1
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Asano T. Multicopper oxidase-2 mediated cuticle formation: Its contribution to evolution and success of insects as terrestrial organisms. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 168:104111. [PMID: 38508343 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2024.104111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
The insect cuticle is a non-cellular matrix composed of polysaccharide chitins and proteins. The cuticle covers most of the body surface, including the trachea, foregut, and hindgut, and it is the body structure that separates the intraluminal environment from the external environment. The cuticle is essential to sustain their lives, both as a physical barrier to maintain homeostasis and as an exoskeleton that mechanically supports body shape and movement. Previously, we proposed a theory about the possibility that the cuticle-forming system contributes to the "evolution and success of insects." The main points of our theory are that 1) insects evolved an insect-specific system of cuticle formation and 2) the presence of this system may have provided insects with a competitive advantage in the early land ecosystems. The key to this theory is that insects utilize molecular oxygen abundant in the atmosphere, which differs from closely related crustaceans that form their cuticles with calcium ions. With newly obtained knowledge, this review revisits the significance of the insect-specific system for insects to adapt to terrestrial environments and also discusses the long-standing question in entomology as to why, despite their great success in terrestrial environments, they poorly adapt to marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsunaki Asano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan, Minami-osawa 1-1, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan.
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2
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Orbán-Bakk K, Witek M, Dubiec A, Heinze J, Markó B, Csata E. Infection with a non-lethal fungal parasite is associated with increased immune investment in the ant Myrmica scabrinodis. J Invertebr Pathol 2024; 202:108027. [PMID: 38042446 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2023.108027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
Social insects, such as ants, are preferred host organisms of pathogens and parasites because colonies are densely populated, and the number of potential hosts is high in the same place and time. Within a colony, individuals are exposed differentially to risks according to their function and age. Thus, older individuals forage and are therefore the most exposed to infection, predation, or physical stress, while young workers mostly stay inside the sheltered nest being less exposed. Immune investment is considered to be dependent on an individual's age and pathogen pressure. Long-term exposure to a parasite could affect the immune activity of individuals in an intriguing way that interferes with the age-dependent decline in immunocompetence. However, there are only few cases in which such interferences can be studied. The myrmecopathogenic fungus Rickia wasmannii, which infects entire colonies without killing the workers, is a suitable candidate for such studies. We investigated the general immunocompetence of Myrmica scabrinodis ant workers associated with non-lethal fungal infection by measuring the levels of active phenoloxidase (PO) and total PO (PPO) (reflecting the amount of both active and inactive forms of the enzyme) in two age classes. The level of PO proved to be higher in infected workers than in uninfected ones, while the level of PPO increased with age but was not affected by infection. Overall, these results indicate that a long-term infection could go hand in hand with increased immune activity of ant workers, conferring them higher level of protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kincső Orbán-Bakk
- Hungarian Department of Biology and Ecology, Babeș-Bolyai University, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Clinicilor st. 5-7, Romania; Center for Systems Biology, Biodiversity and Bioresources, Sociobiology and Insect Ecology Lab, Babeș-Bolyai University, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Clinicilor st. 5-7, Romania.
| | - Magdalena Witek
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wilcza 64, 00-679 Warszawa, Poland.
| | - Anna Dubiec
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wilcza 64, 00-679 Warszawa, Poland.
| | - Jürgen Heinze
- Institute for Zoology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Bálint Markó
- Hungarian Department of Biology and Ecology, Babeș-Bolyai University, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Clinicilor st. 5-7, Romania; Institute for Research, Development and Innovation in Applied Natural Sciences, Babeș-Bolyai University, Fântânele 30, 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Enikő Csata
- Institute for Zoology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany.
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3
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Hong Q, Chen YL, Lin D, Yang RQ, Cao KY, Zhang LJ, Liu YM, Sun LC, Cao MJ. Expression of polyphenol oxidase of Litopenaeus vannamei and its characterization. Food Chem 2024; 432:137258. [PMID: 37657339 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) plays a critical role in decrement of shrimp quality. To obtain active PPO and elucidate its enzymatic properties, PPO from Litopenaeus vannamei (Lv-PPO) was cloned, expressed in E. coli and purified by affinity column chromatography. The Lv-PPO gene was 2076 bp in length encoding 691 amino acids. The recombinant Lv-PPO (rLv-PPO) with a molecular mass of ∼85.0 kDa was successfully expressed and its sequence was verified by LC-MS/MS. rLv-PPO was biologically active with an optimal temperature of 40℃ and an optimal pH of 6.0. Metal ions Cu2+ and Zn2+ altered the activity of rLv-PPO by influencing its secondary and tertiary structures. rLv-PPO showed catalytic activity towards l-Dopa and catechol. A specific polyclonal antibody against rLv-PPO was prepared. Western blot analysis revealed that PPO levels were highest in hemolymph, followed by telson, carapace, and eyestalk. Expression of rLv-PPO will assist future studies on the mechanism in shrimp melanosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Hong
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yu-Lei Chen
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Duanquan Lin
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Ru-Qing Yang
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Kai-Yuan Cao
- Department of Biological Science, National University of Singapore, 117558, Singapore
| | - Ling-Jing Zhang
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yi-Ming Liu
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Le-Chang Sun
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Min-Jie Cao
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China.
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4
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García-Saldaña EA, Cerqueda-García D, Ibarra-Laclette E, Aluja M. Insights into the differences related to the resistance mechanisms to the highly toxic fruit Hippomane mancinella (Malpighiales: Euphorbiaceae) between the larvae of the sister species Anastrepha acris and Anastrepha ludens (Diptera: Tephritidae) through comparative transcriptomics. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1263475. [PMID: 38304114 PMCID: PMC10830740 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1263475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The Manchineel, Hippomane mancinella ("Death Apple Tree") is one of the most toxic fruits worldwide and nevertheless is the host plant of the monophagous fruit fly species Anastrepha acris (Diptera: Tephritidae). Here we aimed at elucidating the detoxification mechanisms in larvae of A. acris reared on a diet enriched with the toxic fruit (6% lyophilizate) through comparative transcriptomics. We compared the performance of A. acris larvae with that of the sister species A. ludens, a highly polyphagous pest species that is unable to infest H. mancinella in nature. The transcriptional alterations in A. ludens were significantly greater than in A. acris. We mainly found two resistance mechanisms in both species: structural, activating cuticle protein biosynthesis (chitin-binding proteins likely reducing permeability to toxic compounds in the intestine), and metabolic, triggering biosynthesis of serine proteases and xenobiotic metabolism activation by glutathione-S-transferases and cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase. Some cuticle proteins and serine proteases were not orthologous between both species, suggesting that in A. acris, a structural resistance mechanism has been selected allowing specialization to the highly toxic host plant. Our results represent a nice example of how two phylogenetically close species diverged over recent evolutionary time related to resistance mechanisms to plant secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essicka A. García-Saldaña
- Clúster Científico y Tecnológico BioMimic, Red de Manejo Biorracional de Plagas y Vectores, Instituto de Ecología, A C–INECOL, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Daniel Cerqueda-García
- Clúster Científico y Tecnológico BioMimic, Red de Manejo Biorracional de Plagas y Vectores, Instituto de Ecología, A C–INECOL, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Enrique Ibarra-Laclette
- Clúster Científico y Tecnológico BioMimic, Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología, A C–INECOL, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Martín Aluja
- Clúster Científico y Tecnológico BioMimic, Red de Manejo Biorracional de Plagas y Vectores, Instituto de Ecología, A C–INECOL, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
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5
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Ma M, Luo J, Li C, Eleftherianos I, Zhang W, Xu L. A life-and-death struggle: interaction of insects with entomopathogenic fungi across various infection stages. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1329843. [PMID: 38259477 PMCID: PMC10800808 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1329843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Insects constitute approximately 75% of the world's recognized fauna, with the majority of species considered as pests. Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) are parasitic microorganisms capable of efficiently infecting insects, rendering them potent biopesticides. In response to infections, insects have evolved diverse defense mechanisms, prompting EPF to develop a variety of strategies to overcome or circumvent host defenses. While the interaction mechanisms between EPF and insects is well established, recent findings underscore that their interplay is more intricate than previously thought, especially evident across different stages of EPF infection. This review primarily focuses on the interplay between EPF and the insect defense strategies, centered around three infection stages: (1) Early infection stage: involving the pre-contact detection and avoidance behavior of EPF in insects, along with the induction of behavioral responses upon contact with the host cuticle; (2) Penetration and intra-hemolymph growth stage: involving the initiation of intricate cellular and humoral immune functions in insects, while symbiotic microbes can further contribute to host resistance; (3) Host insect's death stage: involving the ultimate confrontation between pathogens and insects. Infected insects strive to separate themselves from the healthy population, while pathogens rely on the infected insects to spread to new hosts. Also, we discuss a novel pest management strategy underlying the cooperation between EPF infection and disturbing the insect immune system. By enhancing our understanding of the intricate interplay between EPF and the insect, this review provides novel perspectives for EPF-mediated pest management and developing effective fungal insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ioannis Eleftherianos
- Infection and Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Wei Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Letian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
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Marieshwari BN, Prithi C, Nivetha R, Bhuvaragavan S, Sundaram J. Detection and substrate portrayal on the serum phenoloxidase activity from the grub of rhinoceros beetle, Oryctes rhinoceros. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2023; 113:626-636. [PMID: 37519263 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485323000305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Phenoloxidase (PO) is a significant biomolecule involved in humoral defence mechanism of invertebrates. Spontaneous melanization of insect haemolymph is the major hinderance for studying PO activity, as haemolymph was collected devoid of phenylthiourea. In the study, no visible melanization was observed in crude serum from the grub of Oryctes rhinoceros up to 30 min of incubation amongst crude haemolymph, diluted haemolymph, crude serum and diluted serum that were subjected to visual observation for spontaneous melanization reaction. Accordingly, crude serum was taken for evaluating PO activity. At the same time, as PO substrates tend to auto-oxidize and provide false optical density value, tris-buffered saline devoid of any substrates were used as blank for PO assays. The ideal wavelength at which maximum PO activity occurred for each substrate, namely, tyrosine, tyramine, dopamine, L-dopa, DL-dopa, catechol, protocatechuic acid and pyrogallol was determined as 407, 410, 429, 465, 403, 466, 428 and 400 nm, respectively. Additionally, time course of oxidation for each phenolic substrate by the serum PO were examined and DL-dopa was identified as the specific substrate for serum PO in the grub of O. rhinoceros. Furthermore, maximum PO activity was observed at 5 min of incubation for 10 mM of DL-dopa that was considered as optimum concentration. The ideal pH and temperature for serum PO activity was observed as 7.5 and 20°C, respectively. These results suggested that standardizing a suitable substrate is an essential prerequisite to evaluate the real PO activity of serum which might significantly fluctuate in each insect model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chandran Prithi
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600025, India
| | - Ramanathan Nivetha
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600025, India
| | | | - Janarthanan Sundaram
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600025, India
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7
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Marieshwari BN, Bhuvaragavan S, Sruthi K, Mullainadhan P, Janarthanan S. Insect phenoloxidase and its diverse roles: melanogenesis and beyond. J Comp Physiol B 2023; 193:1-23. [PMID: 36472653 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-022-01468-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Insect life on earth is greatly diversified despite being exposed to several infectious agents due to their diverse habitats and ecological niche. One of the major factors responsible for their successful establishment is having a powerful innate immune system. The most common and effective method used by insects in recognizing pathogen and non-self-substances is the melanization process among others. The key enzyme involved in melanin biosynthesis is the copper containing humoral defense enzyme, phenoloxidase (PO). This review focused on understanding about PO and that had been in research for nearly a century. The review elaborates about evolutionary significance of PO in arthropods, its relationship with mammalian tyrosinases, various substrates, activators and inhibitors involved in the activation of phenoloxidase cascade, as it requires an integrated system of activation that vary among insect species. The enzyme also plays a vital role in insect immunity by involving in several other immune functions like sclerotization, wound healing, opsonization, encapsulation and nodule formation. Further, gene knock down or knock out of PO genes and inhibition of PO-melanization cascade by several mechanisms can also be considered as promising future alternative to control serious pests by making them highly susceptible to any targeted attack.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kannan Sruthi
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600025, India
| | | | - Sundaram Janarthanan
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600025, India.
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8
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Arch M, Vidal M, Koiffman R, Melkie ST, Cardona PJ. Drosophila melanogaster as a model to study innate immune memory. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:991678. [PMID: 36338030 PMCID: PMC9630750 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.991678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, research regarding innate immune responses has gained increasing importance. A growing body of evidence supports the notion that the innate arm of the immune system could show memory traits. Such traits are thought to be conserved throughout evolution and provide a survival advantage. Several models are available to study these mechanisms. Among them, we find the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. This non-mammalian model has been widely used for innate immune research since it naturally lacks an adaptive response. Here, we aim to review the latest advances in the study of the memory mechanisms of the innate immune response using this animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Arch
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Maria Vidal
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Comparative Medicine and Bioimage Centre of Catalonia (CMCiB), Germans Trias I Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Microbiology Department, Laboratori Clínic Metropolitana Nord, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Spain
| | - Romina Koiffman
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- UCBL, UnivLyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL1), Villeurbanne, France
| | - Solomon Tibebu Melkie
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- UCBL, UnivLyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL1), Villeurbanne, France
| | - Pere-Joan Cardona
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Comparative Medicine and Bioimage Centre of Catalonia (CMCiB), Germans Trias I Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Microbiology Department, Laboratori Clínic Metropolitana Nord, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
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9
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Daugavet MA, Dobrynina MI, Shaposhnikova TG, Solovyeva AI, Mittenberg AG, Shabelnikov SV, Babkina IY, Grinchenko AV, Ilyaskina DV, Podgornaya OI. New putative phenol oxidase in ascidian blood cells. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14326. [PMID: 35995990 PMCID: PMC9395347 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18283-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenol oxidase system is ancient and ubiquitously distributed in all living organisms. In various groups it serves for the biosynthesis of pigments and neurotransmitters (dopamine), defence reactions and tissue hardening. Ascidians belong to subphylum Tunicata, which is considered the closest living relative to Vertebrates. Two phenol oxidases previously described for ascidians are vertebrate-like and arthropod-like phenol oxidases. In our present study, we described a new ascidian protein, Tuphoxin, with putative phenol oxidase function, which bears no sequence similarity with two enzymes described previously. The closest related proteins to Tuphoxin are mollusc haemocyanins. Unlike haemocyanins, which are oxygen transporting plasma proteins, Tuphoxin is synthesised in ascidian blood cells and secreted in the extracellular matrix of the tunic—ascidian outer coverings. Single mature transcript coding for this phenol oxidase can give several protein products of different sizes. Thus limited proteolysis of the initial protein is suggested. A unique feature of Tuphoxins and their homologues among Tunicata is the presence of thrombospondin first type repeats (TSP1) domain in their sequence which is supposed to provide interaction with extracellular matrix. The finding of TSP1 in the structure of phenol oxidases is new and we consider this to be an innovation of Tunicata evolutionary lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Daugavet
- Institute of Cytology of Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - M I Dobrynina
- Institute of Cytology of Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - A I Solovyeva
- Institute of Cytology of Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia.,Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - A G Mittenberg
- Institute of Cytology of Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - S V Shabelnikov
- Institute of Cytology of Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - I Yu Babkina
- Saint-Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - A V Grinchenko
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - D V Ilyaskina
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Vladivostok, Russia.,Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - O I Podgornaya
- Institute of Cytology of Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia.,Saint-Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
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10
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Wang Q, Sun Z, Ma S, Liu X, Xia H, Chen K. Molecular mechanism and potential application of bacterial infection in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 131:104381. [PMID: 35245606 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As a representative species of Lepidoptera, Bombyx mori has been widely studied and applied. However, bacterial infection has always been an important pathogen threatening the growth of silkworms. Bombyx mori can resist various pathogenic bacteria through their own physical barrier and innate immune system. However, compared with other insects, such as Drosophila melanogaster, research on the antibacterial mechanism of silkworms is still in its infancy. This review systematically summarized the routes of bacterial infection in silkworms, the antibacterial mechanism of silkworms after ingestion or wounding infection, and the intestinal bacteria and infection of silkworms. Finally, we will discuss silkworms as a model animal for studying bacterial infectious diseases and screening antibacterial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Zhonghe Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Shangshang Ma
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xiaoyong Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Hengchuan Xia
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Keping Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China.
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11
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Eychenne M, Girard PA, Frayssinet M, Lan L, Pagès S, Duvic B, Nègre N. Mutagenesis of both prophenoloxidases in the fall armyworm induces major defects in metamorphosis. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 139:104399. [PMID: 35568240 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2022.104399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Upon infection, the phenoloxidase system in arthropods is rapidly mobilized and constitutes a major defense system against invaders. The activation of the key enzymes prophenoloxidase (PPO) and their action in immunity through melanization and encapsulation of foreign bodies in hemolymph has been described in many insects. On the other hand, little is known about PPOs involvement in other essential functions related to insect development. In this paper, we investigated the function of the two PPOs of the crop pest, Spodoptera frugiperda (PPO1 and PPO2). We show that PPOs are mainly expressed in hemocytes with the PPO2 expressed at higher levels than the PPO1. In addition, these two genes are expressed in the same tissue and at the same stages of insect development. Through the generation of loss-of-function mutants by CRISPR/Cas9 method, we show that the presence of PPOs is essential for the normal development of the pupa and the survival of the insect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Laijiao Lan
- DGIMI, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvie Pagès
- DGIMI, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Bernard Duvic
- DGIMI, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France.
| | - Nicolas Nègre
- DGIMI, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France.
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12
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[Experimental study of silkworm larvae plasma colorimetry based on immune cascade reaction in accurate diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection]. ZHONGGUO XIU FU CHONG JIAN WAI KE ZA ZHI = ZHONGGUO XIUFU CHONGJIAN WAIKE ZAZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF REPARATIVE AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY 2022; 36:203-208. [PMID: 35172406 PMCID: PMC8863539 DOI: 10.7507/1002-1892.202109046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the diagnostic efficacy of silkworm larvae plasma (SLP) colorimetry in the accurate diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). METHODS Ninety healthy male New Zealand white rabbits were used for knee arthroplasty with Swanson prosthesis. Then they were randomly divided into 3 groups according to different pathogenic bacteria: group A ( Staphylococcus aureus group), group B ( Staphylococcus epidermidis group) and group C ( Escherichia coli group), with 30 rats in each group. The PJI model was prepared by knee injection with 1 mL of pathogenic bacteria of different concentrations. Samples were taken before inoculation and at 7, 14, and 21 days after inoculation, and based on the 2018 PJI Philadelphia International Consensus diagnostic criteria, the success rate of modeling among 3 groups of experimental animals was determined. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and diagnostic efficiency of SLP colorimetry were calculated. RESULTS At 21 days after inoculation, 26, 18, and 23 rabbits in groups A, B, and C were diagnosed as infection, respectively. The success rates of modeling were 86.7%, 60.0%, and 76.7%, respectively, showing no significant difference among the 3 groups ( χ 2=5.724, P=0.073). The results of PJI colorimetry showed that 1 false-positive animal (specificity 75.0%) appeared in group A at 7 days, and the specificity of SLP increased to 100.0% over time (on 14 and 21 days); on 14 and 21 days, another animal appeared false-negative results (sensitivity decreased from 100.0% to 96.2%). One false-positive animal appeared in group B at 7 days (specificity 91.7%), the specificity returned to 100.0% over time; 1 and 4 false-negative animals appeared at 14 and 21 days, respectively (sensitivity 94.4% and 83.3%, respectively). In group C, two false-positive animals (specificity 71.4%) were found at 7 days, and then returned to 100.0%. The diagnostic efficiency of groups A and C was very high at 21 days (96.7% and 100.0%), even for the low virulence Staphylococcus epidermidis in group B, the diagnostic efficiency could be maintained at 90.0% (21 days), and the overall diagnostic efficiency was very good (95.6%). CONCLUSION SLP colorimetry has high sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic efficiency in the diagnosis of PJI, which is a potential diagnostic method.
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Silva CJM, Beleza S, Campos D, Soares AMVM, Patrício Silva AL, Pestana JLT, Gravato C. Immune response triggered by the ingestion of polyethylene microplastics in the dipteran larvae Chironomus riparius. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 414:125401. [PMID: 33640731 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The activation of insects' immune system due to the ingestion of microplastics (MPs) has only been evidenced by the upregulation of specific genes. The activation of phenoloxidase (PO) system is one of the primary responses involved in insects' innate immunity when facing parasites and pathogens, and ingestion of MPs can trigger a similar process. This study aimed at addressing the activities of basal PO and total PO (PO+ prophenoloxidase - proPO), in Chironomus riparius larvae (a model species in ecotoxicology) exposed to sediments spiked with polyethylene microplastics (PE-MPs; size-range 32-63 µm; concentrations: 1.25; 5; to 20 g kg-1) for 48 h. The ingestion of PE-MPs by larvae triggered a significant increase of basal PO activity at 5 and 20 g PE-MPs kg-1, by 26% and 29%, respectively, whereas total PO increased significantly in the latter (+48%), suggesting de novo synthesis of proPO by organisms. Considering the particle size, the immune response's activation is probably linked to damage in the epithelial cells of the gut lumen. This research work provides the first evidence on the activation of the insect's innate immune system after ingestion of MPs and underlines the PO activity as a good indicator of the immune response induced by MPs' ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos J M Silva
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sónia Beleza
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Diana Campos
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana L Patrício Silva
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João L T Pestana
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Carlos Gravato
- Faculty of Sciences & CESAM, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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Wang G, Zhou Y, Tang B, Ali H, Hou Y. Immune function differences between two color morphs of the red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) at different life stages. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:5702-5712. [PMID: 34026041 PMCID: PMC8131810 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies demonstrated that in insects cuticle melanism is interrelated with pathogen resistance, as melanin-based coloration and innate immunity possess similar physiological pathways. For some insects, higher pathogen resistance was observed in darker individuals than in individuals with lighter cuticular coloration. Here, we investigated the difference in immune response between two color morphs (black and red) and between the life stages (pupa and adult) of the red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Here in this study, cuticle thickness, microbial test (antimicrobial activity, phenoloxidase activity, and hemocyte density), and immune-related gene expression were evaluated at different stages of RPW. Study results revealed that cuticle thickness of black phenotype was thicker than red phenotype at old-pupa stage, while no significant difference found at adult stage. These results may relate to the development processes of epidermis in different stages of RPW. The results of antimicrobial activity, phenoloxidase (PO) activity, and hemocyte density analyses showed that adults with a red phenotype had stronger pathogen resistance than those with a black phenotype. In addition to antimicrobial activity and PO activity, we tested relative gene expression in the fat body of old pupae. The results of hemolymph antimicrobial analysis showed that old pupae with a red phenotype were significantly different from those with a black phenotype at 12 hr after Staphylococcus aureus injection, suggesting that red phenotype pupae were more sensitive to S. aureus. Examination of gene expression in the fat body also revealed that the red phenotype had a higher immune response than the black phenotype. Our results were inconsistent with the previous conclusion that dark insects had increased immune function, suggesting that the relationship between cuticle pigmentation and immune function in insects was not a direct link. Additional possible factors that are associated with the immune response, such as life-history, developmental, physiological factors also need to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guihua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical BiologyMinistry of EducationFujianChina
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Insect EcologyCollege of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFujianChina
| | - Yuxuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical BiologyMinistry of EducationFujianChina
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Insect EcologyCollege of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFujianChina
| | - Baozhen Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical BiologyMinistry of EducationFujianChina
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Insect EcologyCollege of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFujianChina
| | - Habib Ali
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- Department of Agriculture EngineeringKhawaja Fareed University of Engineering and Informtion TechnologyRahim Yar KhanPakistan
- University of Agriculture FaisalabdOkaraPakistan
| | - Youming Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical BiologyMinistry of EducationFujianChina
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Insect EcologyCollege of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFujianChina
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Zeng HJ, Li QY, Ma J, Yang R, Qu LB. A comparative study on the effects of resveratrol and oxyresveratrol against tyrosinase activity and their inhibitory mechanism. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 251:119405. [PMID: 33450449 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.119405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Resveratrol and oxyresveratrol are two natural polyhydroxy trans-stilbene products. Previous studies have shown that both of them can effectively inhibit the activity of tyrosinase. However, little attention has been paid to study the difference of their inhibitory mechanism. To reveal this difference, in this work a comparative study on the inhibitory effects of resveratrol and oxyresveratrol against cellular tyrosinase activity and melanin content were investigated by B16F0 cells, and the inhibitory mechanism of them on tyrosinase was revealed by cell-free tyrosinase inhibition, intrinsic fluorescence spectrum, circular dichroism and molecular docking. The results showed that the inhibitory capacity of oxyresveratrol toward tyrosinase activity and melanin formation was better than that of resveratrol. The difference of their inhibitory mechanism may be closely related to the different types of inhibition, the different strength of their interaction with tyrosinase and the different number of hydrogen bonds between them. The data in this study provide a scientific basis for revealing the inhibitory mechanisms of resveratrol and oxyresveratrol toward tyrosinase, and lay an experimental foundation for further development and utilization of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Jin Zeng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Qiong-Yang Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Jiao Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Ran Yang
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Construction of Functional Molecules and Their Bioanalytical Applications, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China.
| | - Ling-Bo Qu
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Construction of Functional Molecules and Their Bioanalytical Applications, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
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Regulators and signalling in insect antimicrobial innate immunity: Functional molecules and cellular pathways. Cell Signal 2021; 83:110003. [PMID: 33836260 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Insects possess an immune system that protects them from attacks by various pathogenic microorganisms that would otherwise threaten their survival. Immune mechanisms may deal directly with the pathogens by eliminating them from the host organism or disarm them by suppressing the synthesis of toxins and virulence factors that promote the invasion and destructive action of the intruder within the host. Insects have been established as outstanding models for studying immune system regulation because innate immunity can be explored as an integrated system at the level of the whole organism. Innate immunity in insects consists of basal immunity that controls the constitutive synthesis of effector molecules such as antimicrobial peptides, and inducible immunity that is activated after detection of a microbe or its product(s). Activation and coordination of innate immune defenses in insects involve evolutionary conserved immune factors. Previous research in insects has led to the identification and characterization of distinct immune signalling pathways that modulate the response to microbial infections. This work has not only advanced the field of insect immunology, but it has also rekindled interest in the innate immune system of mammals. Here we review the current knowledge on key molecular components of insect immunity and discuss the opportunities they present for confronting infectious diseases in humans.
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Younes S, Al-Sulaiti A, Nasser EAA, Najjar H, Kamareddine L. Drosophila as a Model Organism in Host-Pathogen Interaction Studies. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:214. [PMID: 32656090 PMCID: PMC7324642 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to the genetic similarities and conserved pathways between a fruit fly and mammals, the use of the Drosophila model as a platform to unveil novel mechanisms of infection and disease progression has been justified and widely instigated. Gaining proper insight into host-pathogen interactions and identifying chief factors involved in host defense and pathogen virulence in Drosophila serves as a foundation to establish novel strategies for infectious disease prevention and control in higher organisms, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Younes
- Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Asma Al-Sulaiti
- Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Hoda Najjar
- Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Layla Kamareddine
- Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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18
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Boraschi D, Alijagic A, Auguste M, Barbero F, Ferrari E, Hernadi S, Mayall C, Michelini S, Navarro Pacheco NI, Prinelli A, Swart E, Swartzwelter BJ, Bastús NG, Canesi L, Drobne D, Duschl A, Ewart MA, Horejs-Hoeck J, Italiani P, Kemmerling B, Kille P, Prochazkova P, Puntes VF, Spurgeon DJ, Svendsen C, Wilde CJ, Pinsino A. Addressing Nanomaterial Immunosafety by Evaluating Innate Immunity across Living Species. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2000598. [PMID: 32363795 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202000598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of a living organism with external foreign agents is a central issue for its survival and adaptation to the environment. Nanosafety should be considered within this perspective, and it should be examined that how different organisms interact with engineered nanomaterials (NM) by either mounting a defensive response or by physiologically adapting to them. Herein, the interaction of NM with one of the major biological systems deputed to recognition of and response to foreign challenges, i.e., the immune system, is specifically addressed. The main focus is innate immunity, the only type of immunity in plants, invertebrates, and lower vertebrates, and that coexists with adaptive immunity in higher vertebrates. Because of their presence in the majority of eukaryotic living organisms, innate immune responses can be viewed in a comparative context. In the majority of cases, the interaction of NM with living organisms results in innate immune reactions that eliminate the possible danger with mechanisms that do not lead to damage. While in some cases such interaction may lead to pathological consequences, in some other cases beneficial effects can be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Boraschi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Napoli, 80131, Italy
| | - Andi Alijagic
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, Palermo, 90146, Italy
| | - Manon Auguste
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, University of Genova, Genova, 16126, Italy
| | - Francesco Barbero
- Institut Català de Nanosciència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Eleonora Ferrari
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology - ZMBP, Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Szabolcs Hernadi
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Craig Mayall
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Liubljana, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - Sara Michelini
- Department of Biosciences, Paris-Lodron University Salzburg, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
| | | | | | - Elmer Swart
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, OX10 8BB, UK
| | | | - Neus G Bastús
- Institut Català de Nanosciència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Laura Canesi
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, University of Genova, Genova, 16126, Italy
| | - Damjana Drobne
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Liubljana, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - Albert Duschl
- Department of Biosciences, Paris-Lodron University Salzburg, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
| | | | - Jutta Horejs-Hoeck
- Department of Biosciences, Paris-Lodron University Salzburg, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
| | - Paola Italiani
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Napoli, 80131, Italy
| | - Birgit Kemmerling
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology - ZMBP, Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Peter Kille
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Petra Prochazkova
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Victor F Puntes
- Institut Català de Nanosciència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, 08010, Spain
- Vall d Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, 08035, Spain
| | | | - Claus Svendsen
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, OX10 8BB, UK
| | | | - Annalisa Pinsino
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, Palermo, 90146, Italy
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Liu H, Heng J, Wang L, Tang X, Guo P, Li Y, Xia Q, Zhao P. Identification, characterization, and expression analysis of clip-domain serine protease genes in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 105:103584. [PMID: 31863792 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Clip-domain serine proteases (CLIPs), characterized by regulatory module clip domains, constitute an important serine protease family identified in insects and other arthropods. They participate in host immune response and embryonic development in a cascade-activated manner. Here, we present a genome-wide identification and expression analysis of CLIP genes in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. A total of 26 CLIP genes were identified in the silkworm genome. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that these CLIPs clustered into four subfamilies (CLIPA-D), and exhibit a close evolutionary relationship with CLIPs of Manduca sexta. Tissue expression profiling revealed that silkworm CLIP genes are mainly expressed in the integument, head, fat body, and hemocytes. Temporal expression profiles showed that 15 CLIP genes were predominantly expressed during the fifth-instar larval stage, early and later period of the pupal stage, and adult stage, whereas 10 CLIP genes were mainly expressed in the wandering stage and middle to later period of the pupal stage in the integument. Pathogens and 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) induction analysis indicated that 14 CLIP genes were positively regulated by 20E, 9 were negatively regulated by 20E but positively regulated by pathogens, and 5 were positively regulated by both factors in the integument. Together, these results suggested that silkworm CLIP genes may play multiple functions in integument development, including melanization of new cuticle, molting and immune defense. Our data provide a comprehensive understanding of CLIP genes in the silkworm integument and lays a foundation for further functional studies of CLIP genes in the silkworm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huawei Liu
- Biological Science Research Center Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Jingya Heng
- Biological Science Research Center Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Luoling Wang
- Biological Science Research Center Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xin Tang
- Biological Science Research Center Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Pengchao Guo
- Biological Science Research Center Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Youshan Li
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, 723001, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- Biological Science Research Center Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Biological Science Research Center Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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Baeuerle G, Feldhaar H, Otti O. Comparing a Potential External Immune Defense Trait to Internal Immunity in Females of Wild Bumblebees. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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Abbod M, Safaie N, Gholivand K, Mehrabadi M, Bonsaii M. Mode of action of 3-butylidene phthalide as a competent natural pesticide. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 164:228-236. [PMID: 32284131 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the biological activities and mode of action of 3-butylidene phthalide (3-BPH) were studied. 3-BPH had a superior efficiency against microsclerotia of Macrophomina phaseolina compared to the commercial fungicide tricyclazole. The microsclerotia formation and pigmentation were inhibited at 100 μg/mL. Moreover, the fungicide exhibited in silico affinity toward trihydroxy naphthalene reductase (3HNR). Both 3-BPH and tricyclazole showed congruence in the orientation and interaction within the 3HNR active site. 3-BPH displayed a strong interaction with SER-164, TYR-178, and TYR-223, with estimated binding energy and inhibition constant of -6.78 kcal mol-1, and Ki = 12.6 μM, respectively. Furthermore, it showed in vitro and in silico inhibitory activity against Drosophila melanogaster acetylcholinesterase in a concentration-dependent manner with IC50 = 730 μg/mL. It also impaired Galleria mellonella phenol oxidase enzyme, which corresponds with the insect's immune system. Phytotoxicity of 3-BPH was evident against Lemna minor at 1000 μg /mL; nevertheless, it was nontoxic at the concentrations inhibiting M. phaseolina microsclerotia and dark pigments suggest that it may be safe for use on other plants at low doses. Further assays are wanted to develop 3-BPH as a novel crop protection compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Abbod
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O.B. 14115-336, Tehran, Iran
| | - Naser Safaie
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O.B. 14115-336, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Khodayar Gholivand
- Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehrabadi
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-336, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahyar Bonsaii
- Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran
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Wrońska AK, Boguś MI. Heat shock proteins (HSP 90, 70, 60, and 27) in Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera) hemolymph are affected by infection with Conidiobolus coronatus (Entomophthorales). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228556. [PMID: 32027696 PMCID: PMC7004346 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Invertebrates are becoming more popular models for research on the immune system. The innate immunity possessed by insects shows both structural and functional similarity to the resistance displayed by mammals, and many processes occurring in insect hemocytes are similar to those that occur in mammals. The humoral immune response in insects acts by melanization, clotting and the production of reactive oxygen species and antimicrobial peptides, while the cellular immunity system is based on nodulation, encapsulation and phagocytosis. An increasingly popular insect model in biological research is Galleria mellonella, whose larvae are sensitive to infection by the entomopathogenic fungus Conidiobolus coronatus, which can also be dangerous to humans. One group of factors that modulate the response of the immune system during infection in mammals are heat shock proteins (HSPs). The aim of this study was to investigate whether infection by C. coronatus in G. mellonella hemolymph is accompanied by an increase of HSP90, HSP70, HSP60 and HSP27. Larvae (five-day-old last instar) were exposed for 24 hours to fully-grown and sporulating fungus. Hemolymph was collected either immediately after termination of exposure (F24) or 24 hours later (F48). The concentration of the HSPs in hemolymph was determined using ELISA. Immunolocalization in hemocytes was performed using fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. HSP90, HSP70, HSP60 and HSP27 were found to be present in the G. mellonella hemocytes. HSP60 and HSP90 predominated in healthy insects, with HSP70 and HSP27 being found in trace amounts; HSP60 and HSP27 were elevated in F24 and F48, and HSP90 was elevated in F48. The fungal infection had no effect on HSP70 levels. These findings shed light on the mechanisms underlying the interaction between the innate insect immune response and entomopathogen infection. The results of this innovative study may have a considerable impact on research concerning innate immunology and insect physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Katarzyna Wrońska
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Warsaw, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Mieczysława Irena Boguś
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Warsaw, Poland
- BIOMIBO, Warsaw, Poland
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Shaik HA, Mishra A, Sehadová H, Kodrík D. Responses of sericotropin to toxic and pathogenic challenges: possible role in defense of the wax moth Galleria mellonella. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 227:108633. [PMID: 31644954 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2019.108633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study describes defense functions of the insect neuropeptide sericotropin, which is recognized as an agent that stimulates silk production in some lepidopteran larvae. Sericotropin, expressed in brain tissue of the wax moth Galleria mellonella in all developmental stages, is not expressed in silk glands, indicating its tissue specificity. Fluorescence microscopy confirmed the presence of sericotropin in the brain-subesophageal complex being predominantly and densely distributed under the plasmatic membrane and in axonal parts of neurons. Injection of venom from Habrobracon hebetor and topical application of the entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) Steinernema carpocapsae with symbiotic bacteria Xenorhabdus spp. into or onto G. mellonella larvae resulted in upregulation of the sericotropin gene and peptide, suggesting a role for sericotropin in defense and immunity. Accordingly, two synthetic fragments of sericotropin killed entomotoxic Xenorhabdus spp. bacteria in a disc diffusion antimicrobial test. Further, total metabolism, monitored by carbon dioxide production, significantly decreased after application of either venom or EPN, probably because of muscle impairment by the venom and serious cell damage caused by EPN, especially in the midgut. Both venom and EPN upregulated expression of genes encoding antimicrobial peptides gallerimycin and galiomicin in Galleria brain; however, they downregulated prophenoloxidase and phenoloxidase activity in hemolymph. These results suggest that sericotropin is a multifunctional peptide that plays an important role in G. mellonella defense and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haq Abdul Shaik
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, CAS, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Archana Mishra
- Institute of Molecular Biology of Plants, Biology Centre, CAS, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Sehadová
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, CAS, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Dalibor Kodrík
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, CAS, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
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Chortani S, Nimbarte VD, Horchani M, Ben Jannet H, Romdhane A. Synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular docking analysis of novel benzopyrimidinone derivatives as potential anti-tyrosinase agents. Bioorg Chem 2019; 92:103270. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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25
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Wang YX, Su WC, Wang Q, Lin YF, Zhou Y, Lin LF, Ren S, Li YT, Chen QX, Shi Y. Antityrosinase and antioxidant activities of guanidine compounds and effect of guanylthiourea on melanogenesis. Process Biochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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26
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Ehrlich RL, Zuk M. The role of sex and temperature in melanin-based immune function. CAN J ZOOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2018-0323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sex differences in immunity have been observed across a wide range of species. Still, it remains unclear how sex-specific interactions with the environment are linked to sex differences in immunity. We studied the plasticity of immunological sex differences by focusing on melanin-based traits in the Pacific field cricket (Teleogryllus oceanicus (Le Guillou, 1841)). Insects rely on the pigment melanin for both immune function and coloration of the cuticle; therefore, changes in melanin production for one of these traits may indirectly affect the other. Male crickets use melanized wing structures to chirp. These cuticular structures are missing in females and a songless male morph. Given that the thermal environment influences cuticle melanization, we investigated the interactive effects of sex and developmental temperature on melanin-based immunity. Both immunity and wing cuticle melanism were reduced in individuals that developed under warmer temperatures. Rearing temperature also mediated the extent to which the sexes differed in immune traits. Males had darker cuticles, whereas females expressed greater immune activity, suggesting that sex-specific investment in melanin corresponds with sex differences in immunity. However, the lack of immunological differences between the two male morphs does not support the hypothesis that investment in cuticle melanism affects investment in immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. Ehrlich
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, 1987 Upper Buford Circle, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, 1987 Upper Buford Circle, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Marlene Zuk
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, 1987 Upper Buford Circle, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, 1987 Upper Buford Circle, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Ishihara A, Sugai N, Bito T, Ube N, Ueno K, Okuda Y, Fukushima-Sakuno E. Isolation of 6-hydroxy-L-tryptophan from the fruiting body of Lyophyllum decastes for use as a tyrosinase inhibitor. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2019; 83:1800-1806. [PMID: 31131717 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2019.1621157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosinase is the key enzyme that controls melanin formation. We found that a hot water extract of the lyophilized fruiting body of the fungus Lyophyllum decastes inhibited tyrosinase from Agaricus bisporus. The extract was fractionated by ODS column chromatography, and an active compound was obtained by purification through successive preparative HPLC using an ODS and a HILIC column. Using spectroscopic data, the compound was identified to be an uncommon amino acid, 6-hydroxytryptophan. 6-Hydroxy-L-tryptophan and 6-hydroxy-D-tryptophan were prepared through a Fenton reaction from L-tryptophan and D-tryptophan, respectively. The active compound was determined to be 6-hydroxy-L-tryptophan by comparison of their circular dichroism spectra and retention time on HPLC analysis of the Nα-(5-fluoro-2,4-dinitrophenyl)-L-leuciamide derivative with those of 6-hydroxy-L-tryptophan and 6-hydroxy-D-tryptophan. A Lineweaver-Burk plot of the enzyme reaction in the presence of 6-hydroxy-L-tryptophan indicated that this compound was a competitive inhibitor. The IC50 values of 6-hydroxy-L-tryptophan was 0.23 mM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Naomi Sugai
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University , Tottori , Japan
| | - Tomohiro Bito
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University , Tottori , Japan
| | - Naoki Ube
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University , Tottori , Japan
| | - Kotomi Ueno
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University , Tottori , Japan
| | - Yasuhito Okuda
- The Tottori Mycological Institute, The Japan Kinoko Research Center Foundation , Tottori , Japan
| | - Emi Fukushima-Sakuno
- The Tottori Mycological Institute, The Japan Kinoko Research Center Foundation , Tottori , Japan
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Asano T, Seto Y, Hashimoto K, Kurushima H. Mini-review an insect-specific system for terrestrialization: Laccase-mediated cuticle formation. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 108:61-70. [PMID: 30904465 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Insects are often regarded as the most successful group of animals in the terrestrial environment. Their success can be represented by their huge biomass and large impact on ecosystems. Among the factors suggested to be responsible for their success, we focus on the possibility that the cuticle might have affected the process of insects' evolution. The cuticle of insects, like that of other arthropods, is composed mainly of chitin and structural cuticle proteins. However, insects seem to have evolved a specific system for cuticle formation. Oxidation reaction of catecholamines catalyzed by a copper enzyme, laccase, is the key step in the metabolic pathway for hardening of the insect cuticle. Molecular phylogenetic analysis indicates that laccase functioning in cuticle sclerotization has evolved only in insects. In this review, we discuss a theory on how the insect-specific "laccase" function has been advantageous for establishing their current ecological position as terrestrial animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsunaki Asano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan.
| | - Yosuke Seto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Kosei Hashimoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kurushima
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
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Zeng HJ, Liu Z, Hu GZ, Qu LB, Yang R. Investigation on the binding of aloe-emodin with tyrosinase by spectral analysis and molecular docking. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 211:79-85. [PMID: 30521996 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the inhibitory kinetics of aloe-emodin on the activity of tyrosinase and the inhibitory mechanism have been investigated by using spectroscopic and molecular docking techniques. The results showed that aloe-emodin inhibited tyrosinase activity in a competitive manner. The binding constants, number of binding sites and thermodynamic parameters obtained at different temperature suggested that aloe-emodin spontaneously binds to tyrosinase at one binding site, mainly via electrostatic forces. Analysis by UV-vis absorption (UV), circular dichroism (CD) and molecular docking indicated that aloe-emodin bound directly into the catalytic cavity and that binding of aloe-emodin to tyrosinase induced conformational changes of the enzyme and blocked the catalytic center of the enzyme preventing binding of the substrate, which caused the inhibition of the tyrosinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Jin Zeng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Zhe Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Gui-Zhou Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Ling-Bo Qu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Ran Yang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China.
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30
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Dorrah MA, Mohamed AA, Shaurub ESH. Immunosuppressive effects of the limonoid azadirachtin, insights on a nongenotoxic stress botanical, in flesh flies. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 153:55-66. [PMID: 30744897 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The tetranortriterpenoid azadirachtin (Aza) is a well-known insect growth disruptor of plant origin. Although its actions on insects have been extensively studied; fragmentary reports are available from the immunological point of view. Therefore, in the present study, total (THC) and differential hemocyte counts (DHC), nodulation, phenoloxidase (PO) activity, immune-reactive lysozymes and inducible nitric oxide (NO) were assessed, as measures of immune responses, in Sarcophaga argyrostoma 3rd instars challenged individually with M. luteus or Aza, or in combination with both compared to the control larvae. THC was significantly declined after 12 h and 24 h of treatment with Aza. DHC varied considerably; in particular, plasmatocytes were significantly decreased after 36 h and 48 h of treatment with Aza; whereas granulocytes were significantly increased. Nodulation was significantly increased with the increase of time after all treatments. Challenging with M. luteus significantly increased the activity of PO in hemocytes and plasma; whereas such activity was significantly decreased after treatment with Aza or combined Aza and M. luteus. Treatment with Aza or M. luteus alone or in couple significantly increased lysozyme activity of fat body, hemocytes and plasma. However, challenging with M. luteus significantly increased NO concentration in the same tissues. A hypothetical model of Aza as a potential mutagen is presented. However, no genotoxic effect was observed through tracking apoptosis-associated changes in Aza-treated hemocytes via flow cytometry-based apoptosis detection. Our study suggests that the integration of Aza, as an eco-friendly pesticide, with bacterial biopesticides may be a successful approach for controlling insect pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moataza A Dorrah
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, PO Box 12613, Egypt
| | - Amr A Mohamed
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, PO Box 12613, Egypt
| | - El-Sayed H Shaurub
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, PO Box 12613, Egypt.
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31
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Zhang HZ, Li YY, An T, Huang FX, Wang MQ, Liu CX, Mao JJ, Zhang LS. Comparative Transcriptome and iTRAQ Proteome Analyses Reveal the Mechanisms of Diapause in Aphidius gifuensis Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae). Front Physiol 2018; 9:1697. [PMID: 30555341 PMCID: PMC6284037 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aphidius gifuensis Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) is a solitary endoparasitoid used in the biological control of various aphids. Diapause plays an important role in the successful production and deployment of A. gifuensis. Diapause can effectively extend the shelf life of biological control agents and solve several practical production problems like long production cycles, short retention periods, and discontinuities between supply and demand. In recent years, studies have been conducted on the environmental regulation and physiological and biochemical mechanisms of diapause in A. gifuensis. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanism of diapause in this species remains unclear. In this study, we compared the transcriptomes and proteomes of diapause and non-diapause A. gifuensis to identify the genes and proteins associated with this process. A total of 557 transcripts and 568 proteins were differentially expressed between the two groups. Among them, (1) genes involved in trehalose synthesis such as glycogen synthase, glycogen phosphorylase, and trehalose 6-phosphate synthase were upregulated in diapause at mRNA or protein level while glycolysis and gluconeogenesis-related genes were downregulated, suggesting that A. gifuensis stores trehalose as an energy resource and cryoprotectant; (2) the expression of immune-related genes like C-type lectins, hemocyanin, and phenoloxidase was increased, which helps to maintain immunity during diapause; (3) a chitin synthase and several cuticular protein genes were upregulated to harden the cuticle of diapausing A. gifuensis larval. These findings improve our understanding of A. gifuensis. diapause and provide the foundation for further pertinent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Li-Sheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Sino-American Biological Control Laboratory, USDA-ARS/Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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32
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Feng C, Zhao Y, Chen K, Zhai H, Wang Z, Jiang H, Wang Y, Wang L, Zhang Y, Tang T. Clip domain prophenoloxidase activating protease is required for Ostrinia furnacalis Guenée to defend against bacterial infection. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 87:204-215. [PMID: 30017863 PMCID: PMC6093219 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The prophenoloxidase (PPO) activating system in insects plays an important role in defense against microbial invasion. In this paper, we identified a PPO activating protease (designated OfPAP) containing a 1203 bp open reading frame encoding a 400-residue protein composed of two clip domains and a C-terminal serine protease domain from Ostrinia furnacalis. SignalP analysis revealed a putative signal peptide of 18 residues. The mature OfPAP was predicted to be 382 residues long with a calculated Mr of 44.8 kDa and pI of 6.66. Multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis indicated that OfPAP was orthologous to the PAPs in the other lepidopterans. A large increase of the transcript levels was observed in hemocytes at 4 h post injection (hpi) of killed Bacillus subtilis, whereas its level in integument increased continuously from 4 to 12 hpi in the challenged larvae and began to decline at 24 hpi. After OfPAP expression had been silenced, the median lethal time (LT50) of Escherichia coli-infected larvae (1.0 day) became significantly lower than that of E. coli-infected wild-type (3.0 days, p < 0.01). A 3.5-fold increase in E. coli colony forming units occurred in larval hemolymph of the OfPAP knockdown larvae, as compared with that of the control larvae not injected with dsRNA. There were notable decreases in PO and IEARase activities in hemolymph of the OfPAP knockdown larvae. In summary, we have demonstrated that OfPAP is a component of the PPO activation system, likely by functioning as a PPO activating protease in O. furnacalis larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congjing Feng
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.
| | - Ya Zhao
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Kangkang Chen
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Huifeng Zhai
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Zhenying Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Haobo Jiang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Yingjuan Wang
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Libao Wang
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Yiqiang Zhang
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Tai Tang
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
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Lee KS, Kim BY, Choo YM, Jin BR. Dual role of the serine protease homolog BmSPH-1 in the development and immunity of the silkworm Bombyx mori. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 85:170-176. [PMID: 29684723 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Serine proteases and serine protease homologs are involved in the prophenoloxidase (proPO)-activating system leading to melanization. The Bombyx mori serine protease homolog BmSPH-1 regulates nodule melanization. Here, we show the dual role of BmSPH-1 in the development and immunity of B. mori. BmSPH-1 was expressed in hemocytes after molting and during the larval-pupal transformation in normal development. In contrast, following infection, BmSPH-1 was expressed in hemocytes and cleaved in the hemolymph, which resulted in the induction of PO activity. Moreover, BmSPH-1 was cleaved in the cuticle during the larval-pupal transformation and early pupal stages. In BmSPH-1 RNAi-treated silkworms, the reduced BmSPH-1 mRNA levels during the spinning stage or the prepupal stage resulted in the arrest of pupation or pupal cuticular melanization, respectively. The binding assays revealed that BmSPH-1 interacts with B. mori immulectin, proPO, and proPO-activating enzyme. Our findings demonstrate that BmSPH-1 paticipates larval-pupal transformation, pupal cuticular melanization and innate immunity of silkworms, illustrating the dual role of BmSPH-1 in development and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Sik Lee
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Dong-A University, Busan, 604-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Yeon Kim
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Dong-A University, Busan, 604-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Moo Choo
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Dong-A University, Busan, 604-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Rae Jin
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Dong-A University, Busan, 604-714, Republic of Korea.
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San-Jose LM, Roulin A. Toward Understanding the Repeated Occurrence of Associations between Melanin-Based Coloration and Multiple Phenotypes. Am Nat 2018; 192:111-130. [PMID: 30016163 DOI: 10.1086/698010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Melanin is the most widespread pigment in organisms. Melanin-based coloration has been repeatedly observed to be associated with the same traits and in the same direction in different vertebrate and insect species. However, whether any factors that are common to different taxa account for the repeated evolution of melanin-phenotype associations remains unclear. We propose to approach this question from the perspective of convergent and parallel evolution to clarify to what extent different species have evolved the same associations owing to a shared genetic basis and being subjected to similar selective pressures. Our current understanding of the genetic basis of melanin-phenotype associations allows for both convergent and parallel evolution, but this understanding is still limited. Further research is needed to clarify the generality and interdependencies of the different proposed mechanisms (supergenes, pleiotropy based on hormones, or neural crest cells). The general ecological scenarios whereby melanin-based coloration is under selection-protection from ultraviolet radiation, thermoregulation in cold environments, or as a signal of social status-offer a good opportunity to study how melanin-phenotype associations evolve. Reviewing these scenarios shows that some traits associated with melanin-based coloration might be selected together with coloration by also favoring adaptation but that other associated traits might impede adaptation, which may be indicative of genetic constraints. We therefore encourage further research on the relative roles that selection and genetic constraints play in shaping multiple melanin-phenotype associations. Placed into a phylogenetic context, this will help clarify to what extent these associations result from convergent or parallel evolutionary processes and why melanin-phenotype associations are so common across the tree of life.
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35
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Wang X, Luo H, Zhang R. Innate immune responses in the Chinese oak silkworm, Antheraea pernyi. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 83:22-33. [PMID: 29241953 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Innate immunity, the evolutionarily conserved defense system, has been extensively analyzed in insect models over recent decades. The significant progress in this area has formed our dominant conceptual framework of the innate immune system, but critical advances in other insects have had a profound impact on our insights into the mystery of innate immunity. In recent years, we focused on the immune responses in Antheraea pernyi, an important commercial silkworm species reared in China. Here, we review the immune responses of A. pernyi based on immune-related gene-encoded proteins that are divided into five categories, namely pattern recognition receptors, hemolymph proteinases and their inhibitors, prophenoloxidase, Toll pathway factors and antimicrobial peptides, and others. Although the summarized information is limited since the research on A. pernyi immunity is in its infancy, we hope to provide evidence for further exploration of innate immune mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xialu Wang
- School of Medical Devices, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Hao Luo
- School of Life Science and Bio-pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- School of Life Science and Bio-pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China.
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36
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Chen K, Lu Z. Immune responses to bacterial and fungal infections in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 83:3-11. [PMID: 29289612 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The silkworm Bombyx mori, an economically important insect that is usually reared indoors, is susceptible to various pathogens, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and microsporidia. As with other insects, the silkworm lacks an adaptive immune system and relies solely on innate immunity to defend itself against infection. Compared to other intensively studied insects, such as the fruit fly and tobacco hornworm, the principal immune pathways in the silkworm remain unclear. In this article, we review the literature concerning silkworm immune responses to bacteria and fungi and present our perspectives on future research into silkworm immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangkang Chen
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, China
| | - Zhiqiang Lu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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37
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Ramirez JL, Dunlap CA, Muturi EJ, Barletta ABF, Rooney AP. Entomopathogenic fungal infection leads to temporospatial modulation of the mosquito immune system. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006433. [PMID: 29684026 PMCID: PMC5933799 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternative methods of mosquito control are needed to tackle the rising burden of mosquito-borne diseases while minimizing the use of synthetic insecticides, which are threatened by the rapid increase in insecticide resistance in mosquito populations. Fungal biopesticides show great promise as potential alternatives because of their ecofriendly nature and ability to infect mosquitoes on contact. Here we describe the temporospatial interactions between the mosquito Aedes aegypti and several entomopathogenic fungi. Fungal infection assays followed by the molecular assessment of infection-responsive genes revealed an intricate interaction between the mosquito immune system and entomopathogenic fungi. We observed contrasting tissue and time-specific differences in the activation of immune signaling pathways and antimicrobial peptide expression. In addition, these antifungal responses appear to vary according to the fungal entomopathogen used in the infection. Enzyme activity-based assays coupled with gene expression analysis of prophenoloxidase genes revealed a reduction in phenoloxidase (PO) activity in mosquitoes infected with the most virulent fungal strains at 3 and 6d post-fungal infection. Moreover, fungal infection led to an increase in midgut microbiota that appear to be attributed in part to reduced midgut reactive oxygen species (ROS) activity. This indicates that the fungal infection has far reaching effects on other microbes naturally associated with mosquitoes. This study also revealed that despite fungal recognition and immune elicitation by the mosquito, it is unable to successfully eliminate the entomopathogenic fungal infection. Our study provides new insights into this intricate multipartite interaction and contributes to a better understanding of mosquito antifungal immunity. Fungal biopesticides constitute potential alternative methods of vector control to tackle the rising burden of mosquito-borne diseases and the development of insecticide resistance in mosquitoes. Insect-fungi interactions represent an intricate co-evolutionary arms race between the invading pathogen and its arthropod host. New knowledge gathered through such studies can lead to the design of more effective microbial control strategies. Here we explored the temporospatial interaction of the mosquito Aedes aegypti with three different entomopathogenic fungi. Infection assays followed by gene expression studies revealed tissue-specific immune responses that appear to be temporal and fungal strain-specific. Our data shows that fungal infection causes significant reduction in phenoloxidase activity at the later stages of infection. The multifaceted response mounted by the mosquito against the fungal challenge appears to result in the dysregulation of midgut homeostasis, noted by an increase in midgut microbiota, especially in mosquitoes infected with the most virulent strains. Our study demonstrates an intricate mosquito-fungi interaction that, despite fungal recognition and immune response by the mosquito, results in death of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L. Ramirez
- Crop Bioprotection Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Christopher A. Dunlap
- Crop Bioprotection Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ephantus J. Muturi
- Crop Bioprotection Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ana B. F. Barletta
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alejandro P. Rooney
- Crop Bioprotection Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois, United States of America
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38
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In silico modelling of azole derivatives with tyrosinase inhibition ability: Application of the models for activity prediction of new compounds. Comput Biol Chem 2018; 74:105-114. [PMID: 29574329 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosinase is a metal containing multifunctional enzymes found in animals, fruits and vegetables and constitutes the primary cause for diseases resulting from overproduction of melanin as well as for browning of fruits. Inhibitors of the enzyme have thus gained increased importance in food and cosmetic industry. In the present work, a group of azole derivatives with tyrosinase inhibitory activity were explored to analyse the prime structural attributes of the potent inhibitors. In silico models have been developed in order to have a close insight regarding features of the molecular fragments that may affect the activity of the molecules conducively. The biological pharmacophore of the inhibitors that accounts for their interaction with the tyrosinase enzyme has been ascertained based on the development of a 3D pharmacophore model. The models thus developed were subsequently utilised for screening a set of compounds that were previously synthesised in-house and were reported to possess antioxidant activity. The final selection of active molecules in the screening process was done based on the docking interactions of the molecules with the tyrosinase enzyme and assessment of their degree of binding to the protein. Thus the developed models have been successfully utilised for identifying active compounds from a series of untested molecules.
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39
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Evaluation of thiazolidinone derivatives as a new class of mushroom tyrosinase inhibitors. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 108:205-213. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.11.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Revised: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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40
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Liu HW, Wang LL, Tang X, Dong ZM, Guo PC, Zhao DC, Xia QY, Zhao P. Proteomic analysis of Bombyx mori molting fluid: Insights into the molting process. J Proteomics 2018; 173:115-125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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41
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Hayakawa Y, Sawada M, Seki M, Sirasoonthorn P, Shiga S, Kamiya K, Minakuchi C, Miura K. Involvement of laccase2 and yellow-e genes in antifungal host defense of the model beetle, Tribolium castaneum. J Invertebr Pathol 2018; 151:41-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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42
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Bilandžija H, Laslo M, Porter ML, Fong DW. Melanization in response to wounding is ancestral in arthropods and conserved in albino cave species. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17148. [PMID: 29215078 PMCID: PMC5719348 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17471-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Many species adapted to aphotic subterranean habitats have lost all body pigmentation. Yet, melanization is an important component of wound healing in arthropods. We amputated appendages in a variety of cave-adapted and surface-dwelling arthropods. A dark clot formed at the site of injury in most species tested, including even albino cave-adapted species. The dark coloration of the clots was due to melanin deposition. The speed of wound melanization was uncorrelated with a difference in metabolic rate between surface and cave populations of an amphipod. The chelicerate Limulus polyphemus, all isopod crustaceans tested, and the cave shrimp Troglocaris anophthalmus did not melanize wounds. The loss of wound melanization in T. anophthalmus was an apomorphy associated with adaptation to subterranean habitats, but in isopods it appeared to be a symplesiomorphy unrelated to colonization of subterranean habitats. We conclude that wound melanization i) is an important part of innate immunity because it was present in all major arthropod lineages, ii) is retained in most albino cave species, and iii) has been lost several times during arthropod evolution, indicating melanization is not an indispensable component of wound healing in arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Bilandžija
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia
| | - Mara Laslo
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Megan L Porter
- Department of Biology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Daniel W Fong
- Department of Biology, American University, Washington, DC, 20016, USA.
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Li G, Fan A, Peng G, Keyhani NO, Xin J, Cao Y, Xia Y. A bifunctional catalase-peroxidase,MakatG1, contributes to virulence ofMetarhizium acridumby overcoming oxidative stress on the host insect cuticle. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:4365-4378. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guohong Li
- School of Life Sciences; Chongqing University; Chongqing China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticides; Chongqing China
- Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission; Chongqing China
| | - Anni Fan
- School of Life Sciences; Chongqing University; Chongqing China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticides; Chongqing China
- Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission; Chongqing China
| | - Guoxiong Peng
- School of Life Sciences; Chongqing University; Chongqing China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticides; Chongqing China
- Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission; Chongqing China
| | - Nemat O. Keyhani
- School of Life Sciences; Chongqing University; Chongqing China
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science; University of Florida; Gainesville FL USA
| | - Jiankang Xin
- School of Life Sciences; Chongqing University; Chongqing China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticides; Chongqing China
- Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission; Chongqing China
| | - Yueqing Cao
- School of Life Sciences; Chongqing University; Chongqing China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticides; Chongqing China
- Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission; Chongqing China
| | - Yuxian Xia
- School of Life Sciences; Chongqing University; Chongqing China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticides; Chongqing China
- Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission; Chongqing China
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44
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Kasianov NS, Belousova IA, Pavlushin SV, Dubovskiy IM, Podgwaite JD, Martemyanov VV, Bakhvalov SA. The activity of phenoloxidase in haemolymph plasma is not a predictor of Lymantria dispar resistance to its baculovirus. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183940. [PMID: 28854240 PMCID: PMC5576713 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Host innate immunity is one of the factors that determines the resistance of insects to their entomopathogens. In the research reported here we studied whether or not phenoloxidase (PO), a key enzyme in the melanogenesis component of humoral immunity of insects, plays a role in the protection of Lymantria dispar larvae from infection by L. dispar multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus. We studied two types of viral infection: overt and covert. The following lines of investigation were tested: i) the intravital individual estimation of baseline PO activity in haemolymph plasma followed by virus challenging; ii) the specific inhibition of PO activity in vivo by peroral treatment of infected larvae with phenylthiourea (PTU), a competitive inhibitor of PO; iii) the evaluation of PO activity in the haemolymph plasma after larval starvation. Starvation is a stress that activates the covert infection to an overt form. All of these experiments did not show a relationship between PO activity in haemolymph plasma of L. dispar larvae and larval susceptibility to baculovirus. Moreover, starvation-induced activation of covert viral infection to an overt form occurred in 70 percent of virus-carrying larvae against the background of a dramatic increase of PO activity in haemolymph plasma in the insects studied. Our conclusion is that in L. dispar larvae PO activity is not a predictor of host resistance to baculovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita S. Kasianov
- Laboratory of ecological parasitology, Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural science, Novosibirsk National Research State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Irina A. Belousova
- Laboratory of ecological parasitology, Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Institute of Biology, Irkutsk State University, Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Sergey V. Pavlushin
- Laboratory of ecological parasitology, Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ivan M. Dubovskiy
- Laboratory of Insect Pathology, Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animal SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - John D. Podgwaite
- Northern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Hamden, CT, United States of America
| | - Vyacheslav V. Martemyanov
- Laboratory of ecological parasitology, Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Biological Institute, National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Stanislav A. Bakhvalov
- Laboratory of Insect Pathology, Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animal SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
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45
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Park JH, Lee NH, Yang YC, Lee HS. Food Protective Effects of 3-Methylbenzaldehyde Derived from Myosotis arvensis and Its Analogues against Tyrophagus putrescentiae. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6608. [PMID: 28747743 PMCID: PMC5529470 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential abilities of 3-methylbenzaldehyde derived from Myosotis arvensis oil and its structural analogues to act as new acaricide and mite kit (mite color deformation) against Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) were evaluated in the present study. Based on the LD50 values, 2,4,5-trimethylbenzaldehyde (0.78 μg/cm3) had highest vapor action against T. putrescentiae, followed by 2,4-methylbenzaldehyde (1.14 μg/cm3), 2,5-dimethylbenzaldehyde (1.29 μg/cm3), 2-methylbenzaldehyde (1.32 μg/cm3), 2,3-dimethylbenzaldehyde (1.55 μg/cm3), 3-methylbenzaldehyde (1.97 μg/cm3), and 4-methylbenzaldehyde (2.34 μg/cm3). The color deformation of seven methylbenzaldehyde analogues mixed with 2,3-dihydroxybenzaldehyde against T. putrescentiae showed mite color deformation, from coloress to reddish brown, and valuable to distinguish with the naked eye. In addition, there was no antagonistic interactions between 2,3-dihydroxybenzaldehyde and the methylbenzaldehyde analogues. These finding suggests that the methylbenzaldehyde analogues could be developed as dual functional agent to protect from fall in the commercial value of stored food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hwan Park
- Department of Bioenvironmental Chemistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Korea
| | - Na-Hyun Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Korea
| | - Young-Cheol Yang
- Department of Bioenvironmental Chemistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Korea.
| | - Hoi-Seon Lee
- Department of Bioenvironmental Chemistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Korea.
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46
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Lawson SP, Sigle LT, Lind AL, Legan AW, Mezzanotte JN, Honegger HW, Abbot P. An alternative pathway to eusociality: Exploring the molecular and functional basis of fortress defense. Evolution 2017; 71:1986-1998. [PMID: 28608545 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Some animals express a form of eusociality known as "fortress defense," in which defense rather than brood care is the primary social act. Aphids are small plant-feeding insects, but like termites, some species express division of labor and castes of aggressive juvenile "soldiers." What is the functional basis of fortress defense eusociality in aphids? Previous work showed that the acquisition of venoms might be a key innovation in aphid social evolution. We show that the lethality of aphid soldiers derives in part from the induction of exaggerated immune responses in insects they attack. Comparisons between closely related social and nonsocial species identified a number of secreted effector molecules that are candidates for immune modulation, including a convergently recruited protease described in unrelated aphid species with venom-like functions. These results suggest that aphids are capable of antagonizing conserved features of the insect immune response, and provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying the evolution of fortress defense eusociality in aphids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah P Lawson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37235.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, 03824
| | - Leah T Sigle
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37235
| | - Abigail L Lind
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37205
| | - Andrew W Legan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37235.,Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14850
| | - Jessica N Mezzanotte
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, 40202
| | - Hans-Willi Honegger
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37235
| | - Patrick Abbot
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37235
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47
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Duplouy A, Wong SC, Corander J, Lehtonen R, Hanski I. Genetic effects on life-history traits in the Glanville fritillary butterfly. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3371. [PMID: 28560112 PMCID: PMC5446771 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adaptation to local habitat conditions may lead to the natural divergence of populations in life-history traits such as body size, time of reproduction, mate signaling or dispersal capacity. Given enough time and strong enough selection pressures, populations may experience local genetic differentiation. The genetic basis of many life-history traits, and their evolution according to different environmental conditions remain however poorly understood. METHODS We conducted an association study on the Glanville fritillary butterfly, using material from five populations along a latitudinal gradient within the Baltic Sea region, which show different degrees of habitat fragmentation. We investigated variation in 10 principal components, cofounding in total 21 life-history traits, according to two environmental types, and 33 genetic SNP markers from 15 candidate genes. RESULTS We found that nine SNPs from five genes showed strong trend for trait associations (p-values under 0.001 before correction). These associations, yet non-significant after multiple test corrections, with a total number of 1,086 tests, were consistent across the study populations. Additionally, these nine genes also showed an allele frequency difference between the populations from the northern fragmented versus the southern continuous landscape. DISCUSSION Our study provides further support for previously described trait associations within the Glanville fritillary butterfly species across different spatial scales. Although our results alone are inconclusive, they are concordant with previous studies that identified these associations to be related to climatic changes or habitat fragmentation within the Åland population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Duplouy
- Department of Biosciences, Metapopulation Research Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Swee C Wong
- Department of Biosciences, Metapopulation Research Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jukka Corander
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rainer Lehtonen
- Institute of Biomedicine and Genome-Scale Biology Research Program, Biomedicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilkka Hanski
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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48
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Rafiei B, Ghadamyari M, Imani S, Hosseininaveh V, Ahadiyat A. Characterization and inhibition studies of hemolymph phenoloxidase from Dociostaurus maroccanus. TOXIN REV 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2017.1318404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Rafiei
- Department of Entomology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran,
| | - Mohammad Ghadamyari
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran, and
| | - Sohrab Imani
- Department of Entomology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran,
| | - Vahid Hosseininaveh
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Ali Ahadiyat
- Department of Entomology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran,
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49
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Evison SEF, Gallagher JD, Thompson JJW, Siva-Jothy MT, Armitage SAO. Cuticular colour reflects underlying architecture and is affected by a limiting resource. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 98:7-13. [PMID: 27856219 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Central to the basis of ecological immunology are the ideas of costs and trade-offs between immunity and life history traits. As a physical barrier, the insect cuticle provides a key resistance trait, and Tenebrio molitor shows phenotypic variation in cuticular colour that correlates with resistance to the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. Here we first examined whether there is a relationship between cuticular colour variation and two aspects of cuticular architecture that we hypothesised may influence resistance to fungal invasion through the cuticle: its thickness and its porosity. Second, we tested the hypothesis that tyrosine, a semi-essential amino acid required for immune defence and cuticular melanisation and sclerotisation, can act as a limiting resource by supplementing the larval diet and subsequently examining adult cuticular colouration and thickness. We found that stock beetles and beetles artificially selected for extremes of cuticular colour had thicker less porous cuticles when they were darker, and thinner more porous cuticles when they were lighter, showing that colour co-varies with two architectural cuticular features. Experimental supplementation of the larval diet with tyrosine led to the development of darker adult cuticle and affected thickness in a sex-specific manner. However, it did not affect two immune traits. The results of this study provide a mechanism for maintenance of cuticular colour variation in this species of beetle; darker cuticles are thicker, but their production is potentially limited by resource constraints and differential investments in resistance mechanisms between the sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie E F Evison
- University of Sheffield, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S10 2TN, UK.
| | - Joe D Gallagher
- University of Sheffield, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S10 2TN, UK.
| | - John J W Thompson
- University of Sheffield, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S10 2TN, UK.
| | - Michael T Siva-Jothy
- University of Sheffield, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S10 2TN, UK.
| | - Sophie A O Armitage
- University of Sheffield, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S10 2TN, UK.
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50
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Mikonranta L, Dickel F, Mappes J, Freitak D. Lepidopteran species have a variety of defence strategies against bacterial infections. J Invertebr Pathol 2017; 144:88-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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