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Baird HJM, Shun-Shion AS, Mendes de Oliveira E, Stalder D, Liang L, Eden J, Chambers JE, Farooqi IS, Gershlick DC, Fazakerley DJ. A quantitative pipeline to assess secretion of human leptin coding variants reveals mechanisms underlying leptin deficiencies. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107562. [PMID: 39002670 PMCID: PMC11366920 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The hormone leptin, primarily secreted by adipocytes, plays a crucial role in regulating whole-body energy homeostasis. Homozygous loss-of-function mutations in the leptin gene (LEP) cause hyperphagia and severe obesity, primarily through alterations in leptin's affinity for its receptor or changes in serum leptin concentrations. Although serum concentrations are influenced by various factors (e.g., gene expression, protein synthesis, stability in the serum), proper delivery of leptin from its site of synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum via the secretory pathway to the extracellular serum is a critical step. However, the regulatory mechanisms and specific machinery involved in this trafficking route, particularly in the context of human LEP mutations, remain largely unexplored. We have employed the Retention Using Selective Hooks system to elucidate the secretory pathway of leptin. We have refined this system into a medium-throughput assay for examining the pathophysiology of a range of obesity-associated LEP variants. Our results reveal that leptin follows the default secretory pathway, with no additional regulatory steps identified prior to secretion. Through screening of leptin variants, we identified three mutations that lead to proteasomal degradation of leptin and one variant that significantly decreased leptin secretion, likely through aberrant disulfide bond formation. These observations have identified novel pathogenic effects of leptin variants, which can be informative for therapeutics and diagnostics. Finally, our novel quantitative screening platform can be adapted for other secreted proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry J M Baird
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Amber S Shun-Shion
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Edson Mendes de Oliveira
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Danièle Stalder
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lu Liang
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Eden
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph E Chambers
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - I Sadaf Farooqi
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | - David C Gershlick
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | - Daniel J Fazakerley
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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Dionne O, Abolghasemi A, Corbin F, Çaku A. Implication of the endocannabidiome and metabolic pathways in fragile X syndrome pathophysiology. Psychiatry Res 2024; 337:115962. [PMID: 38763080 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) results from the silencing of the FMR1 gene and is the most prevalent inherited cause of intellectual disability and the most frequent monogenic cause of autism spectrum disorder. It is well established that Fragile X individuals are subjected to a wide array of comorbidities, ranging from cognitive, behavioural, and medical origin. Furthermore, recent studies have also described metabolic impairments in FXS individuals. However, the molecular mechanisms linking FMRP deficiency to improper metabolism are still misunderstood. The endocannabinoidome (eCBome) is a lipid-based signalling system that regulates several functions across the body, ranging from cognition, behaviour and metabolism. Alterations in the eCBome have been described in FXS animal models and linked to neuronal hyperexcitability, a core deficit of the disease. However, the potential link between dysregulation of the eCBome and altered metabolism observed in FXS remains unexplored. As such, this review aims to overcome this issue by describing the most recent finding related to eCBome and metabolic dysfunctions in the context of FXS. A better comprehension of this association will help deepen our understanding of FXS pathophysiology and pave the way for future therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Dionne
- Biochemistry and Functional Genomic Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Canada.
| | - Armita Abolghasemi
- Biochemistry and Functional Genomic Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - François Corbin
- Biochemistry and Functional Genomic Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Artuela Çaku
- Biochemistry and Functional Genomic Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Canada
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Huff LK, Amurgis CM, Kokai LE, Abbott RD. Optimization and validation of a fat-on-a-chip model for non-invasive therapeutic drug discovery. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1404327. [PMID: 38988864 PMCID: PMC11235003 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1404327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a significant public health concern that is closely associated with various comorbidities such as heart disease, stroke, type II diabetes (T2D), and certain cancers. Due to the central role of adipose tissue in many disease etiologies and the pervasive nature in the body, engineered adipose tissue models are essential for drug discovery and studying disease progression. This study validates a fat-on-a-chip (FOAC) model derived from primary mature adipocytes. Our FOAC model uses a Micronit perfusion device and introduces a novel approach for collecting continuous data by using two non-invasive readout techniques, resazurin and glucose uptake. The Micronit platform proved to be a reproducible model that can effectively maintain adipocyte viability, metabolic activity, and basic functionality, and is capable of mimicking physiologically relevant responses such as adipocyte hypertrophy and insulin-mediated glucose uptake. Importantly, we demonstrate that adipocyte size is highly dependent on extracellular matrix properties, as adipocytes derived from different patients with variable starting lipid areas equilibrate to the same size in the hyaluronic acid hydrogel. This model can be used to study T2D and monitor adipocyte responses to insulin for longitudinally tracking therapeutic efficacy of novel drugs or drug combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey K. Huff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Charles M. Amurgis
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Lauren E. Kokai
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Rosalyn D. Abbott
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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da Fonseca ACP, Assis ISDS, Salum KCR, Palhinha L, Abreu GDM, Zembrzuski VM, Campos Junior M, Nogueira-Neto JF, Cambraia A, Souza Junior MLF, Maya-Monteiro CM, Cabello PH, Bozza PT, Carneiro JRI. Genetic variants in DBC1, SIRT1, UCP2 and ADRB2 as potential biomarkers for severe obesity and metabolic complications. Front Genet 2024; 15:1363417. [PMID: 38841722 PMCID: PMC11151296 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1363417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Obesity is a multifactorial disease associated with the development of many comorbidities. This disease is associated with several metabolic alterations; however, it has been shown that some individuals with obesity do not exhibit metabolic syndrome. Adipose tissue neutralizes the detrimental effects of circulating fatty acids, ectopic deposition, and inflammation, among others, through its esterification into neutral lipids that are stored in the adipocyte. However, when the adipocyte is overloaded, i.e., its expansion capacity is exceeded, this protection is lost, resulting in fatty acid toxicity with ectopic fat accumulation in peripheral tissues and inflammation. In this line, this study aimed to investigate whether polymorphisms in genes that control adipose tissue fat storage capacity are potential biomarkers for severe obesity susceptibility and also metabolic complications. Methods This study enrolled 305 individuals with severe obesity (cases, BMI≥35 kg/m2) and 196 individuals with normal weight (controls, 18.5≤BMI≤24.9 kg/m2). Demographic, anthropometric, biochemical, and blood pressure variables were collected from the participants. Plasma levels of leptin, resistin, MCP1, and PAI1 were measured by Bio-Plex 200 Multiplexing Analyzer System. Genomic DNA was extracted and variants in DBC1 (rs17060940), SIRT1 (rs7895833 and rs1467568), UCP2 (rs660339), PPARG (rs1801282) and ADRB2 (rs1042713 and rs1042714) genes were genotyped by PCR allelic discrimination using TaqMan® assays. Results Our findings indicated that SIRT1 rs7895833 polymorphism was a risk factor for severe obesity development in the overdominant model. SIRT1 rs1467568 and UCP2 rs660339 were associated with anthropometric traits. SIRT1 rs1467568 G allele was related to lower medians of body adipose index and hip circumference, while the UCP2 rs660339 AA genotype was associate with increased body mass index. Additionally, DBC1 rs17060940 influenced glycated hemoglobin. Regarding metabolic alterations, 27% of individuals with obesity presented balanced metabolic status in our cohort. Furthermore, SIRT1 rs1467568 AG genotype increased 2.5 times the risk of developing metabolic alterations. No statistically significant results were observed with Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gama and ADRB2 polymorphisms. Discussion/Conclusion This study revealed that SIRT1 rs7895833 and rs1467568 are potential biomarkers for severe obesity susceptibility and the development of unbalanced metabolic status in obesity, respectively. UCP2 rs660339 and DBC1 rs17060940 also showed a significant role in obesity related-traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Proença da Fonseca
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Human Genetics Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Genetics Laboratory, Grande Rio University/AFYA, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Translational Biomedicine, Grande Rio University/AFYA, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Izadora Sthephanie da Silva Assis
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Human Genetics Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Kaio Cezar Rodrigues Salum
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Human Genetics Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lohanna Palhinha
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriella de Medeiros Abreu
- Human Genetics Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Josué de Castro Nutrition Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Mario Campos Junior
- Human Genetics Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Amanda Cambraia
- Human Genetics Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Pedro Hernán Cabello
- Human Genetics Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Torres Bozza
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - João Regis Ivar Carneiro
- Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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5
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Zhao R, Hu Z, Zhang X, Huang S, Yu G, Wu Z, Yu W, Lu J, Ruan B. The oncogenic mechanisms of the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription pathway in digestive tract tumors. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:68. [PMID: 38273295 PMCID: PMC10809652 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01421-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Digestive tract tumors are heterogeneous and involve the dysregulation of multiple signaling pathways. The Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway plays a notable role in the oncogenesis of digestive tract tumors. Typically activated by pro-inflammatory cytokines, it regulates important biological processes, such as cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, immune responses, and inflammation. The aberrant activation of this pathway manifests in different forms, including mutations in JAKs, overexpression of cytokine receptors, and sustained STAT activation, and contributes to promoting the malignant characteristics of cancer cells, including uncontrolled proliferation, resistance to apoptosis, enhanced invasion and metastasis, angiogenesis, acquisition of stem-like properties, and drug resistance. Numerous studies have shown that aberrant activation of the JAK-STAT pathway is closely related to the development and progression of digestive tract tumors, contributing to tumor survival, angiogenesis, changes in the tumor microenvironment, and even immune escape processes. In addition, this signaling pathway also affects the sensitivity of digestive tract tumors to chemotherapy and targeted therapy. Therefore, it is crucial to comprehensively understand the oncogenic mechanisms underlying the JAK-STAT pathway in order to develop effective therapeutic strategies against digestive tract tumors. Currently, several JAK-STAT inhibitors are undergoing clinical and preclinical trials as potential treatments for various human diseases. However, further investigation is required to determine the role of this pathway, as well as the effectiveness and safety of its inhibitors, especially in the context of digestive tract tumors. In this review, we provide an overview of the structure, classic activation, and negative regulation of the JAK-STAT pathway. Furthermore, we discuss the pathogenic mechanisms of JAK-STAT signaling in different digestive tract tumors, with the aim of identifying potential novel therapeutic targets. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
| | - Zhangmin Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
| | - Shujuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
| | - Guodong Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
| | - Zhe Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
| | - Wei Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China
| | - Juan Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China.
| | - Bing Ruan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, China.
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6
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Miles TK, Odle AK, Byrum SD, Lagasse A, Haney A, Ortega VG, Bolen CR, Banik J, Reddick MM, Herdman A, MacNicol MC, MacNicol AM, Childs GV. Anterior Pituitary Transcriptomics Following a High-Fat Diet: Impact of Oxidative Stress on Cell Metabolism. Endocrinology 2023; 165:bqad191. [PMID: 38103263 PMCID: PMC10771268 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqad191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Anterior pituitary cell function requires a high level of protein synthesis and secretion which depend heavily on mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate production and functional endoplasmic reticula. Obesity adds stress to tissues, requiring them to adapt to inflammation and oxidative stress, and adding to their allostatic load. We hypothesized that pituitary function is vulnerable to the stress of obesity. Here, we utilized a 10- to 15-week high-fat diet (HFD, 60%) in a thermoneutral environment to promote obesity, testing both male and female FVB.129P mice. We quantified serum hormones and cytokines, characterized the metabolic phenotype, and defined changes in the pituitary transcriptome using single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis. Weight gain was significant by 3 weeks in HFD mice, and by 10 weeks all HFD groups had gained 20 g. HFD females (15 weeks) had increased energy expenditure and decreased activity. All HFD groups showed increases in serum leptin and decreases in adiponectin. HFD caused increased inflammatory markers: interleukin-6, resistin, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and tumor necrosis factorα. HFD males and females also had increased insulin and increased TSH, and HFD females had decreased serum prolactin and growth hormone pulse amplitude. Pituitary single-cell transcriptomics revealed modest or no changes in pituitary cell gene expression from HFD males after 10 or 15 weeks or from HFD females after 10 weeks. However, HFD females (15 weeks) showed significant numbers of differentially expressed genes in lactotropes and pituitary stem cells. Collectively, these studies reveal that pituitary cells from males appear to be more resilient to the oxidative stress of obesity than females and identify the most vulnerable pituitary cell populations in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany K Miles
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Angela K Odle
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Stephanie D Byrum
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
- Department of Biomedical informatics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Alex Lagasse
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Anessa Haney
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Victoria G Ortega
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Cole R Bolen
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Jewel Banik
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Milla M Reddick
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Ashley Herdman
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Melanie C MacNicol
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Angus M MacNicol
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Gwen V Childs
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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Huang L, Liu P, Du Y, Pan D, Lee A, Wolfe SA, Wang YX. A brown fat-enriched adipokine, ASRA, is a leptin receptor antagonist that stimulates appetite. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.12.557454. [PMID: 37745491 PMCID: PMC10515849 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.12.557454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The endocrine control of food intake remains incompletely understood, and whether the leptin receptor-mediated anorexigenic pathway in the hypothalamus is negatively regulated by a humoral factor is unknown. Here we identify an appetite-stimulating factor - ASRA - that acts as a leptin receptor antagonist. ASRA encodes an 8 kD protein that is abundantly and selectively expressed in adipose tissue and to a lesser extent, in liver, and is upregulated during fasting and cold. ASRA protein associates with autophagosomes and its secretion is induced by energy deficiency. Overexpression of ASRA in mice attenuates leptin receptor signaling leading to elevated blood glucose and development of severe hyperphagic obesity, whereas either adipose- or liver-specific ASRA knockout mice display increased leptin sensitivity, improved glucose homeostasis, reduced food intake, and resistance to high fat diet-induced obesity. Furthermore, ASRA is indispensable for cold-evoked feeding response. Recombinant ASRA (rASRA) protein binds to leptin receptor and suppresses leptin receptor signaling in cultured cells. In vivo, rASRA promotes food intake and increases blood glucose in a leptin receptor signaling-dependent manner. Our studies collectively show that ASRA, acting as a peripheral signal of energy deficit, stimulates appetite and regulates glucose metabolism by antagonizing leptin receptor signaling, thus revealing a previously unknown endocrine mechanism that has important implications for our understanding of leptin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Huang
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work: Lei Huang, Pengpeng Liu, and Yong Du
| | - Pengpeng Liu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work: Lei Huang, Pengpeng Liu, and Yong Du
| | - Yong Du
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work: Lei Huang, Pengpeng Liu, and Yong Du
| | - Dongning Pan
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Present address: Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Alexandra Lee
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Scot A. Wolfe
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Yong-Xu Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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8
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Dilworth L, Stennett D, Omoruyi F. Cellular and Molecular Activities of IP6 in Disease Prevention and Therapy. Biomolecules 2023; 13:972. [PMID: 37371552 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
IP6 (phytic acid) is a naturally occurring compound in plant seeds and grains. It is a poly-phosphorylated inositol derivative that has been shown to exhibit many biological activities that accrue benefits in health and diseases (cancer, diabetes, renal lithiasis, cardiovascular diseases, etc.). IP6 has been shown to have several cellular and molecular activities associated with its potential role in disease prevention. These activities include anti-oxidant properties, chelation of metal ions, inhibition of inflammation, modulation of cell signaling pathways, and modulation of the activities of enzymes and hormones that are involved in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Studies have shown that IP6 has anti-oxidant properties and can scavenge free radicals known to cause cellular damage and contribute to the development of chronic diseases such as cancers and cardiovascular diseases, as well as diabetes mellitus. It has also been shown to possess anti-inflammatory properties that may modulate immune responses geared towards the prevention of inflammatory conditions. Moreover, IP6 exhibits anti-cancer properties through the induction of cell cycle arrest, promoting apoptosis and inhibiting cancer cell growth. Additionally, it has been shown to have anti-mutagenic properties, which reduce the risk of malignancies by preventing DNA damage and mutations. IP6 has also been reported to have a potential role in bone health. It inhibits bone resorption and promotes bone formation, which may help in the prevention of bone diseases such as osteoporosis. Overall, IP6's cellular and molecular activities make it a promising candidate for disease prevention. As reported in many studies, its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-cancer properties support its inclusion as a dietary supplement that may protect against the development of chronic diseases. However, further studies are needed to understand the mechanisms of action of this dynamic molecule and its derivatives and determine the optimal doses and appropriate delivery methods for effective therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lowell Dilworth
- Department of Pathology, The University of the West Indies, Mona Campus, Kingston 7, Jamaica
| | - Dewayne Stennett
- The Transitional Year Programme, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2E8, Canada
| | - Felix Omoruyi
- Department of Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA
- Department of Health Sciences, Texas A&M University, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA
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Regensburger M, Rasul Chaudhry S, Yasin H, Zhao Y, Stadlbauer A, Buchfelder M, Kinfe T. Emerging roles of leptin in Parkinson's disease: Chronic inflammation, neuroprotection and more? Brain Behav Immun 2023; 107:53-61. [PMID: 36150585 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing body of experimental evidence implicates a relationship between immunometabolic deterioration and the progression of Parkinson's disease (PD) with a dysregulation of central and peripheral neuroinflammatory networks mediated by circulating adipokines, in particular leptin. We screened the current literature on the role of adipokines in PD. Hence, we searched known databases (PubMed, MEDLINE/OVID) and reviewed original and review articles using the following terms: "leptin/ObR", "Parkinson's disease", "immune-metabolism", "biomarkers" and "neuroinflammation". Focusing on leptin, we summarize and discuss the existing in vivo and in vitro evidence on how adipokines may be protective against neurodegeneration, but at the same time contribute to the progression of PD. These components of the adipose brain axis represent a hitherto underestimated pathway to study systemic influences on dopaminergic degeneration. In addition, we give a comprehensive update on the potential of adjunctive therapeutics in PD targeting leptin, leptin-receptors, and associated pathways. Further experimental and clinical trials are needed to elucidate the mechanisms of action and the value of central and peripheral adipose-immune-metabolism molecular phenotyping in order to develop and validate the differential roles of different adipokines as potential therapeutic target for PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Regensburger
- Department of Molecular Neurology, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU), Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Center for Rare Diseases Erlangen (ZSEER), University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Shafqat Rasul Chaudhry
- Obaid Noor Institute of Medical Sciences (ONIMS), Mianwali, Pakistan; Shifa College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, 44000 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Hammad Yasin
- Shifa College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, 44000 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Yining Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU), Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Stadlbauer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU), Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Buchfelder
- Department of Neurosurgery, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU), Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Kinfe
- Division of Functional Neurosurgery and Stereotaxy, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU), Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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10
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Chamseddine D, Mahmud SA, Westfall AK, Castoe TA, Berg RE, Pellegrino MW. The mitochondrial UPR regulator ATF5 promotes intestinal barrier function via control of the satiety response. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111789. [PMID: 36516750 PMCID: PMC9805788 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Organisms use several strategies to mitigate mitochondrial stress, including the activation of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt). The UPRmt in Caenorhabditis elegans, regulated by the transcription factor ATFS-1, expands on this recovery program by inducing an antimicrobial response against pathogens that target mitochondrial function. Here, we show that the mammalian ortholog of ATFS-1, ATF5, protects the host during infection with enteric pathogens but, unexpectedly, by maintaining the integrity of the intestinal barrier. Intriguingly, ATF5 supports intestinal barrier function by promoting a satiety response that prevents obesity and associated hyperglycemia. This consequently averts dysregulated glucose metabolism that is detrimental to barrier function. Mechanistically, we show that intestinal ATF5 stimulates the satiety response by transcriptionally regulating the gastrointestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin, which promotes the secretion of the hormone leptin. We propose that ATF5 protects the host from enteric pathogens by promoting intestinal barrier function through a satiety-response-mediated metabolic control mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douja Chamseddine
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Siraje A Mahmud
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Aundrea K Westfall
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Todd A Castoe
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Rance E Berg
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Mark W Pellegrino
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA.
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11
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Choi CHJ, Barr W, Zaman S, Model C, Park A, Koenen M, Lin Z, Szwed SK, Marchildon F, Crane A, Carroll TS, Molina H, Cohen P. LRG1 is an adipokine that promotes insulin sensitivity and suppresses inflammation. eLife 2022; 11:e81559. [PMID: 36346018 PMCID: PMC9674348 DOI: 10.7554/elife.81559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
While dysregulation of adipocyte endocrine function plays a central role in obesity and its complications, the vast majority of adipokines remain uncharacterized. We employed bio-orthogonal non-canonical amino acid tagging (BONCAT) and mass spectrometry to comprehensively characterize the secretome of murine visceral and subcutaneous white and interscapular brown adip ocytes. Over 600 proteins were identified, the majority of which showed cell type-specific enrichment. We here describe a metabolic role for leucine-rich α-2 glycoprotein 1 (LRG1) as an obesity-regulated adipokine secreted by mature adipocytes. LRG1 overexpression significantly improved glucose homeostasis in diet-induced and genetically obese mice. This was associated with markedly reduced white adipose tissue macrophage accumulation and systemic inflammation. Mechanistically, we found LRG1 binds cytochrome c in circulation to dampen its pro-inflammatory effect. These data support a new role for LRG1 as an insulin sensitizer with therapeutic potential given its immunomodulatory function at the nexus of obesity, inflammation, and associated pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Hee J Choi
- Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD ProgramNew YorkUnited States
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - William Barr
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Samir Zaman
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Corey Model
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Annsea Park
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
| | - Mascha Koenen
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Zeran Lin
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Sarah K Szwed
- Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD ProgramNew YorkUnited States
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Francois Marchildon
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Audrey Crane
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Thomas S Carroll
- Bioinformatics Resouce Center, Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Henrik Molina
- Proteomics Resource Center, Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Paul Cohen
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
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12
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Wang T. Searching for the link between inflammaging and sarcopenia. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 77:101611. [PMID: 35307560 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Wang
- Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China.
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13
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Khanna D, Khanna S, Khanna P, Kahar P, Patel BM. Obesity: A Chronic Low-Grade Inflammation and Its Markers. Cureus 2022; 14:e22711. [PMID: 35386146 PMCID: PMC8967417 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.22711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As the prevalence of obesity continues to rise, the world is facing a major public health concern. Obesity is a complex disease associated with an increase in several inflammatory markers, leading to chronic low-grade inflammation. Of multifactorial etiology, it is often used as a measurement of morbidity and mortality. There remains much unknown regarding the association between obesity and inflammation. This review seeks to compile scientific literature on obesity and its associated inflammatory markers in chronic disease and further discusses the role of adipose tissue, macrophages, B-cells, T-cells, fatty acids, amino acids, adipokines, and hormones in obesity. Data were obtained using PubMed and Google Scholar. Obesity, inflammation, immune cells, hormones, fatty acids, and others were search words used to acquire relevant articles. Studies suggest brown adipose tissue is negatively associated with body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage. Researchers also found the adipose tissue of lean individuals predominantly secretes anti-inflammatory markers, while in obese individuals more pro-inflammatory markers are secreted. Many studies found that adipose tissue in obese individuals showed a shift in immune cells from anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages to pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages, which was also correlated with insulin resistance. Obese individuals generally present with higher levels of hormones such as leptin, visfatin, and resistin. With obesity on the rise globally, it is predicted that severe obesity will become most common amongst low-income adults, black individuals, and women by 2030, making the need for intervention urgent. Further investigation into the association between obesity and inflammation is required to understand the mechanism behind this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepesh Khanna
- Foundational Sciences, Nova Southeastern University Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Fort Lauderdale, USA
| | - Siya Khanna
- Foundational Sciences, Nova Southeastern University Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Fort Lauderdale, USA
| | - Pragya Khanna
- Pediatrics, Gujarat Medical Education and Research Society (GMERS) Medical College, Vadnagar, IND
| | - Payal Kahar
- Department of Health Sciences, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, USA
| | - Bhavesh M Patel
- Pediatrics, Gujarat Medical Education and Research Society (GMERS) Medical College, Vadnagar, IND
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14
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Clark KA, Shin AC, Sirivelu MP, MohanKumar RC, Maddineni SR, Ramachandran R, MohanKumar PS, MohanKumar SMJ. Evaluation of the Central Effects of Systemic Lentiviral-Mediated Leptin Delivery in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413197. [PMID: 34947993 PMCID: PMC8703968 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is characterized by hyperphagia, hyperglycemia and activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. We have reported previously that daily leptin injections help to alleviate these symptoms. Therefore, we hypothesized that leptin gene therapy could help to normalize the neuroendocrine dysfunction seen in T1D. Adult male Sprague Dawley rats were injected i.v. with a lentiviral vector containing the leptin gene or green fluorescent protein. Ten days later, they were injected with the vehicle or streptozotocin (STZ). HPA function was assessed by measuring norepinephrine (NE) levels in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and serum corticosterone (CS). Treatment with the leptin lentiviral vector (Lepvv) increased leptin and insulin levels in non-diabetic rats, but not in diabetic animals. There was a significant reduction in blood glucose levels in diabetic rats due to Lepvv treatment. Both NE levels in the PVN and serum CS were reduced in diabetic rats treated with Lepvv. Results from this study provide evidence that leptin gene therapy in STZ-induced diabetic rats was able to partially normalize some of the neuroendocrine abnormalities, but studies with higher doses of the Lepvv are needed to develop this into a viable option for treating T1D.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Corticosterone/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/chemically induced
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/chemically induced
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/therapy
- Disease Models, Animal
- Genetic Therapy
- Genetic Vectors/administration & dosage
- Injections, Intravenous
- Lentivirus/genetics
- Leptin/genetics
- Male
- Norepinephrine/metabolism
- Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A. Clark
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (K.A.C.); (P.S.M.)
| | - Andrew C. Shin
- Neurobiology of Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA;
| | - Madhu P. Sirivelu
- Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - Ramya C. MohanKumar
- Neuroendocrine Research Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
| | - Sreenivasa R. Maddineni
- Department of Poultry Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (S.R.M.); (R.R.)
| | - Ramesh Ramachandran
- Department of Poultry Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (S.R.M.); (R.R.)
| | - Puliyur S. MohanKumar
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (K.A.C.); (P.S.M.)
- Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
- Neuroendocrine Research Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Sheba M. J. MohanKumar
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (K.A.C.); (P.S.M.)
- Neuroendocrine Research Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-706-542-1945
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15
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Obradovic M, Sudar-Milovanovic E, Soskic S, Essack M, Arya S, Stewart AJ, Gojobori T, Isenovic ER. Leptin and Obesity: Role and Clinical Implication. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:585887. [PMID: 34084149 PMCID: PMC8167040 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.585887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 120.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The peptide hormone leptin regulates food intake, body mass, and reproductive function and plays a role in fetal growth, proinflammatory immune responses, angiogenesis and lipolysis. Leptin is a product of the obese (ob) gene and, following synthesis and secretion from fat cells in white adipose tissue, binds to and activates its cognate receptor, the leptin receptor (LEP-R). LEP-R distribution facilitates leptin's pleiotropic effects, playing a crucial role in regulating body mass via a negative feedback mechanism between adipose tissue and the hypothalamus. Leptin resistance is characterized by reduced satiety, over-consumption of nutrients, and increased total body mass. Often this leads to obesity, which reduces the effectiveness of using exogenous leptin as a therapeutic agent. Thus, combining leptin therapies with leptin sensitizers may help overcome such resistance and, consequently, obesity. This review examines recent data obtained from human and animal studies related to leptin, its role in obesity, and its usefulness in obesity treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Obradovic
- Department of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, “VINČA” Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Emina Sudar-Milovanovic
- Department of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, “VINČA” Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sanja Soskic
- Department of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, “VINČA” Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Magbubah Essack
- Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division (CEMSE), Computational Bioscience Research Center, Computer (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Swati Arya
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Alan J. Stewart
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Takashi Gojobori
- Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division (CEMSE), Computational Bioscience Research Center, Computer (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Esma R. Isenovic
- Department of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, “VINČA” Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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16
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Leptin modulates gene expression in the heart, cardiomyocytes and the adipose tissue thus mitigating LPS-induced damage. Exp Cell Res 2021; 404:112647. [PMID: 34015313 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Leptin is an adipokine of pleiotropic effects linked to energy metabolism, satiety, the immune response, and cardioprotection. We have recently shown that leptin causally conferred resistance to myocardial infarction-induced damage in transgenic αMUPA mice overexpressing leptin compared to their wild type (WT) ancestral mice FVB/N. Prompted by these findings, we have investigated here if leptin can counteract the inflammatory response triggered after LPS administration in tissues in vivo and in cardiomyocytes in culture. The results have shown that LPS upregulated in vivo and in vitro all genes examined here, both pro-inflammatory and antioxidant, as well as the leptin gene. Pretreating mice with leptin neutralizing antibodies further upregulated the expression of TNFα and IL-1β in the adipose tissue of both mouse types, and in the αMUPA heart. The antibodies also increased the levels of serum markers for cell toxicity in both mouse types. These results indicate that under LPS, leptin actually reduced the levels of these inflammatory-related parameters. In addition, pretreatment with leptin antibodies reduced the levels of HIF-1α and VEGF mRNAs in the heart, indicating that under LPS leptin increased the levels of these mRNAs. In cardiomyocytes, pretreatment with exogenous leptin prior to LPS reduced the expression of both pro-inflammatory genes, enhanced the expression of the antioxidant genes HO-1, SOD2 and HIF-1α, and lowered ROS staining. In addition, results obtained with leptin antibodies and the SMLA leptin antagonist indicated that endogenous and exogenous leptin can inhibit leptin gene expression. Together, these findings have indicated that under LPS, leptin concomitantly downregulated pro-inflammatory genes, upregulated antioxidant genes, and lowered ROS levels. These results suggest that leptin can counteract inflammation in the heart and adipose tissue by modulating gene expression.
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17
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Bléher M, Meshko B, Cacciapuoti I, Gergondey R, Kovacs Y, Duprez D, L'Honoré A, Havis E. Egr1 loss-of-function promotes beige adipocyte differentiation and activation specifically in inguinal subcutaneous white adipose tissue. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15842. [PMID: 32985557 PMCID: PMC7522992 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72698-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In mice, exercise, cold exposure and fasting lead to the differentiation of inducible-brown adipocytes, called beige adipocytes, within white adipose tissue and have beneficial effects on fat burning and metabolism, through heat production. This browning process is associated with an increased expression of the key thermogenic mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1, Ucp1. Egr1 transcription factor has been described as a regulator of white and beige differentiation programs, and Egr1 depletion is associated with a spontaneous increase of subcutaneous white adipose tissue browning, in absence of external stimulation. Here, we demonstrate that Egr1 mutant mice exhibit a restrained Ucp1 expression specifically increased in subcutaneous fat, resulting in a metabolic shift to a more brown-like, oxidative metabolism, which was not observed in other fat depots. In addition, Egr1 is necessary and sufficient to promote white and alter beige adipocyte differentiation of mouse stem cells. These results suggest that modulation of Egr1 expression could represent a promising therapeutic strategy to increase energy expenditure and to restrain obesity-associated metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rachel Gergondey
- Sorbonne Université, 75005, Paris, France
- Institute of Biology Paris Seine-Integrative Cellular Ageing and Inflammation, French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) UMR8256, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Yoann Kovacs
- Sorbonne Université, 75005, Paris, France
- Institute of Biology Paris Seine-Integrative Cellular Ageing and Inflammation, French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) UMR8256, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Duprez
- Sorbonne Université, 75005, Paris, France
- Institute of Biology Paris Seine-Developmental Biology Laboratory, Inserm U1156, French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) UMR7622, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Aurore L'Honoré
- Sorbonne Université, 75005, Paris, France
- Institute of Biology Paris Seine-Integrative Cellular Ageing and Inflammation, French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) UMR8256, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Havis
- Sorbonne Université, 75005, Paris, France.
- Institute of Biology Paris Seine-Developmental Biology Laboratory, Inserm U1156, French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) UMR7622, 75005, Paris, France.
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18
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Ripoli C, Spinelli M, Natale F, Fusco S, Grassi C. Glucose Overload Inhibits Glutamatergic Synaptic Transmission: A Novel Role for CREB-Mediated Regulation of Synaptotagmins 2 and 4. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:810. [PMID: 32974347 PMCID: PMC7466440 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose metabolism derangement is critically involved in the age-related memory loss but the underlying molecular mechanisms are still poorly understood. In a mouse model of type 1 diabetes we found memory impairment associated with inhibition of the transcription factor CREB and alteration of pre- and post-synaptic protein expression in the hippocampus. Accordingly, glucose excess negatively affected activity-dependent CREB phosphorylation and CREB-mediated mRNA expression of synaptic proteins in hippocampal primary neurons. Specifically, glucose excess inhibited the activity-dependent recruitment of CREB on the regulatory sequences of synaptotagmin (SYT) 2 and 4 promoters and the expression of SYT4 protein. As a result, high glucose affected both the frequency of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents and NMDA receptor-mediated currents in autaptic hippocampal neuronal cultures. Collectively, our findings highlight novel mechanisms underlying hyperglycaemia-related memory loss, including CREB-dependent downregulation of synaptotagmin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Ripoli
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Spinelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Natale
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Fusco
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Grassi
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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19
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Martínez-Sánchez N. There and Back Again: Leptin Actions in White Adipose Tissue. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176039. [PMID: 32839413 PMCID: PMC7503240 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin is a hormone discovered almost 30 years ago with important implications in metabolism. It is primarily produced by white adipose tissue (WAT) in proportion to the amount of fat. The discovery of leptin was a turning point for two principle reasons: on one hand, it generated promising expectations for the treatment of the obesity, and on the other, it changed the classical concept that white adipose tissue was simply an inert storage organ. Thus, adipocytes in WAT produce the majority of leptin and, although its primary role is the regulation of fat stores by controlling lipolysis and lipogenesis, this hormone also has implications in other physiological processes within WAT, such as apoptosis, browning and inflammation. Although a massive number of questions related to leptin actions have been answered, the necessity for further clarification facilitates constantly renewing interest in this hormone and its pathways. In this review, leptin actions in white adipose tissue will be summarized in the context of obesity.
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20
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Modulation of Leptin and Leptin Receptor Expression in Mice Acutely Infected with Neospora caninum. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9070587. [PMID: 32709166 PMCID: PMC7399848 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9070587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neospora caninum is an apicomplexan parasite that in cattle assumes particular importance, as it is responsible for abortions reported worldwide. Leptin is an adipokine mainly secreted by adipocytes, which beside its role in maintaining metabolic homeostasis also has important effects in both innate and adaptive immunity. In previous work, we showed that mice chronically infected with N. caninum had elevated serum leptin levels. Here, we sought to assess whether acute infection with N. caninum infection influenced the production of this adipokine as well as leptin receptor mRNA levels. Our results show that acute infection with N. caninum led to decreased leptin serum levels and mRNA expression in adipose tissue. A decrease in leptin receptor transcript variant 1 mRNA (long isoform) and leptin receptor transcript variant 3 mRNA (one of the short isoforms) expression was also observed. An increase in the number of cells staining positive for leptin in the liver of infected mice was observed, although this increase was less marked in Interleukin (IL)-12/IL-23 p40-deficient mice. Overall, our results show that N. caninum infection also influences leptin production during acute infection.
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21
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Stolzenbach F, Valdivia S, Ojeda-Provoste P, Toledo F, Sobrevia L, Kerr B. DNA methylation changes in genes coding for leptin and insulin receptors during metabolic-altered pregnancies. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165465. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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22
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Gioldasi S, Karvela A, Rojas-Gil AP, Rodi M, de Lastic AL, Thomas I, Spiliotis BE, Mouzaki A. Metabolic Association between Leptin and the Corticotropin Releasing Hormone. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2020; 19:458-466. [PMID: 30727936 PMCID: PMC7360915 DOI: 10.2174/1871530319666190206165626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Objective In healthy individuals, leptin is produced from adipose tissue and is secreted into the circulation to communicate energy balance status to the brain and control fat metabolism. Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH) is synthesized in the hypothalamus and regulates stress responses. Among the many adipokines and hormones that control fat metabolism, leptin and CRH both curb appetite and inhibit food intake. Despite numerous reports on leptin and CRH properties and function, little has been actually shown about their association in the adipose tissue environment. Methods In this article, we summarized the salient information on leptin and CRH in relation to metabolism. We also investigated the direct effect of recombinant CRH on leptin secretion by primary cultures of human adipocytes isolated from subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue of 7 healthy children and adolescents, and measured CRH and leptin levels in plasma collected from peripheral blood of 24 healthy children and adolescents to assess whether a correlation exists between CRH and leptin levels in the periphery. Results and Conclusion The available data indicate that CRH exerts a role in the regulation of leptin in human adipocytes. We show that CRH downregulates leptin production by mature adipocytes and that a strong negative correlation exists between CRH and leptin levels in the periphery, and suggest the possible mechanisms of CRH control of leptin. Delineation of CRH control of leptin production by adipocytes may explain unknown pathogenic mechanisms linking stress and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Gioldasi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Alexia Karvela
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | | | - Maria Rodi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Anne-Lise de Lastic
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Iason Thomas
- Department of Allergy, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bessie E Spiliotis
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Athanasia Mouzaki
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
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Increased adiposity by feeding growing rats a high-fat diet results in iron decompartmentalisation. Br J Nutr 2019; 123:1094-1108. [PMID: 32172712 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114519002320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study reports the effects of a high-fat (HF) diet of over 8 weeks on the Fe status of growing rats. Tissue Fe levels were analysed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and whole-body adiposity was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Histopathology and morphometry of adipose tissue were performed. Liver homogenates were used for measuring ferroportin-1 protein levels by immunoblotting, and transcript levels were used for Fe genes measured by real-time PCR. Tissue Fe pools were fit to a compartmental biokinetic model in which Fe was assessed using fourteen compartments and twenty-seven transfer constants (kj,i from tissue 'i' to tissue 'j') adapted from the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) 69. Ten kj,i were calculated from the experimental data using non-linear regression, and seventeen were estimated by allometry according to the formula ${k_{i,j}} = a \times {M^b}$. Validation of the model was carried out by comparing predicted and analysed Fe pool sizes in erythrocytes, the liver and the spleen. Body adiposity was negatively associated with serum Fe levels and positively associated with liver Fe stores. An inferred increase in Fe transfer from bone marrow to the liver paralleled higher hepatic Fe concentrations and ferritin heavy-chain mRNA levels in the HF diet-fed animals, suggesting that liver Fe accumulation occurred at least in part due to a favoured liver erythrocyte uptake. If this feeding condition was to be prolonged, impaired Fe decompartmentalisation may occur, ultimately resulting in dysmetabolic Fe overload.
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Chisada S, Sugiyama A. Renal lesions in leptin receptor-deficient medaka ( Oryzias latipes). J Toxicol Pathol 2019; 32:297-303. [PMID: 31719758 PMCID: PMC6831499 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2019-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to elucidate the renal lesions of leptin receptor-deficient
medaka showing hyperglycemia and hypoinsulinemia and to evaluate the usefulness of the
medaka as a model of diabetic nephropathy. Leptin receptor-deficient medaka at 20 and 30
weeks of age showed hyperglycemia and hypoinsulinemia; they also showed a higher level of
plasma creatinine than the control medaka. Histopathologically, dilation of glomerular
capillary lumina and of afferent/efferent arterioles was observed in leptin
receptor-deficient medaka at 20 weeks of age, and then glomerular enlargement with cell
proliferation and matrix expansion, formation of fibrin cap-like lesions, glomerular
atrophy with Bowman’s capsule dilation, and renal tubule dilation were observed at 30
weeks of age. These histopathological characteristics of leptin receptor-deficient medaka
were similar to the characteristics of kidney lesions of human and rodent models of type
II diabetes mellitus, making leptin receptor-deficient medaka a useful model of diabetic
nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Chisada
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Akihiko Sugiyama
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, 1-3 Ikoinooka, Imabari-shi, Ehime 794-8555, Japan
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25
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Chi L, Li X, Liu Q, Liu Y. Photoperiod may regulate growth via leptin receptor A1 in the hypothalamus and saccus vasculosus of Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar). Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2019; 23:200-208. [PMID: 31231584 PMCID: PMC6566995 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2019.1595138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoperiod is believed to regulate growth in fish, although the mechanism involved is still unclear. In this paper, we report a relationship between leptin-receptor A1 (AsLRa1), melatonin-receptor (AsMR) and photoperiod in Atlantic salmon. Atlantic salmon (mean weight 1071.70 ± 155.54 g) were reared under six photoperiod regimes, four constant light regimes 24L:0D, 18L:6D, 12L:12D and 8L:16D, hours of light (L) and dark (D) and two varying light regimes, LL-SL = 24L:0D-8L:16D, and SL-LL = 8L:16D-24L:0D over a period of seven months. The results showed that AsLRa1 transcripts were mainly existed in the hypothalamus and saccus vasculosus (SV), AsMR was mainly expressed in the hypothalamus. Long photoperiod inhibited the expression of AsLRa1 and AsMR transcripts in the Atlantic salmon brain. The expression pattern of AsLRa1 was similar to the expression pattern of AsMR in the hypothalamus. Food intake was higher in fish with lower AsLRa1 transcript levels. This demonstrated that photoperiod influenced somatic growth by changing expression of AsLRa1 in the hypothalamus and SV to affect appetite. In addition, we found that the SV appears to act as a seasonal sensor regulating reproduction in a similar way to the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chi
- Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xian Li
- Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qinghua Liu
- Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Liu
- Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
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26
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Amaruddin AI, Wahyuni S, Hamid F, Chalid MT, Yazdanbakhsh M, Sartono E. BCG scar, socioeconomic and nutritional status: a study of newborns in urban area of Makassar, Indonesia. Trop Med Int Health 2019; 24:736-746. [PMID: 30884012 PMCID: PMC6849812 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Objective To investigate factors that determine the response to Bacille Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccination in urban environments with respect to socioeconomic status (SES), prenatal exposure to infections or newborn's nutritional status. Methods The study was conducted in an urban area, in Makassar, Indonesia. At baseline, 100 mother and newborns pair from high and low SES communities were included. Intestinal protozoa, soil transmitted helminths, total IgE, anti‐Hepatitis A Virus IgG and anti‐Toxoplasma IgG were measured to determine exposure to infections. Information on gestational age, birth weight/height and delivery status were collected. Weight‐for‐length z‐score, a proxy for newborns adiposity, was calculated. Leptin and adiponectin from cord sera were also measured. At 10 months of age, BCG scar size was measured from 59 infants. Statistical modelling was performed using multiple linear regression. Results Both SES and birth nutritional status shape the response towards BCG vaccination at 10 months of age. Infants born to low SES families have smaller BCG scar size compared to infants born from high SES families and total IgE contributed to the reduced scar size. On the other hand, infants born with better nutritional status were found to have bigger BCG scar size but this association was abolished by leptin levels at birth. Conclusion This study provides new insights into the importance of SES and leptin levels at birth on the development of BCG scar in 10 months old infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldian Irma Amaruddin
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia.,Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sitti Wahyuni
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Firdaus Hamid
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Maisuri T Chalid
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Maria Yazdanbakhsh
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Erliyani Sartono
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Chang SH, Song NJ, Choi JH, Yun UJ, Park KW. Mechanisms underlying UCP1 dependent and independent adipocyte thermogenesis. Obes Rev 2019; 20:241-251. [PMID: 30450758 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The growing focus on brown adipocytes has spurred an interest in their potential benefits for metabolic diseases. Brown and beige (or brite) adipocytes express high levels of uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp1) to dissipate heat instead of generating ATP. Ucp1 induction by stimuli including cold, exercise, and diet increases nonshivering thermogenesis, leading to increased energy expenditure and prevention of obesity. Recently, studies in adipocytes have indicated the existence of functional Ucp1-independent thermogenic regulators. Furthermore, substrate cycling involving creatine metabolites, cold-induced N-acyl amino acids, and oxidized lipids in white adipocytes can increase energy expenditure in the absence of Ucp1. These studies emphasize the need for a better understanding of the mechanisms governing energy expenditure in adipocytes and their potential applications in the prevention of human obesity and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo-Hyuk Chang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - No-Joon Song
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jin Hee Choi
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Ui Jeong Yun
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Kye Won Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
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Fairfield H, Falank C, Farrell M, Vary C, Boucher JM, Driscoll H, Liaw L, Rosen CJ, Reagan MR. Development of a 3D bone marrow adipose tissue model. Bone 2019; 118:77-88. [PMID: 29366838 PMCID: PMC6062483 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Over the past twenty years, evidence has accumulated that biochemically and spatially defined networks of extracellular matrix, cellular components, and interactions dictate cellular differentiation, proliferation, and function in a variety of tissue and diseases. Modeling in vivo systems in vitro has been undeniably necessary, but when simplified 2D conditions rather than 3D in vitro models are used, the reliability and usefulness of the data derived from these models decreases. Thus, there is a pressing need to develop and validate reliable in vitro models to reproduce specific tissue-like structures and mimic functions and responses of cells in a more realistic manner for both drug screening/disease modeling and tissue regeneration applications. In adipose biology and cancer research, these models serve as physiologically relevant 3D platforms to bridge the divide between 2D cultures and in vivo models, bringing about more reliable and translationally useful data to accelerate benchtop to bedside research. Currently, no model has been developed for bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT), a novel adipose depot that has previously been overlooked as "filler tissue" but has more recently been recognized as endocrine-signaling and systemically relevant. Herein we describe the development of the first 3D, BMAT model derived from either human or mouse bone marrow (BM) mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). We found that BMAT models can be stably cultured for at least 3 months in vitro, and that myeloma cells (5TGM1, OPM2 and MM1S cells) can be cultured on these for at least 2 weeks. Upon tumor cell co-culture, delipidation occurred in BMAT adipocytes, suggesting a bidirectional relationship between these two important cell types in the malignant BM niche. Overall, our studies suggest that 3D BMAT represents a "healthier," more realistic tissue model that may be useful for elucidating the effects of MAT on tumor cells, and tumor cells on MAT, to identify novel therapeutic targets. In addition, proteomic characterization as well as microarray data (expression of >22,000 genes) coupled with KEGG pathway analysis and gene set expression analysis (GSEA) supported our development of less-inflammatory 3D BMAT compared to 2D culture. In sum, we developed the first 3D, tissue-engineered bone marrow adipose tissue model, which is a versatile, novel model that can be used to study numerous diseases and biological processes involved with the bone marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Fairfield
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA; University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, ME 04469, USA; Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Carolyne Falank
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA; University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, ME 04469, USA; Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Mariah Farrell
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA; University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, ME 04469, USA; Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Calvin Vary
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA; University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, ME 04469, USA; Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Joshua M Boucher
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA; University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, ME 04469, USA; Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Heather Driscoll
- Vermont Genetics Network, Department of Biology, Norwich University, 158 Harmon Drive, Northfield, VT 05663, USA
| | - Lucy Liaw
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA; University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, ME 04469, USA; Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Clifford J Rosen
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA; University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, ME 04469, USA; Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Michaela R Reagan
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA; University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, ME 04469, USA; Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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29
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Pro-inflammatory cytokines: The link between obesity and osteoarthritis. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2018; 44:38-50. [PMID: 30340925 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 484] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA), characterized by joint malfunction and chronic disability, is the most common form of arthritis. Clinical and animal experiments reveal that age-related OA is associated with many factors such as age, sex, trauma, and obesity. One of the most influential and modifiable risk factors is obesity. Obesity not only increases mechanical stress on the tibiofemoral cartilage, but also leads to a higher prevalence of OA in non-weight-bearing areas. There is a link between obesity and inflammation. Adipose tissues play a crucial role in this context because they are the major source of cytokines, chemokines, and metabolically-active mediators named adipokines. The adipokines, including adiponectin and leptin, have been demonstrated to regulate inflammatory immune responses in cartilage. Obese people and animals show a higher level of serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL)-1β and IL-6, all of which are produced by macrophages derived from adipose tissue. These pro-inflammatory cytokines regulate the proliferation and apoptosis of adipocytes, promote lipolysis, inhibit lipid synthesis and decrease blood lipids through autocrine and paracrine mechanisms. Elevated levels of TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6 have been found in the synovial fluid, synovial membrane, subchondral bone and cartilage of OA patients, confirming their important roles in OA pathogenesis. TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1 are the factors released by fat to negatively regulate cartilage directly. Moreover, TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6 can induce the production of other cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and prostaglandins and inhibit the synthesis of proteoglycans and type II collagen; thus, they play a pivotal role in cartilage matrix degradation and bone resorption in OA. Activated chondrocytes also produce MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-13, and aggrecanase 1 and 2 (ADAMTS-4, ADAMTS-5). In addition, IL-1, TNF-α and IL-6 may cause OA indirectly by regulating release of adiponectin and leptin from adipocytes. In this review, we first summarize the relationship between obesity and inflammation. Then we summarize the roles of IL-1, TNF-α and IL-6 in OA. We further discuss how IL-1, TNF-α and IL-6 regulate the communication between fat and OA, and their pathological roles in obesity-related OA. Lastly, we discuss the possibility of using the pro-inflammatory signaling pathway as a therapeutic target to develop drugs for obesity-related OA.
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30
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Ruan CC, Kong LR, Chen XH, Ma Y, Pan XX, Zhang ZB, Gao PJ. A 2A Receptor Activation Attenuates Hypertensive Cardiac Remodeling via Promoting Brown Adipose Tissue-Derived FGF21. Cell Metab 2018; 28:476-489.e5. [PMID: 30017353 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Adipocytes play important roles in regulating cardiovascular health and disease. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the endocrine role of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in pathological cardiac remodeling remains unknown. Herein we show that adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) knockout (A2ARKO) causes interscapular BAT (iBAT) dysfunction, leading to accelerated cardiac remodeling in hypertension compared with wild-type (WT) mice. Surgical iBAT depletion induces dramatic cardiac remodeling in WT but not in A2ARKO hypertensive mice. AMPK/PGC1α signaling-induced fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) in brown adipocytes is required for A2AR-mediated inhibition of hypertensive cardiac remodeling. Recombinant FGF21 administration improves cardiac remodeling in iBAT-depleted hypertensive mice. More importantly, brown adipocyte-specific A2ARKO inhibits FGF21 production and accelerates cardiac damage in hypertension. Consistently, brown adipocyte-specific FGF21 knockout abolishes the effects of A2AR agonism in attenuating hypertensive cardiac remodeling. Our findings reveal a distinctive endocrine role of BAT in hypertensive cardiac remodeling via activating A2AR/FGF21 pathway.
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MESH Headings
- Adipocytes, Brown/drug effects
- Adipocytes, Brown/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/metabolism
- Animals
- Cell Line
- Disease Models, Animal
- Fibroblast Growth Factors/genetics
- Fibroblast Growth Factors/pharmacology
- Fibroblast Growth Factors/physiology
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Gene Knockout Techniques
- Hypertension/metabolism
- Hypertension/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects
- Myocytes, Cardiac/pathology
- Receptor, Adenosine A2A/genetics
- Receptor, Adenosine A2A/physiology
- Ventricular Remodeling
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chao Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Hypertension, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling-Ran Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Hypertension, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Xi Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ze-Bei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping-Jin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Hypertension, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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31
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Marques-Oliveira GH, Silva TM, Lima WG, Valadares HMS, Chaves VE. Insulin as a hormone regulator of the synthesis and release of leptin by white adipose tissue. Peptides 2018; 106:49-58. [PMID: 29953915 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Leptin and its receptor are widely distributed in several tissues, mainly in white adipose tissue. The serum leptin is highly correlated with body mass index in rodents and humans, being documented that leptin levels reduces in the fasting state and increase during refeeding, similarly to insulin release by pancreatic islets. Insulin appears to increase leptin mRNA and protein expression and its release by adipocytes. Some studies have suggested that insulin acts through the activation of the transcription factors: sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1), CCAAT enhancer binding protein-α (C/EBP-α) and specificity protein 1 (Sp1). Insulin stimulates the release of preformed and newly synthesized leptin by adipocytes through its signaling cascade. Its effects are blocked by inhibitors of the insulin signaling pathway, as well as by inhibitors of protein synthesis and agents that increase the intracellular cAMP. The literature data suggest that chronic hyperinsulinemia increases serum leptin levels in humans and rodents. In this review, we summarized the most updated knowledge on the effects of insulin on serum leptin levels, presenting the cell mechanisms that control leptin synthesis and release by the white adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thaís Marques Silva
- Laboratory of Physiology, Federal University of São João del-Rei, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - William Gustavo Lima
- Laboratory of Physiology, Federal University of São João del-Rei, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Valéria Ernestânia Chaves
- Laboratory of Physiology, Federal University of São João del-Rei, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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32
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Caron A, Dungan Lemko HM, Castorena CM, Fujikawa T, Lee S, Lord CC, Ahmed N, Lee CE, Holland WL, Liu C, Elmquist JK. POMC neurons expressing leptin receptors coordinate metabolic responses to fasting via suppression of leptin levels. eLife 2018. [PMID: 29528284 PMCID: PMC5866097 DOI: 10.7554/elife.33710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin is critical for energy balance, glucose homeostasis, and for metabolic and neuroendocrine adaptations to starvation. A prevalent model predicts that leptin’s actions are mediated through pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons that express leptin receptors (LEPRs). However, previous studies have used prenatal genetic manipulations, which may be subject to developmental compensation. Here, we tested the direct contribution of POMC neurons expressing LEPRs in regulating energy balance, glucose homeostasis and leptin secretion during fasting using a spatiotemporally controlled Lepr expression mouse model. We report a dissociation between leptin’s effects on glucose homeostasis versus energy balance in POMC neurons. We show that these neurons are dispensable for regulating food intake, but are required for coordinating hepatic glucose production and for the fasting-induced fall in leptin levels, independent of changes in fat mass. We also identify a role for sympathetic nervous system regulation of the inhibitory adrenergic receptor (ADRA2A) in regulating leptin production. Collectively, our findings highlight a previously unrecognized role of POMC neurons in regulating leptin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Caron
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | | | - Carlos M Castorena
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Teppei Fujikawa
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, United States
| | - Syann Lee
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Caleb C Lord
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Newaz Ahmed
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Charlotte E Lee
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - William L Holland
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Chen Liu
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Joel K Elmquist
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
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Perry RJ, Shulman GI. The Role of Leptin in Maintaining Plasma Glucose During Starvation. POSTDOC JOURNAL : A JOURNAL OF POSTDOCTORAL RESEARCH AND POSTDOCTORAL AFFAIRS 2018; 6:3-19. [PMID: 29682594 PMCID: PMC5909716 DOI: 10.14304/surya.jpr.v6n3.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
For 20 years it has been known that concentrations of leptin, a hormone produced by the white adipose tissue (WAT) largely in proportion to body fat, drops precipitously with starvation, particularly in lean humans and animals. The role of leptin to suppress the thyroid and reproductive axes during a prolonged fast has been well defined; however, the impact of leptin on metabolic regulation has been incompletely understood. However emerging evidence suggests that, in starvation, hypoleptinemia increases activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, promoting WAT lipolysis, increasing hepatic acetyl-CoA concentrations, and maintaining euglycemia. In addition, leptin may be largely responsible for mediating a shift from a reliance upon glucose metabolism (absorption and glycogenolysis) to fat metabolism (lipolysis increasing gluconeogenesis) which preserves substrates for the brain, heart, and other critical organs. In this way a leptin-mediated glucose-fatty acid cycle appears to maintain glycemia and permit survival in starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J Perry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
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34
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Abstract
Interactions between the brain and distinct adipose depots have a key role in maintaining energy balance, thereby promoting survival in response to metabolic challenges such as cold exposure and starvation. Recently, there has been renewed interest in the specific central neuronal circuits that regulate adipose depots. Here, we review anatomical, genetic and pharmacological studies on the neural regulation of adipose function, including lipolysis, non-shivering thermogenesis, browning and leptin secretion. In particular, we emphasize the role of leptin-sensitive neurons and the sympathetic nervous system in modulating the activity of brown, white and beige adipose tissues. We provide an overview of advances in the understanding of the heterogeneity of the brain regulation of adipose tissues and offer a perspective on the challenges and paradoxes that the community is facing regarding the actions of leptin on this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Caron
- Division of Hypothalamic Research and Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Syann Lee
- Division of Hypothalamic Research and Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Joel K. Elmquist
- Division of Hypothalamic Research and Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Laurent Gautron
- Division of Hypothalamic Research and Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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35
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Han YC, Ma B, Guo S, Yang M, Li LJ, Wang SJ, Tan J. Leptin regulates disc cartilage endplate degeneration and ossification through activation of the MAPK-ERK signalling pathway in vivo and in vitro. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:2098-2109. [PMID: 29372627 PMCID: PMC5867127 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent findings demonstrate that leptin plays a significant role in chondrocyte and osteoblast differentiation. However, the mechanisms by which leptin acts on cartilage endplate (CEP) cells to give rise to calcification are still unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of leptin that induced mineralization of CEP cells in vitro and in vivo. We constructed a rat model of lumbar disc degeneration and determined that leptin was highly expressed in the presence of CEP calcification. Rat CEP cells treated with or without leptin were used for in vitro analysis using RT‐PCR and Western blotting to examine the expression of osteocalcin (OCN) and runt‐related transcription factor 2 (Runx2). Both OCN and Runx2 expression levels were significantly increased in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner. Leptin activated ERK1/2 and STAT3 phosphorylation in a time‐dependent manner. Inhibition of phosphorylated ERK1/2 using targeted siRNA suppressed leptin‐induced OCN and Runx2 expression and blocked the formation of mineralized nodules in CEP cells. We further demonstrated that exogenous leptin induced matrix mineralization of CEP cells in vivo. We suggest that leptin promotes the osteoblastic differentiation of CEP cells via the MAPK/ERK signal transduction pathway and may be used to investigate the mechanisms of disc degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chao Han
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Song Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingjie Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Jun Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shan-Jin Wang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Tan
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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36
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Auclair N, Melbouci L, St-Pierre D, Levy E. Gastrointestinal factors regulating lipid droplet formation in the intestine. Exp Cell Res 2018; 363:1-14. [PMID: 29305172 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic lipid droplets (CLD) are considered as neutral lipid reservoirs, which protect cells from lipotoxicity. It became clear that these fascinating dynamic organelles play a role not only in energy storage and metabolism, but also in cellular lipid and protein handling, inter-organelle communication, and signaling among diverse functions. Their dysregulation is associated with multiple disorders, including obesity, liver steatosis and cardiovascular diseases. The central aim of this review is to highlight the link between intra-enterocyte CLD dynamics and the formation of chylomicrons, the main intestinal dietary lipid vehicle, after overviewing the morphology, molecular composition, biogenesis and functions of CLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Auclair
- Research Centre, CHU Sainte-Justine and Department of Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3T 1C5; Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3T 1C5
| | - L Melbouci
- Research Centre, CHU Sainte-Justine and Department of Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3T 1C5; Department of Sciences and Physical Activities, UQAM, Quebec, Canada H2X 1Y4
| | - D St-Pierre
- Research Centre, CHU Sainte-Justine and Department of Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3T 1C5; Department of Sciences and Physical Activities, UQAM, Quebec, Canada H2X 1Y4
| | - E Levy
- Research Centre, CHU Sainte-Justine and Department of Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3T 1C5; Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3T 1C5; Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada G1V 0A6.
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37
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Chisada SI, Hirako A, Sugiyama A. Ocular lesions in leptin receptor-deficient medaka ( Oryzias latipes). J Toxicol Pathol 2018; 31:65-72. [PMID: 29479143 PMCID: PMC5820106 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2017-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ocular lesions in leptin receptor-deficient medaka were examined histopathologically at 10, 28, and 37 weeks post hatching. Leptin receptor-deficient medaka at 28 and 37 weeks old showed hyperglycemia and hypoinsulinemia. Histopathologically, vacuolation, swelling, fragmentation, and liquefaction of the lens fibers and dilatation of the retinal central veins, retinal capillaries, iridal veins and capillaries, and choroidal veins were observed in leptin receptor-deficient medaka at 28 and 37 weeks old. Thinning of the total retina, pigment epithelial layer, layer of rods and cones, outer granular layer, outer plexiform layer, inner granular layer, and inner plexiform layer was observed in leptin receptor-deficient medaka at 28 and 37 weeks compared with in control medaka. These histopathological characteristics in leptin receptor-deficient medaka are similar to characteristics in ocular lesions of rodent models for type II diabetes mellitus, making leptin receptor-deficient medaka a useful model of diabetic cataract and retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichi Chisada
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Kyorin University, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Ayano Hirako
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Minami 4-101 Koyama-cho, Tottori, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Akihiko Sugiyama
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Minami 4-101 Koyama-cho, Tottori, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
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38
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Roh HC, Tsai LTY, Lyubetskaya A, Tenen D, Kumari M, Rosen ED. Simultaneous Transcriptional and Epigenomic Profiling from Specific Cell Types within Heterogeneous Tissues In Vivo. Cell Rep 2017; 18:1048-1061. [PMID: 28122230 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.12.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenomic mechanisms direct distinct gene expression programs for different cell types. Various in vivo tissues have been subjected to epigenomic analysis; however, these studies have been limited by cellular heterogeneity, resulting in composite gene expression and epigenomic profiles. Here, we introduce "NuTRAP," a transgenic mouse that allows simultaneous isolation of cell-type-specific translating mRNA and chromatin from complex tissues. Using NuTRAP, we successfully characterize gene expression and epigenomic states of various adipocyte populations in vivo, revealing significant differences compared to either whole adipose tissue or in vitro adipocyte cell lines. We find that chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) using NuTRAP is highly efficient, scalable, and robust with even limited cell input. We further demonstrate the general utility of NuTRAP by analyzing hepatocyte-specific epigenomic states. The NuTRAP mouse is a resource that provides a powerful system for cell-type-specific gene expression and epigenomic profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Cheol Roh
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Linus T-Y Tsai
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Anna Lyubetskaya
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Danielle Tenen
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Manju Kumari
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Evan D Rosen
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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39
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Abbott RD, Borowsky FE, Alonzo CA, Zieba A, Georgakoudi I, Kaplan DL. Variability in responses observed in human white adipose tissue models. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 12:840-847. [PMID: 28879656 DOI: 10.1002/term.2572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a risk factor for a myriad of diseases including diabetes, cardiovascular dysfunction, cirrhosis, and cancer, and there is a need for new systems to study how excess adipose tissue relates to the onset of disease processes. This study provides proof-of-concept patient-specific tissue models of human white adipose tissue to accommodate the variability in human samples. Our 3D tissue engineering approach established lipolytic responses and changes in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake from small volumes of human lipoaspirate, making this methodology useful for patient specific sample source assessments of treatment strategies, drug responses, disease mechanisms, and other responses that vary between patients. Mature unilocular cells were maintained ex vivo in silk porous scaffolds for up to a month of culture and imaged non-invasively with coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering. Interestingly, differences in responsiveness between tissues were observed in terms of magnitude of lipolysis, ability to suppress lipolysis, differences in glucose uptake, and lipid droplet size. Body mass index was not a factor in determining tissue responsiveness; rather, it is speculated that other unknown variables in the backgrounds of different patients (ethnicity, athleticism, disease history, lifestyle choices, etc.) likely had a more significant effect on the observed differences. This study reinforces the need to account for the variability in backgrounds and genetics within the human population to determine adipose tissue responsiveness. In the future, this tissue system could be used to inform individualized care strategies-enhancing therapeutic precision, improving patient outcomes, and reducing clinical costs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carlo A Alonzo
- Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Adam Zieba
- Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | | | - David L Kaplan
- Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
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40
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Ruiz de Azua I, Mancini G, Srivastava RK, Rey AA, Cardinal P, Tedesco L, Zingaretti CM, Sassmann A, Quarta C, Schwitter C, Conrad A, Wettschureck N, Vemuri VK, Makriyannis A, Hartwig J, Mendez-Lago M, Bindila L, Monory K, Giordano A, Cinti S, Marsicano G, Offermanns S, Nisoli E, Pagotto U, Cota D, Lutz B. Adipocyte cannabinoid receptor CB1 regulates energy homeostasis and alternatively activated macrophages. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:4148-4162. [PMID: 29035280 DOI: 10.1172/jci83626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated adipocyte physiology leads to imbalanced energy storage, obesity, and associated diseases, imposing a costly burden on current health care. Cannabinoid receptor type-1 (CB1) plays a crucial role in controlling energy metabolism through central and peripheral mechanisms. In this work, adipocyte-specific inducible deletion of the CB1 gene (Ati-CB1-KO) was sufficient to protect adult mice from diet-induced obesity and associated metabolic alterations and to reverse the phenotype in already obese mice. Compared with controls, Ati-CB1-KO mice showed decreased body weight, reduced total adiposity, improved insulin sensitivity, enhanced energy expenditure, and fat depot-specific cellular remodeling toward lowered energy storage capacity and browning of white adipocytes. These changes were associated with an increase in alternatively activated macrophages concomitant with enhanced sympathetic tone in adipose tissue. Remarkably, these alterations preceded the appearance of differences in body weight, highlighting the causal relation between the loss of CB1 and the triggering of metabolic reprogramming in adipose tissues. Finally, the lean phenotype of Ati-CB1-KO mice and the increase in alternatively activated macrophages in adipose tissue were also present at thermoneutral conditions. Our data provide compelling evidence for a crosstalk among adipocytes, immune cells, and the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), wherein CB1 plays a key regulatory role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inigo Ruiz de Azua
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Giacomo Mancini
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Raj Kamal Srivastava
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Alejandro Aparisi Rey
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Pierre Cardinal
- INSERM U1215, Neurocentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France.,University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Laura Tedesco
- Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Maria Zingaretti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center of Obesity, University of Ancona (Politecnica delle Marche), Ancona, Italy
| | - Antonia Sassmann
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Carmelo Quarta
- Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC) and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany, and Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Endocrinology Unit and Centro di Ricerca Biomedica Applicata, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Alma Mater University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudia Schwitter
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andrea Conrad
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nina Wettschureck
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - V Kiran Vemuri
- Center for Drug Discovery, Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexandros Makriyannis
- Center for Drug Discovery, Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jens Hartwig
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Laura Bindila
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Krisztina Monory
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center of Obesity, University of Ancona (Politecnica delle Marche), Ancona, Italy
| | - Saverio Cinti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center of Obesity, University of Ancona (Politecnica delle Marche), Ancona, Italy
| | - Giovanni Marsicano
- INSERM U1215, Neurocentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France.,University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Stefan Offermanns
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Enzo Nisoli
- Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Uberto Pagotto
- Endocrinology Unit and Centro di Ricerca Biomedica Applicata, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Alma Mater University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniela Cota
- INSERM U1215, Neurocentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France.,University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Beat Lutz
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,German Resilience Center, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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41
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Leptin positively regulates MUC5AC production and secretion induced by interleukin-13 in human bronchial epithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 493:979-984. [PMID: 28942146 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.09.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Mucus hypersecretion and plugging of lower respiratory tract airways due to mucus plugs have long been recognized as the leading cause of the morbidity and mortality in asthma. MUC5AC protein is a major component of airway mucus. Here, we showed that interleukin (IL)-13 induced MUC5AC production and secretion, and leptin expression in the human bronchial epithelial cell line-16 (HBE16) cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Leptin knockdown suppressed MUC5AC production and secretion induced by IL-13. We further investigated the molecular mechanism by which leptin functioned, and found that leptin regulated IL-13-induced MUC5AC production and secretion via the JAK2-STAT3 pathway. Subsequently, Munc18b, a limiting component of the exocytic machinery of airway epithelial and mast cells, was found that when knockdown, MUC5AC secretion was significantly inhibited. SABiosciences ChIP search tool identified three STAT3 binding sites with Munc18b promoter. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis further confirmed that Stat3 upregulated Munc18b expression by directly binding to its promoter. These data suggested that leptin promotes MUC5AC secretion via JAK2-STAT3-MUNC18b regulatory network. Taken together, our data highlight a positive feedback role and molecular mechanism for leptin in the control of MUC5AC production and secretion from airway epithelial cells stimulated by IL-13, which encourage further exploration of the therapeutic potentials of manipulating leptin in the treatment of mucus hypersecretion in chronic inflammation lung diseases.
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42
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Jenks MZ, Fairfield HE, Johnson EC, Morrison RF, Muday GK. Sex Steroid Hormones Regulate Leptin Transcript Accumulation and Protein Secretion in 3T3-L1 Cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8232. [PMID: 28811502 PMCID: PMC5558017 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07473-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin is an adipokine produced by fat cells that regulates food consumption and metabolic activity. Sexual dimorphism in leptin and fat stores have been observed in humans and rodents with females having more leptin and greater levels of subcutaneous fat than males. One potential mechanism leading to this dimorphism is steroid hormone regulated synthesis of transcripts encoding leptin. Identification of direct regulatory mechanisms is difficult in animals or primary adipocytes due to these intertwined dimorphisms. We used well-characterized 3T3-L1 murine adipocytes to demonstrate that dihydrotestosterone (DHT) reduced Leptin (Lep) transcript abundance and cytosolic and secreted leptin protein. The magnitude of this effect was greatest on secreted leptin, which was decreased by DHT to 30% of the control. In contrast, 17β-estradiol significantly increased the abundance of transcripts encoding leptin and increased secreted leptin to 230% of the control. Treatment with estrogen and androgen receptor antagonists had opposite effects on Lep transcript abundance to steroid treatments, indicating that these transcriptional effects are mediated through the canonical steroid hormone signaling pathways. These results indicate that short-term treatments with steroid hormones are sufficient to alter both Lep transcript accumulation and leptin protein secretion, and may play a role in the sexual dimorphism of this adipokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Z Jenks
- Department of Biology and Center for Molecular Signaling, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Heather E Fairfield
- Department of Biology and Center for Molecular Signaling, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Erik C Johnson
- Department of Biology and Center for Molecular Signaling, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ron F Morrison
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gloria K Muday
- Department of Biology and Center for Molecular Signaling, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA.
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43
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Lanfray D, Richard D. Emerging Signaling Pathway in Arcuate Feeding-Related Neurons: Role of the Acbd7. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:328. [PMID: 28690493 PMCID: PMC5481368 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The understanding of the mechanisms whereby energy balance is regulated is essential to the unraveling of the pathophysiology of obesity. In the last three decades, focus was put on the metabolic role played by the hypothalamic neurons expressing proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript (CART) and the neurons co-localizing agouti-related peptide (AgRP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). These neurons are part of the leptin-melanocortin pathway, whose role is key in energy balance regulation. More recently, the metabolic involvement of further hypothalamic uncharacterized neuron populations has been suggested. In this review, we discuss the potential homeostatic implication of hypothalamic GABAergic neurons that produce Acyl-Coa-binding domain containing protein 7 (ACBD7), precursor of the nonadecaneuropeptide (NDN), which has recently been characterized as a potent anorexigenic neuropeptide capable of relaying the leptin anorectic/thermogenic effect via the melanocortin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Lanfray
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université LavalQuébec, QC, Canada
| | - Denis Richard
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université LavalQuébec, QC, Canada
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44
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Adiponectin and Intelectin-1: Important Adipokine Players in Obesity-Related Colorectal Carcinogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2017. [PMID: 28422056 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040866.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Overweight is believed to be associated with colorectal cancer risk. Adipose tissue is loose connective tissue composed of adipocytes. It is now recognized as a major endocrine organ, secreting humoral factors collectively called adipokines. Aberrant hormonal systems consisting of modulated adipokines and their receptors are thought to play a role in colorectal carcinogenesis and cancer progression in obese conditions. However, it is still unclear whether and how each adipokine relates to colorectal carcinogenesis. Notably, a couple of molecules that were initially proposed to be obesity-related adipokines were disqualified by subsequent studies. The adipokines, adiponectin, and intelectin-1 (also known as omentin-1), whose levels are decreased in obesity, act as tumor suppressor factors in various cancers. Numerous studies have demonstrated a link between the insufficient expression and function of adiponectin and its receptor, T-cadherin, in colorectal carcinogenesis. Moreover, our recent study indicated that loss of TMEM207, which is critical for the proper processing of intelectin-1 in the colon mucosa, leads to insufficient intelectin-1 production, thus participating in colorectal carcinogenesis. Here, we discuss the recent understanding of the role of adipokines in colorectal carcinogenesis and subsequently describe the potent tumor suppressor roles of intelectin-1 and TMEM207 in colorectal cancer.
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45
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Kawashima K, Maeda K, Saigo C, Kito Y, Yoshida K, Takeuchi T. Adiponectin and Intelectin-1: Important Adipokine Players in Obesity-Related Colorectal Carcinogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040866. [PMID: 28422056 PMCID: PMC5412447 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Overweight is believed to be associated with colorectal cancer risk. Adipose tissue is loose connective tissue composed of adipocytes. It is now recognized as a major endocrine organ, secreting humoral factors collectively called adipokines. Aberrant hormonal systems consisting of modulated adipokines and their receptors are thought to play a role in colorectal carcinogenesis and cancer progression in obese conditions. However, it is still unclear whether and how each adipokine relates to colorectal carcinogenesis. Notably, a couple of molecules that were initially proposed to be obesity-related adipokines were disqualified by subsequent studies. The adipokines, adiponectin, and intelectin-1 (also known as omentin-1), whose levels are decreased in obesity, act as tumor suppressor factors in various cancers. Numerous studies have demonstrated a link between the insufficient expression and function of adiponectin and its receptor, T-cadherin, in colorectal carcinogenesis. Moreover, our recent study indicated that loss of TMEM207, which is critical for the proper processing of intelectin-1 in the colon mucosa, leads to insufficient intelectin-1 production, thus participating in colorectal carcinogenesis. Here, we discuss the recent understanding of the role of adipokines in colorectal carcinogenesis and subsequently describe the potent tumor suppressor roles of intelectin-1 and TMEM207 in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Kawashima
- Department of Pathology and Translational Research, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Kenichi Maeda
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Chiemi Saigo
- Department of Pathology and Translational Research, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Kito
- Department of Pathology and Translational Research, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiro Yoshida
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Tamotsu Takeuchi
- Department of Pathology and Translational Research, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
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46
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Leakey JEA, Seng JE, Barnas CR, Baker VM, Hart RW. A Mechanistic Basis for the Beneficial Effects of Caloric Restriction On Longevity and Disease: Consequences for the Interpretation of Rodent Toxicity Studies. Int J Toxicol 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/109158189801700203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Caloric restriction in rodents has been repeatedly shown to increase life span while reducing the severity and retarding the onset of both spontaneous and chemically induced neoplasms. These effects of caloric restriction are associated with a spectrum of biochemical and physiological changes that characterize the organism's adaptation to reduced caloric intake and provide the mechanistic basis for caloric restriction's effect on longevity. Here, we review evidence suggesting that the primary adaptation appears to be a rhythmic hypercorticism in the absence of elevated adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) levels. This characteristic hypercorticism evokes a spectrum of responses, including reduced body temperature and increased metabolic efficiency, decreased mitogenic response coupled with increased rates of apoptosis, reduced inflammatory response, reduced oxidative damage to proteins and DNA, reduced reproductive capacity, and altered drug-metabolizing enzyme expression. The net effect of these changes is to (1) decrease growth and metabolism in peripheral tissues to spare energy for central functions, and (2) increase the organism's capacity to withstand stress and chemical toxicity. Thus, caloric restriction research has uncovered an evolutionary mechanism that provides rodents with an adaptive advantage in conditions of fluctuating food supply. During periods of abundance, body growth and fecundity are favored over endurance and longevity. Conversely, during periods of famine, reproductive performance and growth are sacrificed to ensure survival of individuals to breed in better times. This phenomena can be observed in rodent populations that are used in toxicity testing. Improvements over the last 30 years in animal husbandry and nutrition, coupled with selective breeding for growth and fecundity, have resulted in several strains now exhibiting larger animals with reduced survival and increased incidence of background lesions. The mechanistic data from caloric restriction studies suggest that these large animals will also be more susceptible to chemically induced toxicity. This creates a problem in comparing tests performed on animals of different weights and comparing data generated today with the historical database. The rational use of caloric restriction to control body weight to within preset guidelines is a possible way of alleviating this problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian E. A. Leakey
- Office of Research, National Center for Toxicological
Research, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - John E. Seng
- Office of Research, National Center for Toxicological
Research, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - Crissy R. Barnas
- Office of Research, National Center for Toxicological
Research, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Geriatrics,
Northwestern University, 303 E. Superior St., Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Vanessa M. Baker
- Office of Research, National Center for Toxicological
Research, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - Ronald W. Hart
- Office of Research, National Center for Toxicological
Research, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
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47
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Muroi Y, Ishii T. A novel neuropeptide Y neuronal pathway linking energy state and reproductive behavior. Neuropeptides 2016; 59:1-8. [PMID: 27659234 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Animals consume energy for reproduction, as well as survival. Excess or insufficient energy investment into reproduction, respectively, threatens the survival of parents or leads to the failure of reproduction. Management of energy consumption in reproduction is important, not only for the success of the process, but also for the survival of the parents. Reproductive behaviors, such as mating and parental behavior, are indispensable for achieving each event of reproduction including gametogamy, parturition, and lactation. Therefore, reproductive behavior is one of the important factors in managing energy consumption for reproduction. Orexigenic and anorexigenic molecules in the hypothalamus have been implicated in the regulation of reproductive functions. An orexigenic neuropeptide, neuropeptide Y (NPY), has been also implicated in the regulation of both reproduction and energy state of animals. In this review, we will first summarize the neuronal mechanism for regulating reproductive functions by orexigenic and anorexigenic molecules in the hypothalamus. Second, we will focus on the NPY neuronal pathways regulating reproductive behavior in the intra- and extra-hypothalamic brain areas. We will highlight the NPY neuronal pathway from the arcuate nucleus to the dorsal raphe nucleus as a novel extra-hypothalamic pathway for energy state-dependent regulation of reproductive behavior. Finally, we will propose a biological significance of the extra-hypothalamic NPY neuronal pathway, which plays an important role in the associative control of feeding and reproductive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikage Muroi
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
| | - Toshiaki Ishii
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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48
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Gehring JL, Rigano KS, Evans Hutzenbiler BD, Nelson OL, Robbins CT, Jansen HT. A protocol for the isolation and cultivation of brown bear (Ursus arctos) adipocytes. Cytotechnology 2016; 68:2177-91. [PMID: 26856588 PMCID: PMC5023558 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-015-9937-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown bears (Ursus arctos) exhibit hyperphagia each fall and can become obese in preparation for hibernation. They do this without displaying the physiological problems typically seen in obese humans, such as Type 2 diabetes and heart disease. The study of brown bear hibernation biology could therefore aid in the development of novel methods for combating metabolic diseases. To this end, we isolated mesenchymal stem cells from subcutaneous fat biopsies, and culture methods were developed to differentiate these into the adipogenic lineage. Biopsies were taken from 8 captive male (N = 6) and female (N = 2) brown bears, ages 2-12 years. Plastic adherent, fibroblast-like cells were proliferated and subsequently cryopreserved or differentiated. Differentiation conditions were optimized with respect to fetal bovine serum content and time spent in differentiation medium. Cultures were characterized through immunostaining, RT-qPCR, and Oil red O staining to quantify lipid accumulation. Adiponectin, leptin, and glycerol medium concentrations were also determined over the course of differentiation. The culturing protocol succeeded in generating hormone-sensitive lipase-expressing, lipid-producing white-type adipocytes (UCP1 negative). Serum concentration and time of exposure to differentiation medium were both positively related to lipid production. Cells cultured to low passage numbers retained similar lipid production and expression of lipid markers PLIN2 and FABP4. Ultimately, the protocols described here may be useful to biologists in the field investigating the health of wild bear populations and could potentially increase our understanding of metabolic disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Gehring
- School of the Environment and School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.
| | - K S Rigano
- School of the Environment and School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - B D Evans Hutzenbiler
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - O L Nelson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - C T Robbins
- School of the Environment and School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - H T Jansen
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
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49
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Jeong W, Yang X, Lee J, Ryoo Y, Kim J, Oh Y, Kwon S, Liu D, Son D. Serial changes in the proliferation and differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells after ionizing radiation. Stem Cell Res Ther 2016; 7:117. [PMID: 27530249 PMCID: PMC4988041 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-016-0378-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) are important to homeostasis and the regeneration of subcutaneous fat. Hence, we examined the proliferation and differentiation capacity of irradiated ASCs over time. Methods Two female pigs received a single 18 Gy dose of ionizing radiation to an 18 × 8 cm area on the dorsal body skin via a 6 MeV electron beam. After irradiation, the ASCs were cultured from adipose tissue harvested from a non-irradiated area and an irradiated area at 2, 4, and 6 weeks. The proliferation capacity of ASCs was evaluated by a colony-forming units–fibroblasts (CFUs-Fs) assay, a cholecystokinin (CCK) test with 10 % fetal bovine serum (FBS), and a 1 % FBS culture test. The senescence of ASCs was evaluated through morphological examination, immunophenotyping, and β-galactosidase activity, and the multipotent differentiation potential of ASCs was evaluated in adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic differentiation media. Results Irradiated ASCs demonstrated significantly decreased proliferative capacity 6 weeks after irradiation. As well, the cells underwent senescence, which was confirmed by blunted morphology, weak mesenchymal cell surface marker expression, and elevated β-galactosidase activity. Irradiated ASCs also exhibited significant losses in the capacity for adipocyte and chondrocyte differentiation. In contrast, osteogenic differentiation was preserved in irradiated ASCs. Conclusions We observed decreased proliferation and senescence of irradiated ASCs compared to non-irradiated ASCs 6 weeks after irradiation. Furthermore, irradiated ASCs demonstrated impaired adipocyte and chondrocyte differentiation but retained their osteogenic differentiation capacity. Our results could shed light on additional pathogenic effects of late irradiation, including subcutaneous fibrosis and calcinosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woonhyeok Jeong
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Institute for Medical Science, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiao Yang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jeongmi Lee
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Institute for Medical Science, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngwook Ryoo
- Department of Dermatology, Institute for Medical Science, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhee Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngkee Oh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunyoung Kwon
- Department of Pathology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Dalie Liu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Daegu Son
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Institute for Medical Science, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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50
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Kuroda M, Tominaga A, Nakagawa K, Nishiguchi M, Sebe M, Miyatake Y, Kitamura T, Tsutsumi R, Harada N, Nakaya Y, Sakaue H. DNA Methylation Suppresses Leptin Gene in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160532. [PMID: 27494408 PMCID: PMC4975473 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin is a key regulator of energy intake and expenditure. This peptide hormone is expressed in mouse white adipose tissue, but hardly expressed in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Using bisulfite sequencing, we found that CpG islands in the leptin promoter are highly methylated in 3T3-L1cells. 5-azacytidine, an inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase, markedly increased leptin expression as pre-adipocytes matured into adipocytes. Remarkably, leptin expression was stimulated by insulin in adipocytes derived from precursor cells exposed to 5-azacytidine, but suppressed by thiazolidinedione and dexamethasone. In contrast, adipocytes derived from untreated precursor cells were unresponsive to both 5-azacytidine and hormonal stimuli, although lipid accumulation was sufficient to boost leptin expression in the absence of demethylation. Taken together, the results suggest that leptin expression in 3T3-L1 cells requires DNA demethylation prior to adipogenesis, transcriptional activation during adipogenesis, and lipid accumulation after adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Kuroda
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima-city, Tokushima, Japan
- Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayako Tominaga
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima-city, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kasumi Nakagawa
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima-city, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Misa Nishiguchi
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima-city, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Mayu Sebe
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima-city, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yumiko Miyatake
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima-city, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Tadahiro Kitamura
- Metabolic Signal Research Center, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Rie Tsutsumi
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima-city, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Nagakatsu Harada
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima-city, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yutaka Nakaya
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Shikoku Central Hospital of the Mutual aid Association of Public School Teachers, Shikokuchuo-city, Ehime, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sakaue
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima-city, Tokushima, Japan
- Diabetes Therapeutics and Research Center, Tokushima University, Tokushima-city, Tokushima, Japan
- * E-mail:
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