Anim Sci J 2019; 90:1008-1017. [DOI: 10.1111/asj.13227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Hayashi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology Shinshu University Kamiina Japan
| | - Shinichi Yonekura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology Shinshu University Kamiina Japan
- Department of Interdisciplinary Genome Sciences and Cell Metabolism Institute for Biomedical Sciences Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University Kamiina Japan
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Giacomello E, Ronchi P, Pepperkok R. GM130 and p115 play a key role in the organisation of the early secretory pathway during skeletal muscle differentiation. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.222083. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.222083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Skeletal muscle (SKM) differentiation is a highly regulated process leading to the formation of specialised cells with reorganised compartments and organelles, such as those of the early secretory pathway. During SKM differentiation the Golgi complex (GC) redistributes close to the nuclear envelope and in small distinct peripheral structures distributed throughout the myotube. Concurrently, GC elements closely associate with endoplasmic reticulum-exit sites (ERES). The mechanisms underlying this reorganisation and its relevance for SKM differentiation are poorly understood. Here, we show, by time-lapse imaging studies, that the changes in GC organisation involve GC fragmentation and redistribution of ERES with the formation of tightly associated GC–ERES units. We show that knockdown of GM130 (also known as GOLGA2) or p115 (also known as USO1), two regulators of the early secretory pathway, impairs GC and ERES reorganisation. This in turn results in inhibition of myotube fusion and M-cadherin (also known as CDH15) transport to the sarcolemma. Taken together, our data suggest that the correct reorganisation of the early secretory pathway components plays an important role in SKM differentiation and, thus, associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliana Giacomello
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, (EMBL), Meyerhofstraße 1, Heidelberg D-69117, Germany
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34149, Italy
| | - Paolo Ronchi
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, Europen Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstraße 1, Heidelberg D-69117, Germany
| | - Rainer Pepperkok
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, (EMBL), Meyerhofstraße 1, Heidelberg D-69117, Germany
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15
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Magli A, Incitti T, Kiley J, Swanson SA, Darabi R, Rinaldi F, Selvaraj S, Yamamoto A, Tolar J, Yuan C, Stewart R, Thomson JA, Perlingeiro RCR. PAX7 Targets, CD54, Integrin α9β1, and SDC2, Allow Isolation of Human ESC/iPSC-Derived Myogenic Progenitors. Cell Rep 2018; 19:2867-2877. [PMID: 28658631 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem (PS)-cell-derived cell types hold promise for treating degenerative diseases. However, PS cell differentiation is intrinsically heterogeneous; therefore, clinical translation requires the development of practical methods for isolating progenitors from unwanted and potentially teratogenic cells. Muscle-regenerating progenitors can be derived through transient PAX7 expression. To better understand the biology, and to discover potential markers for these cells, here we investigate PAX7 genomic targets and transcriptional changes in human cells undergoing PAX7-mediated myogenic commitment. We identify CD54, integrin α9β1, and Syndecan2 (SDC2) as surface markers on PAX7-induced myogenic progenitors. We show that these markers allow for the isolation of myogenic progenitors using both fluorescent- and CGMP-compatible magnetic-based sorting technologies and that CD54+α9β1+SDC2+ cells contribute to long-term muscle regeneration in vivo. These findings represent a critical step toward enabling the translation of PS-cell-based therapies for muscle diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Magli
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Tania Incitti
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - James Kiley
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | | | - Radbod Darabi
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Fabrizio Rinaldi
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Sridhar Selvaraj
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Ami Yamamoto
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jakub Tolar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA; Minnesota Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Ce Yuan
- Minnesota Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Ron Stewart
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | | | - Rita C R Perlingeiro
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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16
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FAM210A is a novel determinant of bone and muscle structure and strength. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E3759-E3768. [PMID: 29618611 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1719089115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis and sarcopenia are common comorbid diseases, yet their shared mechanisms are largely unknown. We found that genetic variation near FAM210A was associated, through large genome-wide association studies, with fracture, bone mineral density (BMD), and appendicular and whole body lean mass, in humans. In mice, Fam210a was expressed in muscle mitochondria and cytoplasm, as well as in heart and brain, but not in bone. Grip strength and limb lean mass were reduced in tamoxifen-inducible Fam210a homozygous global knockout mice (TFam210a-/- ), and in tamoxifen-inducible Fam210 skeletal muscle cell-specific knockout mice (TFam210aMus-/- ). Decreased BMD, bone biomechanical strength, and bone formation, and elevated osteoclast activity with microarchitectural deterioration of trabecular and cortical bones, were observed in TFam210a-/- mice. BMD of male TFam210aMus-/- mice was also reduced, and osteoclast numbers and surface in TFam210aMus-/- mice increased. Microarray analysis of muscle cells from TFam210aMus-/- mice identified candidate musculoskeletal modulators. FAM210A, a novel gene, therefore has a crucial role in regulating bone structure and function, and may impact osteoporosis through a biological pathway involving muscle as well as through other mechanisms.
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Shahini A, Choudhury D, Asmani M, Zhao R, Lei P, Andreadis ST. NANOG restores the impaired myogenic differentiation potential of skeletal myoblasts after multiple population doublings. Stem Cell Res 2017; 26:55-66. [PMID: 29245050 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2017.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult skeletal muscle regeneration relies on the activity of satellite cells residing in the skeletal muscle niche. However, systemic and intrinsic factors decrease the myogenic differentiation potential of satellite cells thereby impairing muscle regeneration. Here we present data showing that late passage C2C12 myoblasts exhibited significantly impaired myogenic differentiation potential that was accompanied by impaired expression of myogenic regulatory factors (Myf5, MyoD, Myogenin, and MRF4) and members of myocyte enhancer factor 2 family. Notably, ectopic expression of NANOG preserved the morphology and restored the myogenic differentiation capacity of late passage myoblasts, possibly by restoring the expression level of these myogenic factors. Muscle regeneration was effective in 2D cultures and in 3D skeletal microtissues mimicking the skeletal muscle niche. The presence of NANOG was required for at least 15days to reverse the impaired differentiation potential of myoblasts. However, it was critical to remove NANOG during the process of maturation, as it inhibited myotube formation. Finally, myoblasts that were primed by NANOG maintained their differentiation capacity for 20days after NANOG withdrawal, suggesting potential epigenetic changes. In conclusion, these results shed light on the potential of NANOG to restore the myogenic differentiation potential of myoblasts, which is impaired after multiple rounds of cellular division, and to reverse the loss of muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aref Shahini
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Amherst, NY 14260-4200, USA.
| | - Debanik Choudhury
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Amherst, NY 14260-4200, USA.
| | - Mohammadnabi Asmani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Amherst, NY 14260-4200, USA.
| | - Ruogang Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Amherst, NY 14260-4200, USA.
| | - Pedro Lei
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Amherst, NY 14260-4200, USA.
| | - Stelios T Andreadis
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Amherst, NY 14260-4200, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Amherst, NY 14260-4200, USA; Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
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18
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Relationship of runs of homozygosity with adaptive and production traits in a paternal broiler line. Animal 2017; 12:1126-1134. [PMID: 29065939 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731117002671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic regions under high selective pressure present specific runs of homozygosity (ROH), which provide valuable information on the genetic mechanisms underlying the adaptation to environment imposed challenges. In broiler chickens, the adaptation to conventional production systems in tropical environments lead the animals with favorable genotypes to be naturally selected, increasing the frequency of these alleles in the next generations. In this study, ~1400 chickens from a paternal broiler line were genotyped with the 600 K Affymetrix® Axiom® high-density (HD) genotyping array for estimation of linkage disequilibrium (LD), effective population size (N e ), inbreeding and ROH. The average LD between adjacent single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in all autosomes was 0.37, and the LD decay was higher in microchromosomes followed by intermediate and macrochromosomes. The N e of the ancestral population was high and declined over time maintaining a sufficient number of animals to keep the inbreeding coefficient of this population at low levels. The ROH analysis revealed genomic regions that harbor genes associated with homeostasis maintenance and immune system mechanisms, which may have been selected in response to heat stress. Our results give a comprehensive insight into the relationship between shared ROH regions and putative regions related to survival and production traits in a paternal broiler line selected for over 20 years. These findings contribute to the understanding of the effects of environmental and artificial selection in shaping the distribution of functional variants in the chicken genome.
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19
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Ozawa M. E-cadherin cytoplasmic domain inhibits cell surface localization of endogenous cadherins and fusion of C2C12 myoblasts. Biol Open 2015; 4:1427-35. [PMID: 26453620 PMCID: PMC4728358 DOI: 10.1242/bio.013938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Myoblast fusion is a highly regulated process that is essential for skeletal muscle formation during muscle development and regeneration in mammals. Much remains to be elucidated about the molecular mechanism of myoblast fusion although cadherins, which are Ca(2+)-dependent cell-cell adhesion molecules, are thought to play a critical role in this process. Mouse myoblasts lacking either N-cadherin or M-cadherin can still fuse to form myotubes, indicating that they have no specific function in this process and may be functionally replaced by either M-cadherin or N-cadherin, respectively. In this study, we show that expressing the E-cadherin cytoplasmic domain ectopically in C2C12 myoblasts inhibits cell surface localization of endogenous M-cadherin and N-cadherin, as well as cell-cell fusion. This domain, however, does not inhibit myoblast differentiation according to microarray-based gene expression analysis. In contrast, expressing a dominant-negative β-catenin mutant ectopically, which suppresses Wnt/β-catenin signaling, did not inhibit cell-cell fusion. Therefore, the E-cadherin cytoplasmic domain inhibits cell-cell fusion by inhibiting cell surface localization of endogenous cadherins and not by inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Ozawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
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20
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Archacka K, Denkis A, Brzóska E, Świerczek B, Tarczyluk M, Jańczyk-Ilach K, Ciemerych MA, Moraczewski J. Competence of in vitro cultured mouse embryonic stem cells for myogenic differentiation and fusion with myoblasts. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:2455-68. [PMID: 24940624 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells are a potential source of various cell types for use in regenerative medicine. Despite accumulating knowledge, there is currently no efficient and reproducible protocol that does not require genetic manipulation for generation of myogenic cells from pluripotent stem cells. Here, we examined whether mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells are able to undergo myogenic differentiation and fusion in response to signals released by differentiating myoblasts. Using ES cells expressing the histone 2B-green fluorescent fusion protein, we were able to detect hybrid myotubes formed by ES cells and differentiating myoblasts. ES cells that fused with myoblasts downregulated the expression of pluripotency markers and induced the expression of myogenic markers, while unfused ES cells did not exhibit this expression pattern. Thus, the signals released by myoblasts were not sufficient to induce myogenic differentiation of ES cells. Although ES cells synthesize many proteins involved in myoblast adhesion and fusion, we did not observe any myotubes formed exclusively by ES cells. We found that ES cells lacked M-cadherin and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, which may account for the low frequency of hybrid myotube formation in ES cell-myoblast co-cultures and the inability of ES cells alone to form myotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Archacka
- Department of Cytology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw , Warsaw, Poland
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21
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Domínguez-Álvarez M, Sabaté-Brescó M, Vilà-Ubach M, Gáldiz JB, Alvarez FJ, Casadevall C, Gea J, Barreiro E. Molecular and physiological events in respiratory muscles and blood of rats exposed to inspiratory threshold loading. Transl Res 2014; 163:478-93. [PMID: 24373863 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
High-intensity exercise induces oxidative stress and inflammatory events in muscles. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α may alter muscle protein metabolism or promote muscle regeneration. We hypothesized that a program of noninvasive chronic inspiratory loading of different intensities induces a differential pattern of physiological, molecular, and cellular events within rat diaphragms. Antioxidants and TNF-α blockade may influence those events. In the diaphragm, gastrocnemius, and blood of rats exposed to high-intensity inspiratory threshold loads (2 hour every 24 hours for 14 days), with and without treatment with N-acetyl cysteine or infliximab (anti-TNF-α antibody), inflammatory cells and cytokines, superoxide anion production, myogenesis markers, and muscle structure were explored. In all animals, maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP) and body weight were determined. High-intensity inspiratory loading for 2 weeks caused a decline in MIP and body weight, and in the diaphragm induced a reduction in fast-twitch fiber proportions and sizes, whereas inflammatory cells and cytokine levels, including TNF-α immunohistochemical expression, superoxide anion, internal nuclei counts, and markers of myogenesis were increased. Blockade of TNF-α improved respiratory muscle function and structure, and animal weight, and, in the diaphragm, reduced inflammatory cell numbers and superoxide anion production drastically while inducing larger increases in protein and messenger RNA levels and immunohistochemical expression of TNF-α, internal nuclei, and markers of muscle regeneration. Blunting of TNF-α also induced a reduction in blood inflammatory cytokines and superoxide anion production. We conclude that TNF-α synthesized by inflammatory cells or myofibers could have differential effects on muscle structure and function in response to chronic, noninvasive, high-intensity inspiratory threshold loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisol Domínguez-Álvarez
- Respiratory Medicine-Muscle and Respiratory System Research Unit, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Health and Experimental Sciences Department (CEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Bunyola, Majorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Marina Sabaté-Brescó
- Respiratory Medicine-Muscle and Respiratory System Research Unit, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Health and Experimental Sciences Department (CEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mònica Vilà-Ubach
- Respiratory Medicine-Muscle and Respiratory System Research Unit, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Health and Experimental Sciences Department (CEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Bunyola, Majorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Juan B Gáldiz
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Bunyola, Majorca, Balearic Islands, Spain; Respiratory Medicine Department and Research Unit, Cruces Hospital, Basque Country University, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Francisco J Alvarez
- Respiratory Medicine Department and Research Unit, Cruces Hospital, Basque Country University, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Carme Casadevall
- Respiratory Medicine-Muscle and Respiratory System Research Unit, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Health and Experimental Sciences Department (CEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Bunyola, Majorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Joaquim Gea
- Respiratory Medicine-Muscle and Respiratory System Research Unit, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Health and Experimental Sciences Department (CEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Bunyola, Majorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Esther Barreiro
- Respiratory Medicine-Muscle and Respiratory System Research Unit, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Health and Experimental Sciences Department (CEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Bunyola, Majorca, Balearic Islands, Spain.
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Marti M, Montserrat N, Pardo C, Mulero L, Miquel-Serra L, Rodrigues AMC, Andrés Vaquero J, Kuebler B, Morera C, Barrero MJ, Izpisua Belmonte JC. M-cadherin-mediated intercellular interactions activate satellite cell division. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:5116-31. [PMID: 24046443 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.123562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult muscle stem cells and their committed myogenic precursors, commonly referred to as the satellite cell population, are involved in both muscle growth after birth and regeneration after damage. It has been previously proposed that, under these circumstances, satellite cells first become activated, divide and differentiate, and only later fuse to the existing myofiber through M-cadherin-mediated intercellular interactions. Our data show that satellite cells fuse with the myofiber concomitantly to cell division, and only when the nuclei of the daughter cells are inside the myofiber, do they complete the process of differentiation. Here we demonstrate that M-cadherin plays an important role in cell-to-cell recognition and fusion, and is crucial for cell division activation. Treatment of satellite cells with M-cadherin in vitro stimulates cell division, whereas addition of anti-M-cadherin antibodies reduces the cell division rate. Our results suggest an alternative model for the contribution of satellite cells to muscle development, which might be useful in understanding muscle regeneration, as well as muscle-related dystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merce Marti
- Center of Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona, Dr. Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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Mukai A, Hashimoto N. Regulation of pre-fusion events: recruitment of M-cadherin to microrafts organized at fusion-competent sites of myogenic cells. BMC Cell Biol 2013; 14:37. [PMID: 23978243 PMCID: PMC3846853 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-14-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Previous research indicates that the membrane ruffles and leading edge of lamellipodia of myogenic cells contain presumptive fusion sites. A micrometer-sized lipid raft (microraft) is organized at the presumptive fusion site of mouse myogenic cells in a cell-contact independent way and serves as a platform tethering adhesion proteins that are relevant to cell fusion. However, the mechanisms underlying recruitment of adhesion proteins to lipid rafts and microraft organization remain unknown. Results Here we show that small G-protein Rac1 was required for microraft organization and subsequent cell fusion. However, Rac1 activity was unnecessary for recruitment of M-cadherin to lipid rafts. We found that p120 catenin (p120) binds to M-cadherin exclusively in lipid rafts of differentiating myogenic cells. The Src kinase inhibitor SU6656 prevented p120 binding to M-cadherin and their recruitment to lipid rafts, then suppressed microraft organization, membrane ruffling, and myogenic cell fusion. Suppression of membrane ruffling in SU6656-treated cells was partially restored by pretreatment with the protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor vanadate. The present analyses using an antibody to tyrosine phosphorylated p120 suggest that Src family kinases play a role in binding of p120 to M-cadherin and the recruitment of M-cadherin to lipid rafts through phosphorylation of putative substrates other than p120. Conclusions The present study showed that the procedure establishing fusion-competent sites consists of two sequential events: recruitment of adhesion complexes to lipid rafts and organization of microrafts. The recruitment of M-cadherin to lipid rafts depended on interaction with p120 catenin, whereas the organization of microrafts was controlled by a small G protein, Rac1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Mukai
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, National Institute for Longevity Sciences, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 35 Gengo, Morioka, Oobu, Aichi 474-8522, Japan.
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Grabowska I, Brzoska E, Gawrysiak A, Streminska W, Moraczewski J, Polanski Z, Hoser G, Kawiak J, Machaj EK, Pojda Z, Ciemerych MA. Restricted Myogenic Potential of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Isolated from Umbilical Cord. Cell Transplant 2012; 21:1711-26. [DOI: 10.3727/096368912x640493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonhematopoietic cord blood cells and mesenchymal cells of umbilical cord Wharton's jelly have been shown to be able to differentiate into various cell types. Thus, as they are readily available and do not raise any ethical issues, these cells are considered to be a potential source of material that can be used in regenerative medicine. In our previous study, we tested the potential of whole mononucleated fraction of human umbilical cord blood cells and showed that they are able to participate in the regeneration of injured mouse skeletal muscle. In the current study, we focused at the umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells isolated from Wharton's jelly. We documented that limited fraction of these cells express markers of pluripotent and myogenic cells. Moreover, they are able to undergo myogenic differentiation in vitro, as proved by coculture with C2C12 myoblasts. They also colonize injured skeletal muscle and, with low frequency, participate in the formation of new muscle fibers. Pretreatment of Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stromal cells with SDF-1 has no impact on their incorporation into regenerating muscle fibers but significantly increased muscle mass. As a result, transplantation of mesenchymal stromal cells enhances the skeletal muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Grabowska
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Edyta Brzoska
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Gawrysiak
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wladyslawa Streminska
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Moraczewski
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Polanski
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grazyna Hoser
- Department of Clinical Cytology, Medical Centre of Postgraduate Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Kawiak
- Department of Clinical Cytology, Medical Centre of Postgraduate Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Eugeniusz K. Machaj
- Department of Cellular Engineering, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zygmunt Pojda
- Department of Cellular Engineering, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria A. Ciemerych
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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The Arf-GEF Schizo/Loner regulates N-cadherin to induce fusion competence of Drosophila myoblasts. Dev Biol 2012; 368:18-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Rescan PY, Ralliere C, Lebret V. N-cadherin and M-cadherin are sequentially expressed in myoblast populations contributing to the first and second waves of myogenesis in the trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2012; 318:71-7. [PMID: 22057948 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.21443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the expression of two promyogenic cell surface adhesion receptors, N- and M-cadherin, in developing trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) somite, taking account of the recent identification of a dermomyotome-like epithelium in teleosts. In situ hybridization showed that N-cadherin was expressed throughout the paraxial mesoderm and nascent somite. As the somite matured, N-cadherin expression disappeared ventrally from the sclerotome, and then mediolaterally from the differentiating slow and fast muscle cells of the embryonic myotome, to become finally restricted to the undifferentiated myogenic precursors forming the dermomyotome-like epithelium that surrounds the embryonic myotome. By contrast, M-cadherin, which was transcribed in the differentiating embryonic myotome, was never expressed in the dermomyotome-like epithelium. In late-stage trout embryos, M-cadherin transcript was only detected at the periphery of the expanding myotome, where muscle cells stemming from the N-cadherin positive dermomyotome-like epithelium differentiate. Collectively, our results support the view that, in trout embryo, N-cadherin is associated with muscle cell immaturity while M-cadherin is associated with muscle cell maturation and differentiation and this during the two successive phases of myogenesis.
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Green YS, Vetter ML. EBF proteins participate in transcriptional regulation of Xenopus muscle development. Dev Biol 2011; 358:240-50. [PMID: 21839736 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Revised: 07/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
EBF proteins have diverse functions in the development of multiple lineages, including neurons, B cells and adipocytes. During Drosophila muscle development EBF proteins are expressed in muscle progenitors and are required for muscle cell differentiation, but there is no known function of EBF proteins in vertebrate muscle development. In this study, we examine the expression of ebf genes in Xenopus muscle tissue and show that EBF activity is necessary for aspects of Xenopus skeletal muscle development, including somite organization, migration of hypaxial muscle anlagen toward the ventral abdomen, and development of jaw muscle. From a microarray screen, we have identified multiple candidate targets of EBF activity with known roles in muscle development. The candidate targets we have verified are MYOD, MYF5, M-Cadherin and SEB-4. In vivo overexpression of the ebf2 and ebf3 genes leads to ectopic expression of these candidate targets, and knockdown of EBF activity causes downregulation of the endogenous expression of the candidate targets. Furthermore, we found that MYOD and MYF5 are likely to be direct targets. Finally we show that MYOD can upregulate the expression of ebf genes, indicating the presence of a positive feedback loop between EBF and MYOD that we find to be important for maintenance of MYOD expression in Xenopus. These results suggest that EBF activity is important for both stabilizing commitment and driving aspects of differentiation in Xenopus muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangsook Song Green
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.
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CD34⁺/M-cadherin⁺ bone marrow progenitor cells promote arteriogenesis in ischemic hindlimbs of ApoE⁻/⁻ mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20673. [PMID: 21677770 PMCID: PMC3108984 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cell-based therapy shows promise in treating peripheral arterial disease (PAD); however, the optimal cell type and long-term efficacy are unknown. In this study, we identified a novel subpopulation of adult progenitor cells positive for CD34 and M-cadherin (CD34+/M-cad+ BMCs) in mouse and human bone marrow. We also examined the long-lasting therapeutic efficacy of mouse CD34+/M-cad+ BMCs in restoring blood flow and promoting vascularization in an atherosclerotic mouse model of PAD. Methods and Findings Colony-forming cell assays and flow cytometry analysis showed that CD34+/M-cad+ BMCs have hematopoietic progenitor properties. When delivered intra-arterially into the ischemic hindlimbs of ApoE−/− mice, CD34+/M-cad+ BMCs alleviated ischemia and significantly improved blood flow compared with CD34+/M-cad− BMCs, CD34−/M-cad+ BMCs, or unselected BMCs. Significantly more arterioles were seen in CD34+/M-cad+ cell-treated limbs than in any other treatment group 60 days after cell therapy. Furthermore, histologic assessment and morphometric analyses of hindlimbs treated with GFP+ CD34+/M-cad+ cells showed that injected cells incorporated into solid tissue structures at 21 days. Confocal microscopic examination of GFP+ CD34+/M-cad+ cell-treated ischemic legs followed by immunostaining indicated the vascular differentiation of CD34+/M-cad+ progenitor cells. A cytokine antibody array revealed that CD34+/M-cad+ cell-conditioned medium contained higher levels of cytokines in a unique pattern, including bFGF, CRG-2, EGF, Flt-3 ligand, IGF-1, SDF-1, and VEGFR-3, than did CD34+/M-cad− cell-conditioned medium. The proangiogenic cytokines secreted by CD34+/M-cad+ cells induced oxygen- and nutrient-depleted endothelial cell sprouting significantly better than CD34+/M-cad− cells during hypoxia. Conclusion CD34+/M-cad+ BMCs represent a new progenitor cell type that effectively alleviates hindlimb ischemia in ApoE−/− mice by consistently improving blood flow and promoting arteriogenesis. Additionally, CD34+/M-cad+ BMCs contribute to microvascular remodeling by differentiating into vascular cells and releasing proangiogenic cytokines and growth factors.
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Gomes AF, Guimarães EV, Carvalho L, Correa JR, Mendonça-Lima L, Barbosa HS. Toxoplasma gondii down modulates cadherin expression in skeletal muscle cells inhibiting myogenesis. BMC Microbiol 2011; 11:110. [PMID: 21592384 PMCID: PMC3116462 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-11-110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Toxoplasma gondii belongs to a large and diverse group of obligate intracellular parasitic protozoa. Primary culture of mice skeletal muscle cells (SkMC) was employed as a model for experimental toxoplasmosis studies. The myogenesis of SkMC was reproduced in vitro and the ability of T. gondii tachyzoite forms to infect myoblasts and myotubes and its influence on SkMC myogenesis were analyzed. Results In this study we show that, after 24 h of interaction, myoblasts (61%) were more infected with T. gondii than myotubes (38%) and inhibition of myogenesis was about 75%. The role of adhesion molecules such as cadherin in this event was investigated. First, we demonstrate that cadherin localization was restricted to the contact areas between myocytes/myocytes and myocytes/myotubes during the myogenesis process. Immunofluorescence and immunoblotting analysis of parasite-host cell interaction showed a 54% reduction in cadherin expression at 24 h of infection. Concomitantly, a reduction in M-cadherin mRNA levels was observed after 3 and 24 h of T. gondii-host cell interaction. Conclusions These data suggest that T. gondii is able to down regulate M-cadherin expression, leading to molecular modifications in the host cell surface that interfere with membrane fusion and consequently affect the myogenesis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra F Gomes
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, (Av, Brasil 4365), Rio de Janeiro (21040-361), Brazil
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Comparison of satellite cell-derived myoblasts and C2C12 differentiation in two- and three-dimensional cultures: changes in adhesion protein expression. Cell Biol Int 2011; 35:125-33. [PMID: 20836763 DOI: 10.1042/cbi20090335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the expression of adhesion proteins involved in myoblast differentiation were investigated in monolayer (two-dimensional) and 3D (three-dimensional) cell cultures. The expression of integrin alpha3 subunit, integrin beta1 subunit, ADAM12 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 12), tetraspanins CD9 and CD81 and M-cadherin were examined in the murine myoblast cell line C2C12 and in a primary culture of rat satellite cells. Myoblasts in monolayer and 3D cultures showed significant differences in their morphology and cytoskeletal organization. All of the studied proteins participated in myoblast fusion in each culture examined, but differences in their levels of expression were observed. Satellite cell-derived myoblasts exhibited higher expression of adhesion protein mRNAs than C2C12 cells. Also, C2C12 cells from a 3D culture showed slightly higher expression of adhesion protein transcripts than the same cells cultured as a monolayer. Significantly, the levels of adhesion protein mRNAs were found to change in parallel in all cell culture types. Despite this finding, it is important that differences between satellite cell-derived myoblasts and cell line C2C12 grown in monolayer and 3D cultures are taken into account when studying processes of myoblast differentiation in vitro.
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Baniwal SK, Khalid O, Gabet Y, Shah RR, Purcell DJ, Mav D, Kohn-Gabet AE, Shi Y, Coetzee GA, Frenkel B. Runx2 transcriptome of prostate cancer cells: insights into invasiveness and bone metastasis. Mol Cancer 2010; 9:258. [PMID: 20863401 PMCID: PMC2955618 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Prostate cancer (PCa) cells preferentially metastasize to bone at least in part by acquiring osteomimetic properties. Runx2, an osteoblast master transcription factor, is aberrantly expressed in PCa cells, and promotes their metastatic phenotype. The transcriptional programs regulated by Runx2 have been extensively studied during osteoblastogenesis, where it activates or represses target genes in a context-dependent manner. However, little is known about the gene regulatory networks influenced by Runx2 in PCa cells. We therefore investigated genome wide mRNA expression changes in PCa cells in response to Runx2. Results We engineered a C4-2B PCa sub-line called C4-2B/Rx2dox, in which Doxycycline (Dox) treatment stimulates Runx2 expression from very low to levels observed in other PCa cells. Transcriptome profiling using whole genome expression array followed by in silico analysis indicated that Runx2 upregulated a multitude of genes with prominent cancer associated functions. They included secreted factors (CSF2, SDF-1), proteolytic enzymes (MMP9, CST7), cytoskeleton modulators (SDC2, Twinfilin, SH3PXD2A), intracellular signaling molecules (DUSP1, SPHK1, RASD1) and transcription factors (Sox9, SNAI2, SMAD3) functioning in epithelium to mesenchyme transition (EMT), tissue invasion, as well as homing and attachment to bone. Consistent with the gene expression data, induction of Runx2 in C4-2B cells enhanced their invasiveness. It also promoted cellular quiescence by blocking the G1/S phase transition during cell cycle progression. Furthermore, the cell cycle block was reversed as Runx2 levels declined after Dox withdrawal. Conclusions The effects of Runx2 in C4-2B/Rx2dox cells, as well as similar observations made by employing LNCaP, 22RV1 and PC3 cells, highlight multiple mechanisms by which Runx2 promotes the metastatic phenotype of PCa cells, including tissue invasion, homing to bone and induction of high bone turnover. Runx2 is therefore an attractive target for the development of novel diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic approaches to PCa management. Targeting Runx2 may prove more effective than focusing on its individual downstream genes and pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev K Baniwal
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Myogenic regulatory factors regulate M-cadherin expression by targeting its proximal promoter elements. Biochem J 2010; 428:223-33. [PMID: 20334626 DOI: 10.1042/bj20100250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
M- and N-cadherin are members of the Ca(2+)-dependent cell-cell adhesion molecule family. M-cadherin is expressed predominantly in developing skeletal muscles and has been implicated in terminal myogenic differentiation, particularly in myoblast fusion. N-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion also plays an important role in skeletal myogenesis. In the present study, we found that both genes were differentially expressed in C2C12 and Sol8 myoblasts during myogenic differentiation and that the expression of M-cadherin was preferentially enhanced in slow-twitch muscle. Interestingly, most MRFs (myogenic regulatory factors) significantly activated the promoter of M-cadherin, but not that of N-cadherin. In line with this, overexpression of MyoD in C3H10T1/2 fibroblasts strongly induced endogenous M-cadherin expression. Promoter analysis in silico and in vitro identified an E-box (from -2 to +4) abutting the transcription initiation site within the M-cadherin promoter that is bound and differentially activated by different MRFs. The activation of the M-cadherin promoter by MRFs was also modulated by Bhlhe40 (basic helix-loop-helix family member e40). Finally, chromatin immunoprecipitation proved that MyoD as well as myogenin binds to the M-cadherin promoter in vivo. Taken together, these observations identify a molecular mechanism by which MRFs regulate M-cadherin expression directly to ensure the terminal differentiation of myoblasts.
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Corbu A, Scaramozza A, Badiali-DeGiorgi L, Tarantino L, Papa V, Rinaldi R, D'Alessandro R, Zavatta M, Laus M, Lattanzi G, Cenacchi G. Satellite cell characterization from aging human muscle. Neurol Res 2010; 32:63-72. [PMID: 20092696 DOI: 10.1179/174313209x385725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Satellite cells (SCs) are skeletal muscle progenitor cells located between the basal lamina and the sarcolemma of muscle fibers. They are responsible for muscle growth and repair. In humans, aging results in the depletion of the SC population and in its proliferative activity, but not in its function. It has not yet been determined whether under conditions of massive muscle fiber death in vivo, the regenerative potential of SCs is totally or partially compromised in old muscle. No studies have yet tested whether advanced age is a factor that restrains the response of SCs to muscle denervation in humans; this is also due to difficulties in the isolation and in the culture of SCs from a small human surgery fragment. The aim of this study was to study in depth muscle regeneration analysing the SC ability of SCs to proliferate and differentiate in aging human patients. METHODS In order to study in more detail the molecular mechanism, the proliferative and differentiative ability of aging SCs, we isolated SCs from aging human muscle biopsies and analysed their morphology by transmission electron microscopy and immunocytochemical analysis (antibodies against desmin, N-CAM and M-cadherin) and their capacity to grow and to expand in vitro. Moreover, in order to evaluate gene expression of myogenic regulatory factors Myf5, MyoD and myogenin (Myf4), RT-PCR was performed. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION SCs isolated from aging human muscle biopsies and plated into favorable proliferation and differentiation conditions were able to proceed through the myogenic program and actively form myotubes, although taking longer than the young control sample. The RT-PCR analysis together with the ultrastructural SC features showed that the myogenic potential seemed to be compromised during the aging human muscle proliferation in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Corbu
- Clinical Department of Radiological and Histopathological Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Liu C, Gersch RP, Hawke TJ, Hadjiargyrou M. Silencing of Mustn1 inhibits myogenic fusion and differentiation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2010; 298:C1100-8. [PMID: 20130207 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00553.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mustn1 (Mustang, musculoskeletal temporally activated novel gene) was originally identified in fracture callus tissue, but its greatest expression is detected in skeletal muscle. Thus, we conducted experiments to investigate the expression and function of Mustn1 during myogenesis. Temporally, quantitative real-time PCR analysis of muscle samples from embryonic day 17 to 12 mo of age reveals that Mustn1 mRNA expression is greatest at 3 mo of age and beyond, consistent with the expression pattern of Myod. In situ hybridization shows abundant Mustn1 expression in somites and developing skeletal muscles, while in adult muscle, Mustn1 is localized to some peripherally located nuclei. Using RNA interference (RNAi), we investigated the function of Mustn1 in C2C12 myoblasts. Though silencing Mustn1 mRNA had no effect on myoblast proliferation, it did significantly impair myoblast differentiation, preventing myofusion. Specifically, when placed in low-serum medium for up to 6 days, Mustn1-silenced myoblasts elongated poorly and were mononucleated. In contrast, control RNAi-treated and parental myoblasts presented as large, multinucleated myotubes. Further supporting the morphological observations, immunocytochemistry of Mustn1-silenced cells demonstrated significant reductions in myogenin (Myog) and myosin heavy chain (Myhc) expression at 4 and 6 days of differentiation as compared with control and parental cells. The decreases in Myog and Myhc protein expression in Mustn1-silenced cells were associated with robust ( approximately 3-fold or greater) decreases in the expression of Myod and desmin (Des), as well as the myofusion markers calpain 1 (Capn1), caveolin 3 (Cav3), and cadherin 15 (M-cadherin; Cadh15). Overall, we demonstrate that Mustn1 is an essential regulator of myogenic differentiation and myofusion, and our findings implicate Myod and Myog as its downstream targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Liu
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook Univ., NY 11794-2580, USA
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Rochlin K, Yu S, Roy S, Baylies MK. Myoblast fusion: when it takes more to make one. Dev Biol 2009; 341:66-83. [PMID: 19932206 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2009] [Revised: 10/14/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cell-cell fusion is a crucial and highly regulated event in the genesis of both form and function of many tissues. One particular type of cell fusion, myoblast fusion, is a key cellular process that shapes the formation and repair of muscle. Despite its importance for human health, the mechanisms underlying this process are still not well understood. The purpose of this review is to highlight the recent literature pertaining to myoblast fusion and to focus on a comparison of these studies across several model systems, particularly the fly, zebrafish and mouse. Advances in technical analysis and imaging have allowed identification of new fusion genes and propelled further characterization of previously identified genes in each of these systems. Among the cellular steps identified as critical for myoblast fusion are migration, recognition, adhesion, membrane alignment and membrane pore formation and resolution. Importantly, striking new evidence indicates that orthologous genes govern several of these steps across these species. Taken together, comparisons across three model systems are illuminating a once elusive process, providing exciting new insights and a useful framework of genes and mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Rochlin
- Program in Developmental Biology, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Leach SM, Tipney H, Feng W, Baumgartner WA, Kasliwal P, Schuyler RP, Williams T, Spritz RA, Hunter L. Biomedical discovery acceleration, with applications to craniofacial development. PLoS Comput Biol 2009; 5:e1000215. [PMID: 19325874 PMCID: PMC2653649 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2008] [Accepted: 02/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The profusion of high-throughput instruments and the explosion of new results in the scientific literature, particularly in molecular biomedicine, is both a blessing and a curse to the bench researcher. Even knowledgeable and experienced scientists can benefit from computational tools that help navigate this vast and rapidly evolving terrain. In this paper, we describe a novel computational approach to this challenge, a knowledge-based system that combines reading, reasoning, and reporting methods to facilitate analysis of experimental data. Reading methods extract information from external resources, either by parsing structured data or using biomedical language processing to extract information from unstructured data, and track knowledge provenance. Reasoning methods enrich the knowledge that results from reading by, for example, noting two genes that are annotated to the same ontology term or database entry. Reasoning is also used to combine all sources into a knowledge network that represents the integration of all sorts of relationships between a pair of genes, and to calculate a combined reliability score. Reporting methods combine the knowledge network with a congruent network constructed from experimental data and visualize the combined network in a tool that facilitates the knowledge-based analysis of that data. An implementation of this approach, called the Hanalyzer, is demonstrated on a large-scale gene expression array dataset relevant to craniofacial development. The use of the tool was critical in the creation of hypotheses regarding the roles of four genes never previously characterized as involved in craniofacial development; each of these hypotheses was validated by further experimental work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia M. Leach
- Center for Computational Pharmacology, University of Colorado at Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Hannah Tipney
- Center for Computational Pharmacology, University of Colorado at Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Weiguo Feng
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado at Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - William A. Baumgartner
- Center for Computational Pharmacology, University of Colorado at Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Priyanka Kasliwal
- Center for Computational Pharmacology, University of Colorado at Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Ronald P. Schuyler
- Center for Computational Pharmacology, University of Colorado at Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Trevor Williams
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado at Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Richard A. Spritz
- Human Medical Genetics Program, University of Colorado at Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Lawrence Hunter
- Center for Computational Pharmacology, University of Colorado at Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Myoblasts in vitro form characteristic arrays of bipolar-shaped cells prior to fusion. We have shown that the actin cytoskeleton re-organizes in these fusing cells and that the interaction of non-muscle myosin 2A with actin at the plasma membrane helps to generate the bipolar shape of myoblasts, which is key for fusion. Here we discuss how fusion occurs, and in particular how the actin cytoskeleton is involved. Myoblast fusion is essential to form the multi-nucleated muscle fibres that make up the skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle fibres contain many nuclei, roughly one nucleus to every 15 sarcomeres (35 microm) in adult muscle, although this varies with muscle type (Bruusgaard et al., 2006). Thus a muscle fibre 30 cm long contains about 8000 nuclei and is formed by the fusion of about 8000 cells during development. The formation of multi-nucleated myotubes has been intensively studied for many years using a number of different systems. Many different proteins have been identified using Drosophila as a model system (e.g. see reviews by Taylor, 2000, 2002) that have given an insight into what happens in mammals. However, the process of fusion of mammalian cells is less well understood, and this paper will cover some of the aspects of mammalian myoblast fusion, with a particular focus on the role of the actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Peckham
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
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38
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Surface and inner cell behaviour along skeletal muscle cell in vitro differentiation. Micron 2008; 39:843-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2007.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2007] [Revised: 12/20/2007] [Accepted: 12/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Wu H, Wang X, Liu S, Wu Y, Zhao T, Chen X, Zhu L, Wu Y, Ding X, Peng X, Yuan J, Wang X, Fan W, Fan M. Sema4C participates in myogenic differentiation in vivo and in vitro through the p38 MAPK pathway. Eur J Cell Biol 2007; 86:331-44. [PMID: 17498836 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2007.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2006] [Revised: 03/03/2007] [Accepted: 03/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sema4C is a member of transmembrane semaphorin proteins which regulate axonal guidance in the developing nervous system. The expression of Sema4C was dramatically induced not only during differentiation of C2C12 mouse myoblasts, but also during injury-induced skeletal muscle regeneration. C2C12 cells stably or transiently expressing Sema4C both showed increased myogenic differentiation reflected by accelerated myotube formation and expression of muscle-specific proteins. Overexpression of Sema4C elicited p38 phosphorylation directly, and the effects of Sema4C during myogenic differentiation could be abolished by the p38alpha-specific inhibitor SB203580. Knockdown of Sema4C by siRNA transfection during C2C12 myoblasts differentiation could suppress the phosphorylation of p38 followed by dramatically diminished myotube formation. Sema4C could activate the myogenin promoter during myogenic differentiation. This activation could be abolished by p38 inhibitor SB203580. Taken together, these observations reveal novel functional potentialities of Sema4C which suggest that Sema4C promotes terminal myogenic differentiation in a p38 MAPK-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Wu
- Department of Brain Protection & Plasticity Research, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Taiping Road 27, Beijing 100850, PR China
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Kawahara Y, Yamaoka K, Iwata M, Fujimura M, Kajiume T, Magaki T, Takeda M, Ide T, Kataoka K, Asashima M, Yuge L. Novel Electrical Stimulation Sets the Cultured Myoblast Contractile Function to ‘On’. Pathobiology 2007; 73:288-94. [PMID: 17374966 DOI: 10.1159/000099123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2006] [Accepted: 11/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the present study, the effect of electrical stimulation was examined for the ability to induce morphological, physiological, and molecular biological effects on myoblasts during cell differentiation. METHODS L6 rat myoblasts were electrically stimulated by newly developed methods on culture days 6, 8, 10 and 12. RESULTS This electrical stimulation accelerated the appearance of myotubes, and subsequently produced spontaneously contracting muscle fibers. Measurement of membrane potential showed that the contracting cell had functional ion channels and gap junctional intercellular communication. In the electrically stimulated cells, an enhanced expression of MyoD family and M-cadherin was also observed. Expression of connexin 43 was increased and maintained at a high level in the electrically stimulated cells. CONCLUSION This is the first demonstration of in vitro induction of myoblasts in spontaneously contractile muscle fibers by intermittent stimulation. This novel method for induction of myoblast differentiation represents an important advance in cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Kawahara
- Division of Bio-Environmental Adaptation Sciences, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Bayol S, Jones D, Goldspink G, Stickland NC. The influence of undernutrition during gestation on skeletal muscle cellularity and on the expression of genes that control muscle growth. Br J Nutr 2007; 91:331-9. [PMID: 15005818 DOI: 10.1079/bjn20031070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effects of two levels of gestational undernutrition (50% and 40% ofad libitum) on postnatal growth rate, skeletal muscle cellularity and the expression of genes that control muscle growth, in the offspring at weaning. The results showed that the rat pups born to mothers fed the 50% diet during gestation and a control diet during lactation had an increased postnatal growth rate compared with the pups fed the more restricted diet (40% ofad libitum). Surprisingly, the growth rate of the control group (ad libitum) was intermediate between the 50% and 40% groups. The restricted diets did not alter the number of muscle fibres in the semitendinosus muscle of the offspring but the number of muscle nuclei was reduced by 16% in the 40% group compared with the control group. In the 50% group, the lightest pups at birth (L) had elevated muscle insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, IGF binding protein (BP)-5 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) mRNA compared with the L pups from both the control and 40% groups. The heaviest pups at birth (H) in the 50% group had increased levels of IGFBP-4, PCNA and M-cadherin mRNA compared with both the control and 40% groups. Levels of IGF-1 receptor, myostatin and MyoD mRNA did not correlate with postnatal growth. Both H and L pups from the 40% group had reduced muscle IGF-1 mRNA but all other transcripts examined were similar to control levels. The results suggest that the increased postnatal growth rate, which accompanied milder fetal undernutrition (50%), may be due to a more active local muscle IGF system and increased muscle-cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Bayol
- The Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK.
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Beaurain G, Mathieu F, Grootenboer S, Fiquet B, Cynober T, Tchernia G, Delaunay J, Jeunemaitre X. Dehydrated hereditary stomatocytosis mimicking familial hyperkalaemic hypertension: clinical and genetic investigation. Eur J Haematol 2007; 78:253-9. [PMID: 17253968 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2006.00811.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dehydrated hereditary stomatocytosis (DHS) is a rare dominant form of hereditary haemolytic anaemia. In some families, pseudohyperkalaemia accompanies DHS. Familial hyperkalaemic hypertension (FHHt), a rare autosomal dominant form of arterial hypertension, is associated with genuine hyperkalaemia. We present a large French family in which DHS and FHHt were diagnosed independently in two separate branches. In branch A, mild DHS accompanied by pseudohyperkalaemia was found. In branch B, the proband and her daughter were initially diagnosed with FHHt, based on the coincidence of high blood pressure and hyperkalaemia. After finding out that branches A and B were related, reinvestigation of the affected members of branch B lead to the diagnosis of DHS, yielding the largest DHS kindred known in France. This allowed extensive linkage analysis based on 19 microsatellites markers in 12 affected and 10 unaffected members at 16q24.1qter, where one known DHS locus maps to. A maximal two-point LOD score (4.71 at theta = 0) was obtained for markers D16S3074 and D16S476. Haplotype analysis led to the definition of a new 11.5 cM disease interval with an upper limit at microsatellite D16S3037.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève Beaurain
- INSERM, Unit 772, Collège de France, 11, place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France.
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Charrasse S, Comunale F, Fortier M, Portales-Casamar E, Debant A, Gauthier-Rouvière C. M-cadherin activates Rac1 GTPase through the Rho-GEF trio during myoblast fusion. Mol Biol Cell 2007; 18:1734-43. [PMID: 17332503 PMCID: PMC1855016 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e06-08-0766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadherins are transmembrane glycoproteins that mediate Ca(2+)-dependent homophilic cell-cell adhesion and play crucial role during skeletal myogenesis. M-cadherin is required for myoblast fusion into myotubes, but its mechanisms of action remain unknown. The goal of this study was to cast some light on the nature of the M-cadherin-mediated signals involved in myoblast fusion into myotubes. We found that the Rac1 GTPase activity is increased at the time of myoblast fusion and it is required for this process. Moreover, we showed that M-cadherin-dependent adhesion activates Rac1 and demonstrated the formation of a multiproteic complex containing M-cadherin, the Rho-GEF Trio, and Rac1 at the onset of myoblast fusion. Interestingly, Trio knockdown efficiently blocked both the increase in Rac1-GTP levels, observed after M-cadherin-dependent contact formation, and myoblast fusion. We conclude that M-cadherin-dependent adhesion can activate Rac1 via the Rho-GEF Trio at the time of myoblast fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Charrasse
- Centre de Recherches de Biochimie Macromoléculaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IFR 122, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Franck Comunale
- Centre de Recherches de Biochimie Macromoléculaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IFR 122, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Mathieu Fortier
- Centre de Recherches de Biochimie Macromoléculaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IFR 122, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Elodie Portales-Casamar
- Centre de Recherches de Biochimie Macromoléculaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IFR 122, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Anne Debant
- Centre de Recherches de Biochimie Macromoléculaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IFR 122, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Cécile Gauthier-Rouvière
- Centre de Recherches de Biochimie Macromoléculaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IFR 122, 34293 Montpellier, France
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Wróbel E, Brzóska E, Moraczewski J. M-cadherin and β-catenin participate in differentiation of rat satellite cells. Eur J Cell Biol 2007; 86:99-109. [PMID: 17222478 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2006.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2006] [Revised: 11/09/2006] [Accepted: 11/13/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadherins belong to a large family of membrane glycoprotein adhesion receptors that mediate homophilic, calcium-dependent cell adhesion. During myogenesis, cadherins are involved in initial cell-to-cell recognition; and it has also been suggested that they play a role in the initiation of myoblast fusion into multinuclear myotubes. One of the members of the cadherin family, M-cadherin, has been detected during embryogenesis in myogenic cells of somitic origin and in adult muscles. We investigated the distribution and function of M-cadherin and beta-catenin during differentiation of myoblasts in primary cultures of rat satellite cells. We found that M-cadherin was accumulated at the areas of contact between fusing myoblasts and that it colocalized with beta-catenin. Moreover, beta-catenin colocalized with actin in pre-fusing myoblasts. We show that myoblast differentiation is accompanied by an increase in the amounts of M-cadherin and beta-catenin both at the mRNA and the protein level. Flow cytometry analysis showed that M-cadherin expression was highest in fusing myoblasts. In addition, an antibody specific for the extracellular domain of M-cadherin inhibited the fusion of cultured myoblasts. These data suggest that regulation of the M-cadherin level plays an important role in the differentiation of satellite cells and in myoblast fusion in primary cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Wróbel
- Department of Cytology, Faculty of Biology, Warsaw University, 1 Miecznikowa Street, PL-02-096 Warsaw, Poland
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45
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Meng QY, Chen ZQ, Yu ZQ, Xie QF, Li N. Increased Body Weight Via Injecting Myogenic Expression Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH) Plasmid DNA into Sheep. Anim Biotechnol 2007; 15:175-92. [PMID: 15595702 DOI: 10.1081/labt-200039529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The ectopic expression of a sheep growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) from muscle tissues, using a myogenic plasmid expression vector pM-GHRH, has been shown to result in enhanced animal growth. Animal injected with pM-GHRH alone exhibited a daily weight gain rate of 0.84+/-0.02%/d (p < 0.05), while that of the control animal was only 0.73+/-0.04%/d. A more significant growth enhancement was observed in the group treated with pM-GHRH plus 0.25% bupivacaine. The animal displayed a daily weight gain rate of 0.87+/-0.03%/d (p<0.01). In addition, the group treated by pM-GHRH and bupivacaine had higher levels of growth hormone (GH) in their blood (1.18+/-0.33 ng/mL) compared with the group treated by pM-GHRH vector alone (p < 0.05). Evaluation of body composition by dissection and histochemical analysis indicated a significant increase in bulk with no organomegaly or associated pathology. PCR analysis demonstrated that there was little plasmid residue detected in the pM-GHRH treated sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Y Meng
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
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Ishido M, Uda M, Masuhara M, Kami K. Alterations of M-cadherin, neural cell adhesion molecule and beta-catenin expression in satellite cells during overload-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2006; 187:407-18. [PMID: 16776666 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2006.01577.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM Neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) and M-cadherin are cell adhesion molecules expressed on the surface of skeletal muscle satellite cell (SC). During myogenic morphogenesis, M-cadherin participates in mediating terminal differentiation and fusion of myoblasts by forming a complex with beta-catenin and that NCAM contributes to myotube formation by fusion of myoblasts. Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of functionally overloaded skeletal muscle results from the fusion with SCs into the existing myofibres or new myofibre formation by SC-SC fusion. However, the alterations of NCAM, M-cadherin and beta-catenin expressions in SCs in response to functional overload have not been investigated. METHODS Using immunohistochemical approaches, we examined the temporal and spatial expression patterns of these factors expressed in SCs during the functional overload of skeletal muscles. RESULTS Myofibres with SCs showing NCAM+/M-cadherin-, NCAM+/M-cadherin+ or NCAM-/M-cadherin+ were detected in overloaded muscles. The percentage changes of myofibres with SCs showing NCAM+/M-cadherin-, NCAM+/M-cadherin+ or NCAM-/M-cadherin+ were elevated in day-3 post-overloaded muscles, and then only the percentage changes of myofibres with SCs showing NCAM-/M-cadherin+ were significantly increased in day-7 post-overload muscles (P < 0.05). Both beta-catenin and M-cadherin were co-localized throughout quiescent, proliferation and differentiation stages of SCs. CONCLUSION These results suggested that the expressions of NCAM, M-cadherin and beta-catenin in SCs may be controlled by distinct regulatory mechanisms during functional overload, and that interactions among NCAM, M-cadherin and beta-catenin in SCs may play important roles to contribute to overload-induced muscle hypertrophy via fusion with each other or into the existing myofibres of SCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ishido
- Graduate School of Sport and Exercise Science, Osaka University of Health and Sport Sciences, 1-1 Asashiro-dai, Kumatori-cho, Sennan-gun, Osaka 590-0496, Japan. ,jp
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Charrasse S, Comunale F, Grumbach Y, Poulat F, Blangy A, Gauthier-Rouvière C. RhoA GTPase regulates M-cadherin activity and myoblast fusion. Mol Biol Cell 2005; 17:749-59. [PMID: 16291866 PMCID: PMC1356585 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e05-04-0284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rho family of GTP-binding proteins plays critical roles during myogenesis induction. To elucidate their role later during myogenesis, we have analyzed RhoA function during myoblast fusion into myotubes. We find that RhoA activity is rapidly and transiently increased when cells are shifted into differentiation medium and then is decreased until myoblast fusion. RhoA activity must be down-regulated to allow fusion, because expression of a constitutively active form of RhoA (RhoAV14) inhibits this process. RhoAV14 perturbs the expression and localization of M-cadherin, a member of the Ca2+-dependent cell-cell adhesion molecule family that has an essential role in skeletal muscle cell differentiation. This mutant does not affect N-cadherin and other proteins involved in myoblast fusion, beta1-integrin and ADAM12. Active RhoA induces the entry of M-cadherin into a degradative pathway and thus decreases its stability in correlation with the monoubiquitination of M-cadherin. Moreover, p120 catenin association with M-cadherin is decreased in RhoAV14-expressing cells, which is partially reverted by the inhibition of the RhoA effector Rho-associated kinase ROCK. ROCK inhibition also restores M-cadherin accumulation at the cell-cell contact sites. We propose that the sustained activation of the RhoA pathway inhibits myoblast fusion through the regulation of p120 activity, which controls cadherin internalization and degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Charrasse
- Centre de Recherches de Biochimie Macromoléculaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Formation de Recherche en Evolution 2593, 34293 Montpellier Cedex, France
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Doherty KR, Cave A, Davis DB, Delmonte AJ, Posey A, Earley JU, Hadhazy M, McNally EM. Normal myoblast fusion requires myoferlin. Development 2005; 132:5565-75. [PMID: 16280346 PMCID: PMC4066872 DOI: 10.1242/dev.02155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Muscle growth occurs during embryonic development and continues in adult life as regeneration. During embryonic muscle growth and regeneration in mature muscle, singly nucleated myoblasts fuse to each other to form myotubes. In muscle growth, singly nucleated myoblasts can also fuse to existing large, syncytial myofibers as a mechanism of increasing muscle mass without increasing myofiber number. Myoblast fusion requires the alignment and fusion of two apposed lipid bilayers. The repair of muscle plasma membrane disruptions also relies on the fusion of two apposed lipid bilayers. The protein dysferlin, the product of the Limb Girdle Muscular Dystrophy type 2 locus, has been shown to be necessary for efficient, calcium-sensitive, membrane resealing. We now show that the related protein myoferlin is highly expressed in myoblasts undergoing fusion, and is expressed at the site of myoblasts fusing to myotubes. Like dysferlin, we found that myoferlin binds phospholipids in a calcium-sensitive manner that requires the first C2A domain. We generated mice with a null allele of myoferlin. Myoferlin null myoblasts undergo initial fusion events, but they form large myotubes less efficiently in vitro, consistent with a defect in a later stage of myogenesis. In vivo, myoferlin null mice have smaller muscles than controls do, and myoferlin null muscle lacks large diameter myofibers. Additionally, myoferlin null muscle does not regenerate as well as wild-type muscle does, and instead displays a dystrophic phenotype. These data support a role for myoferlin in the maturation of myotubes and the formation of large myotubes that arise from the fusion of myoblasts to multinucleate myotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R. Doherty
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Andrew Cave
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Dawn Belt Davis
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | | - Avery Posey
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Judy U. Earley
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Michele Hadhazy
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Elizabeth M. McNally
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Author for correspondence ()
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Stains JP, Civitelli R. Cell-cell interactions in regulating osteogenesis and osteoblast function. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 75:72-80. [PMID: 15838921 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.20034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Endochondral bone formation requires an elaborate interplay among autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine signals, positional cues, and cell-cell contacts to mediate the complex three-dimensional architecture and function of the skeleton. Embryonic bone development occurs by migration, aggregation, and condensation of immature mesenchymal progenitor cells to form the cartilaginous anlage. Upon vascular invasion, the cartilaginous scaffold is colonized and subsequently mineralized by osteoblasts. Likewise, bone remodeling in the adult skeleton is a dynamic process that requires coordinated cellular activities among osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts to maintain bone homeostasis. This review examines the role of cell-cell interactions mediated by adherens junctions formed by cadherins and communicative gap junctions formed by connexins in regulating bone development and osteogenic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Stains
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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50
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Niitsuma K, Hatoko M, Kuwahara M, Tanaka A, Yurugi S, Iioka H. Localization and expression of R-cadherin in skeletal muscle following nerve injury. Eur Surg Res 2005; 37:79-84. [PMID: 15905612 DOI: 10.1159/000084537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2004] [Accepted: 12/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Rats in which the sciatic nerves were cut were divided into two groups: animals with nerve sutured and animals with nerve not sutured. In the unsutured group, the levels of R-cadherin expression increased and then decreased to values lower than those of controls. In the sutured group, the levels of R-cadherin expression increased and then decreased to almost control values. These results suggest that R-cadherin plays some role in cells of normal and regenerating muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Niitsuma
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan.
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