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Jones AD, Khakhina S, Jaison T, Santos E, Smith S, Klase ZA. CD8 + T-Cell Mediated Control of HIV-1 in a Unique Cohort With Low Viral Loads. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:670016. [PMID: 34122382 PMCID: PMC8192701 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.670016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A unique population of HIV-1 infected individuals can control infection without antiretroviral therapy. These individuals fall into a myriad of categories based on the degree of control (low or undetectable viral load), the durability of control over time and the underlying mechanism (i.e., possession of protective HLA alleles or the absence of critical cell surface receptors). In this study, we examine a cohort of HIV-1 infected individuals with a documented history of sustained low viral loads in the absence of therapy. Through in vitro analyses of cells from these individuals, we have determined that infected individuals with naturally low viral loads are capable of controlling spreading infection in vitro in a CD8+ T-cell dependent manner. This control is lost when viral load is suppressed by antiretroviral therapy and correlates with a clinical CD4:CD8 ratio of <1. Our results support the conclusion that HIV-1 controllers with low, but detectable viral loads may be controlling the virus due to an effective CD8+ T-cell response. Understanding the mechanisms of control in these subjects may provide valuable understanding that could be applied to induce a functional cure in standard progressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber D. Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Svetlana Khakhina
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Tara Jaison
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Erin Santos
- The Smith Center for Infectious Diseases and Urban Health, West Orange, NJ, United States
| | - Stephen Smith
- The Smith Center for Infectious Diseases and Urban Health, West Orange, NJ, United States
| | - Zachary A. Klase
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Center for Neuroimmunology and CNS Therapeutics, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States,*Correspondence: Zachary A. Klase,
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Pasternak AO, Grijsen ML, Wit FW, Bakker M, Jurriaans S, Prins JM, Berkhout B. Cell-associated HIV-1 RNA predicts viral rebound and disease progression after discontinuation of temporary early ART. JCI Insight 2020; 5:134196. [PMID: 32097124 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.134196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma viral load (VL) and CD4+ T cell count are widely used as biomarkers of HIV type 1 (HIV-1) replication, pathogenesis, and response to antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, the clinical potential of cell-associated (CA) HIV-1 molecular markers is much less understood. Here, we measured CA HIV-1 RNA and DNA in HIV-infected individuals treated with temporary ART initiated during primary HIV-1 infection. We demonstrate substantial predictive value of CA RNA for (a) the virological and immunological response to early ART, (b) the magnitude and time to viral rebound after discontinuation of early ART, and (c) disease progression in the absence of treatment. Remarkably, when adjusted for CA RNA, plasma VL no longer appeared as an independent predictor of any clinical endpoint in this cohort. The potential of CA RNA as an HIV-1 clinical marker, in particular as a predictive biomarker of virological control after stopping ART, should be explored in the context of HIV-1 curative interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marlous L Grijsen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ferdinand W Wit
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Global Health program, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,HIV Monitoring Foundation, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Margreet Bakker
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, and
| | - Suzanne Jurriaans
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jan M Prins
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ben Berkhout
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, and
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To define the relationships between molecular measures of viral persistence in blood (i.e., plasma viremia, cellular HIV-1 DNA, and mRNA) and expressed or inducible virus from resting CD4 T cells of individuals on suppressive antiretroviral therapy. DESIGN We compared molecular measurements of HIV-1 in plasma and in uncultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to the levels of virions produced by either unstimulated or phorbol myristate acetate and ionomycin (PMA/iono)-stimulated PBMC or resting CD4 T cells from 21 donors on suppressive antiretroviral therapy. RESULTS We found that unstimulated virion release from cultured resting CD4 T cells was positively correlated with the levels of plasma viremia in vivo (Spearman rho = 0.67, P = 0.0017). We also found that levels of both cellular HIV-1 DNA and unspliced HIV-1 mRNA per million uncultured PBMC were positively correlated with the levels of inducible virion release from both PMA/iono-stimulated PBMC (total HIV-1 DNA: rho = 0.64, P = 0.0017; unspliced HIV-1 RNA: rho = 0.77, P < 0.001) and PMA/iono-stimulated resting CD4 T cells (total HIV-1 DNA: rho = 0.75, P < 0.001; unspliced HIV-1 RNA: rho = 0.75, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION These results show for the first time that there are strong associations between in-vivo measures of HIV-1 persistence and ex-vivo measures of spontaneous and inducible virus production from cultured PBMC and resting CD4 T cells. Findings from this study provide insight into the biology of HIV-1 persistence and suggest methods to guide the evaluation of clinical strategies to reduce the size of the viral reservoir.
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Short Intracellular HIV-1 Transcripts as Biomarkers of Residual Immune Activation in Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy. J Virol 2016; 90:5665-5676. [PMID: 27030274 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03158-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED HIV-1 patients continue to remain at an abnormal immune status despite prolonged combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), which results in an increased risk of non-AIDS-related diseases. Given the growing recognition of the importance of understanding and controlling the residual virus in patients, additional virological markers to monitor infected cells are required. However, viral replication in circulating cells is much poorer than that in lymph nodes, which results in the absence of markers to distinguish these cells from uninfected cells in the blood. In this study, we identified prematurely terminated short HIV-1 transcripts (STs) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) as an efficient intracellular biomarker to monitor viral activation and immune status in patients with cART-mediated full viral suppression in plasma. STs were detected in PBMCs obtained from both treated and untreated patients. ST levels in untreated patients generally increased with disease progression and decreased after treatment initiation. However, some patients exhibited sustained high levels of ST and low CD4(+) cell counts despite full viral suppression by treatment. The levels of STs strongly reflected chronic immune activation defined by coexpression of HLA-DR and CD38 on CD8(+) T cells, rather than circulating proviral load. These observations represent evidence for a relationship between viral persistence and host immune activation, which in turn results in the suboptimal increase in CD4(+) cells despite suppressive antiretroviral therapy. This cell-based measurement of viral persistence contributes to an improved understanding of the dynamics of viral persistence in cART patients and will guide therapeutic approaches targeting viral reservoirs. IMPORTANCE Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) suppresses HIV-1 load to below the detectable limit in plasma. However, the virus persists, and patients remain at an abnormal immune status, which results in an increased risk of non-AIDS-related complications. To achieve a functional cure for HIV-1 infection, activities of viral reservoirs must be quantified and monitored. However, latently infected cells are difficult to be monitored. Here, we identified prematurely terminated short HIV-1 transcripts (STs) as an efficient biomarker for monitoring viral activation and immune status in patients with cART-mediated full viral suppression in plasma. This cell-based measurement of viral persistence will contribute to our understanding of the impact of residual virus on chronic immune activation in HIV-1 patients during cART.
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Pasternak AO, Lukashov VV, Berkhout B. Cell-associated HIV RNA: a dynamic biomarker of viral persistence. Retrovirology 2013; 10:41. [PMID: 23587031 PMCID: PMC3637491 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In most HIV-infected individuals adherent to modern antiretroviral therapy (ART), plasma viremia stays undetectable by clinical assays and therefore, additional virological markers for monitoring and predicting therapy responses and for measuring the degree of HIV persistence in patients on ART should be identified. For the above purposes, quantitation of cell-associated HIV biomarkers could provide a useful alternative to measurements of viral RNA in plasma. This review concentrates on cell-associated (CA) HIV RNA with the emphasis on its use as a virological biomarker. We discuss the significance of CA HIV RNA as a prognostic marker of disease progression in untreated patients and as an indicator of residual virus replication and the size of the dynamic viral reservoir in ART-treated patients. Potential value of this biomarker for monitoring the response to ART and to novel HIV eradication therapies is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander O Pasternak
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam-CINIMA, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands.
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Williams DW, Eugenin EA, Calderon TM, Berman JW. Monocyte maturation, HIV susceptibility, and transmigration across the blood brain barrier are critical in HIV neuropathogenesis. J Leukoc Biol 2012; 91:401-15. [PMID: 22227964 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0811394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV continues to be a global health crisis with more than 34 million people infected worldwide (UNAIDS: Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic 2010, Geneva, World Health Organization). HIV enters the CNS within 2 weeks of infection and establishes a spectrum of HAND in a large percentage of infected individuals. These neurologic deficits greatly impact the quality of life of those infected with HIV. The establishment of HAND is largely attributed to monocyte transmigration, particularly that of a mature CD14(+)CD16(+) monocyte population, which is more susceptible to HIV infection, across the BBB into the CNS parenchyma in response to chemotactic signals. To enter the CNS, junctional proteins on the monocytes must participate in homo- and heterotypic interactions with those present on BMVECs of the BBB as they transmigrate across the barrier. This transmigration is responsible for bringing virus into the brain and establishing chronic neuroinflammation. While there is baseline trafficking of monocytes into the CNS, the increased chemotactic signals present during HIV infection of the brain promote exuberant monocyte transmigration into the CNS. This review will discuss the mechanisms of monocyte differentiation/maturation, HIV infectivity, and transmigration into the CNS parenchyma that contribute to the establishment of cognitive impairment in HIV-infected individuals. It will focus on markers of monocyte subpopulations, how differentiation/maturation alters HIV infectivity, and the mechanisms that promote their increased transmigration across the BBB into the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dionna W Williams
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
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Ibeh BO, Obidoa O, Nwuke C. Lipid Peroxidation Correlates with HIVmRNA in Serodiscordant Heterosexual HIVpartners of Nigerian Origin. Indian J Clin Biochem 2011; 26:249-56. [PMID: 22754188 PMCID: PMC3162947 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-011-0120-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We recruited 59 individuals of known HIV serostatus after informed consent however, 44 were serodiscordant heterosexual partners [serodiscordant seronegative (SSN group) and serodiscordant seropositive (SSP group)] while 15 were seronegative healthy individuals (SNH). In the case-control study we choose to determine Malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration as a marker of lipid peroxidation index (oxidative stress) spectrophotometrically and quantify HIV mRNA by Real Time-nucleic acid sequence based amplification assay (RT-NASBA). Here our result show for the first time a high concentration of lipid peroxidation product (MDA, 116.6%) with a significant (P < 0.05) increase in HIV serodiscordant seropositive subjects over their seronegative partners. However, Spearman rank correlation statistics of SSP group showed a positive correlation value (P < 0.01, r = 0.89) between MDA and mRNA and a negative correlation between MDA and T-cell ratio (P < 0.01, r = 0.96).The study may strongly indicate a possible lipid peroxidation product threshold for predicting HIV infection and progression in serodiscordant heterosexual partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartholomew O. Ibeh
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, P.M.B. 7267, Umuahia, Abia State Nigeria
| | - Onyechi Obidoa
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Chinedu Nwuke
- R & D Department, Shell Petroleum, PortHarcourt, Nigeria
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Pasternak AO, Jurriaans S, Bakker M, Berkhout B, Lukashov VV. Steady increase in cellular HIV-1 load during the asymptomatic phase of untreated infection despite stable plasma viremia. AIDS 2010; 24:1641-9. [PMID: 20543660 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e32833b3171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the dynamics of HIV-1 molecular markers in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and in plasma during the asymptomatic phase of untreated HIV-1 infection. DESIGN AND METHODS Using seminested real-time PCR assays, we measured the levels of HIV-1 proviral (pr) DNA, unspliced (us) RNA, and multiply spliced RNA in the PBMCs of 10 untreated HIV-1-infected men at multiple time points during the asymptomatic phase of infection and compared the longitudinal trends of these markers with those of viral RNA in plasma. RESULTS Whereas plasma RNA levels did not significantly change in any of the individuals, levels of usRNA significantly increased with time in six out of 10 persons, and levels of prDNA in four. Slopes, changes, and time-weighted changes from baseline of usRNA, prDNA, and CD4 cell count, but not of plasma RNA, were significantly different from zero (P < 0.01). No significant longitudinal trend of plasma RNA was observed in the study group using linear mixed models, whereas the trends of usRNA, prDNA, and CD4 cell count were highly significant (P < 0.001). usRNA levels increased significantly faster than those of plasma RNA or prDNA, suggesting a temporal increase in viral replication rates in PBMCs. Finally, CD4 cell count inversely correlated with levels of usRNA and prDNA, but not with plasma RNA level. CONCLUSION During the asymptomatic phase of untreated HIV-1 infection, when virion production and clearance are balanced, resulting in stable plasma viremia, viral load in PBMCs steadily increases and is a sensitive and direct longitudinal virological marker of infection progression.
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Ngandu NK, Seoighe C, Scheffler K. Evidence of HIV-1 adaptation to host HLA alleles following chimp-to-human transmission. Virol J 2009; 6:164. [PMID: 19818146 PMCID: PMC2765438 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-6-164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 10/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cytotoxic T-lymphocyte immune response is important in controlling HIV-1 replication in infected humans. In this immune pathway, viral peptides within infected cells are presented to T-lymphocytes by the polymorphic human leukocyte antigens (HLA). HLA alleles exert selective pressure on the peptide regions and immune escape mutations that occur at some of the targeted sites can enable the virus to adapt to the infected host. The pattern of ongoing immune escape and reversion associated with several human HLA alleles has been studied extensively. Such mutations revert upon transmission to a host without the HLA allele because the escape mutation incurs a fitness cost. However, to-date there has been little attempt to study permanent loss of CTL epitopes due to escape mutations without an effect on fitness. RESULTS Here, we set out to determine the extent of adaptation of HIV-1 to three well-characterized HLA alleles during the initial exposure of the virus to the human cytotoxic immune responses following transmission from chimpanzee. We generated a chimpanzee consensus sequence to approximate the virus sequence that was initially transmitted to the human host and used a method based on peptide binding affinity to HLA crystal structures to predict peptides that were potentially targeted by the HLA alleles on this sequence. Next, we used codon-based phylogenetic models to quantify the average selective pressure that acted on these regions during the period immediately following the zoonosis event, corresponding to the branch of the phylogenetic tree leading to the common ancestor of all of the HIV-1 sequences. Evidence for adaptive evolution during this period was observed at regions recognised by HLA A*6801 and A*0201, both of which are common in African populations. No evidence of adaptive evolution was observed at sites targeted by HLA-B*2705, which is a rare allele in African populations. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the ancestral HIV-1 virus experienced a period of positive selective pressure due to immune responses associated with HLA alleles that were common in the infected human population. We propose that this resulted in permanent escape from immune responses targeting unconstrained regions of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobubelo K Ngandu
- National Bioinformatics Node, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925, South Africa
| | - Cathal Seoighe
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Applied Mathematics, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
| | - Konrad Scheffler
- Computer Science Division, Dept of Mathematical Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, 7602 Matieland, South Africa
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Ravazzolo AP, Nenci C, Vogt HR, Waldvogel A, Obexer-Ruff G, Peterhans E, Bertoni G. Viral load, organ distribution, histopathological lesions, and cytokine mRNA expression in goats infected with a molecular clone of the caprine arthritis encephalitis virus. Virology 2006; 350:116-27. [PMID: 16537085 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2005] [Revised: 12/16/2005] [Accepted: 02/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) is a lentivirus of goats that causes persistent infection characterized by the appearance of inflammatory lesions in various organs. To define the sites of persistence, 5 goats were infected with a molecular clone of CAEV, and the viral load was monitored by real-time-PCR and RT-PCR in different sites 8 years after infection. The lymph nodes proved to be an important virus reservoir, with moderate virus replication relative to what is reported for lentiviruses of primates. Mammary gland and milk cells were preferred sites of viral replication. The viral load varied significantly between animals, which points to an important role of the genetic background. We found a clear association between occurrence of histopathological lesions and viral load in specific sites. The mRNA expression analysis of several cytokines did not reveal differences between animals that could explain the considerable individual variations in viral load observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Ravazzolo
- Institute of Veterinary Virology, University of Bern, Laenggass-Str. 122, CH-3012, Switzerland.
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Virology. THE AIDS PANDEMIC 2005. [PMCID: PMC7148614 DOI: 10.1016/b978-012465271-2/50004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hazenberg MD, Otto SA, van Benthem BHB, Roos MTL, Coutinho RA, Lange JMA, Hamann D, Prins M, Miedema F. Persistent immune activation in HIV-1 infection is associated with progression to AIDS. AIDS 2003; 17:1881-8. [PMID: 12960820 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-200309050-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 536] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-1 infection is characterized by chronic generalized CD8 and CD4 T cell hyperactivation, the biological effect of which is not understood. OBJECTIVE To study the relation between chronic immune activation and CD4 T cell depletion in HIV-1 infection. DESIGN Prospective cohort study among participants of the Amsterdam Cohort Studies on HIV-1 infection and AIDS who have a known seroconversion date (n = 102). METHODS CD4 and CD8 T cell activation marker expression was analysed by FACScan before and after seroconversion (1 and 5 years after seroconversion); T cell proliferation and T cell numbers were also measured. Cox proportional hazard analyses were used to study the predictive value of these parameters for progression to AIDS. RESULTS Preseroconversion low CD4 T cell numbers or elevated levels of CD4 T cell activation were associated with increased risk for development of AIDS after HIV-1 seroconversion. Progression to AIDS was associated with loss of both CD4 and CD8 naive T cells. The predictive value of CD8 T cell activation was confirmed and, in addition, in the course of infection low CD4 T cell counts and increasing proportions of dividing CD4 T cells, dividing CD8 T cells or elevated CD4 T cell activation marker expression became independent predictors of progression to AIDS. CONCLUSIONS Increased T cell activation has predictive value for HIV-1 disease progression even before seroconversion. These data support the hypothesis that persistent hyperactivation of the immune system may lead to erosion of the naive T cell pool and CD4 T cell depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette D Hazenberg
- Department of Clinical Viro-Immunology, Sanquin Research at CLB, Tropical Medicine and AIDS, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Mizuno T, Goto Y, Baba K, Momoi Y, Endo Y, Nishimura Y, Masuda K, Ohno K, Tsujimoto H. Quantitative analysis of Fas and Fas ligand mRNAs in a feline T-lymphoid cell line after infection with feline immunodeficiency virus and primary peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from cats infected with the virus. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2003; 93:117-23. [PMID: 12814697 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(03)00061-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is frequently observed in feline lymphocytes in association with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection. In this study, to investigate the mechanism of FIV-induced apoptosis, levels of Fas and Fas ligand mRNAs were measured by real-time reverse transcription-PCR. In a feline T-lymphoid cell line the amounts of Fas ligand mRNA increased along with the induction of apoptosis after in vitro infection with FIV. In PBMC collected from 10 cats naturally infected with FIV, Fas ligand mRNA levels were significantly higher than those in PBMC from five uninfected cats. These results indicate that the increased expression of Fas ligand may be involved in the induction of apoptosis of lymphocytes in FIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Mizuno
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Talal AH, Monard S, Vesanen M, Zheng Z, Hurley A, Cao Y, Fang F, Smiley L, Johnson J, Kost R, Markowitz MH. Virologic and immunologic effect of antiretroviral therapy on HIV-1 in gut-associated lymphoid tissue. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2001; 26:1-7. [PMID: 11176263 DOI: 10.1097/00126334-200101010-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We evaluated virologic and immunologic responses to antiretroviral therapy in gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) compared with those found in peripheral blood. METHODS Eight HIV-1-infected individuals were treated with three reverse transcriptase inhibitors and one protease inhibitor. Endoscopic biopsies were performed at baseline, and at months 1, 2, and 6. We measured the level of cell-associated multiply spliced and unspliced HIV-1 mRNA in GALT and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Immunologic responses were assessed by flow cytometry. RESULTS Levels of multiply spliced HIV-1 mRNA declined in parallel fashion both in peripheral blood and GALT. After 6 months of therapy, unspliced HIV-1 mRNA in the GALT was below assay detection although it persisted in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in 4 study subjects. Although the percentage of CD4+ lymphocytes increased significantly in peripheral blood, only modest increases occurred in GALT. The percentage of activated CD8+ T cells decreased significantly in peripheral blood whereas only modest reductions occurred in GALT. CONCLUSIONS Antiretroviral therapy effectively suppressed HIV-1 replication in GALT. The percentage of CD4+ T cells in peripheral blood uniformly increased in all study subjects, whereas it was more variable in the GALT.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Talal
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, New York City, New York, USA.
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Virologic and Immunologic Effect of Antiretroviral Therapy on HIV-1 in Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2001. [DOI: 10.1097/00042560-200101010-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Sanhadji K, Grave L, Touraine JL, Leissner P, Rouzioux C, Firouzi R, Kehrli L, Tardy JC, Mehtali M. Gene transfer of anti-gp41 antibody and CD4 immunoadhesin strongly reduces the HIV-1 load in humanized severe combined immunodeficient mice. AIDS 2000; 14:2813-22. [PMID: 11153662 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-200012220-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the anti-HIV-1 effects of the delivery of anti-gp41 monoclonal antibody (mAb) and soluble CD4 (sCD4) immunoadhesin by genetically modified cells in HIV-1-infected, humanized severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. DESIGN The complementary DNA of mAb 2F5, an anti-HIV-1 gp41 antibody, and of sCD4-IgG chimeric immunoadhesin were transferred into 3T3 cells using Moloney murine leukaemia virus vectors. The cells were then incorporated into a collagen structure called the neo-organ, which allowed the continuous production of the therapeutic molecules. METHODS The antiviral effects in vivo of 2F5 or sCD4-IgG or both compounds were evaluated in neo-organ-implanted SCID mice that were grafted with human CD4 CEM T cells and challenged with HIV-1 Lai or MN. RESULTS In SCID mice implanted with 2F5 neo-organs, antibody plasma levels reached 500-2000 ng/ml. Viral loads after HIV-1 challenge were significantly reduced in neo-organ-implanted HIV-infected mice. Although 29 x 10(7) and 13 x 10(8) HIV-1-RNA copies/ml were detected at 12 days in the controls (mice injected with Lai and MN, respectively) less than 16.5 x 10(3) HIV-1-RNA copies/ml were observed in all implanted mice injected with either Lai or MN. The intracellular viral load was also reduced in CD4 cells recovered from the implanted mice. Comparable antiviral effects were obtained with CD4-IgG neo-organs. CONCLUSION Our results confirm the anti-HIV properties of 2F5 and sCD4-IgG continuously produced in vivo after ex-vivo gene therapy in SCID mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sanhadji
- Laboratoires des Déficits Immunitaires et de Rétrovirologie, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laënnec, Lyon, France
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Abstract
Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) is an ungulate lentivirus that is related to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Much of the understanding of lentiviral gene regulation comes from studies using HIV. HIV studies have provided insights into molecular regulation of EIAV expression; however, much of the regulation of EIAV expression stands in stark contrast to that of HIV. This review provides an overview of the current state of knowledge of EIAV regulation by comparing and contrasting EIAV gene regulation to HIV. The role of EIAV gene regulation is discussed in relation to EIAV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Maury
- Department of Microbiology, University of South Dakota School of Medicine, Vermillion 57069, USA.
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18
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Fischer M, Günthard HF, Opravil M, Joos B, Huber W, Bisset LR, Ott P, Böni J, Weber R, Cone RW. Residual HIV-RNA levels persist for up to 2.5 years in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients on potent antiretroviral therapy. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2000; 16:1135-40. [PMID: 10954888 DOI: 10.1089/088922200414974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The long-term response of 10 asymptomatic, antiretroviral therapy-naive HIV-1-infected patients to potent combination antiretroviral therapy was characterized by monitoring levels of HIV-1 RNA in plasma, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), and lymphoid tissue using highly sensitive HIV-1 RNA assays. Although plasma viral loads were continuously suppressed to levels below 50 HIV-1 RNA copies/ml for up to 2.5 years (60-128 weeks), HIV-1 RNA was still detectable at very low levels (1 to 49 HIV-1 RNA copies/ml) in 25% of the samples. In corresponding PBMC specimens, residual HIV-RNA was detectable in as much as 91% of samples tested (1 to 420 HIV-1 RNA copies/microg total RNA). Similarly, HIV-1 RNA levels in lymphoid tissue also remained detectable at a high frequency (86%). A highly significant correlation was demonstrated between therapy-induced change in PBMC HIV-1 RNA levels and change in plasma HIV-1 RNA levels (r2 = 0.69; p = 0.003). These findings support the concept that measurement of HIV-1 RNA in the easily accessible PBMC compartment is relevant for evaluating the potency of current and future antiretroviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fischer
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland.
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- M Clementi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.
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20
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Abstract
Infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) leads rapidly to infection of the brain and subsequent neuropsychological impairment, including subclinical impairment, minor cognitive-motor disorder, and HIV-1-associated dementia (HAD). This article reviews HAD and the factors involved in its pathogenesis; the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy; the prevalence of HIV-1 and subtypes; and the role of chemokines and cytokines as the capstones associated with neuropathology due to inflammation.
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21
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Lewin SR, Vesanen M, Kostrikis L, Hurley A, Duran M, Zhang L, Ho DD, Markowitz M. Use of real-time PCR and molecular beacons to detect virus replication in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected individuals on prolonged effective antiretroviral therapy. J Virol 1999; 73:6099-103. [PMID: 10364365 PMCID: PMC112674 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.73.7.6099-6103.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have designed a novel, precise, and sensitive assay to measure unspliced (US) human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of HIV-1-infected individuals by using real-time PCR and molecular beacons. Individuals were classified as either well suppressed (WS) or partially suppressed, based on longitudinal measurements of plasma HIV-1 RNA. The proportion of individuals with US mRNA undetectable over time was significantly higher among WS individuals; however, 30% of WS subjects still had detectable US mRNA after 24 months of effective antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Lewin
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, New York, New York 10016, USA
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22
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Wei K, Stapleton MJ. Immobilized sample amplification for quantitative determination of retroviruses. Anal Biochem 1999; 270:187-94. [PMID: 10334835 DOI: 10.1006/abio.1999.4072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Immobilized sample amplification (ISA) is a novel method for amplification, detection, monitoring, and quantitative determination of nucleic acids from a minute amount of sample. We present here a novel quantitative ISA assay for retroviruses using a replication-defective recombinant retrovirus as a model retrovirus. Samples, as small as 5 to 10 microl or as large as 1 ml or more in volume, are readily immobilized on a nylon or polyester matrix. Retroviral RNA is directly amplified following the rehydration of the immobilized samples, thus eliminating the needs for retroviral RNA extraction. An ISA assay of a 10-microl viral sample generates results equal to or better than that of RT-PCR on equivalent amount RNA isolated from larger sample volumes. Recovery of RNA from small volumes, such as 10 microl, is almost impossible, whereas ISA assay detects retroviruses from as small as 1 to 5 microl of viral samples containing 10(4) cfu/ml determined by colony-forming assay. Extraction of RNA from a small amount of infectious viral samples not only is a difficult, biohazardous procedure, but also introduces random errors which contribute to variability in viral quantitation. Since the ISA method eliminates the isolation/extraction of the nucleic acids, it significantly shortens the handling time for the biohazardous materials and simplifies the procedure for analyzing small quantities of biological samples. This method detects less than 10 infectious retroviral particles as determined by both colony-forming assay and electron microscope studies. The format and protocol of this quantitative ISA assay can be easily automated to fit into numerous platforms, thus making it attractive for laboratory automation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Wei
- Gene Tec Corporation, 2 Davis Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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23
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Abstract
Despite a strong cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response directed against viral antigens, untreated individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) develop AIDS. We have found that primary T cells infected with HIV-1 downregulate surface MHC class I antigens and are resistant to lysis by HLA-A2-restricted CTL clones. In contrast, cells infected with an HIV-1 in which the nef gene is disrupted are sensitive to CTLs in an MHC and peptide-specific manner. In primary T cells HLA-A2 antigens are downmodulated more dramatically than total MHC class I antigens, suggesting that nef selectively downmodulates certain MHC class I antigens. In support of this, studies on cells expressing individual MHC class I alleles have revealed that nef does not downmodulate HLA-C and HLA-E antigens. This selective downmodulation allows infected cells to maintain resistance to certain natural killer cells that lyse infected cells expressing low levels of MHC class I antigens. Downmodulation of MHC class I HLA-A2 antigens occurs not only in primary T cells, but also in B and astrocytoma cell lines. No effect of other HIV-1 accessory proteins such as vpu and vpr was observed. Thus Nef is a protein that may promote escape of HIV-1 from immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Collins
- Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
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24
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Fahey JL, Taylor JM, Manna B, Nishanian P, Aziz N, Giorgi JV, Detels R. Prognostic significance of plasma markers of immune activation, HIV viral load and CD4 T-cell measurements. AIDS 1998; 12:1581-90. [PMID: 9764776 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-199813000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the prognostic significance for AIDS occurrence of plasma levels of immune activation markers in comparison with and in conjunction with HIV viral load and CD4 T-cell measurements. DESIGN A retrospective analysis was conducted of three plasma activation markers, the soluble tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor II (TNF-RII), neopterin and soluble interleukin-2 receptor levels, and of CD4 T-cell levels and plasma HIV viral load. SUBJECTS The participants were 659 men taking part in the University of California Los Angeles Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study who were HIV-seropositive but AIDS-free in 1985. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Clinically defined AIDS within 3 years. Failure time statistical regression models for the time to development of AIDS were used to assess prognostic capacity of the parameters alone and in combination. RESULTS All the markers had prognostic capability. The levels of the three plasma activation markers correlated well with each other (median r = 0.61). They related less well with HIV RNA plasma levels (median r = 0.50) and least well with CD4 cell levels (median r = 0.36). Furthermore, plasma marker levels were shown to be able to stratify patients for prognosis within all the major categories of CD4 T-cell and HIV RNA levels. CONCLUSIONS Plasma levels of soluble TNF-RII and other soluble markers of immune activation have prognostic capabilities which are different from HIV and CD4 T-cell levels. Combination of a single plasma activation marker measurement (such as soluble TNF-RII) with CD4 T-cell levels improved the prognostic capability of each. A new graphic technique for presenting prognostic capability indicated that plasma soluble TNF-RII and CD4 cell levels are better prognostic factors than HIV plasma level with CD4 cells < 200 x 10(6)/l. Inexpensive tests for one of the plasma activation markers, such as soluble TNF-RII or neopterin, can be useful for evaluations of HIV disease course, especially when expensive equipment, technical expertise and funding required for flow cytometry and for HIV load measurements are not readily available.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Fahey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Immunology and Disease, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095-1747, USA
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25
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Rothe M, Chêne L, Nugeyre MT, Braun J, Barré-Sinoussi F, Israël N. Contact with thymic epithelial cells as a prerequisite for cytokine-enhanced human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in thymocytes. J Virol 1998; 72:5852-61. [PMID: 9621046 PMCID: PMC110388 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.7.5852-5861.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/1997] [Accepted: 04/02/1998] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We report here that human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected human thymocytes, in the absence of any exogenous stimulus but cocultivated with autologous thymic epithelial cells (TEC), obtained shortly (3 days) after thymus excision produce a high and sustained level of HIV-1 particles. The levels and kinetics of HIV-1 replication were similar for seven distinct viral strains irrespective of their phenotypes and genotypes. Contact of thymocytes with TEC is a critical requirement for optimal viral replication. Rather than an inductive signal resulting from the contact itself, soluble factors produced in the mixed culture are responsible for this effect. Specifically, the synergistic effects of tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor may account by themselves for the high level of HIV-1 replication in thymocytes observed in mixed cultures. In conclusion, the microenvironment generated by TEC-thymocyte interaction might greatly favor optimal HIV-1 replication in the thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rothe
- Unité de Biologie des Rétrovirus, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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26
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Abstract
Because of the widely documented association of AIDS with opiate abuse, there is considerable interest in knowing whether opiates alter progression of HIV-1 infections to AIDS. The main reason for this interest is that opiates and opiate-abuse have been shown to have broad influence on immune processes as well as in vitro expressions of HIV-1. This article reviews literature defining the connection between opiate use and AIDS. Basic understanding of the effects of opiates on immune process and HIV-1 infection, especially as derived from study of a monkey model of AIDS, are discussed as well as epidemiological data regarding the connection between chronic injected drug abuse and AIDS, in the context of current knowledge about the HIV-1 infectious process and AIDS pathogenesis. Theoretically, there is ample reason to suspect that opiates are involved in progression of HIV-1 infections to AIDS. To date, however, epidemiological approaches have been unable to link decline in CD4 T-cell counts, as a marker of AIDS progression, with opiate use--although other indices of AIDS progression have yet to be thoroughly evaluated in this regard. Also, the impact of opiate use and abuse on opportunistic infections occurring prior to or concurrent with HIV-1 infection has not been closely scrutinized. Interestingly, despite considerable evidence delineating the potential of opiates to exacerbate HIV-1 infections, there is suggestive evidence from both clinical observations and basic studies that homeostatically balancing conditions of chronic, consistent opiate exposure have the potential to protect the host from progression of HIV-1 infections--a situation that may well differ from when opiate-naive subjects first experience exposure to opiates and when opiate dependency is not maintained in a consistent fashion. Taken together, therefore, information from basic studies, including most particularly studies with monkeys, and epidemiological studies, indicates that effects of opiates on progression to AIDS may be conditionally variable. There are many aspects of the drug abuse culture that have potentially offsetting consequences in terms of their potential to up- or down-regulate both HIV-1 expression and host protective responses thereto that could be relevant in this regard. In conclusion, many ambiguities are yet to be considered, and basic and epidemiological studies to be pursued before the opiate-AIDS connection is fully understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Donahoe
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Georgia Mental Health Institute, Atlanta 30322, USA
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27
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Shankarappa R, Gupta P, Learn GH, Rodrigo AG, Rinaldo CR, Gorry MC, Mullins JI, Nara PL, Ehrlich GD. Evolution of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope sequences in infected individuals with differing disease progression profiles. Virology 1998; 241:251-9. [PMID: 9499799 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1997.8996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sequence variation displayed by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has been proposed to be linked to the pathogenesis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). To assess viral evolution during the course of infection, we evaluated sequence variability in the env variable domains in four HIV-1-infected individuals exhibiting differing profiles of CD4+ T cell decline when followed from seroconversion until the development of AIDS or loss of followup. Proviral sequences encoding the V3-V5 region of gp 120 were obtained following PCR amplification of peripheral blood mononuclear cell DNA and cloning. Virus in each patient was relatively homogeneous early in infection and then diverged with time, more consistently at its nonsynonymous sites. Just prior to or coincident with a rapid decline in CD4+ T cell numbers, sequences were found with basic amino acid substitutions clustered within and downstream of the gp 120 V3 domain. Within the constraints of the current data set, we conclude that the virus appears to continually accumulate changes in its amino acid sequences well into the time of marked CD4+ T cell decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Shankarappa
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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28
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Husak R, Garbe C, Orfanos C. Reply. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0190-9622(98)70257-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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29
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Herbein G, Van Lint C, Lovett JL, Verdin E. Distinct mechanisms trigger apoptosis in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected and in uninfected bystander T lymphocytes. J Virol 1998; 72:660-70. [PMID: 9420271 PMCID: PMC109420 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.1.660-670.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a main feature of AIDS pathogenesis and is thought to play a role in the progressive decrease of CD4+ T lymphocytes in infected individuals. To determine whether apoptosis occurs in infected and/or in uninfected peripheral blood T lymphocytes, we have used a recombinant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infectious clone expressing the green fluorescent protein (GFP). Using flow cytometry, we have determined the incidence of apoptosis by either terminal transferase dUTP nick end labeling or annexin-V assays in different cell subpopulations, i.e., in CD4+ or CD8+ T cells that were GFP positive or negative. After HIV-1 infection of purified peripheral blood lymphocytes, we observed that apoptosis occurred mostly in infected CD4+ peripheral blood lymphocytes. Remarkably, the presence of monocyte-derived macrophages in the culture increased dramatically the apoptosis of uninfected bystander T lymphocytes, while apoptosis in HIV-infected T lymphocytes was not changed. We therefore demonstrate that HIV-induced apoptosis results from at least two distinct mechanisms: (i) direct apoptosis in HIV-infected CD4+ T lymphocytes and (ii) indirect apoptosis in uninfected T cells mediated by antigen-presenting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Herbein
- The Picower Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York 11030, USA
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30
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Pakker NG, Roos MT, van Leeuwen R, de Jong MD, Koot M, Reiss P, Lange JM, Miedema F, Danner SA, Schellekens PT. Patterns of T-cell repopulation, virus load reduction, and restoration of T-cell function in HIV-infected persons during therapy with different antiretroviral agents. JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES AND HUMAN RETROVIROLOGY : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL RETROVIROLOGY ASSOCIATION 1997; 16:318-26. [PMID: 9420308 DOI: 10.1097/00042560-199712150-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The effect of antiretroviral therapy on both T-cell numbers and T-cell function in peripheral blood was studied. CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell numbers, T-cell reactivity to CD3 monoclonal antibodies (mAb), and viral RNA load date were obtained from patients treated for at least 28 weeks with either the HIV-1 protease inhibitor ritonavir, the nonnucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitor nevirapine, or the nucleoside-analogue RT inhibitor zidovudine. Compared with both RT inhibitors, treatment with the protease inhibitor ritonavir resulted in the most significant and persistent elevation of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell counts. However, in vitro T-cell functional improvement was of limited duration in the ritonavir-treated group and was inversely correlated with viral RNA load changes during the entire follow-up period. Thus, despite what can be assumed of responses during RT inhibitor therapy, quantitative responses on therapy did not necessarily correlate with qualitative immunologic responses, as can be seen during treatment with ritonavir. For optimal immune reconstitution, both numeric and functional immunologic improvements are essential. During antiretroviral therapy, measurement of in vitro improvement in immune function will be useful as a correlate for transient drug-induced alteration of immunodeficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- N G Pakker
- Department of Clinical Viro-Immunology, Central Laboratory of The Netherlands Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service, Amsterdam
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31
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Vesanen M, Markowitz M, Cao Y, Ho DD, Saksela K. Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 mRNA splicing pattern in infected persons is determined by the proportion of newly infected cells. Virology 1997; 236:104-9. [PMID: 9299622 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1997.8718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Plasma viremia during HIV-1 infection is regulated by a dynamic balance between viral replication and removal of infected cells and cell-free virus. Administration of novel potent antiretroviral drugs provides an opportunity to study the consequences of perturbing this equilibrium by blocking de novo infections. In this study, we examined the expression of differentially spliced forms of HIV-1 mRNA, unspliced (US) and multiply spliced (MS), in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients treated with HIV protease inhibitors or combination therapy. In all nine patients studied, a significant reduction in the MS/US mRNA ratio was observed after 1 week of treatment, suggesting that the majority of HIV MS mRNA in the steady-state situation prior to therapy was expressed by cells which had been infected during the previous couple of days. This idea was supported by a detailed analysis of serial PBMC specimens collected from two of the patients during the first hours and days after initiation of therapy. In both cases, a substantial decrease in MS mRNA expression was evident already after 48 hr, whereas the expression of US mRNA at this time was virtually unaffected. These data indicate that the HIV mRNA splicing pattern in vivo is mainly determined by the relative proportion of newly infected cells and suggest that examination of this pattern could be useful in evaluating the potency of antiretroviral therapies and in studying dynamics of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vesanen
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
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32
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Comar M, Simonelli C, Zanussi S, Paoli P, Vaccher E, Tirelli U, Giacca M. Dynamics of HIV-1 mRNA expression in patients with long-term nonprogressive HIV-1 infection. J Clin Invest 1997; 100:893-903. [PMID: 9259589 PMCID: PMC508262 DOI: 10.1172/jci119605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A large number of evidences indicate that progression of HIV disease is driven by an increase in viral burden. It is still unclear, however, to what extent this is contributed by the dysregulation of the molecular mechanisms governing virus gene expression at the transcriptional or posttranscriptional levels. To address this issue, several quantitative virologic parameters (including provirus transcriptional activity and splicing pattern) were analyzed in individuals with nonprogressive HIV infection and compared with those of a matched group of progressor patients. Exact quantification was achieved by a competitive PCR procedure using a multicompetitor template. Nonprogressors were characterized by striking differences in the levels of viremia, provirus copy number, and overall levels of all viral mRNA classes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Additionally, the transcriptional activity of the proviral DNA in these patients was mainly engaged in the production of multiprocessed transcripts, with a pattern resembling the early phases of the experimental infection. Taken together, these results show that both viral load and provirus transcription pattern are remarkably different in infected individuals nonprogressing toward overt disease, and further support the notion that disease progression is accompanied by a change in the kinetics of HIV gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Comar
- Molecular Medicine Unit, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 34100 Trieste, Italy
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33
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Toossi Z, Nicolacakis K, Xia L, Ferrari NA, Rich EA. Activation of latent HIV-1 by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and its purified protein derivative in alveolar macrophages from HIV-infected individuals in vitro. JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES AND HUMAN RETROVIROLOGY : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL RETROVIROLOGY ASSOCIATION 1997; 15:325-31. [PMID: 9342251 DOI: 10.1097/00042560-199708150-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Although Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and its purified protein derivative (PPD) induce HIV in cell lines that harbor latent HIV infection, it is not known whether similar activation of HIV in primary macrophages infected with HIV occurs. This possibility was examined using alveolar macrophages (AM) obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage of HIV-infected subjects with CD4 counts <200/microl. PPD induced transcription of HIV in AM from HIV-infected subjects by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). PPD and MTB infection also induced HIV production in AM from these HIV-infected patients, determined by HIV p24 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Viral production in AM required short periods of cell contact with allogeneic lymphocytes. HIV was only inducible, however, in AM from subjects with detectable HIV load (one to three copies of HIV DNA/1000 cells). Thus, MTB and its PPD can induce HIV in latently infected AM.
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MESH Headings
- AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/complications
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/cytology
- Cell Communication
- Cells, Cultured
- Coculture Techniques
- DNA, Viral/analysis
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
- HIV Core Protein p24/analysis
- HIV Infections/complications
- HIV Infections/pathology
- HIV Infections/virology
- HIV-1/drug effects
- HIV-1/growth & development
- HIV-1/physiology
- Humans
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/physiology
- Macrophages, Alveolar/microbiology
- Macrophages, Alveolar/physiology
- Macrophages, Alveolar/virology
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/physiology
- Phagocytosis/physiology
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Viral/analysis
- Tuberculin/pharmacology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/complications
- Virus Activation/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Toossi
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland Veterans Affairs, Ohio 44106-4984, U.S.A
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34
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Tsai WP, Rimelzwaan GF, Merges MJ, Wu SC, Conley S, Kung HF, Garrity R, Goudsmit J, Nara PL. Preliminary findings of an in vitro human spleen mononuclear cell culture system for primary isolates of HIV type 1. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1997; 13:967-77. [PMID: 9223413 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1997.13.967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute HIV-1 infection is often manifested with a high level of viremia. The cell types and tissues/organs that contribute to the virus load are thought to be of central and peripheral lymphoreticular origin. The establishment and permissiveness of organ-based cell culture systems from spleen with laboratory strains or primary isolates of HIV-1 have not been reported. We studied unseparated splenic mononuclear cells (SMCs) and adherent cells derived from human spleen and liver in comparison with blood monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). Unstimulated, SMCs were highly permissive to primary lymphotropic HIV-1 and dual/macrophage-tropic isolates (which are able to replicate in both MDMs and PBMCs). Furthermore, SMCs were found to replicate virus to high titer in a rapid log-phase manner and exhibited a prolonged stationary phase of virus production, unlike PBMCs, which required conventional activation with mitogens and exhibited a much shorter period of virus production. Interestingly, the SMCs maintained themselves as a mixed phenotype of nested lymphocytes with complex and well-differentiated macrophage(s) for extended periods of time. In addition, splenic macrophages readily purified by adherence were highly permissive to a dual/macrophage-tropic primary isolate, HIV-1ADA, intermediate with two laboratory strains, HIVR-1RF and HIV-lHXB3, and least permissive to the lymphotropic primary isolate HIV-1Mr452 and two other laboratory strains, HIV-1CC and HIV-1MN. The replication of HIV-1ADA as measured by extracellular p24 was sustained for up to 7 weeks and similar to the replication patterns observed with adherent hepatic macrophages and blood-derived MDMs. This study demonstrates that exogenous stimulation is not required for infection of these cells; either adherence-isolated and/or mixed lymphoid populations can be studied together, and viable stocks can be readily prepared and cryopreserved. In addition, these cells could be used for isolating new and/or other variants of HIV-1. Thus, the use of the SMC primary in vitro cell culture system for future studies involving HIV-1 is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- W P Tsai
- Laboratory of Biochemical Physiology, Division of Basic Science, NCI-FCRDC, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
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35
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Abstract
Apoptosis is postulated to be involved as an anti-viral immune mechanism by killing infected cells before viral replication has occurred. The Fas-Fas ligand interaction is a powerful regulator of T cell apoptosis and could potentially act as a potent anti-viral immune mechanism against T cell tropic virus such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We investigated the status of Fas ligand in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained from persons infected with HIV. We found that monocytes in freshly isolated PBMCs from healthy individuals possess cell surface Fas ligand. In contrast, monocytes in freshly isolated PBMCs from HIV-infected patients had no detectable Fas ligand on the cell surface. Consistent with these findings of surface expression, Fas ligand activity was deficient in the cells from HIV-infected persons. The effect of replacing Fas ligand activity on HIV production by patients' cells was assessed in an in vitro assay. The addition of a functional anti-Fas antibody to PBMCs from HIV-infected individuals inhibited viral production by greater than 90% without affecting lymphocytic function. These findings suggest the possibility of a new therapeutic modality for the treatment of HIV-infected individuals based on the reconstitution of Fas ligand activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sieg
- The Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Biomedical Research Building, 2109 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, OH 44106-4943, USA
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36
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Sinclair E, Barbosa P, Feinberg MB. The nef gene products of both simian and human immunodeficiency viruses enhance virus infectivity and are functionally interchangeable. J Virol 1997; 71:3641-51. [PMID: 9094638 PMCID: PMC191513 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.71.5.3641-3651.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult rhesus macaques infected with nef-defective simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) exhibit extremely low levels of steady-state virus replication, do not succumb to immunodeficiency disease, and are protected from experimental challenge with pathogenic isolates of SIV. Similarly, rare humans found to be infected with nef-defective human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) variants display exceptionally low viral burdens and do not show evidence of disease progression after many years of infection. HIV-1 Nef induces the rapid endocytosis and lysosomal degradation of cell surface CD4 and enhances virus infectivity in primary human T cells and macrophages. Although expression of SIV Nef also leads to down-modulation of cell surface CD4 levels, no evidence for SIV Nef-induced enhancement of virus infectivity was observed in earlier studies. Thus, it remains unclear whether fundamental differences exist between the activities of HIV-1 and SIV Nef. To establish more clearly whether the SIV and HIV-1 nef gene products are functionally analogous, we compared the replication kinetics and infectivity of variants of SIVmac239 that either do (SIVnef+) or do not (SIV delta nef) encode intact nef gene products. SIVnef+ replicates more rapidly than nef-defective viruses in both human and rhesus peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). As previously described for HIV-1 Nef, SIV Nef also enhances virus infectivity within each cycle of virus replication. As a strategy for evaluating the in vivo contribution of HIV-1 nef alleles and long terminal repeat regulatory sequences to the pathogenesis of immunodeficiency disease, we constructed SIV-HIV chimeras in which the nef coding and U3 regulatory regions of SIVmac239 were replaced by the corresponding regions from HIV-1/R73 (SIVR7nef+). SIVR7nef+ displays enhanced infectivity and accelerated replication kinetics in primary human and rhesus PBMC infections compared to its nef-defective counterpart. Converse chimeras, containing SIV Nef in an HIV-1 background (R7SIVnef+) also exhibit greater infectivity than matched nef-defective viruses (R7SIV delta nef). These data indicate that SIV Nef, like that of HIV-1, does enhance virus replication in primary cells in tissue culture and that HIV-1 and SIV Nef are functionally interchangeable in the context of both HIV-1 and SIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sinclair
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, California 94141-100, USA
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37
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Rodriguez RJ, Dayhoff DE, Chang G, Cassol SA, Birx DL, Artenstein AW, Michael NL. Comparison of serum and plasma viral RNA measurements in primary and chronic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES AND HUMAN RETROVIROLOGY : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL RETROVIROLOGY ASSOCIATION 1997; 15:49-53. [PMID: 9215654 DOI: 10.1097/00042560-199705010-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We sought to define the relation between serum and plasma HIV-1 viral RNA load in patients with primary and chronic HIV-1 disease. HIV-1 viral load was determined from 116 serum and plasma samples, including 33 matched pairs, from five patients with primary and three patients with chronic HIV disease using the Roche HIV Monitor assay. The mean +/- standard deviations of the serum and plasma viral RNA levels from the 33 matched pairs were 4.372 +/- 0.885 and 4.478 +/- 0.950 log10 (copies/ml), respectively. This -0.106 log difference between serum and plasma viral RNA levels, which equates to 21% of non-log-transformed values, was not statistically significant by the Wilcoxon sign rank test (p = 0.09). The distributions of serum and plasma viral load slopes, calculated from all available viral RNA load data for each patient, were also not statistically different (p = 0.07). The levels of HIV-1 RNA measured in the serum or plasma of HIV-seropositive patients yield equivalent biologic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Rodriguez
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC., USA
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38
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Zazzi M, Romano L, Catucci M, Venturi G, De Milito A, Almi P, Gonnelli A, Rubino M, Occhini U, Valensin PE. Evaluation of the presence of 2-LTR HIV-1 unintegrated DNA as a simple molecular predictor of disease progression. J Med Virol 1997; 52:20-5. [PMID: 9131453 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9071(199705)52:1<20::aid-jmv4>3.0.co;2-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In a preliminary cross-sectional analysis of 109 human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected subjects the presence of 2-long terminal repeat (LTR) unintegrated circular HIV-1 DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was found to be associated with both symptomatic infection (P = 0.0037) and low CD4 counts (P = 0.0004). To investigate the prognostic significance of the presence of 2-LTR HIV-1 DNA, a subset of 23 2-LTR-negative and 25 2-LTR-positive asymptomatic individuals were followed up for 12-24 months. The two groups did not differ in terms of baseline CD4 counts, zidovudine (ZDV) therapy, and duration of HIV-1 infection. Longitudinal analysis of CD4 values did not indicate a significantly different CD4 outcome between the two groups. However, when only ZDV-treated subjects were considered, a significant (P = 0.042) decrease in CD4 counts was found at month 24 with respect to baseline in 2-LTR-positive (n = 12) but not in 2-LTR-negative (n = 11) patients. Moreover, when > 40% CD4 loss from baseline and/or development of CDC stage B or C symptoms were considered as indicators of disease progression, there was a significantly higher number of events in the whole 2-LTR-positive group than in the whole 2-LTR-negative group (P = 0.0197 at month 12, P = 0.0299 at month 18, P = 0.0373 at month 24). Thus, the presence of 2-LTR HIV-1 DNA in PBMC merits further investigation as a simple, qualitative, molecular predictor of disease progression and decreased response to antiretroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zazzi
- Dipartimento di Biologia Molecolare, Università di Siena, Italy
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39
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Iuliano R, Forastieri G, Brizzi M, Mecocci L, Mazzotta F, Ceccherini-Nelli L. Correlation between plasma HIV-1 RNA levels and the rate of immunologic decline. JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES AND HUMAN RETROVIROLOGY : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL RETROVIROLOGY ASSOCIATION 1997; 14:408-14. [PMID: 9170414 DOI: 10.1097/00042560-199704150-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
To determine the influence of HIV-1 replication on immunologic decline and clinical outcome, we quantified the HIV-1 plasma viral load in 20 patients at different times over a mean period of 10.8 months. Quantitation was performed by branched DNA signal amplification (bDNA) and p24 antigenemia. Immunologic status was assessed through beta 2-microglobulin and CD4+ cell count determinations. CD4+ cell decline was expressed as a slope of the regression line constructed by the logarithms of CD4+ cell count observations. Mean values of plasma viral load were correlated with CD4+ cell decline and mean beta 2-microglobulin levels. Significant correlation was observed between plasma viral load quantified by the bDNA technique and CD4+ cell decline. No significant correlation was observed between plasma viral load quantified by p24 antigenemia and CD4+ cell decline. A significant correlation was observed between plasma viral load and beta 2-microglobulin levels. Immunologic decline was better predicted from HIV-1 RNA levels than from the CD4+ cell count. Significantly higher plasma viral load was observed in patients who had clinical progression of HIV-1 infection. Thus, HIV-1 plasma viral load quantified by a highly reliable technique such as bDNA showed that the immunologic decline is closely related to HIV-1 RNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Iuliano
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Pisa, Italy
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40
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Michael NL, Chang G, Kim JH, Birx DL. Dynamics of cell-free viral burden in HIV-1-infected patients. JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES AND HUMAN RETROVIROLOGY : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL RETROVIROLOGY ASSOCIATION 1997; 14:237-42. [PMID: 9117456 DOI: 10.1097/00042560-199703010-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Whereas previous cross-sectional studies have shown a 1-2 log increase in cell-free HIV-1 RNA viral burden associated with disease progression, recent longitudinal studies reveal a less dynamic association. We addressed this conundrum in a cohort of 17 rapid and 20 slow progressors. Initial levels of serum viral RNA from the rapid progressors were 1 log unit higher than those from the slow progressors. Serum RNA increased by >0.5 log in 10 of the rapid progressors (increase group), but the remaining seven showed a <0.5 log increase (static group). Patients whose serum RNA increased had lower amounts of serum RNA at study entry but not at follow-up compared with the static group. There was a trend toward lower CD4 counts in the static group at follow-up. These data suggest that the timing of specimen evaluation can influence interpretation of viral RNA dynamics in HIV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Michael
- Division of Retrovirology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Rockville, Maryland, U.S.A
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41
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Balotta C, Bagnarelli P, Riva C, Valenza A, Antinori S, Colombo MC, Sampaolesi R, Violin M, de Pasquale MP, Moroni M, Clementi M, Galli M. Comparable biological and molecular determinants in HIV type 1-infected long-term nonprogressors and recently infected individuals. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1997; 13:337-41. [PMID: 9071433 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1997.13.337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) isolability, rate of replication, phenotype, plasma viremia, and specific intracellular transcripts were cross-sectionally analyzed in 61 HIV-1-seropositive individuals to evaluate the correlations between the virological and molecular correlates of protection and progression in different clinical subsets: recently infected subjects (RIs), long-term nonprogressors (LTNPs), late progressors (LPs), and typical progressors (TPs). Comparison of the major virological and molecular features of HIV-1 infection has defined distinct profiles for different subsets of patients. LTNPs or RIs, as well as LPs or TPs, exhibited similar titers of coculture p24 antigen; the differences between the former and the latter were statistically significant at all the time points tested (p = 0.0001; 0.0003 and 0.0001). Whereas LTNPs and RIs revealed comparable low levels of indexes of viral replication, LPs and TPs showed higher genome and mRNA copy numbers (p = 0.0004 and p = 0.0008, respectively). We demonstrated close biological and molecular similarities between RIs and LTNPs on the one hand, and LPs and TPs on the other. In LTNPs both viral biological properties and viral load are important determinants of the course of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Balotta
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Milan, Italy
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42
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Balotta C, Colombo MC, Colucci G, Viganò A, Riva C, Papagno L, Violin M, Crupi L, Bricalli D, Salvaggio A, Moroni M, Principi N, Galli M. Plasma viremia and virus phenotype are correlates of disease progression in vertically human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1997; 16:205-11. [PMID: 9041602 DOI: 10.1097/00006454-199702000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the relationships among HIV-1 plasma viremia, phenotype and CD4 T cell counts in vertically infected children. METHODS Plasma viremia was quantified in 37 vertically infected children at different stages of the disease by a standardized molecular assay. Virus isolation and non-syncytia-inducing or syncytia-inducing (SI) HIV-1 phenotype evaluation were performed in parallel. RESULTS HIV-1 RNA genomes were found to be significantly different in CDC clinical classes N, A, B and C (P = 0.0135) and in immunologic classes 1, 2 and 3 (P = 0.0110). None of the children in Class N or A harbored HIV-1 isolates with SI phenotype, whereas SI primary isolates were detected in 2 of 7 (29%) and 7 of 10 (70%) Class B and C children, respectively. Similarly SI variants were present in only 9 of 13 children in immunologic Class 3 (70%). When stratified according to the increasing severity of virologic status, the children showed a significant difference (P = 0.0458) in viral burden. CONCLUSIONS Clinical symptoms, the most dramatic being reduction in the number of CD4 lymphocytes, and the highest plasma viremia levels were observed in the children in whom fast replicating, highly cytopathic SI variants were isolated. These data extend the virologic characterization of vertically HIV-1 infected children and suggest that both the plasma viremia levels and phenotype of primary isolates are viral correlates of disease progression in vertically infected children.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Balotta
- Clinica delle Malattie Infettive, University of Milan, Italy.
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43
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Greenberg ML, Lacey SF, Chen CH, Bolognesi DP, Weinhold KJ. Noncytolytic CD8 T cell-mediated suppression of HIV replication. SPRINGER SEMINARS IN IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1997; 18:355-69. [PMID: 9089954 DOI: 10.1007/bf00813503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M L Greenberg
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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44
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Jassoy C, Walker BD. HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes and the control of HIV-1 replication. SPRINGER SEMINARS IN IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1997; 18:341-54. [PMID: 9089953 DOI: 10.1007/bf00813502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C Jassoy
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians University, Würzburg, Germany
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45
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Vesanen M, Stevens CE, Taylor PE, Rubinstein P, Saksela K. Stability in controlling viral replication identifies long-term nonprogressors as a distinct subgroup among human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected persons. J Virol 1996; 70:9035-40. [PMID: 8971039 PMCID: PMC191007 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.70.12.9035-9040.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term nonprogressors (LTNPs) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection are characterized by low levels of HIV-1 replication and viral load. However, it has not been established whether they differ in this regard from progressors from the very early stage of infection. By studying peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) specimens from a longitudinally monitored cohort of HIV-1-infected men, we found that HIV-1 proviral copy numbers and HIV-1 mRNA expression levels as low or lower than those seen in seven carefully selected LTNPs were commonly observed in specimens collected soon after seroconversion from 28 subjects who became infected while under observation. However, only the LTNPs were able to stably maintain such an efficient viral control over time. Because of the instability of the early control of HIV-1 replication, the predictive value of HIV-1 mRNA expression in PBMCs at postseroconversion was found to be limited but significantly increased during the first year of infection. Besides their diagnostic implications, these data support the idea that LTNPs may be a pathophysiologically distinct subgroup among persons infected with HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vesanen
- The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021, USA
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46
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Bagnarelli P, Valenza A, Menzo S, Sampaolesi R, Varaldo PE, Butini L, Montroni M, Perno CF, Aquaro S, Mathez D, Leibowitch J, Balotta C, Clementi M. Dynamics and modulation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transcripts in vitro and in vivo. J Virol 1996; 70:7603-13. [PMID: 8892880 PMCID: PMC190829 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.70.11.7603-7613.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The dynamics of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transcription was analyzed in vitro and in vivo by using a specific molecular approach which allows accurate quantitation of the different classes of viral mRNAs. Unspliced (US) and multiply spliced (MS) HIV-1 transcripts were assayed by competitive reverse transcription (cRT)-PCR, using a single competitor RNA bearing in tandem internally deleted sequences of both template species. Acute HIV-1 infection of primary peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), monocytes/macrophages cells, and the A3.01 T-lymphocyte-derived cell line was studied; both classes of HIV-1 mRNAs increased exponentially (r2 > 0.98) at days 1 to 3 and 1 to 4 postinfection in HIV(IIIB)-infected A3.01 cells and PBMCs, respectively, whereas monocytes/macrophages infected with monocytotropic HIV(BaL) exhibited a linear (r2 = 0.81 to 0.94) accumulation of US and MS transcripts. Following induction of chronically infected ACH-2 cells, MS transcripts increased 2 h postinduction and peaked at 5 h (doubling time, 58 min), while at 24 h, US mRNAs increased 3,053-fold compared with basal time (doubling time, 137 min). To address the biopathological significance of HIV-1 expression pattern during infection progression, pilot cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses were carried out with samples from untreated and treated HIV-1-infected patients. In almost all untreated (recently infected, long-term nonprogressor, and progressor) patients, MS transcript levels followed the general trend of systemic HIV-1 activity. In patients under treatment with powerful antiretroviral compounds, viral MS transcripts rapidly fell to undetectable levels, indicating that in vivo, levels of MS mRNAs in PBMCs are closely associated with the number of newly infected cells and suggesting a new role for the quantitative analysis of HIV-1 transcription in infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bagnarelli
- Istituto di Microbiologia, Università di Ancona, Italy
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Brandt CD, Sison AV, Rakusan TA, Kaufman TE, Saxena ES, O'Donnell RM, Ellaurie M, Sever JL. HIV DNA blood levels in vertically infected pediatric patients: variations with age, association with disease progression, and comparison with blood levels in infected mothers. JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES AND HUMAN RETROVIROLOGY : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL RETROVIROLOGY ASSOCIATION 1996; 13:254-61. [PMID: 8898670 DOI: 10.1097/00042560-199611010-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Blood levels of HIV DNA in our vertically infected pediatric patients typically followed a characteristic age-related pattern: continuously increasing with increasing age to a peak between ages 4 and 8 months, and thereafter rather steadily declining. Median HIV DNA levels peaked about 3 months earlier in children who by age 24 months developed more severe rather than less severe HIV disease. Children at particular risk of developing severe HIV disease by age 24 months commonly had > 800 HIV DNA copies per 0.1 ml of blood at age 3 weeks to 2 months, > 1,000 copies at 2 to 4 months, and > 2,500 copies at ages 4 to 6 months. Near the time of delivery mothers who transmitted HIV had significantly higher median blood levels of HIV DNA than mothers who did not transmit, but median HIV DNA levels in infected mothers as a group were low compared with those in pediatric patients > or = 1 month of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Brandt
- Center for Virology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010-2970, USA
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48
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Saltarelli MJ, Hadziyannis E, Hart CE, Harrison JV, Felber BK, Spira TJ, Pavlakis GN. Analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 mRNA splicing patterns during disease progression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from infected individuals. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1996; 12:1443-56. [PMID: 8893052 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1996.12.1443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 produces more than 20 mRNAs encoding the viral proteins. We have used a sensitive reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) approach to determine HIV-1 transcriptional patterns during the course of viral infection in unstimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from different patients. Several sets of PCR primers, used in parallel reactions, allowed the amplification and specific detection of almost all individual HIV-1 transcripts. We investigated the transcriptional profile in two individuals during primary acute and early chronic infection. In these individuals, HIV-1 mRNA expression was elevated at the first time points examined and declined over time. In addition, we performed a detailed study of HIV-1 expression in several individuals over a minimum of 7 years following seroconversion. We found that long-term asymptomatic individuals had undetectable or low levels of the three classes of HIV-1 transcripts (unspliced, singly spliced, and multiply spliced). Individuals who demonstrated disease progression showed either a general increase in the amount of expression of all transcripts or elevated levels of unspliced transcripts in late-stage disease. The splicing pattern in each patient was conserved over the years and differed among the different individuals. No evidence of major changes in the splicing pattern was found during disease progression within the same individual. Thus, HIV-1 transcriptional patterns are viral strain specific rather than disease stage specific. These results indicate that high-level expression of any class of HIV-1 transcripts is associated with clinical progression. Our analysis also demonstrates the importance of using more than one set of primers to evaluate HIV-1 RNA expression, since virus in patient PBMCs showed sequence heterogeneity in conserved regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Saltarelli
- Retrovirus Disease Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
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49
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Dropulić B, Hĕrmánková M, Pitha PM. A conditionally replicating HIV-1 vector interferes with wild-type HIV-1 replication and spread. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:11103-8. [PMID: 8855316 PMCID: PMC38291 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.20.11103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Defective-interfering viruses are known to modulate virus pathogenicity. We describe conditionally replicating HIV-1 (crHIV) vectors that interfere with wild-type HIV-1 (wt-HIV) replication and spread. crHIV vectors are defective-interfering HIV genomes that do not encode viral proteins and replicate only in the presence of wt-HIV helper virus. In cells that contain both wt-HIV and crHIV genomes, the latter are shown to have a selective advantage for packaging into progeny virions because they contain ribozymes that cleave wt-HIV RNA but not crHIV RNA. A crHIV vector containing a triple anti-U5 ribozyme significantly interferes with wt-HIV replication and spread. crHIV vectors are also shown to undergo the full viral replicative cycle after complementation with wt-HIV helper-virus. The application of defective interfering crHIV vectors may result in competition with wt-HIVs and decrease pathogenic viral loads in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Dropulić
- Oncology Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
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50
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Affiliation(s)
- G Goldstein
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, USA
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