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Takahashi M, Araki T, Yashima H, Nagamine A, Nagano D, Yamamoto K. Increased c‑SRC expression is involved in acquired resistance to lenvatinib in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2023; 26:529. [PMID: 38020292 PMCID: PMC10654551 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2023.14116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lenvatinib, a multi-kinase inhibitor, serves a crucial role in the treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, >50% of patients receiving lenvatinib therapy experience tumor growth or metastasis within 1 year, highlighting the need to address acquired resistance as a critical clinical challenge. To elucidate the factors associated with acquired resistance to lenvatinib, a lenvatinib-resistant HCC cell line (JHH-7_LR) was established by exposing a lenvatinib-sensitive HCC cell line, JHH-7, to lenvatinib. The changes in protein expression associated with the development of resistance were analyzed using a proteomic approach, detecting 1,321 proteins and significant changes in the expression of 267 proteins. Using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis bioinformatics software, it was revealed that the activity of multiple signaling pathways varied alongside the changes in expression of these proteins, and c-SRC was identified as a protein involved in a number of these signaling pathways, with its activity varying markedly upon the acquisition of resistance. When co-administering dasatinib, a c-SRC inhibitor, the partial restoration of lenvatinib sensitivity in the JHH-7_LR cell line was observed. The present study demonstrated that increased c-SRC expression was partially associated with HCC resistance to lenvatinib, suggesting that c-SRC inhibition could reduce the resistance of HCC to lenvatinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamitsu Takahashi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
- Department of Pharmacy, Gunma University Hospital, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Takuya Araki
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
- Department of Pharmacy, Gunma University Hospital, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Hideaki Yashima
- Department of Pharmacy, Gunma University Hospital, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Ayumu Nagamine
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
- Education Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, Takasaki, Gunma 370-0033, Japan
| | - Daisuke Nagano
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
- Education and Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Medical and Applied Life Sciences, Niigata, Niigata 956-8603, Japan
| | - Koujirou Yamamoto
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
- Department of Pharmacy, Gunma University Hospital, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
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2
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New Structural Perspectives in G Protein-Coupled Receptor-Mediated Src Family Kinase Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126489. [PMID: 34204297 PMCID: PMC8233884 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Src family kinases (SFKs) are key regulators of cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. The expression of these non-receptor tyrosine kinases is strongly correlated with cancer development and tumor progression. Thus, this family of proteins serves as an attractive drug target. The activation of SFKs can occur via multiple signaling pathways, yet many of them are poorly understood. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-mediated regulation of SFKs, which is of considerable interest because GPCRs are among the most widely used pharmaceutical targets. This type of activation can occur through a direct interaction between the two proteins or be allosterically regulated by arrestins and G proteins. We postulate that a rearrangement of binding motifs within the active conformation of arrestin-3 mediates Src regulation by comparison of available crystal structures. Therefore, we hypothesize a potentially different activation mechanism compared to arrestin-2. Furthermore, we discuss the probable direct regulation of SFK by GPCRs and investigate the intracellular domains of exemplary GPCRs with conserved polyproline binding motifs that might serve as scaffolding domains to allow such a direct interaction. Large intracellular domains in GPCRs are often understudied and, in general, not much is known of their contribution to different signaling pathways. The suggested direct interaction between a GPCR and a SFK could allow for a potential immediate allosteric regulation of SFKs by GPCRs and thereby unravel a novel mechanism of SFK signaling. This overview will help to identify new GPCR-SFK interactions, which could serve to explain biological functions or be used to modulate downstream effectors.
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Mezi S, Botticelli A, Pomati G, Cerbelli B, Scagnoli S, Amirhassankhani S, d’Amati G, Marchetti P. Standard of Care and Promising New Agents for the Treatment of Mesenchymal Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1080. [PMID: 33802438 PMCID: PMC7959307 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathologic definition of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) relies on the absence of expression of estrogen, progesterone and HER2 receptors. However, this BC subgroup is distinguished by a wide biological, molecular and clinical heterogeneity. Among the intrinsic TNBC subtypes, the mesenchymal type is defined by the expression of genes involved in the epithelial to mesenchymal transition, stromal interaction and cell motility. Moreover, it shows a high expression of genes involved in proliferation and an immune-suppressive microenvironment. Several molecular alterations along different pathways activated during carcinogenesis and tumor progression have been outlined and could be involved in immune evasion mechanisms. Furthermore, reverting epithelial to mesenchymal transition process could lead to the overcoming of immune-resistance. This paper reviews the current knowledge regarding the mesenchymal TNBC subtype and its response to conventional therapeutic strategies, as well as to some promising molecular target agents and immunotherapy. The final goal is a tailored combination of cytotoxic drugs, target agents and immunotherapy in order to restore immunocompetence in mesenchymal breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Mezi
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Science, University of Rome “Sapienza”, 00185 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (B.C.); (G.d.)
| | - Andrea Botticelli
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Rome “Sapienza”, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.B.); (P.M.)
| | - Giulia Pomati
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Rome “Sapienza”, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Bruna Cerbelli
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Science, University of Rome “Sapienza”, 00185 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (B.C.); (G.d.)
| | - Simone Scagnoli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome “Sapienza”, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Sasan Amirhassankhani
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Guy’s & St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK;
| | - Giulia d’Amati
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Science, University of Rome “Sapienza”, 00185 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (B.C.); (G.d.)
| | - Paolo Marchetti
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Rome “Sapienza”, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.B.); (P.M.)
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Ji R, Zhu XJ, Wang ZR, Huang LQ. Cortactin in Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:585619. [PMID: 33195233 PMCID: PMC7606982 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.585619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortactin, a member of the actin-binding protein family, plays an important role in cell movement involving the cytoskeleton, as cell movement mediated by cortactin may induce the epithelial–mesenchymal transition. Cortactin participates in tumor proliferation, migration, and invasion and other related disease processes by binding to different proteins and participating in different pathways and mechanisms that induce the occurrence of these disease processes. Therefore, this article reviews the correlations between cortactin, the actin cytoskeleton, and the epithelial–mesenchymal transition and discusses its clinical importance in tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Ji
- Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Zhu
- Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhi-Rong Wang
- Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li-Qiang Huang
- Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, China
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5
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Belli S, Esposito D, Servetto A, Pesapane A, Formisano L, Bianco R. c-Src and EGFR Inhibition in Molecular Cancer Therapy: What Else Can We Improve? Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1489. [PMID: 32517369 PMCID: PMC7352780 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The proto-oncogene c-Src is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase playing a key role in many cellular pathways, including cell survival, migration and proliferation. c-Src de-regulation has been observed in several cancer types, making it an appealing target for drug discovery efforts. Recent evidence emphasizes its crucial role not only in promoting oncogenic traits, but also in the acquisition and maintenance of cancer resistance to various chemotherapeutic or molecular target drugs. c-Src modulates epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activation and amplifies its downstream oncogenic signals. In this review, we report several studies supporting c-Src kinase role in the intricate mechanisms of resistance to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). We further highlighted pre- and clinical progresses of combined treatment strategies made in recent years. Several pre-clinical data have encouraged the use of c-Src inhibitors in combination with EGFR inhibitors. However, clinical trials provided controversial outcomes in some cancer types. Despite c-Src inhibitors showed good tolerability in cancer patients, no incontrovertible and consistent clinical responses were recorded, supporting the idea that a better selection of patients is needed to improve clinical outcome. Currently, the identification of biological markers predictive of therapy response and the accurate molecular screening of cancer patients aimed to gain most clinical benefits become decisive and mandatory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Luigi Formisano
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.B.); (D.E.); (A.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Roberto Bianco
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.B.); (D.E.); (A.S.); (A.P.)
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6
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Src Family Kinases as Therapeutic Targets in Advanced Solid Tumors: What We Have Learned so Far. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061448. [PMID: 32498343 PMCID: PMC7352436 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Src is the prototypal member of Src Family tyrosine Kinases (SFKs), a large non-receptor kinase class that controls multiple signaling pathways in animal cells. SFKs activation is necessary for the mitogenic signal from many growth factors, but also for the acquisition of migratory and invasive phenotype. Indeed, oncogenic activation of SFKs has been demonstrated to play an important role in solid cancers; promoting tumor growth and formation of distant metastases. Several drugs targeting SFKs have been developed and tested in preclinical models and many of them have successfully reached clinical use in hematologic cancers. Although in solid tumors SFKs inhibitors have consistently confirmed their ability in blocking cancer cell progression in several experimental models; their utilization in clinical trials has unveiled unexpected complications against an effective utilization in patients. In this review, we summarize basic molecular mechanisms involving SFKs in cancer spreading and metastasization; and discuss preclinical and clinical data highlighting the main challenges for their future application as therapeutic targets in solid cancer progression
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ATP7A delivers copper to the lysyl oxidase family of enzymes and promotes tumorigenesis and metastasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:6836-6841. [PMID: 30890638 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1817473116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase (LOX) and LOX-like (LOXL) proteins are copper-dependent metalloenzymes with well-documented roles in tumor metastasis and fibrotic diseases. The mechanism by which copper is delivered to these enzymes is poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrate that the copper transporter ATP7A is necessary for the activity of LOX and LOXL enzymes. Silencing of ATP7A inhibited LOX activity in the 4T1 mammary carcinoma cell line, resulting in a loss of LOX-dependent mechanisms of metastasis, including the phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase and myeloid cell recruitment to the lungs, in an orthotopic mouse model of breast cancer. ATP7A silencing was also found to attenuate LOX activity and metastasis of Lewis lung carcinoma cells in mice. Meta-analysis of breast cancer patients found that high ATP7A expression was significantly correlated with reduced survival. Taken together, these results identify ATP7A as a therapeutic target for blocking LOX- and LOXL-dependent malignancies.
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On the Dual Role of Carcinoembryonic Antigen-Related Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 (CEACAM1) in Human Malignancies. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:7169081. [PMID: 30406153 PMCID: PMC6204181 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7169081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1) is a glycoprotein belonging to the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) family that is expressed on a wide variety of cells and holds a complex role in inflammation through its alternate splicing and generation of various isoforms, mediating intricate mechanisms of modulation and dysregulation. Initially regarded as a tumor suppressor as its expression shows considerable downregulation within the epithelia in the early phases of many solid cancers, CEACAM1 has been linked lately to the progression of malignancy and metastatic spread as various papers point to its role in tumor progression, angiogenesis, and invasion. We reviewed the literature and discussed the various expression patterns of CEACAM1 in different types of tumors, describing its structure and general biologic functions and emphasizing the most significant findings that link this molecule to poor prognosis. The importance of understanding the role of CEACAM1 in cell transformation stands not only in this adhesion molecule's value as a prognostic factor but also in its promising premise as a potential new molecular target that could be exploited as a specific cancer therapy.
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Huang C, Zhang Z, Chen L, Lee HW, Ayrapetov MK, Zhao TC, Hao Y, Gao J, Yang C, Mehta GU, Zhuang Z, Zhang X, Hu G, Chin YE. Acetylation within the N- and C-Terminal Domains of Src Regulates Distinct Roles of STAT3-Mediated Tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 2018. [PMID: 29531159 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-2314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Huang
- Translation Medicine Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
- Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lihan Chen
- Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hank W Lee
- Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Marina K Ayrapetov
- Departments of Surgery and Medicine, Brown University School of Medicine-Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Ting C Zhao
- Departments of Surgery and Medicine, Brown University School of Medicine-Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Yimei Hao
- Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinsong Gao
- Departments of Surgery and Medicine, Brown University School of Medicine-Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Chunzhang Yang
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Gautam U Mehta
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Zhengping Zhuang
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Xiaoren Zhang
- Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guohong Hu
- Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Eugene Chin
- Translation Medicine Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
- Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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10
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Forough R, Lindner L, Partridge C, Jones B, Guy G, Clark G. Elevated 80K-H Protein in Breast Cancer: A Role for FGF-1 Stimulation of 80K-H. Int J Biol Markers 2018; 18:89-98. [PMID: 12841677 DOI: 10.1177/172460080301800201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An increase in fibroblast growth factor-1 (FGF-1) is established as part of the cause of several important cancers including breast cancer, but the mechanisms by which it induces malignant behavior are not known. We now report that the protein 80K-H, a substrate for PKC, appears to be part of this mechanism and that it is increased in breast cancer and localizes to the nucleus as part of the mechanism. Our conclusion is based on an examination of a total of 58 biopsy specimens from human breast cancer patients for the presence of relationships between the 80K-H protein and the following: fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 (FGFR-1), tumor grade, microvessel counts (MVC), estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PgR) status. Based on histological grading and immunohistochemical (IHC) assays, we found strong direct relationships between 80K-H and FGFR-1 (r=0.49, p=0.003) and tumor grade (r=0.42, p=0.006). A trend for a direct relationship was observed with PgR (r=0.27, p=0.087). Notably, 80K-H immunostaining was largely limited to the epithelial cells of the mammary ducts. Subsequently, we studied the effects of FGF-1 on 80K-H in cultured human mammary carcinoma epithelial cells in order to establish a more direct relationship between these two molecules. We observed that FGF-1 treatment of MCF-7 cells stimulated translocation of 80K-H protein to the cell nucleus, as demonstrated by subcellular fractionation studies. Maximal intranuclear 80K-H was observed approximately 30 minutes following FGF-1 treatment. In addition, FGF-1 treatment of MCF-7 cells increased growth and invasion of MCF-7 cells, as demonstrated by cell proliferation and a modified Boyden chamber assay, respectively. Further support for 80K-H nuclearization was provided by the immunostaining of human breast cancer specimens and computer-assisted identification of a putative nuclear localization signal (NLS) near the amino terminus of 80K-H protein structure. These data support the existence of a previously unrecognized FGF-1/80K-H nuclear pathway in progression of human breast cancer and suggest that 80K-H may be useful for the assessment of breast tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Forough
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, HSC, College Station, Texas 77843, USA.
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11
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Scott AJ, Song EK, Bagby S, Purkey A, McCarter M, Gajdos C, Quackenbush KS, Cross B, Pitts TM, Tan AC, Eckhardt SG, Fenton H, Arcaroli J, Messersmith WA. Evaluation of the efficacy of dasatinib, a Src/Abl inhibitor, in colorectal cancer cell lines and explant mouse model. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187173. [PMID: 29091939 PMCID: PMC5665512 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dysregulation of the Src pathway has been shown to be important at various stages of cancer. Dasatinib is a potent Src/Abl inhibitor and has demonstrated to have anti-proliferative and anti-invasive activity in many preclinical models. The objective of this study was to determine the anti-tumor activity of dasatinib using in vitro and in vivo preclinical colorectal (CRC) models. Methods CRC cell lines and patient-derived tumor explant (PDX) models were used to investigate the efficacy of dasatinib. We treated 50 CRC cell lines with dasatinib for 72 hours and proliferation was assayed by a sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay; an IC50 ≤ 0.08 μmol/L was considered sensitive. We treated 17 patient-derived CRC explants with dasatinib (50 mg/kg/day, administered once-daily) for 28 days to determine in vivo efficacy. Tumor growth inhibition (TGI) ≥ 50% was considered sensitive. Results We found that 8 out of 50 CRC cell lines reached an IC50 ≤ 0.08 μmol/L with dasatinib treatment. In addition, of 17 CRC explants grown in the xenograft mouse model, 2 showed sensitivity to dasatinib. The anti-tumor effects observed in this study were a result of G1 cell cycle arrest as the dasatinib sensitive CRC cell lines exhibited G1 inhibition. Moreover, those CRC cell lines that were responsive (0.08 μmol/L) to treatment demonstrated a significant baseline increase in Src and FAK gene expression. Conclusion Dasatinib demonstrated significant anti-proliferative activity in a subset of CRC cell lines in vitro, especially in those with increased Src expression at baseline, but only showed modest efficacy in CRC explants. Dasatinib is currently being studied in combination with chemotherapy in patients with advanced CRC, as its use as a single agent appears limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J. Scott
- Division of Medical Oncology, Banner University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Eun-Kee Song
- Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Stacey Bagby
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus and University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Alicia Purkey
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus and University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Martin McCarter
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus and University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Csaba Gajdos
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus and University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Kevin S. Quackenbush
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus and University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Cross
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus and University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Todd M. Pitts
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus and University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Aik Choon Tan
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus and University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - S. Gail Eckhardt
- Division of Medical Oncology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America
| | - Hubert Fenton
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus and University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - John Arcaroli
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus and University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Wells A. Messersmith
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus and University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States of America
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12
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EGFR-mediated apoptosis via STAT3. Exp Cell Res 2017; 356:93-103. [PMID: 28433699 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) is a cell surface receptor with primary implications in cell growth in both normal and malignant tissue. Paradoxically, cell lines that hyperexpress the EGFR have been documented to undergo receptor-mediated apoptosis. The underlying mechanism by which EGF-induced apoptosis occurs however remains inexplicit. In an attempt to identify this mechanism, we assessed downstream effectors of EGFR in MDA-MB-468 cells during conditions of EGF-induced apoptosis. The effector assessment revealed STAT3 as a potential mediator of EGF-induced apoptosis. Alternative strategies for activating STAT3, independent of EGFR stimulation, resulted in the induction of the apoptotic pathways. A reduction in STAT3 expression via RNAi resulted in a significant attenuation of EGF-induced PARP cleavage. Our findings support STAT3 as a positive mediator of EGF-induced apoptosis in MDA-MB-468 cells.
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13
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Ueshima C, Kataoka TR, Takei Y, Hirata M, Sugimoto A, Hirokawa M, Okayama Y, Blumberg RS, Haga H. CEACAM1 long isoform has opposite effects on the growth of human mastocytosis and medullary thyroid carcinoma cells. Cancer Med 2017; 6:845-856. [PMID: 28332308 PMCID: PMC5387134 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Carcinoembryonic antigen‐related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1) is expressed in a number of tumor cell types. The immunoreceptor tyrosine‐based inhibitory motif (ITIM)‐containing isoforms of this molecule which possess a long cytoplasmic tail (CEACAM1‐L) generally play inhibitory roles in cell function by interacting with Src homology 2 domain‐containing tyrosine phosphatase (SHP)‐1 and/or SHP‐2. Src family kinases (SFKs) are also known to bind to and phosphorylate CEACAM1‐L isoforms. Here, we report that CEACAM1 was uniquely expressed at high levels in both human neoplastic mast cells (mastocytosis) and medullary thyroid carcinoma cell (MTC) lines, when compared with their expression in nonneoplastic mast cells or nonneoplastic C cells. This expression was mainly derived from CEACAM1‐L isoforms based upon assessment of CEACAM1 mRNA expression. CEACAM1 knockdown upregulated cell growth of HMC1.2 cells harboring KIT mutations detected in clinical mastocytosis, whereas downregulated the growth of TT cells harboring RET mutations detected in clinical MTCs. Immunoblotting, ELISA and immunoprecipitaion analysis showed that activated SHP‐1 is preferentially associated with CEACAM1 in HMC1.2 cells harboring KIT mutations, whereas Src family kinases (SFKs) are preferentially associated with CEACAM1 in TT cells harboring RET mutations. These studies suggest that the dominantly interacting proteins SHP1 or SFK determine whether CEACAM1‐L displays a positive or negative role in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiyuki Ueshima
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Yusuke Takei
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hirata
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akihiko Sugimoto
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Yoshimichi Okayama
- Division of Molecular Cell Immunology and Allergology, Advanced Medical Research Center, Nihon University Graduate School of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Richard S Blumberg
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hironori Haga
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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14
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Wang R, Wang X, Wu JQ, Ni B, Wen LB, Huang L, Liao Y, Tong GZ, Ding C, Mao X. Efficient porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus entry in MARC-145 cells requires EGFR-PI3K-AKT-LIMK1-COFILIN signaling pathway. Virus Res 2016; 225:23-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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15
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Significance of kinase activity in the dynamic invadosome. Eur J Cell Biol 2016; 95:483-492. [PMID: 27465307 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Invadosomes are actin rich protrusive structures that facilitate invasive migration in multiple cell types. Comprised of invadopodia and podosomes, these highly dynamic structures adhere to and degrade the extracellular matrix, and are also thought to play a role in mechanosensing. Many extracellular signals have been implicated in invadosome stimulation, activating complex signalling cascades to drive the formation, activity and turnover of invadosomes. While the structural components of invadosomes have been well studied, the regulation of invadosome dynamics is still poorly understood. Protein kinases are essential to this regulation, affecting all stages of invadosome dynamics and allowing tight spatiotemporal control of their activity. Invadosome organisation and function have been linked to pathophysiological states such as cancer invasion and metastasis; therapeutic targeting of invadosome regulatory components is thus warranted. In this review, we discuss the involvement of kinase signalling in every stage of the invadosome life cycle and evaluate its significance.
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16
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Zhang QQ, Zhou DL, Lei Y, Zheng L, Chen SX, Gou HJ, Gu QL, He XD, Lan T, Qi CL, Li JC, Ding YQ, Qiao L, Wang LJ. Slit2/Robo1 signaling promotes intestinal tumorigenesis through Src-mediated activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Oncotarget 2015; 6:3123-35. [PMID: 25605242 PMCID: PMC4413642 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Slit2 is often overexpressed in cancers. Slit2 is a secreted protein that binds to Roundabout (Robo) receptors to regulate cell growth and migration. Here, we employed several complementary mouse models of intestinal cancers, including the Slit2 transgenic mice, the ApcMin/+ spontaneous intestinal adenoma mouse model, and the DMH/DSS-induced colorectal carcinoma model to clarify function of Slit2/Robo1 signaling in intestinal tumorigenesis. We showed that Slit2 and Robo1 are overexpressed in intestinal tumors and may contribute to tumor generation. The Slit2/Robo1 signaling can induce precancerous lesions of the intestine and tumor progression. Ectopic expression of Slit2 activated Slit2/Robo1 signaling and promoted tumorigenesis and tumor growth. This was mediated in part through activation of the Src signaling, which then down-regulated E-cadherin, thereby activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Thus, Slit2/Robo1 signaling is oncogenic in intestinal tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Qian Zhang
- Vascular Biology Research Institute, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Da-lei Zhou
- Vascular Biology Research Institute, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Lei
- Vascular Biology Research Institute, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Zheng
- Vascular Biology Research Institute, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sheng-Xia Chen
- Vascular Biology Research Institute, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Ju Gou
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qu-Liang Gu
- Vascular Biology Research Institute, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Dong He
- Vascular Biology Research Institute, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tian Lan
- Vascular Biology Research Institute, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cui-Ling Qi
- Vascular Biology Research Institute, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiang-Chao Li
- Vascular Biology Research Institute, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Qing Ding
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Qiao
- Storr Liver Center, Westmead Millennium Institute for Medical Research, The Western Clinical School of the Faculty of Medicine, The University of Sydney at the Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Li-Jing Wang
- Vascular Biology Research Institute, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
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17
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Persaud A, Alberts P, Mari S, Tong J, Murchie R, Maspero E, Safi F, Moran MF, Polo S, Rotin D. Tyrosine phosphorylation of NEDD4 activates its ubiquitin ligase activity. Sci Signal 2014; 7:ra95. [PMID: 25292214 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ligand binding to the receptor tyrosine kinase fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor 1 (FGFR1) causes dimerization and activation by transphosphorylation of tyrosine residues in the kinase domain. FGFR1 is ubiquitylated by the E3 ligase NEDD4 (also known as NEDD4-1), which promotes FGFR1 internalization and degradation. Although phosphorylation of FGFR1 is required for NEDD4-dependent endocytosis, NEDD4 directly binds to a nonphosphorylated region of FGFR1. We found that activation of FGFR1 led to activation of c-Src kinase-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of NEDD4, enhancing the ubiquitin ligase activity of NEDD4. Using mass spectrometry, we identified several FGF-dependent phosphorylated tyrosines in NEDD4, including Tyr(43) in the C2 domain and Tyr(585) in the HECT domain. Mutating these tyrosines to phenylalanine to prevent phosphorylation inhibited FGF-dependent NEDD4 activity and FGFR1 endocytosis and enhanced cell proliferation. Mutating the tyrosines to glutamic acid to mimic phosphorylation enhanced NEDD4 activity. Moreover, the NEDD4 C2 domain bound the HECT domain, and the presence of phosphomimetic mutations inhibited this interaction, suggesting that phosphorylation of NEDD4 relieves an inhibitory intra- or intermolecular interaction. Accordingly, activation of FGFR1 was not required for activation of NEDD4 that lacked its C2 domain. Activation of c-Src by epidermal growth factor (EGF) also promoted tyrosine phosphorylation and enhanced the activity of NEDD4. Thus, we identified a feedback mechanism by which receptor tyrosine kinases promote catalytic activation of NEDD4 and that may represent a mechanism of receptor crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Persaud
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, and Biochemistry Department, University of Toronto, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Philipp Alberts
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, and Biochemistry Department, University of Toronto, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Sara Mari
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Via Adamello 16, Milan 20139, Italy
| | - Jiefei Tong
- Molecular Structure and Function Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, and Molecular Genetics Department, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Ryan Murchie
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, and Biochemistry Department, University of Toronto, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Elena Maspero
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Via Adamello 16, Milan 20139, Italy
| | - Frozan Safi
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, and Biochemistry Department, University of Toronto, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Michael F Moran
- Molecular Structure and Function Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, and Molecular Genetics Department, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Simona Polo
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Via Adamello 16, Milan 20139, Italy. Dipartimento Scienze della Salute, Universita degli Studi di Milano, Via di Rudini 8, Milan 20142, Italy
| | - Daniela Rotin
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, and Biochemistry Department, University of Toronto, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada.
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18
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Reinecke JB, Katafiasz D, Naslavsky N, Caplan S. Regulation of Src trafficking and activation by the endocytic regulatory proteins MICAL-L1 and EHD1. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:1684-98. [PMID: 24481818 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.133892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Localization of the non-receptor tyrosine kinase Src to the cell periphery is required for its activation and to mediate focal adhesion turnover, cell spreading and migration. Inactive Src localizes to a perinuclear compartment and the movement of Src to the plasma membrane is mediated by endocytic transport. However, the precise pathways and regulatory proteins that are responsible for SRC transport are incompletely understood. Here, we demonstrate that Src partially colocalizes with the endocytic regulatory protein MICAL-L1 (molecule interacting with CasL-like protein 1) in mammalian cells. Furthermore, MICAL-L1 is required for growth-factor- and integrin-induced Src activation and transport to the cell periphery in HeLa cells and human fibroblasts. Accordingly, MICAL-L1 depletion impairs focal adhesion turnover, cell spreading and cell migration. Interestingly, we find that the MICAL-L1 interaction partner EHD1 (EH domain-containing protein 1) is also required for Src activation and transport. Moreover, the MICAL-L1-mediated recruitment of EHD1 to Src-containing recycling endosomes is required for the release of Src from the perinuclear endocytic recycling compartment in response to growth factor stimulation. Our study sheds new light on the mechanism by which Src is transported to the plasma membrane and activated, and provides a new function for MICAL-L1 and EHD1 in the regulation of intracellular non-receptor tyrosine kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Reinecke
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Eppley Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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19
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Karim SA, Creedon H, Patel H, Carragher NO, Morton JP, Muller WJ, Evans TR, Gusterson B, Sansom OJ, Brunton VG. Dasatinib inhibits mammary tumour development in a genetically engineered mouse model. J Pathol 2013; 230:430-40. [PMID: 23616343 DOI: 10.1002/path.4202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Src family kinase activity is elevated in a number of human cancers including breast cancer. This increased activity has been associated with aggressive disease and poor prognosis. Src inhibitors are currently in clinical development with a number of trials currently assessing their activity in breast cancer. However, the results to date have been disappointing and a further evaluation of the preclinical effects of Src inhibitors is required to help establish whether these agents will be useful in the treatment of breast cancer. In this study we investigate the effects of dasatinib, which is a potent inhibitor of Src family kinases, on the initiation and development of breast cancer in a genetically engineered model of the disease. The mouse model utilized is driven by expression of activated ErbB-2 under the transcriptional control of its endogenous promoter coupled with conditional loss of Pten under the control of Cre recombinase expressed by the BLG promoter. We show that daily oral administration of dasatinib delays tumour onset and increases overall survival but does not inhibit the proliferation of established tumours. The striking difference between the dasatinib-treated group of tumours and the vehicle controls was the prominent squamous metaplasia that was seen in six out of 11 dasatinib-treated tumours. This was accompanied by a dramatic up-regulation of both E-cadherin and β-catenin and down-regulation of ErbB-2 in the dasatinib-treated tumours. Dasatinib also inhibited both the migration and the invasion of tumour-derived cell lines in vitro. Together these data support the argument that benefits of Src inhibitors may predominate in early or even pre-invasive disease.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Breast Neoplasms/enzymology
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Breast Neoplasms/prevention & control
- Cadherins/genetics
- Cadherins/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Dasatinib
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Administration Schedule
- Enhancer Elements, Genetic
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, erbB-2
- Integrases/genetics
- Integrases/metabolism
- Lactoglobulins/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/enzymology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/prevention & control
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- PTEN Phosphohydrolase/deficiency
- PTEN Phosphohydrolase/genetics
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/administration & dosage
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Pyrimidines/administration & dosage
- Pyrimidines/pharmacology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Thiazoles/administration & dosage
- Thiazoles/pharmacology
- Time Factors
- beta Catenin/genetics
- beta Catenin/metabolism
- src-Family Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- src-Family Kinases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Saadia A Karim
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
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20
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Liu M, Zhao J, Chen K, Bian X, Wang C, Shi Y, Wang JM. G protein-coupled receptor FPR1 as a pharmacologic target in inflammation and human glioblastoma. Int Immunopharmacol 2012; 14:283-8. [PMID: 22863814 PMCID: PMC3547636 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2012.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Formylpeptide receptor1 (FPR1) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) originally identified in phagocytic leucocytes and mediates cell chemotaxis and activation in response to bacterial formylated chemotactic peptides. However, FPR1 also participates in a signal relay which regulates the infiltration of phagocytes, in particular neutrophils, to inflammatory sites in response to tissue-derived chemoattractant ligands. In addition to participating in innate immune responses, recently, FPR1 has been shown to be expressed by highly malignant glioblastoma (GBM) cells. Upon activation by an endogenous agonist Annexin 1 (Anx A1) released by necrotic glioma cells, FPR1 transactivates the receptor for epithelial growth factor (EGFR) and consequently to promote glioma cell chemotaxis, invasion, growth and production of angiogenic factors. The observations demonstrate that FPR1, as a multifunctional GPCR with pattern recognition properties, is not only involved in innate immune responses but also in the progression of GBM. Thus, FPR1 is an immunopharmacologic target for development of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyong Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jianhua Zhao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Keqiang Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Xiuwu Bian
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Chunyan Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- Xuzhou Yes Biotech Laboratories Ltd. Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China
| | - Ying Shi
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ji Ming Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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21
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Spatiotemporal regulation of Src and its substrates at invadosomes. Eur J Cell Biol 2012; 91:878-88. [PMID: 22823952 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, substantial progress has been made in understanding how Src family kinases regulate the formation and function of invadosomes. Invadosomes are organized actin-rich structures that contain an F-actin core surrounded by an adhesive ring and mediate invasive migration. Src kinases orchestrate, either directly or indirectly, each phase of the invadosome life cycle including invadosome assembly, maturation and matrix degradation and disassembly. Complex arrays of Src effector proteins are involved at different stages of invadosome maturation and their spatiotemporal activity must be tightly regulated to achieve effective invasive migration. In this review, we highlight some recent progress and the challenges of understanding how Src is regulated temporally and spatially to orchestrate the dynamics of invadosomes and mediate cell invasion.
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22
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Tekedereli I, Alpay SN, Tavares CDJ, Cobanoglu ZE, Kaoud TS, Sahin I, Sood AK, Lopez-Berestein G, Dalby KN, Ozpolat B. Targeted silencing of elongation factor 2 kinase suppresses growth and sensitizes tumors to doxorubicin in an orthotopic model of breast cancer. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41171. [PMID: 22911754 PMCID: PMC3401164 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic elongation factor 2 kinase (eEF-2K), through its phosphorylation of elongation factor 2 (eEF2), provides a mechanism by which cells can control the rate of the elongation phase of protein synthesis. The activity of eEF-2K is increased in rapidly proliferating malignant cells, is inhibited during mitosis, and may contribute to the promotion of autophagy in response to anti-cancer therapies. The purpose of this study was to examine the therapeutic potential of targeting eEF-2K in breast cancer tumors. Through the systemic administration of liposomal eEF-2K siRNA (twice a week, i.v. 150 µg/kg), the expression of eEF-2K was down-regulated in vivo in an orthotopic xenograft mouse model of a highly aggressive triple negative MDA-MB-231 tumor. This targeting resulted in a substantial decrease in eEF2 phosphorylation in the tumors, and led to the inhibition of tumor growth, the induction of apoptosis and the sensitization of tumors to the chemotherapy agent doxorubicin. eEF-2K down-modulation in vitro resulted in a decrease in the expression of c-Myc and cyclin D1 with a concomitant increase in the expression of p27Kip1. A decrease in the basal activity of c-Src (phospho-Tyr-416), focal adhesion kinase (phospho-Tyr-397), and Akt (phospho-Ser-473) was also detected following eEF-2K down-regulation in MDA-MB-231 cells, as determined by Western blotting. Where tested, similar results were seen in ER-positive MCF-7 cells. These effects were also accompanied by a decrease in the observed invasive phenotype of the MDA-MB-231 cells. These data support the notion that the disruption of eEF-2K expression in breast cancer cells results in the down-regulation of signaling pathways affecting growth, survival and resistance and has potential as a therapeutic approach for the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Tekedereli
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - S. Neslihan Alpay
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Clint D. J. Tavares
- Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Zehra E. Cobanoglu
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Tamer S. Kaoud
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ibrahim Sahin
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Anil K. Sood
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for RNAi and Non-Coding RNA, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Gabriel Lopez-Berestein
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for RNAi and Non-Coding RNA, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kevin N. Dalby
- Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (BO); (KND)
| | - Bulent Ozpolat
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for RNAi and Non-Coding RNA, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (BO); (KND)
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23
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Modulating therapeutic effects of the c-Src inhibitor via oestrogen receptor and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 in breast cancer cell lines. Eur J Cancer 2012; 48:3488-98. [PMID: 22658320 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2012.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Revised: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE c-Src is an important adapter protein with oestrogen receptor (ER) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), which validates it as an attractive target for the treatment of breast cancer. A specific c-Src inhibitor, 4-amino-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-7(t-butyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrinidine (PP2), was utilised to block c-Src activity to identify targeted vulnerabilities affected by ER and HER2 in a panel of breast cancer cell lines. METHODS ER, growth factor receptors and signalling pathways were detected by Western-blot. The DNA content of the cells was determined by using a DNA fluorescence quantitation kit. Cell cycles were analysed by flow cytometry. RESULTS The antiproliferative effect of PP2 closely correlated with the inhibition of c-Src mediated extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK/MAPK) and/or phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt growth pathways. Inhibition of c-Src tyrosine kinase predominantly blocked ER negative breast cancer cell growth, particularly the triple (i.e. ER, progesterone receptor (PR), and HER2) negative cells. In contrast, ER negative Sk-Br-3 cells with highest HER2 phosphorylation were resistant to PP2, in which hyper-activated HER2 directly regulated growth pathways. However, blocking c-Src recovered ER expression and down-regulated HER2 which made Sk-Br-3 cells regain responsiveness to 4-hydroxytamoxifen. The majority of ER positive cells were not sensitive to PP2 regardless of wild-type or endocrine resistant cell lines. CONCLUSIONS c-Src mediates the essential role of growth pathways in ER negative breast cancer cells. The ER positive and HER2 over-activation are two important predictive biomarkers for the resistance to a c-Src inhibitor. These data provided an important therapeutic rationale for patient selection in clinical trials with c-Src inhibitors in breast cancer.
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EGFR-mediated carcinoma cell metastasis mediated by integrin αvβ5 depends on activation of c-Src and cleavage of MUC1. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36753. [PMID: 22586492 PMCID: PMC3346745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases and integrins play an essential role in tumor cell invasion and metastasis. We previously showed that EGF and other growth factors induce human carcinoma cell invasion and metastasis mediated by integrin αvβ5 that is prevented by Src blockade [1]. MUC1, a transmembrane glycoprotein, is expressed in most epithelial tumors as a heterodimer consisting of an extracellular and a transmembrane subunit. The MUC1 cytoplasmic domain of the transmembrane subunit (MUC1.CD) translocates to the nucleus where it promotes the transcription of a metastatic gene signature associated with epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Here, we demonstrate a requirement for MUC1 in carcinoma cell metastasis dependent on EGFR and Src without affecting primary tumor growth. EGF stimulates Src-dependent MUC1 cleavage and nuclear localization leading to the expression of genes linked to metastasis. Moreover, expression of MUC1.CD results in its nuclear localization and is sufficient for transcription of the metastatic gene signature and tumor cell metastasis. These results demonstrate that EGFR and Src activity contribute to carcinoma cell invasion and metastasis mediated by integrin αvβ5 in part by promoting proteolytic cleavage of MUC1 and highlight the ability of MUC1.CD to promote metastasis in a context-dependent manner. Our findings may have implications for the use and future design of targeted therapies in cancers known to express EGFR, Src, or MUC1.
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25
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Ray RM, Li C, Bhattacharya S, Naren AP, Johnson LR. Spermine, a molecular switch regulating EGFR, integrin β3, Src, and FAK scaffolding. Cell Signal 2012; 24:931-42. [PMID: 22227249 PMCID: PMC3334284 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular polyamine levels are highly regulated by the activity of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), which catalyzes the first rate-limiting reaction in polyamine biosynthesis, producing putrescine, which is subsequently converted to spermidine and spermine. We have shown that polyamines regulate proliferation, migration, and apoptosis in intestinal epithelial cells. Polyamines regulate key signaling events at the level of the EGFR and Src. However, the precise mechanism of action of polyamines is unknown. In the present study, we demonstrate that ODC localizes in lamellipodia and in adhesion plaques during cell spreading. Spermine regulates EGF-induced migration by modulating the interaction of the EGFR with Src. The EGFR interacted with integrin β3, Src, and focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Active Src (pY418-Src) localized with FAK during spreading and migration. Spermine prevented EGF-induced binding of the EGFR with integrin β3, Src, and FAK. Activation of Src and FAK was necessary for EGF-induced migration in HEK293 cells. EGFR-mediated Src activation in live HEK293 cells using a FRET based Src reporter showed that polyamine depletion significantly increased Src kinase activity. In vitro binding studies showed that spermine directly binds Src, and preferentially interacts with the SH2 domain of Src. The physical interaction between Src and the EGFR was severely attenuated by spermine. Therefore, spermine acts as a molecular switch in regulating EGFR-Src coupling both physically and functionally. Upon activation of the EGFR, integrin β3, FAK and Src are recruited to EGFR leading to the trans-activation of both the EGFR and Src and to the Src-mediated phosphorylation of FAK. The activation of FAK induced Rho-GTPases and subsequently migration. This is the first study to define mechanistically how polyamines modulate Src function at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh M Ray
- Department of Physiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 894 Union Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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Rexer BN, Ham AJL, Rinehart C, Hill S, Granja-Ingram NDM, González AM, Mills GB, Dave B, Chang JC, Liebler DC, Arteaga CL. Phosphoproteomic mass spectrometry profiling links Src family kinases to escape from HER2 tyrosine kinase inhibition. Oncogene 2011; 30:4163-74. [PMID: 21499296 PMCID: PMC3204390 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Revised: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Despite the initial effectiveness of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor lapatinib against HER2 gene-amplified breast cancers, most patients eventually relapse after treatment, implying that tumors acquire mechanisms of drug resistance. To discover these mechanisms, we generated six lapatinib-resistant HER2-overexpressing human breast cancer cell lines. In cells that grew in the presence of lapatinib, HER2 autophosphorylation was undetectable, whereas active phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K)-Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) were maintained. To identify networks maintaining these signaling pathways, we profiled the tyrosine phosphoproteome of sensitive and resistant cells using an immunoaffinity-enriched mass spectrometry method. We found increased phosphorylation of Src family kinases (SFKs) and putative Src substrates in several resistant cell lines. Treatment of these resistant cells with Src kinase inhibitors partially blocked PI3K-Akt signaling and restored lapatinib sensitivity. Further, SFK mRNA expression was upregulated in primary HER2+ tumors treated with lapatinib. Finally, the combination of lapatinib and the Src inhibitor AZD0530 was more effective than lapatinib alone at inhibiting pAkt and growth of established HER2-positive BT-474 xenografts in athymic mice. These data suggest that increased Src kinase activity is a mechanism of lapatinib resistance and support the combination of HER2 antagonists with Src inhibitors early in the treatment of HER2+ breast cancers in order to prevent or overcome resistance to HER2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent N. Rexer
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Amy-Joan L. Ham
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
- Ayers Institute of Precancer Detection and Diagnosis; Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Cammie Rinehart
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Salisha Hill
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | | | - Ana María González
- Department of Systems Biology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054
| | - Gordon B. Mills
- Department of Gynecologic Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054
- Department of Systems Biology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054
| | - Bhuvanesh Dave
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jenny C. Chang
- Department of Medicine, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Daniel C. Liebler
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
- Ayers Institute of Precancer Detection and Diagnosis; Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Carlos L. Arteaga
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
- Breast Cancer Research Program, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
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Crosstalk between the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor and EGF receptor variant III supports survival and growth of glioblastoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:15984-9. [PMID: 21896743 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1113416108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A truncated and constitutively active form of the EGF receptor, variant III (EGFRvIII), is a major determinant of tumor growth and progression in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Extensive bidirectional crosstalk occurs in the cell-signaling pathways downstream of the EGFR and the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR); however, crosstalk between EGFRvIII and uPAR has not been examined. Here, we show that uPAR does not regulate ERK activation in EGFRvIII-expressing GBM cells; however, in GBM cells isolated from four separate xenografts in which EGFRvIII expression was down-regulated in vivo, uPAR assumed a major role in sustaining ERK activation. Phosphorylation of Tyr-845 in the EGFR, which is mediated by Src family kinases, depended on uPAR in EGFRvIII-expressing GBM cells. Activation of the mitogenic and prosurvival transcription factor, STAT5b, downstream of EGFRvIII, also required uPAR. The EGFR-selective tyrosine kinase inhibitors, erlotinib and gefitinib, blocked not only EGFRvIII signaling to ERK but also uPAR-dependent STAT5b activation. uPAR gene silencing in EGFRvIII-expressing GBM cells and in cells from tumors that escaped dependency on EGFRvIII decreased cell survival and proliferation. Xenografts of EGFRvIII-expressing cancer cell lines and a human GBM, which was propagated as a xenograft, were robustly immunopositive for uPAR and phospho-Tyr-845 by immunohistochemistry. A human GBM in which the EGFR gene was amplified without truncation was immunonegative for both uPAR and phospho-Tyr-845. These studies identify distinct cell-signaling activities for uPAR in GBM cells that express EGFRvIII and in cells released from dormancy when EGFRvIII is neutralized. uPAR and its crosstalk pathways with EGFRvIII emerge as logical targets for therapeutics development in GBM.
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Jian J, Yang Q, Huang X. Src regulates Tyr(20) phosphorylation of transferrin receptor-1 and potentiates breast cancer cell survival. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:35708-35715. [PMID: 21859709 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.271585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) is a ubiquitous type II membrane receptor with 61 amino acids in the N-terminal cytoplasmic region. TfR1 is highly expressed in cancer cells, particularly under iron deficient conditions. Overexpression of TfR1 is thought to meet the increased requirement of iron uptake necessary for cell growth. In the present study, we used transferrin (Tf), a known ligand of TfR1, and gambogic acid (GA), an apoptosis-inducing agent and newly identified TfR1 ligand to investigate the signaling role of TfR1 in breast cancer cells. We found that GA but not Tf induced apoptosis in a TfR1-dependent manner in breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. Estrogen receptor-positive MCF-7 cells lack caspase-3 and were not responsive to GA treatment. GA activated the three major signaling pathways of the MAPK family, as well as caspase-3, -8, and Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase apoptotic pathway. Interestingly, only Src inhibitor PP2 greatly sensitized the cells to GA-mediated apoptosis. Further investigations by confocal fluorescence microscopy and immunoprecipitation revealed that Src and TfR1 are constitutively bound. Using TfR1-deficient CHO TRVB cells, point mutation studies showed that Tyr(20) within the (20)YTRF(23) motif of the cytoplasmic region of TfR1 is the phosphorylation site by Src. TfR1 Tyr(20) phosphomutants were more sensitive to GA-mediated apoptosis. Our results indicate that, albeit its iron uptake function, TfR1 is a signaling molecule and tyrosine phosphorylation at position 20 by Src enhances anti-apoptosis and potentiates breast cancer cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Jian
- Departments of Medicine and Environmental Medicine, New York University Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - Qing Yang
- Departments of Medicine and Environmental Medicine, New York University Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - Xi Huang
- Departments of Medicine and Environmental Medicine, New York University Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016.
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Hiscox S, Nicholson RI. Src kinase: a therapeutic opportunity in endocrine-responsive and resistant breast cancer. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2011; 6:423-435. [PMID: 30754115 DOI: 10.1586/eem.11.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular kinase, Src, interacts with a diverse array of signaling elements, including the estrogen receptor to regulate breast cancer progression. Recent evidence has also implicated Src in mediating the response of breast cancer to endocrine agents and in the acquisition of antihormone resistance, a significant limiting factor to the clinical effectiveness of systemic endocrine therapy. A number of pharmacological inhibitors of Src kinase have been developed that are effective at suppressing breast cancer growth and invasion in vitro and inhibiting disease spread in vivo. Significantly, there appears to be added benefit when these agents are given in combination with anti-estrogens in endocrine-sensitive and -resistant models. These new findings suggest that Src inhibitors might have therapeutic value in breast cancer patients to improve endocrine response and circumvent resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Hiscox
- a Breast Cancer (Molecular Pharmacology) Group, Welsh School of Pharmacy, Redwood Building, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, UK
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| | - Robert I Nicholson
- a Breast Cancer (Molecular Pharmacology) Group, Welsh School of Pharmacy, Redwood Building, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, UK
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Puls LN, Eadens M, Messersmith W. Current status of SRC inhibitors in solid tumor malignancies. Oncologist 2011; 16:566-78. [PMID: 21521831 PMCID: PMC3228195 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2010-0408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Src is believed to play an important role in cancer, and several agents targeting Src are in clinical development. DESIGN We reviewed Src structure and function and preclinical data supporting its role in the development of cancer via a PubMed search. We conducted an extensive review of Src inhibitors by searching abstracts from major oncology meeting databases in the last 3 years and by comprehensively reviewing ongoing clinical trials on ClinicalTrials.gov. RESULTS In this manuscript, we briefly review Src structure and function, mechanisms involving Src that lead to the development of cancer, and Src inhibitors and key preclinical data establishing a rationale for clinical application. We then focus on clinical data supporting their use in solid tumor malignancies, a newer arena than their more well-established hematologic applications. Particularly highlighted are clinical trials investigating new biomarkers as well as ongoing studies assessing Src inhibitor activity in biomarker-selected patient populations. We also review newer investigational Src-targeting agents. CONCLUSIONS Src inhibitors have shown little activity in monotherapy trials in unselected solid tumor patient populations. Combination studies and biomarker-driven clinical trials are under way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren N. Puls
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Matthew Eadens
- Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Wells Messersmith
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Nautiyal J, Kanwar SS, Majumdar APN. EGFR(s) in aging and carcinogenesis of the gastrointestinal tract. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2011; 11:436-50. [PMID: 20491625 DOI: 10.2174/138920310791824110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cells of the gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa are subject to a constant process of renewal which, in normal adults, reflects a balance between the rates of cell production and cell loss. Detailed knowledge of these events is, therefore, essential for a better understanding of the normal aging processes as well as many GI diseases, particularly malignancy, that represent disorders of tissue growth. In general, many GI dysfunctions, including malignancy, increase with advancing age, and aging itself is associated with alterations in structural and functional integrity of the GI tract. Although the regulatory mechanisms for age-related increase in the incidence of GI-cancers are yet to be fully delineated, recent evidence suggests a role for epidermal growth family receptors and its family members {referred to as EGFR(s)} in the development and progression of carcinogenesis during aging. The present communication discusses the involvement of EGFR(s) in regulating events of GI cancers during advancing age and summarizes the current available therapeutics targeting these receptors. The current review also describes the effectiveness of ErbB inhibitors as well as combination therapies. Additionally, the involvement of GI stem cells in the development of the age-related rise in GI cancers is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Nautiyal
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Mader CC, Oser M, Magalhaes MAO, Bravo-Cordero JJ, Condeelis J, Koleske AJ, Gil-Henn H. An EGFR-Src-Arg-cortactin pathway mediates functional maturation of invadopodia and breast cancer cell invasion. Cancer Res 2011; 71:1730-41. [PMID: 21257711 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-1432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Invasive carcinoma cells use specialized actin polymerization-driven protrusions called invadopodia to degrade and possibly invade through the extracellular matrix (ECM) during metastasis. Phosphorylation of the invadopodium protein cortactin is a master switch that activates invadopodium maturation and function. Cortactin was originally identified as a hyperphosphorylated protein in v-Src-transformed cells, but the kinase or kinases that are directly responsible for cortactin phosphorylation in invadopodia remain unknown. In this study, we provide evidence that the Abl-related nonreceptor tyrosine kinase Arg mediates epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced cortactin phosphorylation, triggering actin polymerization in invadopodia, ECM degradation, and matrix proteolysis-dependent tumor cell invasion. Both Src and Arg localize to invadopodia and are required for EGF-induced actin polymerization. Notably, Arg overexpression in Src knockdown cells can partially rescue actin polymerization in invadopodia while Src overexpression cannot compensate for loss of Arg, arguing that Src indirectly regulates invadopodium maturation through Arg activation. Our findings suggest a novel mechanism by which an EGFR-Src-Arg-cortactin pathway mediates functional maturation of invadopodia and breast cancer cell invasion. Furthermore, they identify Arg as a novel mediator of invadopodia function and a candidate therapeutic target to inhibit tumor invasion in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Mader
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Bender C, Henjes F, Fröhlich H, Wiemann S, Korf U, Beissbarth T. Dynamic deterministic effects propagation networks: learning signalling pathways from longitudinal protein array data. Bioinformatics 2010; 26:i596-602. [PMID: 20823327 PMCID: PMC2935402 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btq385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivation: Network modelling in systems biology has become an important tool to study molecular interactions in cancer research, because understanding the interplay of proteins is necessary for developing novel drugs and therapies. De novo reconstruction of signalling pathways from data allows to unravel interactions between proteins and make qualitative statements on possible aberrations of the cellular regulatory program. We present a new method for reconstructing signalling networks from time course experiments after external perturbation and show an application of the method to data measuring abundance of phosphorylated proteins in a human breast cancer cell line, generated on reverse phase protein arrays. Results: Signalling dynamics is modelled using active and passive states for each protein at each timepoint. A fixed signal propagation scheme generates a set of possible state transitions on a discrete timescale for a given network hypothesis, reducing the number of theoretically reachable states. A likelihood score is proposed, describing the probability of measurements given the states of the proteins over time. The optimal sequence of state transitions is found via a hidden Markov model and network structure search is performed using a genetic algorithm that optimizes the overall likelihood of a population of candidate networks. Our method shows increased performance compared with two different dynamical Bayesian network approaches. For our real data, we were able to find several known signalling cascades from the ERBB signalling pathway. Availability: Dynamic deterministic effects propagation networks is implemented in the R programming language and available at http://www.dkfz.de/mga2/ddepn/ Contact:c.bender@dkfz.de
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bender
- Department of Molecular Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Acute ligand-independent Src activation mimics low EGF-induced EGFR surface signalling and redistribution into recycling endosomes. Exp Cell Res 2010; 316:3239-53. [PMID: 20832399 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Src, a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, is a key signal transduction partner of epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR). In human breast cancer, EGFR and Src are frequently over-expressed and/or over-activated. Although reciprocal activation is documented, mechanisms underlying Src:EGFR interactions are incompletely understood. We here exploited ts/v-Src thermo-activation in MDCK monolayers to test whether acute Src activation impacts on signalling and trafficking of non-liganded EGFR. We found that thermo-activation caused rapid Src recruitment to the plasma membrane, concomitant association with EGFR, and its phosphorylation at Y845 and Y1173 predominantly at the cell surface. Like low EGF concentrations, activated Src (i) decreased EGF surface binding without affecting the total EGFR pool; (ii) triggered EGFR endocytosis via clathrin-coated vesicles; (iii) and led to its sequestration in perinuclear/recycling endosomes with avoidance of multivesicular bodies and lysosomal degradation. Combined Src activation and EGF were synergistic for EGFR-Y845 and -Y1173 phosphorylation at some endosomes. We conclude that acute effects of Src in MDCK cells may mimic those of low EGF on EGFR activation and redistribution. Src:EGFR interactions may be sufficient to trigger EGFR activation and might contribute to its local signalling, without requiring either soluble extracellular signal or receptor over-expression.
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35
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Han SJ, Lee JH, Choi KY, Hong SH. Novel p104 protein regulates cell proliferation through PI3K inhibition and p27(Kip1) expression. BMB Rep 2010; 43:199-204. [PMID: 20356461 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2010.43.3.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein p104 was first isolated as a binding partner of the Src homology domain of phospholipase Cgamma1, and has been shown to associate with p85alpha, Grb2. The ectopic expression of p104 reduced cellular growth rate, which was also achieved with the overexpression of only the proline-rich region of p104. The proline-rich region of p104 has been found to inhibit the colony formation of platelet-derived growth factor BB-stimulated NIH3T3 cells and MCF7 cancer cells on soft agar. Mutagenesis analysis showed that the second and third proline-rich regions are essential for growth control, as well as for interaction with p85alpha. Overexpression of p104 increased the level of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, p27(Kip1), and inhibited the activity of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K). In summary, p104 interacts with p85alpha and is involved in the regulation of p27(Kip1) expression for the reduction of cellular proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Jin Han
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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Nachman J, Gish G, Virag C, Pawson T, Pomès R, Pai E. Conformational determinants of phosphotyrosine peptides complexed with the Src SH2 domain. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11215. [PMID: 20574521 PMCID: PMC2888578 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibition of specific SH2 domain mediated protein-protein interactions as an effective chemotherapeutic approach in the treatment of diseases remains a challenge. That different conformations of peptide-ligands are preferred by different SH2 domains is an underappreciated observation from the structural analysis of phosphotyrosine peptide binding to SH2 domains that may aid in future drug design. To explore the nature of ligand binding, we use simulated annealing (SA) to sample the conformational space of phosphotyrosine-containing peptides complexed with the Src SH2 domain. While in good agreement with the crystallographic and NMR studies of high-affinity phosphopeptide-SH2 domain complexes, the results suggest that the structural basis for phopsphopeptide- Src SH2 interactions is more complex than the “two-pronged plug two-hole socket” model. A systematic study of peptides of type pYEEX, where pY is phosphotyrosine and X is a hydrophobic residue, indicates that these peptides can assume two conformations, one extended and one helical, representing the balance between the interaction of residue X with the hydrophobic hole on the surface of the Src SH2 domain, and its contribution to the inherent tendency of the two glutamic acids to form an α-helix. In contrast, a β-turn conformation, almost identical to that observed in the crystal structure of pYVNV bound to the Grb2 SH2 domain, predominates for pYXNX peptides, even in the presence of isoleucine at the third position. While peptide binding affinities, as measured by fluorescence polarization, correlate with the relative proportion of extended peptide conformation, these results suggest a model where all three residues C-terminal to the phosphotyrosine determine the conformation of the bound phosphopeptide. The information obtained in this work can be used in the design of specific SH2 domain inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Nachman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Nautiyal J, Yu Y, Aboukameel A, Kanwar SS, Das JK, Du J, Patel BB, Sarkar FH, Rishi AK, Mohammad RM, Majumdar APN. ErbB-inhibitory protein: a modified ectodomain of epidermal growth factor receptor synergizes with dasatinib to inhibit growth of breast cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2010; 9:1503-14. [PMID: 20515951 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-10-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Many solid tumors, including breast cancer, show increased activation of several growth factor receptors, specifically epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and its family members as well as c-Src, a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase that promotes proliferation, inhibits apoptosis, and induces metastasis. We hypothesize that inhibition of c-Src and EGFRs will be an effective therapeutic strategy for triple-negative breast cancer. To test our hypothesis, we used a c-Src-specific inhibitor dasatinib (BMS-354825; Bristol-Myers Squibb) and our newly developed ErbB-inhibitory protein (EBIP), a potential pan-ErbB inhibitor, in breast cancer cells. EBIP is composed of 1 to 448 amino acids of the ectodomain of human EGFR to which the 30-amino acid epitope (known as "U" region) of rat EGFR-related protein is fused at the COOH-terminal end. The combination of dasatinib and EBIP was found to be highly effective in inhibiting the growth of four different breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-468, SKBr-3, MDA-MB-453, and MDA-MB-231) that express different levels of EGFRs. In EGFR-overexpressing MDA-MB-468 cells, the combination, but not monotherapy, markedly stimulated apoptosis mediated by caspase-9 and caspase-8 and attenuated activation of EGFR and Src as well as tyrosine kinase activity. EBIP also inhibited heregulin-induced activation of HER-2 and HER-3 in MDA-MB-453 breast cancer cells. The combination therapy was highly effective in suppressing tumor growth ( approximately 90% inhibition) in MDA-MB-468-derived xenografts in severe combined immunodeficient mice. The latter could be attributed to induction of apoptosis. We conclude that combining dasatinib and EBIP could be an effective therapeutic strategy for breast cancer by targeting EGFRs and Src signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Nautiyal
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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38
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Wright MH, Heal WP, Mann DJ, Tate EW. Protein myristoylation in health and disease. J Chem Biol 2010; 3:19-35. [PMID: 19898886 PMCID: PMC2816741 DOI: 10.1007/s12154-009-0032-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Revised: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
N-myristoylation is the attachment of a 14-carbon fatty acid, myristate, onto the N-terminal glycine residue of target proteins, catalysed by N-myristoyltransferase (NMT), a ubiquitous and essential enzyme in eukaryotes. Many of the target proteins of NMT are crucial components of signalling pathways, and myristoylation typically promotes membrane binding that is essential for proper protein localisation or biological function. NMT is a validated therapeutic target in opportunistic infections of humans by fungi or parasitic protozoa. Additionally, NMT is implicated in carcinogenesis, particularly colon cancer, where there is evidence for its upregulation in the early stages of tumour formation. However, the study of myristoylation in all organisms has until recently been hindered by a lack of techniques for detection and identification of myristoylated proteins. Here we introduce the chemistry and biology of N-myristoylation and NMT, and discuss new developments in chemical proteomic technologies that are meeting the challenge of studying this important co-translational modification in living systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan H. Wright
- Chemical Biology Centre, Imperial College London, Exhibition Rd., London, SW72AZ UK
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Rd., London, SW72AZ UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Exhibition Rd., London, SW72AZ UK
| | - William P. Heal
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Rd., London, SW72AZ UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Exhibition Rd., London, SW72AZ UK
| | - David J. Mann
- Chemical Biology Centre, Imperial College London, Exhibition Rd., London, SW72AZ UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Exhibition Rd., London, SW72AZ UK
| | - Edward W. Tate
- Chemical Biology Centre, Imperial College London, Exhibition Rd., London, SW72AZ UK
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Rd., London, SW72AZ UK
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39
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Rose AAN, Siegel PM. Emerging therapeutic targets in breast cancer bone metastasis. Future Oncol 2010; 6:55-74. [DOI: 10.2217/fon.09.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie breast cancer pathology and progression has dramatically improved. Using this knowledge, we have identified additional targets and developed novel therapeutic interventions in breast cancer. Together, these translational research efforts are helping to usher us into an age of personalized cancer therapy. Metastasis to bone is a common and devastating consequence of breast cancer. Bisphosphonates, which represent the current gold standard in bone metastasis therapies, are being improved with newer and more efficacious generations of these compounds being developed. Breast cancer growth in the bone requires activation of various signaling pathways in both cancer cells and stromal cells, including those that are stimulated by TGF-β and RANKL, and mediated through the Src tyrosine kinase. Bone cells and cancer cells alike express promising targets for therapeutic intervention, including Cathepsin K, CXCR4 and GPNMB. In this article we discuss the molecular mechanisms behind these pro-metastatic molecules and review the most recent findings in the clinical development of their associated targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- April AN Rose
- Departments of Medicine, Goodman Cancer Centre, McGill University, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Peter M Siegel
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Goodman Cancer Centre, McGill University, 1160 Pine Ave. West, Room 513, Montréal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
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40
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c-Src associates with ErbB2 through an interaction between catalytic domains and confers enhanced transforming potential. Mol Cell Biol 2009; 29:5858-71. [PMID: 19704002 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01731-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that c-Src tyrosine kinase interacts specifically with ErbB2, but not with other members of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family. To identify the site of interaction, we recently used a chimeric EGFR/ErbB2 receptor approach to show that c-Src requires the kinase region of ErbB2 for binding. Here, we demonstrate that retention of a conserved amino acid motif surrounding tyrosine 877 (referred to here as EGFR(YHAD)) is sufficient to confer binding to c-Src. Surprisingly the association of c-Src was not dependent on its SH2 or SH3 domain or on the phosphorylation or kinase activity of the receptor. We further show that the chimeric EGFRs that contain the Y877 motif are transforming in vitro and in vivo following ligand stimulation. Transformation was also partially dependent on sustained activation of Stat3. Finally, we demonstrate that EGFRs with mutations in the catalytic domain, originally identified in lung cancer and conferring increased sensitivity to gefitinib and erlotinib, two EGFR kinase inhibitors, gained the capacity to bind c-Src. Moreover, transformation by these EGFR mutants was inhibited by Src inhibitors regardless of their sensitivities to gefitinib and erlotinib. These observations have important implications for understanding the molecular basis for resistance to EGFR inhibitors and implicate c-Src as a critical signaling molecule in EGFR mutant-induced transformation.
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Nautiyal J, Majumder P, Patel BB, Lee FY, Majumdar APN. Src inhibitor dasatinib inhibits growth of breast cancer cells by modulating EGFR signaling. Cancer Lett 2009; 283:143-51. [PMID: 19398150 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2008] [Revised: 03/18/2009] [Accepted: 03/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
EGF-receptor family members (EGFRs) as well as c-Src are over expressed in approximately 70% of breast cancer, and in most of the tumors c-Src is co-over expressed with at least one of the EGFRs, suggesting that they may interact functionally and play a role in the development and progression of the malignancy. We hypothesize that a small molecule inhibitor of c-Src dasatinib (BMS-354825; Bristol Myers Squibb), exerts its effects on breast cancer cells by modulating EGFR signaling. Indeed, we found that dasatinib causes inhibition of breast cancer cells overexpressing EGFR, HER-2 and HER-3 (MDA-MB-468, SKBR3, MDA-MB-453, and MDA-MB-231) in a dose and time-dependent manner. Dasatinib also stimulated apoptosis in MDA-MB-468 cells, which could be attributed to activation of both caspase-9 and -8 and arrest of the cell cycle at G0/G1 cycle. Furthermore, dasatinib markedly inhibited colony formation, cell invasion, migration and angiogenesis, accompanied by decreased phosphorylation of EGFR and c-Src and their downstream effector molecules Akt and Erks. Our data suggest that dasatinib mediates its action in part through EGFR signaling and could be a potential therapeutic agent for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Nautiyal
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Kline CLB, Jackson R, Engelman R, Pledger WJ, Yeatman TJ, Irby RB. Src kinase induces tumor formation in the c-SRC C57BL/6 mouse. Int J Cancer 2008; 122:2665-73. [PMID: 18351644 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Src kinase has been linked as a causative agent in the progression of a number of cancers including colon, breast, lung and melanoma. Src protein and activity levels are increased in colorectal cancer and liver metastases arising secondary to colon cancer. However, although Src protein is increased in colon cancer as early as the adenomatous polyp stage, a role for Src in carcinogenesis has not been established. We developed the c-SRC transgenic mouse in the C57BL/6 strain to address the issue of carcinogenesis in cells with high levels of Src expression. The transgene was constructed with the human c-SRC gene downstream of the mouse metallothionein promoter to create zinc inducible gene expression. In these C57BL/6 mice, Src protein was increased in a number of tissues both with and without zinc induction. No additional carcinogenic agent was administered. After 20 months, mice were assessed for tumor development in the liver and GI tract, as well as other organs. Of the mice with the transgene, 15% developed tumors in the liver while no tumors were detected in wild type C57BL/6 mice. A further study was conducted by crossing c-SRC C57BL/6 mice with p21 nullizygous mice to determine the effect of oncogene expression combined with inactivation of the tumor suppressor gene, p21. Addition of the c-SRC transgene to the p21-/- background increased tumor formation almost 3-fold, while it increased metastasis 6-fold. The data from our study show, for the first time, that Src kinase may play a role in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Leah B Kline
- Penn State Cancer Institute H072, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, PO 850, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Gril B, Palmieri D, Bronder JL, Herring JM, Vega-Valle E, Feigenbaum L, Liewehr DJ, Steinberg SM, Merino MJ, Rubin SD, Steeg PS. Effect of lapatinib on the outgrowth of metastatic breast cancer cells to the brain. J Natl Cancer Inst 2008; 100:1092-103. [PMID: 18664652 PMCID: PMC2575427 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djn216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2007] [Revised: 05/05/2008] [Accepted: 05/30/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The brain is increasingly being recognized as a sanctuary site for metastatic tumor cells in women with HER2-overexpressing breast cancer who receive trastuzumab therapy. There are no approved or widely accepted treatments for brain metastases other than steroids, cranial radiotherapy, and surgical resection. We examined the efficacy of lapatinib, an inhibitor of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and HER2 kinases, for preventing the outgrowth of breast cancer cells in the brain in a mouse xenograft model of brain metastasis. METHODS EGFR-overexpressing MDA-MB-231-BR (231-BR) brain-seeking breast cancer cells were transfected with an expression vector that contained or lacked the HER2 cDNA and used to examine the effect of lapatinib on the activation (ie, phosphorylation) of cell signaling proteins by immunoblotting, on cell growth by the tetrazolium salt 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay, and on cell migration using a Boyden chamber assay. The outgrowth of large (ie, >50 microm(2)) and micrometastases was counted in brain sections from nude mice that had been injected into the left cardiac ventricle with 231-BR cells and, beginning 5 days later, treated by oral gavage with lapatinib or vehicle (n = 22-26 mice per treatment group). All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS In vitro, lapatinib inhibited the phosphorylation of EGFR, HER2, and downstream signaling proteins; cell proliferation; and migration in 231-BR cells (both with and without HER2). Among mice injected with 231-BR-vector cells, those treated with 100 mg lapatinib/kg body weight had 54% fewer large metastases 24 days after starting treatment than those treated with vehicle (mean number of large metastases per brain section: 1.56 vs 3.36, difference = 1.80, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.92 to 2.68, P < .001), whereas treatment with 30 mg lapatinib/kg body weight had no effect. Among mice injected with 231-BR-HER2 cells, those treated with either dose of lapatinib had 50%-53% fewer large metastases than those treated with vehicle (mean number of large metastases per brain section, 30 mg/kg vs vehicle: 3.21 vs 6.83, difference = 3.62, 95% CI = 2.30 to 4.94, P < .001; 100 mg/kg vs vehicle: 3.44 vs 6.83, difference = 3.39, 95% CI = 2.08 to 4.70, P < .001). Immunohistochemical analysis revealed reduced phosphorylation of HER2 in 231-BR-HER2 cell-derived brain metastases from mice treated with the higher dose of lapatinib compared with 231-BR-HER2 cell-derived brain metastases from vehicle-treated mice (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Lapatinib is the first HER2-directed drug to be validated in a preclinical model for activity against brain metastases of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brunilde Gril
- Women's Cancers Section, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 37, Room 1122, MSC 4254, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Nozawa H, Howell G, Suzuki S, Zhang Q, Qi Y, Klein-Seetharaman J, Wells A, Grandis JR, Thomas SM. Combined inhibition of PLC{gamma}-1 and c-Src abrogates epidermal growth factor receptor-mediated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma invasion. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:4336-44. [PMID: 18594017 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-4857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mortality from head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is usually associated with locoregional invasion of the tumor into vital organs, including the airway. Understanding the signaling mechanisms that abrogate HNSCC invasion may reveal novel therapeutic targets for intervention. The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of combined inhibition of c-Src and PLCgamma-1 in the abrogation of HNSCC invasion. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN PLCgamma-1 and c-Src inhibition was achieved by a combination of small molecule inhibitors and dominant negative approaches. The effect of inhibition of PLCgamma-1 and c-Src on invasion of HNSCC cells was assessed in an in vitro Matrigel-coated transwell invasion assay. In addition, the immunoprecipitation reactions and in silico database mining was used to examine the interactions between PLCgamma-1 and c-Src. RESULTS Here, we show that inhibition of PLCgamma-1 or c-Src with the PLC inhibitor U73122 or the Src family inhibitor AZD0530 or using dominant-negative constructs attenuated epidermal growth factor (EGF)-stimulated HNSCC invasion. Furthermore, EGF stimulation increased the association between PLCgamma-1 and c-Src in HNSCC cells. Combined inhibition of PLCgamma-1 and c-Src resulted in further attenuation of HNSCC cell invasion in vitro. CONCLUSIONS These cumulative results suggest that PLCgamma-1 and c-Src activation contribute to HNSCC invasion downstream of EGF receptor and that targeting these pathways may be a novel strategy to prevent tumor invasion in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nozawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
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Zheng X, Resnick RJ, Shalloway D. Apoptosis of estrogen-receptor negative breast cancer and colon cancer cell lines by PTP alpha and src RNAi. Int J Cancer 2008; 122:1999-2007. [PMID: 18183590 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We show that siRNA-mediated suppression of protein tyrosine phosphatase alpha (PTP alpha) reduces Src activity 2 to 4-fold in breast, colon and other human cancer cell lines. Src and PTP alpha RNAi induced apoptosis in estrogen receptor (ER)-negative breast cancer and colon cancer cells, but not in immortalized noncancerous breast cells, ER-positive breast cancer cells or other cancer cell types tested. RNAi of other Src family members (Fyn and Yes) or of PTP1B, a phosphatase previously suggested to be an activator of Src in breast cancer, had no effect. Although further tests with primary tumor tissues are required, the unexpected correlation between ER status and Src/PTP alpha dependence in breast cancer cell lines may be important for planning therapeutic strategies, and the insensitivity of normal breast cells to the RNAi highlights the potential of PTP alpha, which may be easier to target than Src, as a therapeutic target in ER-negative breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmin Zheng
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Fry DW. Protein tyrosine kinases as therapeutic targets in cancer chemotherapy and recent advances in the development of new inhibitors. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2008. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.3.6.577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Identification and validation of phospho-SRC, a novel and potential pharmacodynamic biomarker for dasatinib (SPRYCEL), a multi-targeted kinase inhibitor. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2008; 62:1065-74. [PMID: 18301894 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-008-0699-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2007] [Accepted: 02/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dasatinib (BMS-354825) is a potent, oral multi-targeted kinase inhibitor. It is an effective therapy for patients with imatinib-resistant or -intolerant Ph+ leukemias,. It has demonstrated promising preclinical anti-tumor activity, and is under clinical evaluation in solid tumors. To support the clinical development of dasatinib, we identified a pharmacodynamic biomarker to assess in vivo SRC kinase inhibition, with subsequent evaluation in cancer patients. METHODS The biomarker, phosphorylated SRC (phospho-SRC), was first identified in human prostate PC-3 tumor cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in vitro. It was further assessed in nude mice bearing PC-3 xenografts. Phospho-SRC[pY418] in tumors and PBMC were measured by western blot analysis, and were quantified by ELISA assays. Dasatinib plasma concentrations were determined using LC/MS/MS. RESULTS In PC-3 cells, dasatinib showed dose-dependent anti-proliferative effect, which correlated with the inhibition of phospho-SRC[pY418] and of SRC kinase activity. With a single oral dose of 50 or 15 mg/kg, tumoral phospho-SRC[pY418] was maximally inhibited at 3 h, partially reversed between 7 and 17 h, and completely recovered after 24 h post dose. At 5 mg/kg, tumoral phospho-SRC[pY418] inhibition was less pronounced and recovered more rapidly to baseline level within 24h. Dasatinib (1 mg/kg) resulted in little inhibition. In PBMCs, a similar time course and extent of phospho-SRC[pY418] inhibition was observed. Inhibition of phospho-SRC[pY418] in vivo appeared to correlate with the preclinical in vivo efficacy and PK profiles of dasatinib in mice. CONCLUSIONS Phospho-SRC[pY418] may potentially be used as a biomarker to enable assessment of target inhibition in clinical studies exploring dasatinib antitumor activity.
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Lukong KE, Richard S. Targeting the RNA-binding protein Sam68 as a treatment for cancer? Future Oncol 2008; 3:539-44. [PMID: 17927519 DOI: 10.2217/14796694.3.5.539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The contradictory properties of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) have mystified their roles in human diseases including cancer. Are certain RBPs oncogenes or tumor suppressors? In the case of the signal transduction activator of RNA metabolism (STAR) family of hnRNP K homology (KH)-domain-containing RBPs, the dominant view with loose experimental evidence is that these proteins are tumor suppressors. However, recent developments support a pro-oncogenic role for archetypical STAR protein Sam68. Sam68-null mice are not prone to cancer, but instead display pronounced defects in mammary gland ductal development, and haploinsufficiency of Sam68 impedes mammary tumor onset and tumor multiplicity in mouse models expressing the mammary-targeted polyoma middle T antigen oncogene. These advances have increased the interest in the role of Sam68 as a positive regulator of cancer progression and position Sam68 as a viable therapeutic target. Retrospective and perspective implications of Sam68 in cancer are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiven E Lukong
- Lady Davis Institute, 3755 Côte Ste.-Catherine Road, Montréal, Québec H3T 1E2, Canada.
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Iijima R, Kunieda T, Yamaguchi S, Kamigaki H, Fujii-Taira I, Sekimizu K, Kubo T, Natori S, Homma KJ. The extracellular adenosine deaminase growth factor, ADGF/CECR1, plays a role in Xenopus embryogenesis via the adenosine/P1 receptor. J Biol Chem 2007; 283:2255-64. [PMID: 18032387 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m709279200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine deaminase-related growth factors (ADGF), also known as CECR1 in vertebrates, are a novel family of growth factors with sequence similarity to classical cellular adenosine deaminase. Although genes for ADGF/CECR1 have been identified in both invertebrates as well as vertebrates, their in vivo functions in vertebrates remain unknown. We isolated cDNA clones for two cerc 1s from Xenopus laevis. Both recombinant Xenopus CECR1s exhibited adenosine deaminase and growth factor activity, and the adenosine deaminase activity was found to be indispensable for growth factor activity. The Xenopus cerc 1s are expressed in the somites, pronephros, eyes, cement gland, neural tube, and neural floor plate of the embryos. Knock-down of these two genes using morpholino oligonucleotides caused a reduction in the body size and abnormalities of the body axis in the Xenopus embryos, accompanied by selective changes in the expression of developmental marker genes. Injection of adenosine, agonists for adenosine/P1 receptors, or adenosine deaminase inhibitor into late gastrula archenteron embryos resulted in developmental defects similar to those caused by morpholino oligonucleotide injection. These results show, for the first time, the involvement of CECR1s via the adenosine/P1 receptors in vertebrate embryogenesis via regulation of extracellular adenosine concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoko Iijima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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