1
|
Russell ML, Fish CS, Drescher S, Cassidy NAJ, Chanana P, Benki-Nugent S, Slyker J, Mbori-Ngacha D, Bosire R, Richardson B, Wamalwa D, Maleche-Obimbo E, Overbaugh J, John-Stewart G, Matsen FA, Lehman DA. Using viral sequence diversity to estimate time of HIV infection in infants. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011861. [PMID: 38117834 PMCID: PMC10732395 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Age at HIV acquisition may influence viral pathogenesis in infants, and yet infection timing (i.e. date of infection) is not always known. Adult studies have estimated infection timing using rates of HIV RNA diversification, however, it is unknown whether adult-trained models can provide accurate predictions when used for infants due to possible differences in viral dynamics. While rates of viral diversification have been well defined for adults, there are limited data characterizing these dynamics for infants. Here, we performed Illumina sequencing of gag and pol using longitudinal plasma samples from 22 Kenyan infants with well-characterized infection timing. We used these data to characterize viral diversity changes over time by designing an infant-trained Bayesian hierarchical regression model that predicts time since infection using viral diversity. We show that diversity accumulates with time for most infants (median rate within pol = 0.00079 diversity/month), and diversity accumulates much faster than in adults (compare previously-reported adult rate within pol = 0.00024 diversity/month [1]). We find that the infant rate of viral diversification varies by individual, gene region, and relative timing of infection, but not by set-point viral load or rate of CD4+ T cell decline. We compare the predictive performance of this infant-trained Bayesian hierarchical regression model with simple linear regression models trained using the same infant data, as well as existing adult-trained models [1]. Using an independent dataset from an additional 15 infants with frequent HIV testing to define infection timing, we demonstrate that infant-trained models more accurately estimate time since infection than existing adult-trained models. This work will be useful for timing HIV acquisition for infants with unknown infection timing and for refining our understanding of how viral diversity accumulates in infants, both of which may have broad implications for the future development of infant-specific therapeutic and preventive interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena L. Russell
- Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Carolyn S. Fish
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Sara Drescher
- University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Noah A. J. Cassidy
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Pritha Chanana
- Bioinformatics Shared Resource, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Sarah Benki-Nugent
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Slyker
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Dorothy Mbori-Ngacha
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Rose Bosire
- Centre for Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Barbra Richardson
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Dalton Wamalwa
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Julie Overbaugh
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Grace John-Stewart
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Frederick A. Matsen
- Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Statistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Dara A. Lehman
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dispinseri S, Cavarelli M, Tolazzi M, Plebani AM, Jansson M, Scarlatti G. Continuous HIV-1 Escape from Autologous Neutralization and Development of Cross-Reactive Antibody Responses Characterizes Slow Disease Progression of Children. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9030260. [PMID: 33799407 PMCID: PMC7999787 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9030260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The antibodies with different effector functions evoked by Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) transmitted from mother to child, and their role in the pathogenesis of infected children remain unresolved. So, too, the kinetics and breadth of these responses remain to be clearly defined, compared to those developing in adults. Here, we studied the kinetics of the autologous and heterologous neutralizing antibody (Nab) responses, in addition to antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), in HIV-1 infected children with different disease progression rates followed from close after birth and five years on. Autologous and heterologous neutralization were determined by Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC)- and TZMbl-based assays, and ADCC was assessed with the GranToxiLux assay. The reactivity to an immunodominant HIV-1 gp41 epitope, and childhood vaccine antigens, was assessed by ELISA. Newborns displayed antibodies directed towards the HIV-1 gp41 epitope. However, antibodies neutralizing the transmitted virus were undetectable. Nabs directed against the transmitted virus developed usually within 12 months of age in children with slow progression, but rarely in rapid progressors. Thereafter, autologous Nabs persisted throughout the follow-up of the slow progressors and induced a continuous emergence of escape variants. Heterologous cross-Nabs were detected within two years, but their subsequent increase in potency and breadth was mainly a trait of slow progressors. Analogously, titers of antibodies mediating ADCC to gp120 BaL pulsed target cells increased in slow progressors during follow-up. The kinetics of antibody responses to the immunodominant viral antigen and the vaccine antigens were sustained and independent of disease progression. Persistent autologous Nabs triggering viral escape and an increase in the breadth and potency of cross-Nabs are exclusive to HIV-1 infected slowly progressing children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Dispinseri
- Viral Evolution and Transmission Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy; (S.D.); (M.T.)
| | - Mariangela Cavarelli
- Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-Immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), University Paris-Saclay, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France;
| | - Monica Tolazzi
- Viral Evolution and Transmission Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy; (S.D.); (M.T.)
| | - Anna Maria Plebani
- Pediatric Emergency Unit, Filippo Del Ponte Hospital, ASST-Settelaghi, 21100 Varese, Italy;
| | - Marianne Jansson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 22242 Lund, Sweden;
| | - Gabriella Scarlatti
- Viral Evolution and Transmission Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy; (S.D.); (M.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-022643-4906; Fax: +39-022643-4905
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Behrens NE, Love M, Bandlamuri M, Bernhardt D, Wertheimer A, Klotz SA, Ahmad N. Characterization of HIV-1 Envelope V3 Region Sequences from Virologically Controlled HIV-Infected Older Patients on Long Term Antiretroviral Therapy. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2021; 37:233-245. [PMID: 33287636 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2020.0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although many HIV-infected patients have attained older age owing to the success of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in controlling viremia and increasing CD4 T cell counts, HIV continues to persist in several target cells. We have characterized 514 HIV-1 envelope V3 region sequences (94-96 amino acids [aa]) from 25 HIV-infected older patients' peripheral blood mononuclear cell DNA on long-term ART with controlled viremia (undetectable viral load) and improved CD4 T cell counts. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the V3 region sequences of each patient formed distinct clusters that were well separated and discriminated from other patients' sequences. The coding potential of the V3 region, including several patient-specific amino acid motifs and functional domains, including the two cysteines sandwiching the V3 loop, the central GPGR motif with variation at one position in some sequences, the base GDIR motif, and the N-glycosylation sites were generally conserved. The patients' V3 region sequences contained amino acid motifs conferring affinity mostly for CCR5 coreceptor, suggesting R5 phenotype. There was a low degree of heterogeneity and lower estimates of genetic diversity in all 25 patients' V3 region sequences. Twelve of 25 patients' V3 region sequences were found to be under positive selection pressure. Analysis of the several cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) epitopes showed variation, whereas some of known neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) epitopes showed conservation in patients' V3 region sequences. In conclusion, a low degree of genetic variability and maintenance of functional domains with R5 phenotypes, and variation in CTL and conservation of nAb epitopes were the hallmarks of V3 region sequences from our 25 virologically controlled HIV-infected older patients on long-term ART.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E. Behrens
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Maria Love
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Meghana Bandlamuri
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Dana Bernhardt
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Anne Wertheimer
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Stephen A. Klotz
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Nafees Ahmad
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Douglas AO, Martinez DR, Permar SR. The Role of Maternal HIV Envelope-Specific Antibodies and Mother-to-Child Transmission Risk. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1091. [PMID: 28928750 PMCID: PMC5591431 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the wide availability of antiretroviral therapy (ART) prophylaxis during pregnancy, >150,000 infants become infected through mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV worldwide. It is likely that additional intervention strategies, such as a maternal HIV vaccine, will be required to eliminate pediatric HIV infections. A deeper understanding of the fine specificity and function of maternal HIV envelope (Env)-specific responses that provide partial protection against MTCT will be critical to inform the design of immunologic strategies to curb the pediatric HIV epidemic. Recent studies have underlined a role of maternal HIV Env-specific neutralizing and non-neutralizing responses in reducing risk of MTCT of HIV and in prolonging survival rates in HIV-infected infants. However, critical gaps in our knowledge include (A) the specific role of maternal autologous-virus IgG-neutralizing responses in driving the selection of infant transmitted founder (T/F) viruses and (B) Env mechanisms of escape from maternal autologous virus-neutralizing antibodies (NAbs). A more refined understanding of the fine specificities of maternal autologous virus NAbs and ways that maternal circulating viruses escape from these antibodies will be crucial to inform maternal vaccination strategies that can block MTCT to help achieve an HIV-free generation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - David R Martinez
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Sallie R Permar
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ahmad N, Ahmad AN, Ahmad SN. Features of Maternal HIV-1 Associated with Lack of Vertical Transmission. Open Virol J 2017; 11:8-14. [PMID: 28458735 PMCID: PMC5388788 DOI: 10.2174/1874357901710011008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 is transmitted from mother-to-child (vertical transmission) at an estimated rate of approximately 30% without any antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, administration of ART during pregnancy considerably diminishes the rate of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1, which has become a standard of perinatal care in HIV-infected pregnant females in developed countries. Moreover, a majority of children born to HIV-infected mothers are uninfected without any ART. In addition, characteristics of HIV-1 and/or cellular factors in the mothers may play a role in influencing or preventing vertical transmission. Several studies, including from our laboratory have characterized the properties of HIV-1 from infected mothers that transmitted HIV-1 to their infants (transmitting mothers) and compared with those mothers that failed to transmit HIV-1 to their infants (non-transmitting mothers) in the absence of ART. One of the striking differences observed was that the non-transmitting mothers harbored a less heterogeneous HIV-1 population than transmitting mothers in the analyzed HIV-1 regions of p17 gag, env V3, vif and vpr. The other significant and distinctive findings were that the functional domains of HIV-1 vif and vpr proteins were less conserved in non-transmitting mothers compared with transmitting mothers. Furthermore, there were differences seen in two important motifs of HIV-1 Gag p17, including conservation of QVSQNY motif and variation in KIEEEQN motif in non-transmitting mothers compared with transmitting mothers. Several of these distinguishing properties of HIV-1 in non-transmitting mothers provide insights in developing strategies for preventing HIV-1 vertical transmission.
Collapse
|
6
|
Nakamura KJ, Heath L, Sobrera ER, Wilkinson TA, Semrau K, Kankasa C, Tobin NH, Webb NE, Lee B, Thea DM, Kuhn L, Mullins JI, Aldrovandi GM. Breast milk and in utero transmission of HIV-1 select for envelope variants with unique molecular signatures. Retrovirology 2017; 14:6. [PMID: 28122636 PMCID: PMC5267468 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-017-0331-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) poses a serious health threat in developing countries, and adequate interventions are as yet unrealized. HIV-1 infection is frequently initiated by a single founder viral variant, but the factors that influence particular variant selection are poorly understood. Results Our analysis of 647 full-length HIV-1 subtype C and G viral envelope sequences from 22 mother–infant pairs reveals unique genotypic and phenotypic signatures that depend upon transmission route. Relative to maternal strains, intrauterine HIV transmission selects infant variants that have shorter, less-glycosylated V1 loops that are more resistant to soluble CD4 (sCD4) neutralization. Transmission through breastfeeding selects for variants with fewer potential glycosylation sites in gp41, are more sensitive to the broadly neutralizing antibodies PG9 and PG16, and that bind sCD4 with reduced cooperativity. Furthermore, experiments with Affinofile cells indicate that infant viruses, regardless of transmission route, require increased levels of surface CD4 receptor for productive infection. Conclusions These data provide the first evidence for transmission route-specific selection of HIV-1 variants, potentially informing therapeutic strategies and vaccine designs that can be tailored to specific modes of vertical HIV transmission. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12977-017-0331-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J Nakamura
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Systems Biology and Disease Program, USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Laura Heath
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Edwin R Sobrera
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Thomas A Wilkinson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Katherine Semrau
- Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Ariadne Labs, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chipepo Kankasa
- University Teaching Hospital, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Nicole H Tobin
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas E Webb
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Benhur Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Donald M Thea
- Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Ariadne Labs, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Louise Kuhn
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - James I Mullins
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Grace M Aldrovandi
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sanborn KB, Somasundaran M, Luzuriaga K, Leitner T. Recombination elevates the effective evolutionary rate and facilitates the establishment of HIV-1 infection in infants after mother-to-child transmission. Retrovirology 2015; 12:96. [PMID: 26573574 PMCID: PMC4647327 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-015-0222-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have demonstrated that single HIV-1 genotypes are commonly transmitted from mother to child, but such analyses primarily used single samples from mother and child. It is possible that in a single sample, obtained early after infection, only the most replication competent virus is detected even when other forms may have been transmitted. Such forms may have advantages later in infection, and may thus be detected in follow-up samples. Because HIV-1 frequently recombines, phylogenetic analyses that ignore recombination may miss transmission of multiple forms if they recombine after transmission. Moreover, recombination may facilitate adaptation, thus providing an advantage in establishing infection. The effect of recombination on viral evolution in HIV-1 infected children has not been well defined. RESULTS We analyzed full-length env sequences after single genome amplification from the plasma of four subtype B HIV-1 infected women (11-67 env clones from 1 time point within a month prior to delivery) and their non-breastfed, intrapartum-infected children (3-6 longitudinal time points per child starting at the time of HIV-1 diagnosis). To address the potential beneficial or detrimental effects of recombination, we used a recently developed hierarchical recombination detection method based on the pairwise homoplasy index (PHI)-test. Recombination was observed in 9-67% of the maternal sequences and in 25-60% of the child sequences. In the child, recombination only occurred between variants that had evolved after transmission; taking recombination into account, we identified transmission of only 1 or 2 phylogenetic lineages from mother to child. Effective HIV-1 evolutionary rates of HIV-1 were initially high in the child and slowed over time (after 1000 days). Recombination was associated with elevated evolutionary rates. CONCLUSIONS Our results confirm that 1-2 variants are typically transmitted from mothers to their newborns. They also demonstrate that early abundant recombination elevates the effective evolutionary rate, suggesting that recombination increases the rate of adaptation in HIV-1 evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keri B Sanborn
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, 01605, MA, USA.
| | - Mohan Somasundaran
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, 01605, MA, USA.
| | - Katherine Luzuriaga
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, 01605, MA, USA.
| | - Thomas Leitner
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, 87545, NM, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Phan CTT, Pham HV, Bi X, Ishizaki A, Saina M, Phung CD, Khu DTK, Ichimura H. Genetic Analyses of HIV-1 Strains Transmitted from Mother to Child in Northern Vietnam. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2015; 31:797-805. [PMID: 25826000 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2014.0335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in nine (6.7%) of 135 children on nevirapine prophylaxis in Vietnam. In the current study, we investigated the appearance and profile of antiretroviral drug (ARV) resistance mutations, the predicted coreceptor usage, and the genetic diversity of HIV-1 strains isolated from the eight pairs of HIV-1-infected mothers and their children, who were followed up to 12 months after birth. Portions of the pol and env C2V3 regions of the HIV-1 strains were analyzed genetically. HIV-1 CRF01_AE RNA was detected in four (50%) children at delivery. Y181C, a nevirapine resistance mutation, appeared in two (25%) children 1 and 3 months after birth, respectively. No ARV resistance mutation was detected in the mothers, though three mothers were on ARV prophylaxis. Five mothers and their children harbored CCR5-tropic (R5) viruses. Two mothers harbored both R5 and CXCR4-tropic (X4) viruses, but their children harbored only R5 viruses even though the X4 viruses were dominant in the mothers. In the remaining one mother, HIV-1 RNA was not amplified and her child harbored both R5 and X4 viruses at birth, but only X4 virus 12 months after delivery. The infants' viruses were more homogeneous than their mothers' viruses (mean distance: 0.5% vs. 1.1%, respectively). This is the first molecular epidemiological study of vertical HIV-1 infections in Vietnam. These findings may provide useful knowledge for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 and the antiretroviral treatment of children in Vietnam.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chung Thi Thu Phan
- Department of Viral Infection and International Health, Kanazawa University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
- National Hospital of Pediatrics, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hung Viet Pham
- Department of Viral Infection and International Health, Kanazawa University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
- National Hospital of Pediatrics, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Xiuqiong Bi
- Department of Viral Infection and International Health, Kanazawa University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Azumi Ishizaki
- Department of Viral Infection and International Health, Kanazawa University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Matilda Saina
- Department of Viral Infection and International Health, Kanazawa University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Cam Dac Phung
- Department of Microbiology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Hiroshi Ichimura
- Department of Viral Infection and International Health, Kanazawa University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lohman-Payne B, Sandifer T, OhAinle M, Crudder C, Lynch J, Omenda MM, Maroa J, Fowke K, John-Stewart GC, Farquhar C. In-utero infection with HIV-1 associated with suppressed lymphoproliferative responses at birth. Clin Exp Immunol 2014; 178:86-93. [PMID: 24853045 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In-utero exposure to HIV-1 may affect the immune system of the developing child and may induce HIV-1-specific immune responses, even in the absence of HIV-1 infection. We evaluated lymphoproliferative capacity at birth among 40 HIV-1-uninfected infants born to HIV-1-infected mothers and 10 infants who had acquired HIV-1 in utero. Cord blood mononuclear cells were assayed using [(3) H]-thymidine incorporation for proliferation in response to HIV-1 p55-gag and the control stimuli phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), Staphylococcus enterotoxin B (SEB) and allogeneic cells. In response to HIV-1 p55-gag, eight (20%) HIV-1-exposed, uninfected (EU) infants had a stimulation index (SI) ≥ 2 and three (30%) in-utero HIV-1 infected infants had SI ≥2. The frequency and magnitude of responses to HIV-1 p55-gag were low overall, and did not differ statistically between groups. However, proliferative responses to control stimuli were significantly higher in EU infants than in infants infected in utero, with a median SI in response to PHA of 123 [interquartile range (IQR) 77-231] versus 18 (IQR 4-86) between EU and infected infants, respectively (P < 0·001). Among infected infants, gestational maturity was associated with the strength of HIV-1 p55-gag response (P < 0·001); neither maternal nor infant HIV-1 viral load was associated. In summary, EU and HIV-1-infected infants mounted HIV-1-specific lymphoproliferative responses at similar rates (20-30%), and although global immune function was preserved among EU infants, neonatal immune responses were significantly compromised by HIV-1 infection. Such early lymphoproliferative compromise may, in part, explain rapid progression to AIDS and death among HIV-1-infected infants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Lohman-Payne
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
The evolution of HIV-1 interactions with coreceptors and mannose C-type lectin receptors. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2014; 129:109-40. [PMID: 25595802 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The phenotype of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) commonly evolves between and within infected individuals, at virus transmission, and during disease progression. This evolution includes altered interactions between the virus and its coreceptors, i.e., chemokine receptors, as well as mannose C-type lectin receptors (CLRs). Transmitted/founder viruses are predominantly restricted to CCR5, whereas the subsequent intrapatient evolution of HIV-1 coreceptor use during progressive disease can be subdivided into two distinct pathways. Accordingly, the CCR5-restricted virus population is either gradually replaced by virus variants able to use CXCR4 or evolves toward an altered, more flexible use of CCR5. Despite a strong dependency on these coreceptors for host cell entry, HIV-1 also interacts with other cell surface molecules during target cell attachment, including the CLRs. The virus interaction with the CLRs may result either in the efficient transfer of virus to CD4(+) T cells or in the degradation of the virus in endosomal compartments. The determinants of the diverse outcomes depend on which CLR is engaged and also on the glycan makeup of the envelope glycoproteins, which may evolve with the strength of the immune pressure during the disease course. With the current clinical introduction of CCR5 antagonists and the development of additional entry inhibitors, knowledge on the evolution and baseline characteristics of HIV-1 interactions with coreceptor and CLR interactions may play important roles for individualized and optimized treatment strategies. This review summarizes our current understanding of the evolution of HIV-1 interactions with these receptors.
Collapse
|
11
|
Braibant M, Barin F. The role of neutralizing antibodies in prevention of HIV-1 infection: what can we learn from the mother-to-child transmission context? Retrovirology 2013; 10:103. [PMID: 24099103 PMCID: PMC3851888 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In most viral infections, protection through existing vaccines is linked to the presence of vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies (NAbs). However, more than 30 years after the identification of AIDS, the design of an immunogen able to induce antibodies that would neutralize the highly diverse HIV-1 variants remains one of the most puzzling challenges of the human microbiology. The role of antibodies in protection against HIV-1 can be studied in a natural situation that is the mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) context. Indeed, at least at the end of pregnancy, maternal antibodies of the IgG class are passively transferred to the fetus protecting the neonate from new infections during the first weeks or months of life. During the last few years, strong data, presented in this review, have suggested that some NAbs might confer protection toward neonatal HIV-1 infection. In cases of transmission, it has been shown that the viral population that is transmitted from the mother to the infant is usually homogeneous, genetically restricted and resistant to the maternal HIV-1-specific antibodies. Although the breath of neutralization was not associated with protection, it has not been excluded that NAbs toward specific HIV-1 strains might be associated with a lower rate of MTCT. A better identification of the antibody specificities that could mediate protection toward MTCT of HIV-1 would provide important insights into the antibody responses that would be useful for vaccine development. The most convincing data suggesting that NAbs migh confer protection against HIV-1 infection have been obtained by experiments of passive immunization of newborn macaques with the first generation of human monoclonal broadly neutralizing antibodies (HuMoNAbs). However, these studies, which included only a few selected subtype B challenge viruses, provide data limited to protection against a very restricted number of isolates and therefore have limitations in addressing the hypervariability of HIV-1. The recent identification of highly potent second-generation cross-clade HuMoNAbs provides a new opportunity to evaluate the efficacy of passive immunization to prevent MTCT of HIV-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martine Braibant
- Université François-Rabelais, UFR Médecine, Inserm U966 10 bld Tonnellé, cedex, 37032 Tours, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Borggren M, Navér L, Casper C, Ehrnst A, Jansson M. R5 human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with efficient DC-SIGN use is not selected for early after birth in vertically infected children. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:767-773. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.043620-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The binding of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) to C-type lectin receptors may result in either enhanced trans-infection of T-cells or virus degradation. We have investigated the efficacy of HIV-1 utilization of DC-SIGN, a C-type lectin receptor, in the setting of intrauterine or intrapartum mother-to-child transmission (MTCT). Viruses isolated from HIV-1-infected mothers at delivery and from their vertically infected children both shortly after birth and later during the progression of the disease were analysed for their use of DC-SIGN, binding and ability to trans-infect. DC-SIGN use of a child’s earlier virus isolate tended to be reduced as compared with that of the corresponding maternal isolate. Furthermore, the children’s later isolate displayed enhanced DC-SIGN utilization compared with that of the corresponding earlier virus. These results were also supported in head-to-head competition assays and suggest that HIV-1 variants displaying efficient DC-SIGN use are not selected for during intrauterine or intrapartum MTCT. However, viruses with increased DC-SIGN use may evolve later in paediatric HIV-1 infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Borggren
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lars Navér
- Department of Clinical Science, Interventions and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Paediatrics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Charlotte Casper
- INSERM U1043, Hospital Purpan, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Anneka Ehrnst
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marianne Jansson
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ehrnst A. Challenges in Virological Diagnosis of HIV -1 Transmission from Sexual Abuse - HIV-1 Genetic Links are Mandatory. Am J Reprod Immunol 2013; 69 Suppl 1:116-21. [DOI: 10.1111/aji.12057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anneka Ehrnst
- Department of Microbiology; Tumor and Cell biology; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm; SE; Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Fouda GG, Mahlokozera T, Salazar-Gonzalez JF, Salazar MG, Learn G, Kumar SB, Dennison SM, Russell E, Rizzolo K, Jaeger F, Cai F, Vandergrift NA, Gao F, Hahn B, Shaw GM, Ochsenbauer C, Swanstrom R, Meshnick S, Mwapasa V, Kalilani L, Fiscus S, Montefiori D, Haynes B, Kwiek J, Alam SM, Permar SR. Postnatally-transmitted HIV-1 Envelope variants have similar neutralization-sensitivity and function to that of nontransmitted breast milk variants. Retrovirology 2013; 10:3. [PMID: 23305422 PMCID: PMC3564832 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breastfeeding is a leading cause of infant HIV-1 infection in the developing world, yet only a minority of infants exposed to HIV-1 via breastfeeding become infected. As a genetic bottleneck severely restricts the number of postnatally-transmitted variants, genetic or phenotypic properties of the virus Envelope (Env) could be important for the establishment of infant infection. We examined the efficiency of virologic functions required for initiation of infection in the gastrointestinal tract and the neutralization sensitivity of HIV-1 Env variants isolated from milk of three postnatally-transmitting mothers (n=13 viruses), five clinically-matched nontransmitting mothers (n=16 viruses), and seven postnatally-infected infants (n = 7 postnatally-transmitted/founder (T/F) viruses). Results There was no difference in the efficiency of epithelial cell interactions between Env virus variants from the breast milk of transmitting and nontransmitting mothers. Moreover, there was similar efficiency of DC-mediated trans-infection, CCR5-usage, target cell fusion, and infectivity between HIV-1 Env-pseudoviruses from nontransmitting mothers and postnatal T/F viruses. Milk Env-pseudoviruses were generally sensitive to neutralization by autologous maternal plasma and resistant to breast milk neutralization. Infant T/F Env-pseudoviruses were equally sensitive to neutralization by broadly-neutralizing monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies as compared to nontransmitted breast milk Env variants. Conclusion Postnatally-T/F Env variants do not appear to possess a superior ability to interact with and cross a mucosal barrier or an exceptional resistance to neutralization that define their capability to initiate infection across the infant gastrointestinal tract in the setting of preexisting maternal antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve G Fouda
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Central nervous system compartmentalization of HIV-1 subtype C variants early and late in infection in young children. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1003094. [PMID: 23300446 PMCID: PMC3531524 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 subtype B replication in the CNS can occur in CD4+ T cells or macrophages/microglia in adults. However, little is known about CNS infection in children or the ability of subtype C HIV-1 to evolve macrophage-tropic variants. In this study, we examined HIV-1 variants in ART-naïve children aged three years or younger to determine viral genotypes and phenotypes associated with HIV-1 subtype C pediatric CNS infection. We examined HIV-1 subtype C populations in blood and CSF of 43 Malawian children with neurodevelopmental delay or acute neurological symptoms. Using single genome amplification (SGA) and phylogenetic analysis of the full-length env gene, we defined four states: equilibrated virus in blood and CSF (n = 20, 47%), intermediate compartmentalization (n = 11, 25%), and two distinct types of compartmentalized CSF virus (n = 12, 28%). Older age and a higher CSF/blood viral load ratio were associated with compartmentalization, consistent with independent replication in the CNS. Cell tropism was assessed using pseudotyped reporter viruses to enter a cell line on which CD4 and CCR5 receptor expression can be differentially induced. In a subset of compartmentalized cases (n = 2, 17%), the CNS virus was able to infect cells with low CD4 surface expression, a hallmark of macrophage-tropic viruses, and intermediate compartmentalization early was associated with an intermediate CD4 entry phenotype. Transmission of multiple variants was observed for 5 children; in several cases, one variant was sequestered within the CNS, consistent with early stochastic colonization of the CNS by virus. Thus we hypothesize two pathways to compartmentalization: early stochastic sequestration in the CNS of one of multiple variants transmitted from mother to child, and emergence of compartmentalized variants later in infection, on average at age 13.5 months, and becoming fully apparent in the CSF by age 18 months. Overall, compartmentalized viral replication in the CNS occurred in half of children by year three. Genetically compartmentalized human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) subtype B populations can be variably detected in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of adults. Compartmentalization is indicative of local CNS replication, and late in disease is linked to HIV-associated dementia (HAD). Compartmentalized viral populations can comprise either CCR5-using T cell-tropic or macrophage-tropic virus. Little is known about CNS infection in children or the ability of subtype C HIV-1 to evolve macrophage-tropic variants. We examined viral populations in the blood and CSF of HIV-1 subtype C-infected children. We found an intermediate level of compartmentalization in about half of the children under 18 months of age. About 50% of children older than 18 months had clearly compartmentalized virus in the CSF/CNS, and in some cases CSF virus evolved a low CD4 entry phenotype. In some of the children two variants were transmitted from the mother. In several of these cases one of the transmitted viruses was replicating in the CNS while the other was found predominantly in the blood/periphery. Our results suggest that compartmentalized CSF/CNS populations can be detected in up to 50% of children by year three, either established early in the infection or through sequestration of a transmitted variant within the CNS.
Collapse
|
16
|
Guo H, Abrahamyan LG, Liu C, Waltke M, Geng Y, Chen Q, Wood C, Kong X. Comparative analysis of the fusion efficiency elicited by the envelope glycoprotein V1-V5 regions derived from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmitted perinatally. J Gen Virol 2012; 93:2635-2645. [PMID: 22956734 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.046771-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the properties of viruses preferentially establishing infection during perinatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is critical for the development of effective measures to prevent transmission. A previous study demonstrated that the newly transmitted viruses (in infants) of chronically infected mother-infant pairs (MIPs) were fitter in terms of growth, which was imparted by their envelope (Env) glycoprotein V1-V5 regions, than those in the corresponding chronically infected mothers. In order to investigate whether the higher fitness of transmitted viruses was conferred by their higher entry efficiency directed by the V1-V5 regions during perinatal transmission, the fusogenicity of Env containing V1-V5 regions derived from transmitted and non-tranmsmitted viruses of five chronically infected MIPs and two acutely infected MIPs was analysed using two different cell-cell fusion assays. The results showed that, in one chronically infected MIP, a higher fusion efficiency was induced by the infant Env V1-V5 compared with that of the corresponding mother. Moreover, the V4-V5 regions played an important role in discriminating the transmitted and non-transmitted viruses in this pair. However, neither a consistent pattern nor significant differences in fusogenicity mediated by the V1-V5 regions between maternal and infant variants was observed in the other MIPs. This study suggests that there is no consistent and significant correlation between viral fitness selection and entry efficiency directed by the V1-V5 regions during perinatal transmission. Other factors such as the route and timing of transmission may also be involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics (Tianjin), College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China.,Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Levon G Abrahamyan
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68508, USA
| | - Chang Liu
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Mackenzie Waltke
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68508, USA
| | - Yunqi Geng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics (Tianjin), College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Qimin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics (Tianjin), College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Charles Wood
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68508, USA
| | - Xiaohong Kong
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Neutralizing antibody escape during HIV-1 mother-to-child transmission involves conformational masking of distal epitopes in envelope. J Virol 2012; 86:9566-82. [PMID: 22740394 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00953-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 variants transmitted to infants are often resistant to maternal neutralizing antibodies (NAbs), suggesting that they have escaped maternal NAb pressure. To define the molecular basis of NAb escape that contributes to selection of transmitted variants, we analyzed 5 viruses from 2 mother-to-child transmission pairs, in which the infant virus, but not the maternal virus, was resistant to neutralization by maternal plasma near transmission. We generated chimeric viruses between maternal and infant envelope clones obtained near transmission and examined neutralization by maternal plasma. The molecular determinants of NAb escape were distinct, even when comparing two maternal variants to the transmitted infant virus within one pair, in which insertions in V4 of gp120 and substitutions in HR2 of gp41 conferred neutralization resistance. In another pair, deletions and substitutions in V1 to V3 conferred resistance, but neither V1/V2 nor V3 alone was sufficient. Although the sequence determinants of escape were distinct, all of them involved modifications of potential N-linked glycosylation sites. None of the regions that mediated escape were major linear targets of maternal NAbs because corresponding peptides failed to compete for neutralization. Instead, these regions disrupted multiple distal epitopes targeted by HIV-1-specific monoclonal antibodies, suggesting that escape from maternal NAbs occurred through conformational masking of distal epitopes. This strategy likely allows HIV-1 to utilize relatively limited changes in the envelope to preserve the ability to infect a new host while simultaneously evading multiple NAb specificities present in maternal plasma.
Collapse
|
18
|
Mabuka J, Nduati R, Odem-Davis K, Peterson D, Overbaugh J. HIV-specific antibodies capable of ADCC are common in breastmilk and are associated with reduced risk of transmission in women with high viral loads. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002739. [PMID: 22719248 PMCID: PMC3375288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
There are limited data describing the functional characteristics of HIV-1 specific antibodies in breast milk (BM) and their role in breastfeeding transmission. The ability of BM antibodies to bind HIV-1 envelope, neutralize heterologous and autologous viruses and direct antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) were analyzed in BM and plasma obtained soon after delivery from 10 non-transmitting and 9 transmitting women with high systemic viral loads and plasma neutralizing antibodies (NAbs). Because subtype A is the dominant subtype in this cohort, a subtype A envelope variant that was sensitive to plasma NAbs was used to assess the different antibody activities. We found that NAbs against the subtype A heterologous virus and/or the woman's autologous viruses were rare in IgG and IgA purified from breast milk supernatant (BMS)--only 4 of 19 women had any detectable NAb activity against either virus. Detected NAbs were of low potency (median IC50 value of 10 versus 647 for the corresponding plasma) and were not associated with infant infection (p = 0.58). The low NAb activity in BMS versus plasma was reflected in binding antibody levels: HIV-1 envelope specific IgG titers were 2.2 log(10) lower (compared to 0.59 log(10) lower for IgA) in BMS versus plasma. In contrast, antibodies capable of ADCC were common and could be detected in the BMS from all 19 women. BMS envelope-specific IgG titers were associated with both detection of IgG NAbs (p = 0.0001) and BMS ADCC activity (p = 0.014). Importantly, BMS ADCC capacity was inversely associated with infant infection risk (p = 0.039). Our findings indicate that BMS has low levels of envelope specific IgG and IgA with limited neutralizing activity. However, this small study of women with high plasma viral loads suggests that breastmilk ADCC activity is a correlate of transmission that may impact infant infection risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Mabuka
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Program of Pathobiology, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ruth Nduati
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Katherine Odem-Davis
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Dylan Peterson
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Julie Overbaugh
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Envelope glycoproteins of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 variants issued from mother-infant pairs display a wide spectrum of biological properties. Virology 2012; 426:12-21. [PMID: 22310702 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have shown that the early virus population present in HIV-1 infected infants usually is homogeneous when compared to the highly diversified viral population present at delivery in their mothers. We explored the antigenic and functional properties of pseudotyped viruses expressing gp120 encoded by env clones issued from four mother-infant pairs infected by CRF01_AE viruses. We compared their sensitivity to neutralization and to entry inhibitors, their infectivity levels and the Env processing and incorporation levels. We found that both transmitted viruses present in infants and the variants present in their chronically infected mothers display a wide spectrum of biological properties that could not distinguish between them. In contrast, we found that all the transmitted viruses in the infants were more sensitive to neutralization by PG9 and PG16 than the maternal variants, an observation that may have implications for the development of prophylactic strategies to prevent mother-to-child transmission.
Collapse
|
20
|
Kourtis AP, Amedee AM, Bulterys M, Danner S, Van Dyke R, O'Sullivan MJ, Maupin R, Jamieson DJ. Various viral compartments in HIV-1-infected mothers contribute to in utero transmission of HIV-1. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2011; 27:421-7. [PMID: 21034247 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2010.0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Perinatal HIV transmission occurs in utero or intrapartum. The mechanisms and timing of transmission are not clearly understood. To compare the genetic sequences of the V3 envelope region of infant's plasma HIV to that of the mother's plasma, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and vaginal secretions, and correlate with timing of transmission. All 3 infants had a positive HIV PCR in the first days of life, thus classified as in utero infections. In the first mother-infant pair, two different variants were present in the infant, one correlating with maternal PBMC virus and highly homologous to virus from vaginal secretions and the other identical to sequences in maternal plasma. In the second pair, the infant plasma virus was similar to that of maternal PBMC. In the third pair, the cord blood and infant plasma virus were highly similar to maternal vaginal virus. The presence of more than one HIV variant from the maternal blood and from the vaginal compartment in the cord blood of infants presumably infected in utero could point to more than one episode of transmission or, alternatively, to transmission of PBMC virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Athena P. Kourtis
- Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Angela Martin Amedee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parisitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Marc Bulterys
- Global AIDS Program, Center for Global Health, CDC, Beijing, China
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD and Tuberculosis Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Susan Danner
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD and Tuberculosis Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Russell Van Dyke
- Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | | | - Robert Maupin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parisitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Denise J. Jamieson
- Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Atlanta, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
The breadth and potency of passively acquired human immunodeficiency virus type 1-specific neutralizing antibodies do not correlate with the risk of infant infection. J Virol 2011; 85:5252-61. [PMID: 21411521 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02216-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although a major goal of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccine efforts is to elicit broad and potent neutralizing antibodies (NAbs), there are no data that directly demonstrate a role for such NAbs in protection from HIV-1 infection in exposed humans. The setting of mother-to-child transmission provides an opportunity to examine whether NAbs provide protection from HIV-1 infection because infants acquire passive antibodies from their mothers prior to exposure to HIV-1 through breastfeeding. We evaluated the characteristics of HIV-1-specific NAbs in 100 breast-fed infants of HIV-1-positive mothers who were HIV-1 negative at birth and monitored them until age 2. A panel of eight viruses that included variants representative of those in the study region as well as more diverse strains was used to determine the breadth of the infant NAbs. From their mothers, infants acquired broad and potent NAbs that were capable of recognizing heterologous circulating HIV-1 variants of diverse subtypes, but the presence of NAbs of broad HIV-1 specificity was not associated with transmission risk. There was also no correlation between responses to any particular virus tested, which included a range of diverse variants that demonstrated different neutralization profiles, including recognition by specific antibodies with known epitope targets. The eight viruses tested exhibited neutralization profiles to a variety of monoclonal antibodies (2F5, PG9, and VRC01) similar to those of viruses present in pregnant women in the cohort. These results suggest that the breadth and potency of the heterologous antibody response in exposed infants, measured against a virus panel comprised of variants typical of those circulating in the population, does not predict protection.
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
More than 400,000 children were infected with (HIV-1) worldwide in 2008, or more than 1000 children per day. Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV-1 is the most important mode of HIV acquisition in infants and children. MTCT of HIV-1 can occur in utero, intrapartum, and postnatally through breastfeeding. Great progress has been made in preventing such transmission, through the use of antiretroviral prophylactic regimens to the mother during gestation and labor and delivery and to either mother or infant during breast feeding. The timing and mechanisms of transmission, however, are multifactorial and remain incompletely understood. This article summarizes what is known about the pathogenetic mechanisms and routes of MTCT of HIV-1, and includes virologic, immunologic, genetic, and mucosal aspects of transmission.
Collapse
|
23
|
Ahmad N. Molecular mechanisms of HIV-1 mother-to-child transmission and infection in neonatal target cells. Life Sci 2010; 88:980-6. [PMID: 20888841 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2010.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Revised: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) occurs mainly at three stages, including prepartum, intrapartum and postpartum. Several maternal factors, including low CD4+ lymphocyte counts, high viral load, immune response, advanced disease status, smoking and abusing drugs have been implicated in an increased risk of HIV-1 MTCT. While use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) during pregnancy has significantly reduced the rate of MTCT, selective transmission of ART resistant mutants has been reported. Based on HIV-1 sequence comparison, the maternal HIV-1 minor genotypes with R5 phenotypes are predominantly transmitted to their infants and initially maintained in the infants with the same properties. Several HIV-1 structural, regulatory and accessory genes were highly conserved following MTCT. In addition, HIV-1 sequences from non-transmitting mothers are less heterogeneous compared with transmitting mothers, suggesting that a higher level of viral heterogeneity influences MTCT. Analysis of the immunologically relevant epitopes showed that variants evolved to escape the immune response that influenced HIV-1 MTCT. Several cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes were identified in various HIV-1 genes that were conserved in HIV-1 mother-infant sequences, suggesting a role in MTCT. We have shown that HIV-1 replicates more efficiently in neonatal T-lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages compared with adult cells, and this differential replication is influenced at the level of HIV-1 gene expression, which was due to differential expression of host factors, including transcriptional activators, signal transducers and cytokines in neonatal than adult cells. In addition, HIV-1 integration occurs in more actively transcribed genes in neonatal compared with adult cells, which may influence HIV-1 gene expression. The increased HIV-1 gene expression and replication in neonatal target cells contribute to a higher viral load and more rapid disease progression in neonates/infants than adults. These findings may identify targets, viral and host, for developing strategies for HIV-1 prevention and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nafees Ahmad
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Shanmugasundaram U, Solomon S, Murugavel KG, Nagalingeswaran K, Solomon SS, Mayer KH, Pachamuthu B. Short communication: Nucleotide variation and positively selected sites in HIV type 1 reverse transcriptase among heterosexual transmission pairs. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2010; 26:895-9. [PMID: 20672974 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2010.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the env gene of HIV-1 have been the primary focus in most epidemiologically related cohort studies of virus evolution and very limited studies have focused on the reverse transcriptase (RT) region, the primary target of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Hence, we measured the selection pressure and searched for the positively selected sites in the RT sequences amplified from HIV-1-infected heterosexual transmission pairs. Married couples (n = 10) who were ART naive were included in this study. Phylogenetic analysis, the measurement of synonymous and nonsynonymous ratio (dN/dS) and the interpatient nucleotide variation, was done. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated distinct subclusters of the RT sequences from heterosexual transmission pairs and the median (IQR) nucleotide variation between the epidemiologically related transmission pairs was significantly (p < 0.001) lower [0.01% (0.01-0.02%)] compared to the epidemiologically unrelated transmission pairs [0.04% (0.03-0.04%)]. The ratio of dN/dS was <1 and codons 135, 162, 166, 207, and 211 were positively selected in >50% of the donor and recipient RT sequences. Purifying selection pressure and low nucleotide variation in the RT sequences between epidemiologically related transmission pairs highlight its essential role in HIV-1 replication. The effect of the RT positively selected mutations that persist over time following transmission between individuals needs to be studied to determine the fitness cost of the mutations in vivo, which may possibly represent good targets for inclusion in HIV-1 vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Suniti Solomon
- Y.R. Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research and Education, Chennai, India
| | | | | | - Sunil S. Solomon
- Y.R. Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research and Education, Chennai, India
| | - Kenneth H. Mayer
- Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University/Miriam Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Micek MA, Blanco AJ, Beck IA, Dross S, Matunha L, Montoya P, Seidel K, Gantt S, Matediane E, Jamisse L, Gloyd S, Frenkel LM. Nevirapine resistance by timing of HIV type 1 infection in infants treated with single-dose nevirapine. Clin Infect Dis 2010; 50:1405-14. [PMID: 20384494 DOI: 10.1086/652151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In women, single-dose nevirapine for prophylaxis against mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) selects for nevirapine-resistant HIV-1, which subsequently decays rapidly. We hypothesized that the selection, acquisition, and decay of nevirapine-resistant HIV-1 differs in infants, varying by the timing of HIV-1 infection. METHODS We conducted a prospective, observational study of 740 Mozambican infants receiving single-dose nevirapine prophylaxis and determined the timing of infection and concentrations of nevirapine-resistant HIV-1 over time. RESULTS Infants with established in utero infection had a high rate (87.0%) of selection of nevirapine-resistant HIV-1 mutants, which rapidly decayed to undetectable levels. The few without nevirapine resistance received zidovudine with single-dose nevirapine and/or their mothers took alternative antiretroviral drugs. Infants with acute in utero infection had a lower rate of nevirapine-resistant HIV-1 (33.3%; P = .006, compared with established in utero infection), but mutants persisted over time. Infants with peripartum infection also had a lower rate of nevirapine-resistant HIV-1 (38.1%; P = .001, compared with established in utero infection) but often acquired 100% mutant virus that persisted over time (P = .017, compared with established in utero infection). CONCLUSIONS The detection and persistence of nevirapine-resistant HIV-1 in infants after single-dose nevirapine therapy vary by the timing of infection and the antiretroviral regimen. In infants with persistent high-level nevirapine-resistant HIV-1, nevirapine-based antiretroviral therapy is unlikely to ever be efficacious because of concentrations in long-lived viral reservoirs. However, the absence or decay of nevirapine-resistant HIV-1 in many infants suggests that nevirapine antiretroviral therapy may be effective if testing can identify these individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Micek
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zhang H, Rola M, West JT, Tully DC, Kubis P, He J, Kankasa C, Wood C. Functional properties of the HIV-1 subtype C envelope glycoprotein associated with mother-to-child transmission. Virology 2010; 400:164-74. [PMID: 20096914 PMCID: PMC2844456 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Revised: 11/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the properties of viruses capable of establishing infection during perinatal transmission of HIV-1 is critical for designing effective means of limiting transmission. We previously demonstrated that the newly transmitted viruses (in infant) were more fit in growth, as imparted by their envelope glycoproteins, than those in their corresponding mothers. Here, we further characterized the viral envelope glycoproteins from six mother-infant transmission pairs and determined whether any specific envelope functions correlate with HIV-1 subtype C perinatal transmission. We found that most newly transmitted viruses were less susceptible to neutralization by their maternal plasma compared to contemporaneous maternal viruses. However, the newly transmitted variants were sensitive to neutralization by pooled heterologous plasma but in general were resistant to IgG1 b12. Neither Env processing nor incorporation efficiency was predictive of viral transmissibility. These findings provide further insight into the characteristics of perinatally transmissible HIV-1 and may have implications for intervention approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE
- The School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE
| | - Marzena Rola
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE
- The School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE
| | - John T. West
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Damien C. Tully
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE
- The School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE
| | - Piotr Kubis
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE
- The School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE
| | - Jun He
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE
- The School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE
| | - Chipepo Kankasa
- Department of Pediatrics, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Charles Wood
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE
- The School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Restricted genetic diversity of HIV-1 subtype C envelope glycoprotein from perinatally infected Zambian infants. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9294. [PMID: 20174636 PMCID: PMC2823783 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 01/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 remains a significant problem in the resource-constrained settings where anti-retroviral therapy is still not widely available. Understanding the earliest events during HIV-1 transmission and characterizing the newly transmitted or founder virus is central to intervention efforts. In this study, we analyzed the viral env quasispecies of six mother-infant transmission pairs (MIPs) and characterized the genetic features of envelope glycoprotein that could influence HIV-1 subtype C perinatal transmission. Methodology and Findings The V1-V5 region of env was amplified from 6 MIPs baseline samples and 334 DNA sequences in total were analyzed. A comparison of the viral population derived from the mother and infant revealed a severe genetic bottleneck occurring during perinatal transmission, which was characterized by low sequence diversity in the infant. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that most likely in all our infant subjects a single founder virus was responsible for establishing infection. Furthermore, the newly transmitted viruses from the infant had significantly fewer potential N-linked glycosylation sites in Env V1-V5 region and showed a propensity to encode shorter variable loops compared to the nontransmitted viruses. In addition, a similar intensity of selection was seen between mothers and infants with a higher rate of synonymous (dS) compared to nonsynonymous (dN) substitutions evident (dN/dS<1). Conclusions Our results indicate that a strong genetic bottleneck occurs during perinatal transmission of HIV-1 subtype C. This is evident through population diversity and phylogenetic patterns where a single viral variant appears to be responsible for infection in the infants. As a result the newly transmitted viruses are less diverse and harbored significantly less glycosylated envelope. This suggests that viruses with the restricted glycosylation in envelope glycoprotein appeared to be preferentially transmitted during HIV-1 subtype C perinatal transmission. In addition, our findings also indicated that purifying selection appears to predominate in shaping the early intrahost evolution of HIV-1 subtype C envelope sequences.
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize our current understanding of the restricted diversity and biological characteristics of newly transmitted HIV-1 variants. RECENT FINDINGS Transmission of HIV-1 involves a reduction in viral diversity, supporting the concept of a genetic bottleneck. In most cases, transmission appears to be mediated by a single infectious unit. Transmission of multiple variants has also been observed and is associated with factors that compromise the genital mucosa. The biological characteristics of the newly transmitted variants are influenced by the mode of transmission and perhaps the viral subtype. For sexual transmission, the integrity of the mucosal barrier is likely to impose a major restriction on the infecting virus, whereas mother-to-child transmission is also influenced by the presence of maternal antibody. SUMMARY Transmission of HIV-1 is complex, multimodal, and poorly understood, but one common feature appears to be a window of opportunity when the infection is localized and viral diversity is limited; at this time the virus is at its most vulnerable. A better understanding of the restrictions inflicted upon transmitting HIV-1 should therefore lead to improved biomedical interventions that have the potential to protect against HIV infection.
Collapse
|
29
|
Shalekoff S, Meddows-Taylor S, Gray GE, Sherman GG, Coovadia AH, Kuhn L, Tiemessen CT. Identification of human immunodeficiency virus-1 specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses in perinatally-infected infants and their mothers. AIDS 2009; 23:789-98. [PMID: 19293686 PMCID: PMC2761599 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e328329c784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are few data describing the specificity, breadth and magnitude of T cell responses to HIV-1 in infancy. METHODS HIV-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses to peptide pools representing Gag, Env, Pol, Nef and the regulatory regions (Reg) were simultaneously measured in 18 perinatally-infected infants and 14 of their chronically-infected mothers, using a whole blood interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma flow cytometric intracellular cytokine staining assay. RESULTS HIV-specific CD8+ T cell responses were detected in all the infants aged 6 weeks and older (range 0.1-6.62%) and their mothers (range 0.1-4.89%). HIV-specific CD4+ T cell responses were detected in 33% of the infants (range 0.11-0.54%) and 73% of the mothers (range 0.16-0.84). CD8+ T cell responses in the mothers were almost equally spread between the variable (Nef, Reg and Env) and conserved proteins (Gag and Pol). Conversely, CD8+ T cell responses to the more variable proteins dominated in the perinatally-infected infants comprising 74% of the total response. Interestingly, mothers and infants shared responses to at least one peptide pool, whereas only one mother-infant pair shared a peptide pool targeted by CD4+ T cells. Two in-utero-infected infants tested at birth had CD8+ T cell responses, and one of them had an Env-specific CD4 T cell response. CONCLUSION Our observations that HIV-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses can be detected in perinatally-infected infants from 6 weeks of age and that CD8+ T cell responses predominantly target the variable proteins have important implications for HIV vaccine design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Shalekoff
- AIDS Virus Research Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases
- University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg
| | - Stephen Meddows-Taylor
- AIDS Virus Research Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases
- University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg
| | - Glenda E. Gray
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, Soweto
| | - Gayle G. Sherman
- National Health Laboratory Services
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, University of the Witwatersrand
| | - Ashraf H. Coovadia
- Empilweni Clinic, Coronation Women and Children Hospital, Enhancing Childhood HIV Outcomes (ECHO), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Louise Kuhn
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Centre, College of Physicians and Surgeons and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Caroline T. Tiemessen
- AIDS Virus Research Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases
- University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ceballos A, Andreani G, Ripamonti C, Dilernia D, Mendez R, Rabinovich RD, Cárdenas PC, Zala C, Cahn P, Scarlatti G, Peralta LM. Lack of viral selection in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 mother-to-child transmission with primary infection during late pregnancy and/or breastfeeding. J Gen Virol 2009; 89:2773-2782. [PMID: 18931075 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.83697-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) as described for women with an established infection is, in most cases, associated with the transmission of few maternal variants. This study analysed virus variability in four cases of maternal primary infection occurring during pregnancy and/or breastfeeding. Estimated time of seroconversion was at 4 months of pregnancy for one woman (early seroconversion) and during the last months of pregnancy and/or breastfeeding for the remaining three (late seroconversion). The C2V3 envelope region was analysed in samples of mother-child pairs by molecular cloning and sequencing. Comparisons of nucleotide and amino acid sequences as well as phylogenetic analysis were performed. The results showed low variability in the virus population of both mother and child. Maximum-likelihood analysis showed that, in the early pregnancy seroconversion case, a minor viral variant with further evolution in the child was transmitted, which could indicate a selection event in MTCT or a stochastic event, whereas in the late seroconversion cases, the mother's and child's sequences were intermingled, which is compatible with the transmission of multiple viral variants from the mother's major population. These results could be explained by the less pronounced selective pressure exerted by the immune system in the early stages of the mother's infection, which could play a role in MTCT of HIV-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ceballos
- National Reference Center for AIDS, Department of Microbiology, University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guadalupe Andreani
- National Reference Center for AIDS, Department of Microbiology, University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Chiara Ripamonti
- Viral Evolution and Transmission Unit, DIBIT - San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Dario Dilernia
- National Reference Center for AIDS, Department of Microbiology, University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ramiro Mendez
- National Reference Center for AIDS, Department of Microbiology, University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Roberto D Rabinovich
- National Reference Center for AIDS, Department of Microbiology, University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Carlos Zala
- Hospital Juan Fernández, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pedro Cahn
- Hospital Juan Fernández, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriella Scarlatti
- Viral Evolution and Transmission Unit, DIBIT - San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Liliana Martínez Peralta
- National Reference Center for AIDS, Department of Microbiology, University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Samleerat T, Braibant M, Jourdain G, Moreau A, Ngo-Giang-Huong N, Leechanachai P, Hemvuttiphan J, Hinjiranandana T, Changchit T, Warachit B, Suraseranivong V, Lallemant M, Barin F. Characteristics of HIV type 1 (HIV-1) glycoprotein 120 env sequences in mother-infant pairs infected with HIV-1 subtype CRF01_AE. J Infect Dis 2008; 198:868-76. [PMID: 18700833 DOI: 10.1086/591251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed the characteristics of the envelope genes of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in 17 mother-infant pairs infected with variants of the CRF01_AE clade. A total of 353 sequences covering almost the entire glycoprotein (gp) 120 region were available for analysis. We found that, even if the virus population in the mother was complex, only viruses of a restricted subset were transmitted to her infant, independently of whether transmission occurred in utero or during the intrapartum period. We did not find that shorter gp120 regions or fewer potential N-glycosylation sites (PNGS) were characteristic of viruses transmitted from mother to infant. However, our data suggest that a limited number of PNGS that seem to be conserved in all variants in infants but are not uniformly present in variants in mothers may confer an advantage for transmission of the virus, thereby highlighting the potentially important role of the "glycan shield." This finding was particularly significant for the PNGS at positions N301 and N384.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanawan Samleerat
- Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Thailand
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Ahmad N. THE VERTICAL TRANSMISSION OF HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS TYPE 1: Molecular and Biological Properties of the Virus. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2008; 42:1-34. [PMID: 15697169 DOI: 10.1080/10408360490512520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The vertical (mother-to-infant) transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1 ) occurs at an estimated rate of more than 30% and is the major cause of AIDS in children. Numerous maternal parameters, including advanced dinical stages, low CD4+ lymphocte counts, high viral load, immune response, and disease progression have been implicated in an increased risk of vertical transmission. While the use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) during pregnancy has been shown to reduce the risk of vertical transmission, selective transmission of ART-resistant mutants has also been documented. Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of vertical transmission might provide relevant information for the development of effective strategies for prevention and treatment. By using HIV-1 infected mother-infant pairs as a transmitter-recipient model, the minor genotypes of HIV-1 with macrophage-tropic and non-syncytium-inducing phenotypes (R5 viruses) in infected mothers were found to be transmitted to their infants and were initially maintained in the infants with the same properties. In addition, the transmission of major and multiple genotypes has been suggested. Furthermore, HIV-1 sequences found in non-transmitting mothers (mothers who failed to transmit HIV-1 to their infants in the absence of ART) were less heterogeneous than those from transmitting mothers, suggesting that viral heterogeneity may play an important role in vertical transmission. In the analysis of other regions of the HIV-1 genome, we have shown a high conservation of intact and functional gag p17, vif, vpr, vpu, tat, and nef open reading frames following mother-to-infant transmission. Moreover the accessory genes, vif and vpr, were less functionally conserved in the isolates of non-transmitting mothers than transmitting mothers and their infants. We, therefore, should target the properties of transmitted viruses to develop new and more effective strategies for the prevention and treatment of HIV-1 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nafees Ahmad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope confers higher rates of replicative fitness to perinatally transmitted viruses than to nontransmitted viruses. J Virol 2008; 82:11609-18. [PMID: 18786994 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00952-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Selection of a minor viral genotype during perinatal transmission of human Immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has been observed, but there is a lack of information on the correlation of the restrictive transmission with biological properties of the virus, such as replicative fitness. Recombinant viruses expressing the enhanced green fluorescent protein or the Discosoma sp. red fluorescent (DsRed2) protein carrying the V1 to V5 regions of env from seven mother-infant pairs (MIPs) infected by subtype C HIV-1 were constructed, and competition assays were carried out to compare the fitness between the transmitted and nontransmitted viruses. Flow cytometry was used to quantify the frequency of infected cells, and the replicative fitness was determined based on a calculation that takes into account replication of competing viruses in a single infection versus dual infections. Transmitted viruses from five MIPs with the mothers chronically infected showed a restrictive env genotype, and all the recombinant viruses carrying the infants' Env had higher replicative fitness than those carrying the Env from the mothers. This growth fitness is lineage specific and can be observed only within the same MIP. In contrast, in two MIPs where the mothers had undergone recent acute infection, the viral Env sequences were similar between the mothers and infants and showed no further restriction in quasispecies during perinatal transmission. The recombinant viruses carrying the Env from the infants' viruses also showed replication fitness similar to those carrying the mothers' Env proteins. Our results suggest that newly transmitted viruses from chronically infected mothers have been selected to have higher replicative fitness to favor transmission, and this advantage is conferred by the V1 to V5 region of Env of the transmitted viruses. This finding has important implications for vaccine design or development of strategies to prevent HIV-1 transmission.
Collapse
|
34
|
Biesinger T, Kimata JT. HIV-1 Transmission, Replication Fitness and Disease Progression. Virology (Auckl) 2008; 2008:49-63. [PMID: 20354593 PMCID: PMC2846839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Upon transmission, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) establishes infection of the lymphatic reservoir, leading to profound depletion of the memory CD4(+) T cell population, despite the induction of the adaptive immune response. The rapid evolution and association of viral variants having distinct characteristics with different stages of infection, the level of viral burden, and rate of disease progression suggest a role for viral variants in this process. Here, we review the literature on HIV-1 variants and disease and discuss the importance of viral fitness for transmission and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason T. Kimata
- Corresponding Author: Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, BCM385, Room 811D, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA, Tel: 713-798-4536, FAX: 713-798-4435,
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Biesinger T, Kimata JT. HIV-1 Transmission, Replication Fitness and Disease Progression. Virology (Auckl) 2008. [DOI: 10.4137/vrt.s860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon transmission, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) establishes infection of the lymphatic reservoir, leading to profound depletion of the memory CD4+ T cell population despite the induction of the adaptive immune response. The rapid evolution and association of viral variants having distinct characteristics during different stages of infection, the level of viral burden, and rate of disease progression suggest a role for viral variants in this process. Here, we review the literature on HIV-1 variants and disease and discuss the importance of viral fitness for transmission and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tasha Biesinger
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030. U.S.A
| | - Jason T. Kimata
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030. U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the envelope (Env) glycoprotein of HIV-1 in mother-infant pairs (MIP) that underwent near simultaneous or acute-phase seroconversion, we examined the Env sequence of the transmitted viruses and compare viral evolution within the pair. DESIGN Three MIP from a Zambian cohort that seroconverted at the same sampling time were identified and followed longitudinally. METHODS The V1-V5 region of the HIV-1 Env gene was sequenced for each sample collected. Phylogenetic and population genetics analyses were carried out to subtype the viruses, estimate relationships among viral genotypes, and compare molecular evolution between the viral populations. RESULTS Genetic analyses demonstrated a close intrapair relationship between viral sequences from each MIP. Transmission involved several closely related viral genotypes and did not result in a reduction in viral diversity. Amino acid changes were not evenly distributed along Env V1-V5 but concentrated in concordant areas within each MIP. Several positions under positive selection were shared between the MIP viruses. Interestingly, selective pressure on the virus was higher in the infants than in the mothers. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to most cases of perinatal transmission of HIV-1 from chronically infected mothers, there is no evidence of a genetic bottleneck in the transmitted viruses in these three instances of acute seroconversion. The longitudinal changes in the amino acids are in similar positions in Env for the MIP, suggesting shared evolutionary constrains among the closely related viruses infecting the MIP; such constrains may lead to similar genetic changes in the virus in two different hosts.
Collapse
|
37
|
Distinct efficacy of HIV-1 entry inhibitors to prevent cell-to-cell transfer of R5 and X4 viruses across a human placental trophoblast barrier in a reconstitution model in vitro. Retrovirology 2008; 5:31. [PMID: 18377645 PMCID: PMC2294141 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-5-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2007] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and methods HIV-1 cell-to-cell transmission is more efficient than infection of permissive cells with cell-free particles. The potency of HIV-1 entry inhibitors to inhibit such transmission is not well known. Herein, we evaluated the efficacy of this new class of antiretrovirals to block cell-to-cell transmission of HIV-1 in a model of reconstitution of the human placental trophoblast barrier in vitro. Results Our data show that CCR5 antagonists and T20 inhibit the passage of the virus across the BeWo cell monolayer in contact with PBMCs infected with an R5 (Ba-L) and a dualtropic (A204) HIV-1 with IC50s in the range of 100 – 5,000 nM for TAK779; 90 to 15,000 nM for SCH-350581 and 3,000 to 20,000 nM for T20. The CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 is also effective against X4 HIV-1 infected PBMCs in our model with IC50 comprised between 4 nM and 640 nM. HIV-1 entry inhibitors are less efficient to block cell-to-cell virus transmission than cell-free HIV-1 infection of PBMCs and CCR5 antagonists do not prevent PBMC infection by dual tropic HIV-1 in contrast to cell-to-cell infection in our model. Surprisingly, T20 (and C34) do not block cell-to-cell transmission of X4 HIV-1 but, rather, increase 80 to 140 fold, compared to control without drug, the passage of the virus across the trophoblast barrier. Additional experiments suggest that the effect of T20 on BeWo/PBMC-X4 HIV-1 is due to an increase of effector-target cells fusion. Conclusion Our results support further evaluation of HIV-1 coreceptor antagonists, alone or combined to other antiretrovirals, in a perspective of prevention but warn on the use of T20 in patients bearing X4 HIV-1 at risk of transmission.
Collapse
|
38
|
Ahmad N. Molecular Mechanisms of HIV-1 Vertical Transmission and Pathogenesis in Infants. HIV-1: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS 2008; 56:453-508. [DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(07)56015-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
39
|
Buonaguro L, Tagliamonte M, Tornesello ML, Buonaguro FM. Genetic and phylogenetic evolution of HIV-1 in a low subtype heterogeneity epidemic: the Italian example. Retrovirology 2007; 4:34. [PMID: 17517125 PMCID: PMC1892567 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-4-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2007] [Accepted: 05/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) is classified into genetic groups, subtypes and sub-subtypes which show a specific geographic distribution pattern. The HIV-1 epidemic in Italy, as in most of the Western Countries, has traditionally affected the Intra-venous drug user (IDU) and Homosexual (Homo) risk groups and has been sustained by the genetic B subtype. In the last years, however, the HIV-1 transmission rate among heterosexuals has dramatically increased, becoming the prevalent transmission route. In fact, while the traditional risk groups have high levels of knowledge and avoid high-risk practices, the heterosexuals do not sufficiently perceive the risk of HIV-1 infection. This misperception, linked to the growing number of immigrants from non-Western Countries, where non-B clades and circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) are prevalent, is progressively introducing HIV-1 variants of non-B subtype in the Italian epidemic. This is in agreement with reports from other Western European Countries. In this context, the Italian HIV-1 epidemic is still characterized by low subtype heterogeneity and represents a paradigmatic example of the European situation. The continuous molecular evolution of the B subtype HIV-1 isolates, characteristic of a long-lasting epidemic, together with the introduction of new subtypes as well as recombinant forms may have significant implications for diagnostic, treatment, and vaccine development. The study and monitoring of the genetic evolution of the HIV-1 represent, therefore, an essential strategy for controlling the local as well as global HIV-1 epidemic and for developing efficient preventive and therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Buonaguro
- Lab of Viral Oncogenesis and Immunotherapy & AIDS Refer. Center, Ist. Naz. Tumori "Fond. G. Pascale", Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Tagliamonte
- Lab of Viral Oncogenesis and Immunotherapy & AIDS Refer. Center, Ist. Naz. Tumori "Fond. G. Pascale", Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Lina Tornesello
- Lab of Viral Oncogenesis and Immunotherapy & AIDS Refer. Center, Ist. Naz. Tumori "Fond. G. Pascale", Naples, Italy
| | - Franco M Buonaguro
- Lab of Viral Oncogenesis and Immunotherapy & AIDS Refer. Center, Ist. Naz. Tumori "Fond. G. Pascale", Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Persaud D, Ray SC, Kajdas J, Ahonkhai A, Siberry GK, Ferguson K, Ziemniak C, Quinn TC, Casazza JP, Zeichner S, Gange SJ, Watson DC. Slow human immunodeficiency virus type 1 evolution in viral reservoirs in infants treated with effective antiretroviral therapy. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2007; 23:381-90. [PMID: 17411371 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2006.0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A longitudinal study of viral reservoirs in children initiating highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in early infancy was undertaken to test the hypothesis that early effective treatment affects the persistence of replication-competent viral latency and the evolution of HIV-1 in resting CD4(+) T cells. An end point dilution culture assay was used to measure the frequencies of latently-infected resting CD4(+) T cells harboring replication-competent virus in early and late treated children. Gag, pol, and env also were sequenced and compared to pretreatment sequences. HIV-1-specific humoral and cellular immune responses were also assessed. Blood samples were obtained from 12 HIV-1-infected children who started HAART at a median of 1.9 months of age and who maintained suppression of HIV-1 replication for up to 5.5 years. Replication-competent HIV-1 was recovered from 10/12 (84%) subjects. Evolution in gag, pol, and env was restricted for years in early-treated children. HAART initiated from early infancy does not prevent the establishment of a reservoir of latent provirus, but does significantly limit the evolution of HIV-1 in viral reservoirs. The effect of early therapy on HIV-1 evolution may have implications for long-term pharmacologic control of HIV-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Persaud
- Department of Pediatrics and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Lehman DA, Farquhar C. Biological mechanisms of vertical human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) transmission. Rev Med Virol 2007; 17:381-403. [PMID: 17542053 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In the absence of interventions, 30-45% of exposed infants acquire human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) through mother-to-child transmission. It remains unclear why some infants become infected while others do not, despite significant exposure to HIV-1 in utero, during delivery and while breastfeeding. Here we discuss the correlates of vertical transmission with an emphasis on factors that increase maternal HIV-1 levels, either systemically or locally in genital secretions and breast milk. Immune responses may influence maternal viral load, and data suggest that maternal neutralising antibodies reduce infection rates. In addition, infants may be capable of mounting HIV-specific cellular immune responses. We propose that both humoral and cellular responses are necessary to reduce infection because cell-free as well as cell-associated virus appears to play a role in vertical transmission. These distinct forms of the virus may be targeted most effectively by different components of the immune system. We also discuss the use of antiretrovirals to reduce transmission, focusing on the mechanisms of action of regimens currently used in developing country settings. We conclude that prevention relies not only on reducing maternal HIV-1 levels within blood, genital tract and breast milk, but also on pre- and/or post-exposure prophylaxis to the infant. However, HIV-1 has the capacity to mutate under drug pressure and rapidly acquires mutations conferring antiretroviral resistance. This review concludes with data on persistence of low-level resistance after delivery as well as recent guidelines for maternal and infant regimens designed to limit resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dara A Lehman
- Department of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Zhang H, Hoffmann F, He J, He X, Kankasa C, West JT, Mitchell CD, Ruprecht RM, Orti G, Wood C. Characterization of HIV-1 subtype C envelope glycoproteins from perinatally infected children with different courses of disease. Retrovirology 2006; 3:73. [PMID: 17054795 PMCID: PMC1635063 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-3-73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2006] [Accepted: 10/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The causal mechanisms of differential disease progression in HIV-1 infected children remain poorly defined, and much of the accumulated knowledge comes from studies of subtype B infected individuals. The applicability of such findings to other subtypes, such as subtype C, remains to be substantiated. In this study, we longitudinally characterized the evolution of the Env V1-V5 region from seven subtype C HIV-1 perinatally infected children with different clinical outcomes. We investigated the possible influence of viral genotype and humoral immune response on disease progression in infants. RESULTS Genetic analyses revealed that rapid progressors (infants that died in the first year of life) received and maintained a genetically homogeneous viral population throughout the disease course. In contrast, slow progressors (infants that remained clinically asymptomatic for up to four years) also exhibited low levels variation initially, but attained higher levels of diversity over time. Genetic assessment of variation, as indicated by dN/dS, showed that particular regions of Env undergo selective changes. Nevertheless, the magnitude and distribution of these changes did not segregate slow and rapid progressors. Longitudinal trends in Env V1-V5 length and the number of potential N-glycosylation sites varied among patients but also failed to discriminate between fast and slow progressors. Viral isolates from rapid progressors and slow progressors displayed no significant growth properties differences in vitro. The neutralizing activity in maternal and infant baseline plasma also varied in its effectiveness against the initial virus from the infants but did not differentiate rapid from slow progressors. Quantification of the neutralization susceptibility of the initial infant viral isolates to maternal baseline plasma indicated that both sensitive and resistant viruses were transmitted, irrespective of disease course. We showed that humoral immunity, whether passively acquired or developed de novo in the infected children, varied but was not predictive of disease progression. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that neither genetic variation in env, or initial maternal neutralizing activity, or the level of passively acquired neutralizing antibody, or the level of the de novo neutralization response appear to be linked to differences in disease progression in subtype C HIV-1 infected children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Federico Hoffmann
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Jun He
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Xiang He
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Chipepo Kankasa
- Department of Pediatrics, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - John T West
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Charles D Mitchell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Ruth M Ruprecht
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Guillermo Orti
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Charles Wood
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Tagliamonte M, Vidal N, Tornesello ML, Peeters M, Buonaguro FM, Buonaguro L. Genetic and phylogenetic characterization of structural genes from non-B HIV-1 subtypes in Italy. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2006; 22:1045-51. [PMID: 17067276 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2006.22.1045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A molecular and phylogenetic characterization on env and gag subgenomic regions has been performed in our laboratory on HIV-1 variants identified in seropositive individuals residing in Italy, infected in the 1999-2001 period, and five non-B-subtype HIV-1 isolates have been described. To confirm the phylogenetic characterization and to determine the genomic organization of three non-B HIV-1 isolates (A, G, and CRF02- AG), the complete gag, pol, and gp120 ORFs (approx. 6900 bp) have been sequenced for each of them. The phylogenetic tree analyses performed on the whole sequence or on individual genes suggested, for the A and G isolates, the identification of divergent strains that do not cluster into any of the known subsubtypes. This has been further validated by pairwise distance analysis. On the contrary, the phylogenetic classification of the CRF02-AG isolate has been confirmed and an overall typical pattern of intragenomic breakpoints has been observed by a Simplot analysis. These results confirm the constant HIV-1 molecular evolution and indicate the relevance of a continuous molecular monitoring of HIV-1 isolates for the development of appropriate vaccine candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Tagliamonte
- Laboratory of Viral Oncogenesis and Immunotherapy and AIDS Reference Center, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fond. G. Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Rychert J, Lacour N, Amedee AM. Genetic analysis of simian immunodeficiency virus expressed in milk and selectively transmitted through breastfeeding. J Virol 2006; 80:3721-31. [PMID: 16571789 PMCID: PMC1440429 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.80.8.3721-3731.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To develop effective intervention strategies that prevent breast milk transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), we must understand the specific viral properties and mechanisms responsible for infant infection. We have used lactating rhesus macaques infected with a pathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) stock to analyze the viral genotypes expressed in plasma and milk throughout the disease course and to identify those variants ultimately transmitted to infants through breastfeeding. In these studies we observed mother-to-infant transmission of SIV/Delta(B670) by eight females during the chronic phase of disease, and we analyzed by heteroduplex tracking assays and sequence analysis the distribution and fluctuations in viral genotypes expressed. Each female expressed multiple V1 envelope genotypes in milk near the time of transmission, while a single genotype was found in each of the infants. Variants transmitted to infants were not expressed throughout the maternal disease course but were only detected near the time of transmission. The emergence of the transmitted genotype in the dam typically occurred in plasma before milk and was coincident with increased milk viral loads. Transmitted genotypes tended to be longer and more glycosylated and had a less negative charge over the V1 region compared to viral genotypes expressed in milk but not transmitted. These observations demonstrate that specific viral genotypes are selectively transmitted to infants through breastfeeding and support the hypothesis that transmission occurs as genotypes adapt for efficient expression in milk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Rychert
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1901 Perdido St., New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Sanchez-Merino V, Nie S, Luzuriaga K. HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cell responses and viral evolution in women and infants. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 175:6976-86. [PMID: 16272358 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.10.6976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ T lymphocyte responses play an important role in controlling HIV-1 replication but escape from CD8+ T cell surveillance may limit the effectiveness of these responses. Mother-to-child transmission of CD8+ T cell escape variants may particularly affect CD8+ T cell recognition of infant HIV-1 epitopes. In this study, amino acid sequence variation in HIV-1 gag and nef was examined in five untreated mother-infant pairs to evaluate the potential role of CD8+ T cell responses in the evolution of the viral quasispecies. Several CD8+ T cell escape variants were detected in maternal plasma. Evaluation of infant plasma viruses at 1-3 mo documented heterogeneity of gag and nef gene sequences and mother-to-child transmission of CD8+ T cell escape variants. Infant HLA haplotype and viral fitness appeared to determine the stability of the escape mutants in the infant over time. Changes in CD8+ T cell epitope sequences were detected in infants' sequential plasma specimens, suggesting that infants are capable of generating virus-specific CD8+ T cell responses that exert selective pressures in vivo. Altogether, these studies document that HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cell responses contribute to the evolution of the viral quasispecies in HIV-1-infected women and their infants and may have important implications for vaccine design.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adult
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Base Sequence
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- Epitopes/genetics
- Female
- Gene Products, gag/genetics
- Gene Products, nef/genetics
- Genes, gag
- Genes, nef
- Genetic Variation
- HIV Infections/immunology
- HIV Infections/transmission
- HIV Infections/virology
- HIV-1/genetics
- HIV-1/immunology
- Humans
- In Vitro Techniques
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation
- Pregnancy
- Selection, Genetic
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- nef Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Sanchez-Merino
- Department of Pediatrics/Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Wu X, Parast AB, Richardson BA, Nduati R, John-Stewart G, Mbori-Ngacha D, Rainwater SMJ, Overbaugh J. Neutralization escape variants of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 are transmitted from mother to infant. J Virol 2006; 80:835-44. [PMID: 16378985 PMCID: PMC1346878 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.80.2.835-844.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2005] [Accepted: 10/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal passive immunity typically plays a critical role in protecting infants from new infections; however, the specific contribution of neutralizing antibodies in limiting mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is unclear. By examining cloned envelope variants from 12 transmission pairs, we found that vertically transmitted variants were more resistant to neutralization by maternal plasma than were maternal viral variants near the time of transmission. The vertically transmitted envelope variants were poorly neutralized by monoclonal antibodies b12 [corrected] 2G12, 2F5, and 4E10 individually or in combination. Despite the fact that the infant viruses were among the most neutralization resistant in the mother, they had relatively few glycosylation sites. Moreover, the transmitted variants elicited de novo neutralizing antibodies in the infants, indicating that they were not inherently difficult to neutralize. The neutralization resistance of vertically transmitted viruses is in contrast to the relative neutralization sensitivity of viruses sexually transmitted within discordant couples, suggesting that the antigenic properties of viruses that are favored for transmission may differ depending upon mode of transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueling Wu
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Zhang H, Hoffmann F, He J, He X, Kankasa C, Ruprecht R, West JT, Orti G, Wood C. Evolution of subtype C HIV-1 Env in a slowly progressing Zambian infant. Retrovirology 2005; 2:67. [PMID: 16274482 PMCID: PMC1308862 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-2-67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2005] [Accepted: 11/07/2005] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the high prevalence of mother to child infection, the development of a better understanding of African subtype C HIV-1 transmission and natural evolution is of significant importance. In this study, we genotypically and phenotypically characterized subtype C viruses isolated over a 67-month follow-up period from an in utero-infected Zambian infant. Changes in genotype and phenotype were correlated to alterations of the host humoral immune response. RESULTS A comparison of baseline maternal and infant samples indicated that the infant sequences are monophyletic and contain a fraction of the diversity observed in the mother. This finding suggests that selective transmission occurred from mother to child. Peaks in infant HIV-1 Env genetic diversity and divergence were noted at 48 months, but were not correlated with changes in co-receptor usage or syncytia phenotype. Phylogenetic analyses revealed an accumulation of mutations over time, as well as the reappearance of ancestral lineages. In the infant C2-V4 region of Env, neither the median number of putative N-glycosylation sites or median sequence length showed consistent increases over time. The infant possessed neutralizing antibodies at birth, but these decreased in effectiveness or quantity with time. De novo humoral responses were detected in the child after 12 months, and corresponded with an increase in Env diversity. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates a correlation between HIV-1 Env evolution and the humoral immune response. There was an increase in genetic diversification in the infant viral sequences after 12 months, which coincided with increases in neutralizing antibody titers. In addition, episodes of viral growth and successive immune reactions in the first 5-6 years were observed in this slow progressor infant with delayed onset of AIDS. Whether this pattern is typical of slow progressing subtype C HIV-1 infected infant needs to be further substantiated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
- The School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Federico Hoffmann
- The School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Jun He
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
- The School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Xiang He
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
- The School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Chipepo Kankasa
- Department of Pediatrics, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Ruth Ruprecht
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John T West
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
- The School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Guillermo Orti
- The School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Charles Wood
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
- The School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Lohman BL, Slyker JA, Richardson BA, Farquhar C, Mabuka JM, Crudder C, Dong T, Obimbo E, Mbori-Ngacha D, Overbaugh J, Rowland-Jones S, John-Stewart G. Longitudinal assessment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-specific gamma interferon responses during the first year of life in HIV-1-infected infants. J Virol 2005; 79:8121-30. [PMID: 15956557 PMCID: PMC1143755 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.13.8121-8130.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection results in different patterns of viral replication in pediatric compared to adult populations. The role of early HIV-1-specific responses in viral control has not been well defined, because most studies of HIV-1-infected infants have been retrospective or cross-sectional. We evaluated the association between HIV-1-specific gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) release from the cells of infants of 1 to 3 months of age and peak viral loads and mortality in the first year of life among 61 Kenyan HIV-1-infected infants. At 1 month, responses were detected in 7/12 (58%) and 6/21 (29%) of infants infected in utero and peripartum, respectively (P = 0.09), and in approximately 50% of infants thereafter. Peaks of HIV-specific spot-forming units (SFU) increased significantly with age in all infants, from 251/10(6) peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) at 1 month of age to 501/10(6) PBMC at 12 months of age (P = 0.03), although when limited to infants who survived to 1 year, the increase in peak HIV-specific SFU was no longer significant (P = 0.18). Over the first year of life, infants with IFN-gamma responses at 1 month had peak plasma viral loads, rates of decline of viral load, and mortality risk similar to those of infants who lacked responses at 1 month. The strength and breadth of IFN-gamma responses at 1 month were not significantly associated with viral containment or mortality. These results suggest that, in contrast to HIV-1-infected adults, in whom strong cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses in primary infection are associated with reductions in viremia, HIV-1-infected neonates generate HIV-1-specific CD8+-T-cell responses early in life that are not clearly associated with improved clinical outcomes.
Collapse
|
49
|
Lusso P, Earl PL, Sironi F, Santoro F, Ripamonti C, Scarlatti G, Longhi R, Berger EA, Burastero SE. Cryptic nature of a conserved, CD4-inducible V3 loop neutralization epitope in the native envelope glycoprotein oligomer of CCR5-restricted, but not CXCR4-using, primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 strains. J Virol 2005; 79:6957-68. [PMID: 15890935 PMCID: PMC1112133 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.11.6957-6968.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The external subunit of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein (Env), gp120, contains conserved regions that mediate sequential interactions with two cellular receptor molecules, CD4 and a chemokine receptor, most commonly CCR5 or CXCR4. However, antibody accessibility to such regions is hindered by diverse protective mechanisms, including shielding by variable loops, conformational flexibility and extensive glycosylation. For the conserved neutralization epitopes hitherto described, antibody accessibility is reportedly unrelated to the viral coreceptor usage phenotype. Here, we characterize a novel, conserved gp120 neutralization epitope, recognized by a murine monoclonal antibody (MAb), D19, which is differentially accessible in the native HIV-1 Env according to its coreceptor specificity. The D19 epitope is contained within the third variable (V3) domain of gp120 and is distinct from those recognized by other V3-specific MAbs. To study the reactivity of MAb D19 with the native oligomeric Env, we generated a panel of PM1 cells persistently infected with diverse primary HIV-1 strains. The D19 epitope was conserved in the majority (23/29; 79.3%) of the subtype-B strains tested, as well as in selected strains from other genetic subtypes. Strikingly, in CCR5-restricted (R5) isolates, the D19 epitope was invariably cryptic, although it could be exposed by addition of soluble CD4 (sCD4); epitope masking was dependent on the native oligomeric structure of Env, since it was not observed with the corresponding monomeric gp120 molecules. By contrast, in CXCR4-using strains (X4 and R5X4), the epitope was constitutively accessible. In accordance with these results, R5 isolates were resistant to neutralization by MAb D19, becoming sensitive only upon addition of sCD4, whereas CXCR4-using isolates were neutralized regardless of the presence of sCD4. Other V3 epitopes examined did not display a similar divergence in accessibility based on coreceptor usage phenotype. These results provide the first evidence of a correlation between HIV-1 biological phenotype and neutralization sensitivity, raising the possibility that the in vivo evolution of HIV-1 coreceptor usage may be influenced by the selective pressure of specific host antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Lusso
- Unit of Human Virology, Department of Biological and Technological Research (DIBIT), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Clevestig P, Maljkovic I, Casper C, Carlenor E, Lindgren S, Navér L, Bohlin AB, Fenyö EM, Leitner T, Ehrnst A. The X4 phenotype of HIV type 1 evolves from R5 in two children of mothers, carrying X4, and is not linked to transmission. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2005; 21:371-8. [PMID: 15929699 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2005.21.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we found that emergence of the X4 viral phenotype in HIV-1-infected children was related to the presence of X4 in their mothers (C.H. Casper et al., J Infect Dis 2002; 186:914-921). Here, we investigated the origin of the X4 phenotype in the child, analyzing two mother-child pairs (Ma-Ca, Mb-Cb) where the mothers carried X4 and their children developed X4 after an initial presence of R5. We used nested polymerase chain reaction of the env V3 region to generate 203 HIV-1 clones for sequencing (Ma, n = 44; Ca, n = 73; Mb, n = 61; Cb, n = 25) from DNA of peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) lysates, altogether 167 clones, or from cDNA of plasma RNA, 36 clones. PBMC and plasma isolate sequences from each time point enabled us to assign the probable phenotype to clone sequences in a phylogenetic tree. The transmission and evolution were reconstructed using the maximum likelihood method. In mother-child pair Ma-Ca, one maternal R5 isolate clustered with the child's R5 sequences, at the earliest time when R5 was isolated in the child, confirming this as a likely source of the transmitted R5 phenotype. At age 3, an X4 population was present in the child that had evolved from the child's own R5-associated population, clearly distinct from the maternal X4 sequences. The second mother-child pair (Mb-Cb) displayed a similar pattern. Amino acid substitution patterns corroborated the conclusions from the phylogenetic tree. Thus, in both children, the X4 virus developed from their own R5 population, and was not caused by transmission of X4.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Evolution, Molecular
- Female
- HIV Envelope Protein gp120/chemistry
- HIV Envelope Protein gp120/genetics
- HIV Infections/transmission
- HIV Infections/virology
- HIV-1/genetics
- HIV-1/metabolism
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/virology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Peptide Fragments/chemistry
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Phenotype
- Phylogeny
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/virology
- Receptors, CCR5/genetics
- Receptors, CCR5/metabolism
- Receptors, CXCR4/genetics
- Receptors, CXCR4/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Clevestig
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|