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Ulmer JB, Liu MA. Path to Success and Future Impact of Nucleic Acid Vaccines: DNA and mRNA. MOLECULAR FRONTIERS JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1142/s2529732521400022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid development of mRNA vaccines for COVID-19 has both astonished the world and raised concerns about their safety, perhaps because many people do not realize the decades’ long efforts for nucleic acid vaccines, both mRNA and DNA vaccines, including the licensure of several veterinary DNA vaccines. This manuscript traces the milestones for nucleic acid vaccine research and development (R&D), with a focus on the immune and safety issues they both raised and answered. The characteristics of the two entities are compared, demonstrating the similarities and differences between them, the advantages and disadvantages, which might lead toward using one or the other technology for different indications. In addition, as the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has once again highlighted the importance of One Health, that is, the interactions between animal and human pathogens, focus will also be given to how DNA vaccine utilization and studies both in large domestic animals and in wildlife pave the way for more integrated approaches for vaccines to respond quickly to, and prevent, the global impacts of emerging diseases.
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Marshak JO, Dong L, Koelle DM. The Murine Intravaginal HSV-2 Challenge Model for Investigation of DNA Vaccines. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2060:429-454. [PMID: 31617196 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9814-2_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
DNA vaccines have been licensed in veterinary medicine and have promise for humans. This format is relatively immunogenic in mice and guinea pigs, the two principle HSV-2 animal models, permitting rapid assessment of vectors, antigens, adjuvants, and delivery systems. Limitations include the relatively poor immunogenicity of naked DNA in humans and the profound differences in HSV-2 pathogenesis between host species. Herein, we detail lessons learned investigating candidate DNA vaccines in the progesterone-primed female mouse vaginal model of HSV-2 infection as a guide to investigators in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua O Marshak
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lichun Dong
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David M Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Abstract
Immunity to targeted infectious diseases may be conferred or enhanced by vaccines, which are manufactured from recombinant forms as well as inactivated or attenuated organisms. These vaccines have to meet requirements for safety, quality, and efficacy. In addition to antigenic components, various adjuvants may be included in vaccines to evoke an effective immune response. To ensure the safety of new vaccines, preclinical toxicology studies are conducted prior to the initiation of, and concurrently with, clinical studies. There are five different types of preclinical toxicology study in the evaluation of vaccine safety: single and/or repeat dose, reproductive and developmental, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, and safety pharmacology. If any adverse effects are observed in the course of these studies, they should be fully evaluated and a final safety decision made accordingly. Successful preclinical toxicology studies depend on multiple factors including using the appropriate study designs, using the right animal model, and evoking an effective immune response. Additional in vivo and in vitro assays that establish the identity, purity, safety, and potency of the vaccine play a significant role in assessing critical characteristics of vaccine safety.
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Abstract
The successful human papillomavirus and hepatitis B virus subunit vaccines contain single viral proteins that represent 22 and 12%, respectively, of the antigens encoded by these tiny viruses. The herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) genome is >20 times larger. Thus, a single protein subunit represents 1% of HSV-2's total antigenic breadth. Antigenic breadth may explain why HSV-2 glycoprotein subunit vaccines have failed in clinical trials, and why live HSV-2 vaccines that express 99% of HSV-2's proteome may be more effective. I review the mounting evidence that live HSV-2 vaccines offer a greater opportunity to stop the spread of genital herpes, and I consider the unfounded 'safety concerns' that have kept live HSV-2 vaccines out of U.S. clinical trials for 25 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P Halford
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62702, USA
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5
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McAllister SC, Schleiss MR. Prospects and perspectives for development of a vaccine against herpes simplex virus infections. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 13:1349-60. [PMID: 25077372 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2014.932694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 are human pathogens that lead to significant morbidity and mortality in certain clinical settings. The development of effective antiviral medications, however, has had little discernible impact on the epidemiology of these pathogens, largely because the majority of infections are clinically silent. Decades of work have gone into various candidate HSV vaccines, but to date none has demonstrated sufficient efficacy to warrant licensure. This review examines developments in HSV immunology and vaccine development published since 2010, and assesses the prospects for improved immunization strategies that may result in an effective, licensed vaccine in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane C McAllister
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Minnesota, 3-216 McGuire Translational Research Facility, 2001 6th Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Vaccination with a HSV-2 UL24 mutant induces a protective immune response in murine and guinea pig vaginal infection models. Vaccine 2014; 32:1398-406. [PMID: 24462481 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.10.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The rational design and development of genetically attenuated HSV-2 mutant viruses represent an attractive approach for developing both prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines for genital herpes. Previously, HSV-2 UL24 was shown to be a virulence determinant in both murine and guinea pig vaginal infection models. An UL24-βgluc insertion mutant produced syncytial plaques and replicated to nearly wild type levels in tissue culture, but induced little or no pathological effects in recipient mice or guinea pigs following vaginal infection. Here we report that immunization of mice or guinea pigs with high or low doses of UL24-βgluc elicited a highly protective immune response. UL24-βgluc immunization via the vaginal or intramuscular routes was demonstrated to protect mice from a lethal vaginal challenge with wild type HSV-2. Moreover, antigen re-stimulated splenic lymphocytes harvested from immunized mice exhibited both HSV-2 specific CTL activity and IFN-γ expression. Humoral anti-HSV-2 responses in serum were Th1-polarized (IgG2a>IgG1) and contained high-titer anti-HSV-2 neutralizing activity. Guinea pigs vaccinated subcutaneously with UL24-βgluc or the more virulent parental strain (186) were challenged with a heterologous HSV-2 strain (MS). Acute disease scores were nearly indistinguishable in guinea pigs immunized with either virus. Recurrent disease scores were reduced in UL24-βgluc immunized animals but not to the same extent as those immunized with strain 186. In addition, challenge virus was not detected in 75% of guinea pigs subcutaneously immunized with UL24-βgluc. In conclusion, disruption of the UL24 gene is a prime target for the development of a genetically attenuated live HSV-2 vaccine.
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Marshak JO, Dong L, Koelle DM. The murine intravaginal HSV-2 challenge model for investigation of DNA vaccines. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1144:305-27. [PMID: 24671693 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0428-0_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
DNA vaccines have been licensed in veterinary medicine and have promise for humans. This format is relatively immunogenic in mice and guinea pigs, the two principle HSV-2 animal models, permitting rapid assessment of vectors, antigens, adjuvants, and delivery systems. Limitations include the relatively poor immunogenicity of naked DNA in humans and the profound differences in HSV-2 pathogenesis between host species. Herein, we detail lessons learned over the last few years investigating candidate DNA vaccines in the progesterone-primed female mouse vaginal model of HSV-2 infection as a guide to investigators in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua O Marshak
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 750 Republican Street, Room E651, Mail Stop 35806, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
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8
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Pan-HSV-2 IgG antibody in vaccinated mice and guinea pigs correlates with protection against herpes simplex virus 2. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65523. [PMID: 23755244 PMCID: PMC3675040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We lack a correlate of immunity to herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) that may be used to differentiate whether a HSV-2 vaccine elicits robust or anemic protection against genital herpes. This gap in knowledge is often attributed to a failure to measure the correct component of the adaptive immune response to HSV-2. However, efforts to identify a correlate of immunity have focused on subunit vaccines that contain less than 3% of HSV-2's 40,000-amino-acid proteome. We were interested to determine if a correlate of immunity might be more readily identified if 1. animals were immunized with a polyvalent immunogen such as a live virus and/or 2. the magnitude of the vaccine-induced immune response was gauged in terms of the IgG antibody response to all of HSV-2's antigens (pan-HSV-2 IgG). Pre-challenge pan-HSV-2 IgG levels and protection against HSV-2 were compared in mice and/or guinea pigs immunized with a gD-2 subunit vaccine, wild-type HSV-2, or one of several attenuated HSV-2 ICP0− viruses (0Δ254, 0Δ810, 0ΔRING, or 0ΔNLS). These six HSV-2 immunogens elicited a wide range of pan-HSV-2 IgG levels spanning an ∼500-fold range. For 5 of the 6 immunogens tested, pre-challenge levels of pan-HSV-2 IgG quantitatively correlated with reductions in HSV-2 challenge virus shedding and increased survival frequency following HSV-2 challenge. Collectively, the results suggest that pan-HSV-2 IgG levels may provide a simple and useful screening tool for evaluating the potential of a HSV-2 vaccine candidate to elicit protection against HSV-2 genital herpes.
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Bright H, Perez DL, Christy C, Cockle P, Eyles JE, Hammond D, Khodai T, Lang S, West K, Loudon PT. The efficacy of HSV-2 vaccines based on gD and gB is enhanced by the addition of ICP27. Vaccine 2012; 30:7529-35. [PMID: 23103198 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
DNA vaccines expressing HSV-2 gD, gB, ICP27, VP22 and VP13/14 were shown to be immunogenic in mice; gD and gB elicited neutralising antibody, and all five antigens induced T cell responses measured by IFNγ ELISPOT. In murine HSV-2 challenge studies, gD and gB provided moderate to high levels of protection while ICP27 provided a lower level of protection depending on the model (intravaginal or intranasal) and the challenge dose. Combining vaccines expressing gB or gD with vaccines expressing ICP27 provided greater protection than any antigen alone. We conclude that the addition of ICP27 to enhance the anti-viral T cell response can improve the efficacy of gD- and gB-based vaccines.
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Fowler VL, Barnett PV. Progress in the development of DNA vaccines against foot-and-mouth disease. Expert Rev Vaccines 2012; 11:481-93. [PMID: 22551033 DOI: 10.1586/erv.11.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
DNA vaccines are, in principle, the simplest yet most versatile methods of inducing protective humoral and cellular immune responses. Research involving this type of vaccine against veterinary diseases began in the early 1990s and has since seen the evaluation of more than 30 important viral pathogens, including the economically important foot-and-mouth disease. With the demonstration that DNA vaccines protect against foot-and-mouth disease in sheep and pigs, and the advantages these DNA vaccines have over the conventional formulations, this approach may provide a better solution to the control of this disease. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of DNA vaccination strategies for foot-and-mouth disease reported in the literature, in which we highlight the studies that have reported protection in the key target species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica L Fowler
- Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
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12
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A lentiviral vector-based, herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) glycoprotein B vaccine affords cross-protection against HSV-1 and HSV-2 genital infections. J Virol 2012; 86:6563-74. [PMID: 22491465 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00302-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genital herpes is caused by herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2, and its incidence is constantly increasing in the human population. Regardless of the clinical manifestation, HSV-1 and HSV-2 infections are highly transmissible to sexual partners and enhance susceptibility to other sexually transmitted infections. An effective vaccine is not yet available. Here, HSV-1 glycoprotein B (gB1) was delivered by a feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) vector and tested against HSV-1 and HSV-2 vaginal challenges in C57BL/6 mice. The gB1 vaccine elicited cross-neutralizing antibodies and cell-mediated responses that protected 100 and 75% animals from HSV-1- and HSV-2-associated severe disease, respectively. Two of the eight fully protected vaccinees underwent subclinical HSV-2 infection, as demonstrated by deep immunosuppression and other analyses. Finally, vaccination prevented death in 83% of the animals challenged with a HSV-2 dose that killed 78 and 100% naive and mock-vaccinated controls, respectively. Since this FIV vector can accommodate two or more HSV immunogens, this vaccine has ample potential for improvement and may become a candidate for the development of a truly effective vaccine against genital herpes.
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Chung E, Sen J. The ongoing pursuit of a prophylactic HSV vaccine. Rev Med Virol 2012; 22:285-300. [PMID: 22396215 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
HSV is among the most common human pathogens in the world. It is known to cause painful, persistent skin lesions, while also being the most common cause of fatal non-epidemic encephalitis as well as the leading cause of corneal blindness. The development of prophylactic vaccines could substantially reduce global health problems associated with HSV. So far, HSV vaccine strategies have shown noticeable efficacy in early development during preclinical phases but remained unsuccessful or unproven in human trials. New understanding of how the immune system mounts a defence against HSV offers practical strategies for vaccine development. A number of promising vaccine candidates are currently awaiting clinical development or already undergoing clinical testing. Therefore, this is a suitable time to assess the progress of HSV vaccine development and consider existing challenges and future improvements needed to achieve an effective prophylactic HSV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Chung
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3M2, Canada.
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Shlapobersky M, Marshak JO, Dong L, Huang ML, Wei Q, Chu A, Rolland A, Sullivan S, Koelle DM. Vaxfectin-adjuvanted plasmid DNA vaccine improves protection and immunogenicity in a murine model of genital herpes infection. J Gen Virol 2012; 93:1305-1315. [PMID: 22398318 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.040055-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The herpes simplex type 2 (HSV-2) envelope glycoprotein (gD2) was evaluated as a potential antigen candidate for a plasmid DNA (pDNA)-based HSV-2 vaccine. The pDNA was formulated with Vaxfectin, a cationic lipid-based adjuvant, and tested in a murine HSV-2 lethal challenge model. gD2 was expressed as full-length (FL) and secreted (S) gD2 forms. A 0.1 µg pDNA dose was tested to distinguish treatment conditions for survival and a 100 µg pDNA dose was tested to distinguish treatment conditions for reduction in vaginal and latent HSV-2 copies. Vaxfectin-formulated gD2 pDNA significantly increased serum IgG titres and survival for both FL gD2 and S gD2 compared with gD2 pDNA alone. Mice immunized with FL gD2 formulated with Vaxfectin showed reduction in vaginal and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) HSV-2 copies. The stringency of this protection was further evaluated by testing Vaxfectin-formulated FL gD2 pDNA at a high 500 LD(50) inoculum. At this high viral challenge, the 0.1 µg dose of FL gD2 Vaxfectin-formulated pDNA yielded 80 % survival compared with no survival for FL gD2 pDNA alone. Vaxfectin-formulated FL gD2 pDNA, administered at a 100 µg pDNA dose, significantly reduced HSV-2 DNA copy number, compared with FL gD2 DNA alone. In addition, 40 % of mice vaccinated with adjuvanted FL pDNA had no detectable HSV-2 viral genomes in the DRG, whereas all mice vaccinated with gD2 pDNA alone were positive for HSV-2 viral genomes. These results show the potential contribution of Vaxfectin-gD2 pDNA to a future multivalent HSV-2 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Shlapobersky
- Vical Incorporated, 10390 Pacific Center Ct, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Joshua O Marshak
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Lichun Dong
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Meei-Li Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Qun Wei
- Vical Incorporated, 10390 Pacific Center Ct, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Alice Chu
- Vical Incorporated, 10390 Pacific Center Ct, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Alain Rolland
- Vical Incorporated, 10390 Pacific Center Ct, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Sean Sullivan
- Vical Incorporated, 10390 Pacific Center Ct, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - David M Koelle
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Discovery of potential diagnostic and vaccine antigens in herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 by proteome-wide antibody profiling. J Virol 2012; 86:4328-39. [PMID: 22318154 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.05194-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Routine serodiagnosis of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections is currently performed using recombinant glycoprotein G (gG) antigens from herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2. This is a single-antigen test and has only one diagnostic application. Relatively little is known about HSV antigenicity at the proteome-wide level, and the full potential of mining the antibody repertoire to identify antigens with other useful diagnostic properties and candidate vaccine antigens is yet to be realized. To this end we produced HSV-1 and -2 proteome microarrays in Escherichia coli and probed them against a panel of sera from patients serotyped using commercial gG-1 and gG-2 (gGs for HSV-1 and -2, respectively) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. We identified many reactive antigens in both HSV-1 and -2, some of which were type specific (i.e., recognized by HSV-1- or HSV-2-positive donors only) and others of which were nonspecific or cross-reactive (i.e., recognized by both HSV-1- and HSV-2-positive donors). Both membrane and nonmembrane virion proteins were antigenic, although type-specific antigens were enriched for membrane proteins, despite being expressed in E. coli.
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Abstract
This review provides a detailed look at the attributes and immunologic mechanisms of plasmid DNA vaccines and their utility as laboratory tools as well as potential human vaccines. The immunogenicity and efficacy of DNA vaccines in a variety of preclinical models is used to illustrate how they differ from traditional vaccines in novel ways due to the in situ antigen production and the ease with which they are constructed. The ability to make new DNA vaccines without needing to handle a virulent pathogen or to adapt the pathogen for manufacturing purposes demonstrates the potential value of this vaccine technology for use against emerging and epidemic pathogens. Similarly, personalized anti-tumor DNA vaccines can also readily be made from a biopsy. Because DNA vaccines bias the T-helper (Th) cell response to a Th1 phenotype, DNA vaccines are also under development for vaccines against allergy and autoimmune diseases. The licensure of four animal health products, including two prophylactic vaccines against infectious diseases, one immunotherapy for cancer, and one gene therapy delivery of a hormone for a food animal, provides evidence of the efficacy of DNA vaccines in multiple species including horses and pigs. The size of these target animals provides evidence that the somewhat disappointing immunogenicity of DNA vaccines in a number of human clinical trials is not due simply to the larger mass of humans compared with most laboratory animals. The insights gained from the mechanisms of protection in the animal vaccines, the advances in the delivery and expression technologies for increasing the potency of DNA vaccines, and encouragingly potent human immune responses in certain clinical trials, provide insights for future efforts to develop DNA vaccines into a broadly useful vaccine and immunotherapy platform with applications for human and animal health.
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Kask AS, Chen X, Marshak JO, Dong L, Saracino M, Chen D, Jarrahian C, Kendall MA, Koelle DM. DNA vaccine delivery by densely-packed and short microprojection arrays to skin protects against vaginal HSV-2 challenge. Vaccine 2010; 28:7483-91. [PMID: 20851091 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2010] [Revised: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
There is an unmet medical need for a prophylactic vaccine against herpes simplex virus (HSV). DNA vaccines and cutaneous vaccination have been tried for many applications, but few reports combine this vaccine composition and administration route. We compared DNA administration using the Nanopatch™, a solid microprojection device coated with vaccine comprised of thousands of short (110 μm) densly-packed projections (70 μm spacing), to standard intramuscular DNA vaccination in a mouse model of vaginal HSV-2 infection. A dose-response relationship was established for immunogenicity and survival in both vaccination routes. Appropriate doses administered by Nanopatch™ were highly immunogenic and enabled mouse survival. Vaginal HSV-2 DNA copy number day 1 post challenge correlated with survival, indicating that vaccine-elicited acquired immune responses can act quickly and locally. Solid, short, densely-packed arrays of microprojections applied to the skin are thus a promising route of administration for DNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Shaulov Kask
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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Wu Y, Zhang Q, Sales D, Bianco AE, Craig A. Vaccination with peptide mimotopes produces antibodies recognizing bacterial capsular polysaccharides. Vaccine 2010; 28:6425-35. [PMID: 20674874 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2010] [Revised: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A phage display peptide library was screened using a panel of antibodies to the capsular polysaccharides of Streptococcus agalactiae and Neisseria meningitidis. Mimotopes NPDHPRVPTFMA (2-8), LIPFHKHPHHRG (3-2) and EQEIFTNITDRV (G3) showing the highest binding capacity and strongest ELISA reaction were selected for immunization experiments. These mimotopes were either synthesised as oligodeoxynucleotides for DNA immunization or MAP (multiple antigen peptide) for peptide immunization. Mimotope-DNA vaccination, particularly for G3, induced antibodies recognizing a number of target bacteria. This response was seen after the second boost injection and was significantly enhanced by the 3rd boost injection with a Th1-associated profile, which was dominated by IgG2a, followed by IgG1. Mimotope-MAP immunization also produced strong humoral immune responses to the bacteria. Antibodies from G3 DNA immunization reacted with the surface molecules of S. agalactiae, N. meningitidis and Escherichia coli K5 shown by indirect immunofluorescence staining, indicating a possible localization to the bacterial capsule. Antibodies produced both from DNA/MAP immunization reacted with purified bacterial capsular polysaccharides by ELISA and were of high avidity. We have further characterized peptide G3 by a 'tiling path' study to examine the effect of changing individual residues in the peptide in raising antibodies, which showed that the EIFTN motif in G3 was important in generating antibodies to several capsulated bacteria. We conclude that mimotope immunization with DNA or MAP potentially induces strong antibody responses against encapsulated bacteria. It is suggested that the antibody targets are polysaccharides, and these antibodies may cross react at least among closely related species of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wu
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK.
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Immune response induced by a linear DNA vector: influence of dose, formulation and route of injection. Vaccine 2010; 28:3642-9. [PMID: 20362204 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Revised: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Previously, minimalistic, immunogenetically defined gene expression (MIDGE) vectors were developed as effective and sophisticated carriers for DNA vaccination. Here we evaluate the influence of dose, formulation and delivery route on the immune response after vaccination with MIDGE-Th1 vectors encoding hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg). An HBsAg-specific IgG1 and IgG2a antibody response was induced in a dose-dependent manner, whereas the IgG2a/IgG1 ratio was independent of the injected DNA dose. Formulation of MIDGE-HBsAg-Th1 with the cationic pyridinium amphiphile SAINT-18 significantly increased antibody levels of IgG1 and IgG2a compared to the unformulated vector. In contrast, SAINT-18 had neither a significant effect on the IgG2a/IgG1 ratio nor on the type and strength of cellular immunity. Overall, the strongest immune response was generated after intradermal injection, followed by intramuscular and subcutaneous (s.c.) injection. The results show that the formulation of MIDGE-Th1 with SAINT-18 increased the efficacy of the MIDGE-Th1 DNA vaccine and is therefore a suitable approach to improve the efficacy of DNA vaccines also in large animals and humans.
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Eratalay A, Coşkun-Ari FF, Öner F, Özcengīz E. In vitroandin vivoevaluations of PLGA microsphere vaccine formulations containing pDNA coexpressing Hepatitis B surface antigen and Interleukin-2. J Microencapsul 2010; 27:48-56. [DOI: 10.3109/02652040902937666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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21
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Enhanced immune response of DNA vaccine (VP1-pCDNA) adsorbed on cationic PLG for foot and mouth disease in guinea pigs. Virus Genes 2008; 37:81-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-008-0243-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2007] [Accepted: 05/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) Type-1 and -2 are common infections that can cause primary and recurrent herpes labialis and genitalis, as well as gingivostomatitis, keratoconjunctivitis, encephalitis, disseminated infections in immunocompromised persons and neonatal infections. Despite several decades of HSV vaccine development, no effective vaccine has been developed until recently. The following review of the genital HSV-2 glycoprotein D (gD2t, t is for truncated) subunit vaccine formulated with a new adjuvant (AS04) containing alum and 3-O deacylated monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) provides a background in which to evaluate the vaccine as well as a brief review of other approaches to herpes vaccines. The gD2t-AS04 vaccine has been demonstrated to be safe in several large clinical trials. In two trials, the vaccine reduced genital herpes disease by 73 and 74%, but only in females with no previous HSV infection. A large ongoing trial in HSV seronegative females will provide additional data on protection from HSV disease and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bernstein
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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Ghaemi A, Soleimanjahi H, Bamdad T, Soudi S, Arefeian E, Hashemi SM, Ebtekar M. Induction of humoral and cellular immunity against latent HSV-1 infections by DNA immunization in BALB/c mice. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2007; 30:197-210. [PMID: 17335902 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2007.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we have reported that the injection of an expression vector containing Herpes simplex virus (HSV) Glycoprotein D-1 (gD-1) generated a significant antibody response in mice and protected them against HSV lethal challenge. We tested its potential to induce antibody and cell mediated immune responses in latently infected mice. Positive control group (KOS) and HSV gD-1 vaccinated mice demonstrated protection against a lethal ocularly challenge of 10(5.5) plaque-forming units (pfu)/eye of wild HSV-1 versus negative control groups. For neutralizing antibody titers, delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH), lymphocyte proliferation responses, clinical evaluation and survival following lethal challenge, no considerable difference was observed between mice vaccinated with DNA plasmid and those vaccinated with KOS. KOS-vaccinated mice demonstrated the ability to completely prevent latency whereas DNA vaccinated group showed some degree of protection and displayed less latency than negative control groups and had considerably high levels of IFN-gamma and strong CTL responses versus negative control groups. It can be concluded that although immunization with the DNA vaccine is more effective in both protecting mice and induction of immune response, however it could not completely block the latent infection in sensory nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Ghaemi
- Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
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24
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Preclinical primate studies of HIV-1-envelope-based vaccines: towards human clinical trials. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2006; 1:336-43. [DOI: 10.1097/01.coh.0000232350.61650.f0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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25
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Jin Y, Cao C, Li P, Liu X, Huang W, Li C, Ma Q. Boosting immune response to hepatitis B DNA vaccine by coadministration of Prothymosin alpha-expressing plasmid. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 12:1364-9. [PMID: 16339058 PMCID: PMC1317068 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.12.12.1364-1369.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
DNA vaccines induce protective humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in several animal models. However, compared to conventional vaccines, DNA vaccines usually induce poor antibody responses. In this study, we report that coadministration of a hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA vaccine with prothymosin alpha as an adjuvant improves antibody responses to HBV S antigen. We also observed higher seroconversion rates and higher antibody titers. Prothymosin alpha appears to increase the number and affinity of hepatitis B surface antigen-specific, gamma interferon-secreting T cells and to enhance cellular immune response to the PreS2S DNA vaccine. Interestingly, administering the DNA separately from the prothymosin alpha plasmid abrogated the enhancement of DNA vaccine potency. The results suggest that prothymosin alpha may be a promising adjuvant for DNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwen Jin
- P.O. Box 130(8), 27 Taiping Rd., Beijing 100850, China.
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26
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Natuk RJ, Cooper D, Guo M, Calderon P, Wright KJ, Nasar F, Witko S, Pawlyk D, Lee M, DeStefano J, Tummolo D, Abramovitz AS, Gangolli S, Kalyan N, Clarke DK, Hendry RM, Eldridge JH, Udem SA, Kowalski J. Recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus vectors expressing herpes simplex virus type 2 gD elicit robust CD4+ Th1 immune responses and are protective in mouse and guinea pig models of vaginal challenge. J Virol 2006; 80:4447-57. [PMID: 16611905 PMCID: PMC1472036 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.80.9.4447-4457.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV) vectors offer an attractive approach for the induction of robust cellular and humoral immune responses directed against human pathogen target antigens. We evaluated rVSV vectors expressing full-length glycoprotein D (gD) from herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) in mice and guinea pigs for immunogenicity and protective efficacy against genital challenge with wild-type HSV-2. Robust Th1-polarized anti-gD immune responses were demonstrated in the murine model as measured by induction of gD-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes and increased gamma interferon expression. The isotype makeup of the serum anti-gD immunoglobulin G (IgG) response was consistent with the presence of a Th1-CD4+ anti-gD response, characterized by a high IgG2a/IgG1 IgG subclass ratio. Functional anti-HSV-2 neutralizing serum antibody responses were readily demonstrated in both guinea pigs and mice that had been immunized with rVSV-gD vaccines. Furthermore, guinea pigs and mice were prophylactically protected from genital challenge with high doses of wild-type HSV-2. In addition, guinea pigs were highly protected against the establishment of latent infection as evidenced by low or absent HSV-2 genome copies in dorsal root ganglia after virus challenge. In summary, rVSV-gD vectors were successfully used to elicit potent anti-gD Th1-like cellular and humoral immune responses that were protective against HSV-2 disease in guinea pigs and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Natuk
- Department of Vaccines Discovery Research, Wyeth Research, 401 N. Middletown Rd., Pearl River, New York 10965, USA.
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27
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Tengvall S, Josefsson A, Holmgren J, Harandi AM. CpG oligodeoxynucleotide augments HSV-2 glycoprotein D DNA vaccine efficacy to generate T helper 1 response and subsequent protection against primary genital herpes infection in mice. J Reprod Immunol 2005; 68:53-69. [PMID: 16229896 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2005.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2005] [Revised: 05/25/2005] [Accepted: 06/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of a combined use of DNA vaccine of HSV-2 glycoprotein D (gD DNA) and CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) in comparison to gD DNA vaccine alone in inducing immunity against genital HSV-2 infection. Intramuscular vaccination of C57Bl/6 mice with gD DNA followed 48 h later by CpG ODN administration conferred a strong immunity against genital herpes infection. This was concomitant with development of a robust specific IgG2c (an indicator of Th1-type response in C57Bl/6 mice) antibody response as well as IFN-gamma production by genital lymph node and spleen cells in vitro. Administration of CpG ODN prior to gD DNA immunization, on the other hand, was inferior to immunization with gD DNA alone in providing protection against macroscopic signs of the disease. Consistent with the in vivo protection data, mice immunized with CpG ODN followed by gD DNA vaccine showed decreased specific lymphoproliferative and IFN-gamma responses compared to gD DNA vaccinated mice. In conclusion, these results indicate that timely administration of CpG ODN augments the immunity elicited by gD DNA vaccine, resulting in augmented Th1-type immunity against genital herpes infection in mice. These findings emphasize the value of using CpG ODN in a DNA vaccination scheme against genital herpes and merit also further evaluation in genetic vaccination approaches against other sexually transmitted infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Tengvall
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Göteborg University Vaccine Research Institute (GUVAX), Göteborg University, Medicinaregatan 7A, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
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28
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Kumaraguru U, Rouse BT. DNA vaccines for the prophylaxis and modulation of HSV infections. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2005; 7:219-24. [PMID: 15991953 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.7.2.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
There is currently no acceptable vaccine available for the control of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection. This review discusses the reasons for the past failures and evaluates the prospect that a fresh approach, such as that provided by plasmid DNA encoding viral proteins, could provide a solution. The issues addressed include immune responses generated by plasmids encoding glycoproteins of HSV, the mechanism of HSV, the nature of the response in neonates, mucosal barrier immunity, attempts at improving immunogenicity of DNA vaccines and the immunomodulation potential with DNA encoding cytokines. The review concludes that DNA vaccines against HSV may merit evaluation in man, but DNA vaccine research may be more useful for uncovering mechanisms by which the immune system functions against HSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Kumaraguru
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-0845, USA
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29
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Cui FD, Asada H, Jin ML, Kishida T, Shin-Ya M, Nakaya T, Kita M, Ishii M, Iwai M, Okanoue T, Imanishi J, Mazda O. Cytokine genetic adjuvant facilitates prophylactic intravascular DNA vaccine against acute and latent herpes simplex virus infection in mice. Gene Ther 2005; 12:160-8. [PMID: 15470476 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Intravascular plasmid DNA (pDNA) vaccine encoding herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) glycoprotein B (gB) effectively induces prophylactic immunity against lethal HSV-1 infection in mice. We investigated whether the vaccine potency is further improved by coadministration of cytokine genes together with a low dose of genetic vaccine. pDNA encoding IL-12, IL-15, IL-18 or IL-21 was capable of elevating survival rates of HSV-1-infected mice when coinjected with 1 microg of gB pDNA, while IL-10 gene delivery failed to affect the effectiveness of the genetic immunization. Although only 17% of mice survived acute HSV infection after the gB pDNA vaccination at a dose of 1 microg, all mice coadministered with 1 microg each of gB and IL-12 pDNAs not only survived the acute infection but also escaped latent infection. In these animals, the neutralizing antibody against HSV-1 was abundantly produced, and CTL activity against the gB antigen was augmented. Coadministration of the gB and IL-12 genes also elevated the serum level of interferon-gamma. Adaptive transfer experiments indicated that soluble factors contributed to preventive immunity, while cell components alone were not capable of protecting mice from fatal viral infection. These results strongly suggest potential usefulness of Th1 cytokine genes as effective molecular adjuvants that facilitate specific humoral as well as cellular immune responses elicited by intravascular molecular vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- F-D Cui
- Department of Microbiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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30
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Schoen C, Stritzker J, Goebel W, Pilgrim S. Bacteria as DNA vaccine carriers for genetic immunization. Int J Med Microbiol 2004; 294:319-35. [PMID: 15532991 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2004.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic immunization with plasmid DNA vaccines has proven to be a promising tool in conferring protective immunity in various experimental animal models of infectious diseases or tumors. Recent research focuses on the use of bacteria, in particular enteroinvasive species, as effective carriers for DNA vaccines. Attenuated strains of Shigella flexneri, Salmonella spp., Yersinia enterocolitica or Listeria monocytogenes have shown to be attractive candidates to target DNA vaccines to immunological inductive sites at mucosal surfaces. This review summarizes recent progress in bacteria-mediated delivery of plasmid DNA vaccines in the field of infectious diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Schoen
- Department of Microbiology, Biocenter of the University, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
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31
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Huang DB, Wu JJ, Tyring SK. A review of licensed viral vaccines, some of their safety concerns, and the advances in the development of investigational viral vaccines. J Infect 2004; 49:179-209. [PMID: 15337336 PMCID: PMC7126106 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2004.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2004] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Viral vaccines could be considered among the most important medical achievements of the 20th century. They have prevented much suffering and saved many lives. Although some curative antiviral drugs exist, we desperately depend on efforts by academic, governmental and industrial scientists in the advancement of viral vaccines in the prevention and control of infectious diseases. In the next decade, we hope to see advancement in the development of current and investigational viral vaccines against childhood and adult infections. In this article, we will review the licensed viral vaccines, some of their safety concerns, and the advances in the development of investigational viral vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Huang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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32
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Borenstein R, Singer O, Moseri A, Frenkel N. Use of amplicon-6 vectors derived from human herpesvirus 6 for efficient expression of membrane-associated and -secreted proteins in T cells. J Virol 2004; 78:4730-43. [PMID: 15078955 PMCID: PMC387683 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.9.4730-4743.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2003] [Accepted: 01/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The composite amplicon-6 vectors, which are derived from human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), can target hematopoietic cells. In the presence of the respective helper viruses, the amplicons are replicated by the rolling circle mechanism, yielding defective genomes of overall size 135 to 150 kb, composed of multiple repeats of units, containing the viral DNA replication origin, packaging signals, and the selected transgene(s). We report the use of amplicon-6 vectors designed for transgene expression in T cells. The selected transgenes included the green fluorescent protein marker, the herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoprotein D (gD), and the gD gene deleted in the transmembrane region (gDsec). The vectors were tested after electroporation and passage in T cells with or without helper HHV-6A superinfections. The results were as follows. (i)The vectors could be passaged both as cell-associated and as cell-free secreted virions infectious to new cells. (ii)The intact gD accumulated at the cell surface, whereas the gDsec was dispersed at internal locations of the cells or was secreted into the medium. (iii)Analyses of amplicon-6-gD expression by flow cytometry have shown significant expression in cultures with reiterated amplicons and helper viruses. The vector has spread to >60% of the cells, and the efficiency of expression per cell increased 15-fold, most likely due to the presence of concatemeric amplicon repeats. Current studies are designed to test whether amplicon-6 vectors can be used for gene therapy in lymphocytes and whether amplicon-6 vectors expressed in T cells and dendritic cells can induce strong cellular and humoral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronen Borenstein
- The S. Daniel Abraham Institute of Molecular Virology and Department of Cell Research and Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 361390, Israel
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33
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Wu JJ, Huang DB, Pang KR, Tyring SK. Vaccines and immunotherapies for the prevention of infectious diseases having cutaneous manifestations. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004; 50:495-528; quiz 529-32. [PMID: 15034501 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2003.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Although the development of antimicrobial drugs has advanced rapidly in the past several years, such agents act against only certain groups of microbes and are associated with increasing rates of resistance. These limitations of treatment force physicians to continue to rely on prevention, which is more effective and cost-effective than therapy. From the use of the smallpox vaccine by Jenner in the 1700s to the current concerns about biologic warfare, the technology for vaccine development has seen numerous advances. The currently available vaccines for viral illnesses include Dryvax for smallpox; the combination measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine; inactivated vaccine for hepatitis A; plasma-derived vaccine for hepatitis B; and the live attenuated Oka strain vaccine for varicella zoster. Vaccines available against bacterial illnesses include those for anthrax, Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria meningitidis. Currently in development for both prophylactic and therapeutic purposes are vaccines for HIV, herpes simplex virus, and human papillomavirus. Other vaccines being investigated for prevention are those for cytomegalovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus, hepatitis C, and dengue fever, among many others. Fungal and protozoan diseases are also subjects of vaccine research. Among immunoglobulins approved for prophylactic and therapeutic use are those against cytomegalovirus, hepatitis A and B, measles, rabies, and tetanus. With this progress, it is hoped that effective vaccines soon will be developed for many more infectious diseases with cutaneous manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jashin J Wu
- Center for Clinical Studies, Houston, Texas, USA
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34
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Cui FD, Asada H, Kishida T, Itokawa Y, Nakaya T, Ueda Y, Yamagishi H, Gojo S, Kita M, Imanishi J, Mazda O. Intravascular naked DNA vaccine encoding glycoprotein B induces protective humoral and cellular immunity against herpes simplex virus type 1 infection in mice. Gene Ther 2003; 10:2059-66. [PMID: 14595378 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Naked plasmid DNA (pDNA) vaccine expressing herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) glycoprotein B (gB) was tested for protective activity against acute HSV-1 infection in mice. The pDNA was intravenously injected into Balb/c mice via their tail vein under high pressure, and the vaccination was performed two times at an interval of 7 days. The gB gene vaccination significantly protected the mice from subsequent intraperitoneal challenge with a lethal dose of HSV-1, which killed all the animals given control plasmid or saline. The protective activity was correlated with the dose of the plasmid inoculated, the survival rate reaching 83% in mice vaccinated with 5 microg of pDNA. The vaccinated mice were also protected from latent HSV infection. The immunized mice showed significant elevation in neutralizing antibody against HSV-1 as well as serum levels of interleukin-12 (IL-12) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). When mice were immunized with 5 microg of an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-based plasmid vector harboring the gB, the cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) activity and proliferative response for HSV-1 were also induced. The results strongly suggest that intravenous immunization of naked pDNA may induce humoral and cellular immune responses against the virus, leading to a significant prophylactic outcome against HSV-1 infection in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- F-D Cui
- Department of Microbiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl A Jones
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
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36
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Wu SF, Liao CL, Lin YL, Yeh CT, Chen LK, Huang YF, Chou HY, Huang JL, Shaio MF, Sytwu HK. Evaluation of protective efficacy and immune mechanisms of using a non-structural protein NS1 in DNA vaccine against dengue 2 virus in mice. Vaccine 2003; 21:3919-29. [PMID: 12922127 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(03)00310-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the potential of DNA vaccine against dengue (DEN) infection, we characterize the protective efficacy and immune responses of mice intramuscularly injected with plasmid encoding DEN-2 non-structural protein 1 (NS1). Intravenously challenged by lethal DEN-2, mice vaccinated with NS1-DNA exhibited a delay onset of paralysis, a marked decrease of morbidity, and a significant enhancement of survival. In addition to a moderate increase of NS1-specific antibody titer from immunized mice measured by ELISA, a strong priming effect on anti-NS1 response was also noticed in plasmid NS1-vaccinated mice by radioimmunoprecipitation (RIP) or immunoblot analysis. Interestingly, newborn mice from NS1-DNA-immunized dam showed stronger resistance to viral challenge, as compared to those from vector DNA or PBS-immunized dams, indicating the protective role of NS1-specific antibody. In contrast to humoral immune response, DNA immunization can elicit strong cellular immune responses, including NS1-specific T cell proliferation and cytolytic activity. The NS1-DNA-induced protection can be further augmented by co-injection of plasmid encoding interleukin 12 (IL-12), suggesting an effector role of Th1 immunity against DEN infection. In summary, our results suggest the potential of NS1-DNA vaccine against DEN infection, and indicate both NS1-specific humoral and cellular immune responses contribute to the protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Fen Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, P.O. Box 90048-505, Neihu, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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37
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Domingo C, Gadea I, Pardeiro M, Castilla C, Fernández S, Fernández-Clua MA, De la Cruz Troca JJ, Punzón C, Soriano F, Fresno M, Tabarés E. Immunological properties of a DNA plasmid encoding a chimeric protein of herpes simplex virus type 2 glycoprotein B and glycoprotein D. Vaccine 2003; 21:3565-74. [PMID: 12922084 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(03)00423-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A DNA plasmid containing a chimeric sequence encoding both herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) glycoprotein B (gB) and glycoprotein D (gD) external domains (pcgDB) was used to immunize BALB/c mice against genital HSV-2 infection. To determine the efficacy of this vaccine, groups of mice immunized with the pcgDB plasmid were compared with animals immunized with plasmids corresponding to the individual proteins (pcgBt or pcgDt), administered separately or in combination (pcgBt + pcgDt). We studied the response of the different mouse groups to viral challenge by analyzing clinical disease (vaginitis), serum antibody levels, as well as lymphoproliferative responses and cytokine production by spleen cells. Increased IFN-gamma levels correlated with prolonged survival in mice immunized with the plasmid pcgDB, relative to mice immunized with plasmids coding for the individual proteins alone or in combination. Our results show that immunization with the plasmid encoding the chimeric protein is advantageous over separate proteins. These findings may have important implications for the development of multivalent DNA vaccines against HSV and other complex pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Domingo
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública (Microbiología), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28029, Spain
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38
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Nardelli-Haefliger D, Wirthner D, Schiller JT, Lowy DR, Hildesheim A, Ponci F, De Grandi P. Specific antibody levels at the cervix during the menstrual cycle of women vaccinated with human papillomavirus 16 virus-like particles. J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95:1128-37. [PMID: 12902442 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djg018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In early-phase trials, a human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine has been shown to be well tolerated, immunogenic, and protective against HPV16 in women, most of whom were taking oral contraceptives. Previous studies have not determined whether HPV immunization results in specific antibody levels in the human genital tract or whether these levels might vary during contraceptive or ovulatory cycles. Therefore, we determined the levels of total and specific antibodies in the cervical secretions of women who had been immunized with HPV16 VLPs and examined the influence of the menstrual cycle and oral contraceptive use on these levels. METHODS Two groups of women were immunized, seven who were taking oral contraceptives and 11 who were ovulating. After seroconversion, serum and cervical secretions were collected twice weekly for 5 weeks. Total immunoglobulins (IgG and IgA) and vaccine-specific IgGs were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Nonparametric statistical analyses were used to determine the statistical significance of differences in IgG levels between groups, and correlations between serum- and cervical-specific IgG levels were determined by the Spearman correlation coefficient. RESULTS All participants developed detectable titers of anti-HPV16 VLP IgGs in their cervical secretions after immunization. The cervical titers of specific IgG and total IgGs and IgAs among participants in the contraceptive group were relatively constant throughout the contraceptive cycle. In contrast, the cervical titers of specific IgG and total IgGs and IgAs among participants in the ovulatory group varied during the menstrual cycle, being highest during the proliferative phase, decreasing approximately ninefold around ovulation, and increasing approximately threefold during the luteal phase. Serum- and cervical-specific IgG levels were correlated (r =.86) in women in the contraceptive group but not in women in the ovulatory group (r =.27). CONCLUSIONS The relatively high titer of anti-HPV16 antibodies at the cervix is promising in terms of vaccine efficacy; however, the decrease in antibody titer around ovulation raises the possibility that the HPV16 VLP vaccine might be less effective during the peri-ovulatory phase.
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Martina BEE, van de Bildt MWG, Kuiken T, van Amerongen G, Osterhaus ADME. Immunogenicity and efficacy of recombinant subunit vaccines against phocid herpesvirus type 1. Vaccine 2003; 21:2433-40. [PMID: 12744876 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(03)00056-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Phocid herpesvirus type 1 (PhHV-1) is an alpha-herpesvirus that causes significant morbidity and mortality among young and immunocompromised harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) and therefore represents a major problem for seal rehabilitation centres. Consequently, there is a need for a safe and effective PhHV-1 vaccine. We tested an ISCOM-based recombinant PhHV-1 gB vaccine alone (gB) or with the addition of recombinant PhHV-1 gD (gBD) for (i). immunogenicity and protective efficacy against feline herpesvirus (FHV) infection in cats and (ii). their immunogenicity in seals. The FHV-cat model was chosen based on the close antigenic relationship between PhHV-1 and FHV. Upon challenge, all vaccinated (gB and gBD) cats excreted significantly less FHV (P<0.01) and gBD vaccinated cats showed less weight loss (P=0.05) than the mock-vaccinated cats. However, adding gD to the gB vaccine did not result in significantly better protection. Based on these data, immunogenicity studies in seals under rehabilitation were performed with the gB vaccine only. To this end, gB vaccine was tested at two different doses (20 or 40 microg). PhHV-1 specific antibody titres and in vitro proliferative T cell responses were measured in all seals upon vaccination. No differences were observed in antibody titres between seals vaccinated with either 20 or 40 microgB, but the higher gB concentration did result in higher specific proliferative T cell responses (P<0.01). Based on the close antigenic relationship between PhHV-1 and FHV, the safety and efficacy data in the FHV-cat model, and the immunogenicity data in the vaccinated seals, the gB based vaccine is expected to be safe and effective in protecting against PhHV-1 related disease in harbour seals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron E E Martina
- Seal Rehabilitation and Research Centre, Pieterburen, 9968 AG, Pieterburen, The Netherlands
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40
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Brentjens MH, Yeung-Yue KA, Lee PC, Tyring SK. Vaccines for viral diseases with dermatologic manifestations. Dermatol Clin 2003; 21:349-69. [PMID: 12757257 DOI: 10.1016/s0733-8635(02)00098-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines against infectious diseases have been available since the 1800s, when an immunization strategy against smallpox developed by Jenner gained wide acceptance. Until recently, the only vaccination strategies available involved the use of protein-based, whole killed, and attenuated live virus vaccines. These strategies have led to the development of effective vaccines against a variety of diseases with primary or prominent cutaneous manifestations. Effective and safe vaccines now used worldwide include those directed against measles and rubella (now commonly used together with a mumps vaccine as the trivalent MMR), chickenpox, and hepatitis B. The eradication of naturally occurring smallpox remains one of the greatest successes in the history of modern medicine, but stockpiles of live smallpox exist in the United States and Russia. Renewed interest in the smallpox vaccine reflects concerns about a possible bioterrorist threat using this virus. Yellow fever is a hemorrhagic virus endemic to tropical areas of South America and Africa. An effective vaccine for this virus has existed since 1937, and it is used widely in endemic areas of South America, and to a lesser extent in Africa. This vaccine is recommended once every 10 years for people who are traveling to endemic areas. Advances in immunology have led to a greater understanding of immune system function in viral diseases. Progress in genetics and molecular biology has allowed researchers to design vaccines with novel mechanisms of action (eg, DNA, vector, and VLP vaccines). Vaccines have also been designed to specifically target particular viral components, allowing for stimulation of various arms of the immune system as desired. Ongoing research shows promise in prophylactic and therapeutic vaccination for viral infections with cutaneous manifestations. Further studies are necessary before vaccines for HSV, HPV, and HIV become commercially available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathijs H Brentjens
- University of Texas Medical Branch-Galveston, Department of Dermatology, Galveston, TX, USA
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41
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Fló J. Co-immunization with plasmids coding the full length and a soluble form of glycoprotein D of HSV-2 induces protective cellular and humoral immune response in mice. Vaccine 2003; 21:1239-45. [PMID: 12559804 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00476-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
At present, the significance of antibody for protection of the female genital tract against infection with HSV-2 remains controversial. In the present study, the ability of a DNA vaccine encoding different forms of glycoprotein D (gD) of herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) to induce simultaneously cellular and humoral responses was evaluated. Mice immunized with a plasmid encoding full length gD (pgD) developed a strong cellular immune response but weak antibody titers in serum and vaginal washings. On the other hand, mice immunized with a plasmid encoding soluble form of gD (pdeltagD) showed high titers of antibodies but a very weak cell-mediated immune response. When mice were immunized simultaneously with both plasmids, cellular and humoral immune responses were elicited. This mice showed neutralizing antibodies in serum and vaginal washings as well as a high number of IFN-gamma secreting cells in spleen. When challenged with 50 lethal doses of virus, mice immunized with pgD along with pdeltagD showed a more complete protection than mice immunized with pgD alone. Collectively these results suggest that neutralizing antibodies help cell-mediated immune response for the protection against HSV-2 infection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Estrous Cycle
- Female
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Genetic Vectors/immunology
- Herpesvirus 2, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 2, Human/immunology
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed/immunology
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunity, Mucosal
- Immunization, Secondary
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mucous Membrane/immunology
- Neutralization Tests
- Sequence Deletion
- Spleen/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vagina/immunology
- Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
- Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Fló
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2 Piso 4to Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina.
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42
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Lásaro MO, Alves AMB, Botosso VF, Durigon EL, Ferreira LCS. Antibody-inducing properties of a prototype bivalent herpes simplex virus/enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli DNA vaccine. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2003; 35:25-31. [PMID: 12589954 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2003.tb00645.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The antibody-inducing properties of a bacterial/viral bivalent DNA vaccine (pRECFA), expressing a peptide composed of N- and C-terminal amino acid sequences of the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) glycoprotein D (gD) fused with an inner segment encoding the major structural subunit of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) CFA/I fimbriae (CFA/I), was evaluated in BALB/c mice following intramuscular immunization. The bivalent pRECFA vaccine elicited serum antibody responses, belonging mainly to the IgG2a subclass, against both CFA/I and HSV gD proteins. pRECFA-elicited antibody responses cross-reacted with homologous and heterologous ETEC fimbrial antigens as well as with type 1 and type 2 HSV gD proteins, which could bind and inactivate intact HSV-2 particles. On the other hand, CFA/I-specific antibodies could bind but did not neutralize the adhesive functions of the bacterial CFA/I fimbriae. In spite of the functional restriction of the antibodies targeting the bacterial antigen, the present evidence suggests that fusion of heterologous peptides to the HSV gD protein represents an alternative for the design of bivalent DNA vaccines able to elicit serum antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcio O Lásaro
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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43
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Lee HH, Cha SC, Jang DJ, Lee JK, Choo DW, Kim YS, Uh HS, Kim SY. Immunization with combined HSV-2 glycoproteins B2 : D2 gene DNAs: protection against lethal intravaginal challenges in mice. Virus Genes 2002; 25:179-88. [PMID: 12416680 DOI: 10.1023/a:1020113902834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The immunity of a combined DNA vaccine of HSV-2 glycoproteins B2 (gB2) and D2 (gD2) genes in comparison to individual vaccines was studied with regard to protecting against the HSV infection. Two recombinant DNA vaccines of the pHS2-gB2 or pHS2-gD2 were constructed and formulated. The neutralizing antibody titers appeared higher in the B2 : D2 gene cocktail-vaccinated mice than that of the individual B2 or D2 gene-vaccinated group alone, and the positive KOS control induced higher titer of the neutralizing antibody than combined or individual gene vaccines. The mock-immunized mice failed to induce enough. The ranks for the CTL activity and the protection rates against the lethal intravaginal challenge were shown as KOS > B2:D2 cocktail > D2 > B2 gene vaccines. The vaginal external diseases in the B2 : D2 or D-vaccinated mice were significantly reduced against the challenging dosages. The virus titers in the vaginal secretions of the vaccinated mice significantly reduced with time, and the B2 : D2 gene vaccine decreased more than each individual vaccine alone. It can be concluded that the cocktailed vaccines are more effective in the humoral and cellular immune responses in the mice, and in the protection of the mice against the intravaginal challenging dosages when compared with individual gene vaccines. All the DNA vaccines failed to block the latent infection in sensory nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Hoan Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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44
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Hirano M, Nakamura S, Mitsunaga F, Okada M, Shimizu K, Ueda M, Bennett A, Eberle R. Efficacy of a B virus gD DNA vaccine for induction of humoral and cellular immune responses in Japanese macaques. Vaccine 2002; 20:2523-32. [PMID: 12057608 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00175-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
It is desirable to prevent dissemination of B virus (BV) in macaque colonies because transmission of BV to humans causes deadly encephalomyelitis. Vaccination of monkeys is one method that could confine spread of BV within macaque colonies. Availability of a BV DNA vaccine for use in macaques would eliminate the risk of working with infectious BV. Toward this end, we constructed a plasmid expressing the BV glycoprotein D (gD). Immunogenicity of this construct as a DNA vaccine was assessed in adult Japanese macaques by four intracutaneous injections at a dose of 500 microg per head. Results of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using a recombinant herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) gD, a homologue of BV gD, showed that significant levels of antibody was induced in all vaccinated animals following each booster injection. Western blot of sera from vaccinated macaques confirmed the specific recognition of authentic BV gD. Immune sera were also demonstrated to contain neutralizing activity against infectious BV. Weak lymphoproliferative responses were also observed in vaccinated macaques using recombinant HSV1 gD as a stimulating antigen and flow cytometry analysis of one individual revealed the presence of HSV1 gD-responsive effector T cells. Thus, the BV gD DNA vaccine was demonstrated to induce both humoral and cellular immune responses in macaques which recognized BV gD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Hirano
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan
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45
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Vandepapelière P. Therapeutic vaccination against chronic viral infections. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2002; 2:353-67. [PMID: 12144898 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(02)00289-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Chronic viral infections such as those caused by hepatitis B virus, human papilloma virus, herpes simplex virus, and HIV, in theory, present logical targets of active specific immunotherapy. Indeed, immunological mechanisms are involved in several aspects of their pathogenesis and natural course, such as virus persistence, destruction of infected cells and control of viral replication. Therapeutic vaccination could therefore be an adequate replacement for, or adjunct to, existing therapies. Almost all approaches to therapeutic vaccination have been evaluated in those four disease areas. Despite encouraging results in animals none of these attempts has, so far, been completely successful in the human setting. However, with a better understanding of the immunological mechanisms involved in the control of disease successful therapeutic vaccines, used alone or in combination with other therapies, are an achievable goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Vandepapelière
- Clinical R&D HIV vaccines and anti-infective therapeutic vaccines, GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rue de l'Institut 89, B-1330, Rixensart, Belgium.
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46
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Loomis-Huff JE, Eberle R, Lockridge KM, Rhodes G, Barry PA. Immunogenicity of a DNA vaccine against herpes B virus in mice and rhesus macaques. Vaccine 2001; 19:4865-73. [PMID: 11535340 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00232-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Herpes B virus (Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1) is endemic in captive macaque populations and poses a serious threat to humans who work with macaques or their tissues. A vaccine that could prevent or limit B virus infection in macaques would lessen occupational risk. To that end, a DNA vaccine plasmid expressing the B virus glycoprotein B (gB) was constructed and tested for immunogenicity in mice and macaques. Intramuscular (IM) or intradermal (ID) immunization in mice elicited antibodies to gB that were relatively stable over time and predominately of the IgG2a isotype. Five juvenile macaques were immunized by either IM+ID (n=2) or IM (n=3) routes, with two booster immunizations at 10 and 30 weeks. All five animals developed antibodies to B virus gB, with detectable neutralizing activity in the IM+ID immunized animals. These results demonstrated that DNA immunization can be used to generate an immune response against a B virus glycoprotein in uninfected macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Loomis-Huff
- Center for Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, 95616, USA
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47
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Calarota SA, Kjerrström A, Islam KB, Wahren B. Gene combination raises broad human immunodeficiency virus-specific cytotoxicity. Hum Gene Ther 2001; 12:1623-37. [PMID: 11535166 DOI: 10.1089/10430340152528129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA plasmid immunization has the important advantage over traditional vaccines of making it possible to combine selected genes into one vaccine. The efficacy of a combination of DNA plasmids encoding the nef, rev, and tat HIV-1 regulatory genes in inducing cellular immune responses was analyzed in asymptomatic HIV-1-infected patients. Patients initially selected for having low or no detectable immune responses to Nef, Rev, or Tat antigens developed MHC class I-restricted cytolytic activities as well as enhanced bystander effects. The induction of memory cells against target cells infected with the whole HIV-1 genome was analyzed by using a pseudovirus HIV-1/murine leukemia virus (MuLV), and target cells infected with vaccinia virus carrying the respective gene. The most remarkable change observed after immunization with the gene combination was an increase in cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) precursors to target cells infected with the whole HIV-1 genome. Infection by the pseudotype HIV-1/MuLV virus should result in a multitude of HIV-1 peptides presented on the target cell surface, representative of the in vivo situation. An in vitro assessment of the expression of the single and combined gene products showed that this was consistent with the induction of CTL responses in vivo. No clinical advantage or adverse effects were noted. Therapeutic effects of such immunization may become measurable by structured therapy interruption.
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MESH Headings
- AIDS Vaccines/administration & dosage
- AIDS Vaccines/genetics
- AIDS Vaccines/immunology
- AIDS Vaccines/therapeutic use
- CD4 Lymphocyte Count
- CpG Islands/genetics
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Gene Expression
- Gene Products, nef/biosynthesis
- Gene Products, nef/genetics
- Gene Products, nef/immunology
- Gene Products, nef/therapeutic use
- Gene Products, rev/biosynthesis
- Gene Products, rev/genetics
- Gene Products, rev/immunology
- Gene Products, rev/therapeutic use
- Gene Products, tat/biosynthesis
- Gene Products, tat/genetics
- Gene Products, tat/immunology
- Gene Products, tat/therapeutic use
- Genes, Viral/genetics
- Genetic Vectors/administration & dosage
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- HIV Antigens/biosynthesis
- HIV Antigens/genetics
- HIV Antigens/immunology
- HIV Infections/immunology
- HIV Infections/therapy
- HIV Infections/virology
- HIV-1/genetics
- HIV-1/immunology
- HeLa Cells
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology
- Humans
- Leukemia Virus, Murine/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Plasmids/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/therapeutic use
- Vaccinia virus/genetics
- nef Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
- rev Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
- tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Calarota
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 82 Solna, Sweden
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48
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Benvenisti L, Rogel A, Kuznetzova L, Bujanover S, Becker Y, Stram Y. Gene gun-mediate DNA vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease virus. Vaccine 2001; 19:3885-95. [PMID: 11427262 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00125-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the most dangerous diseases of cloven-hoofed animals and is a constant threat in the Middle-East and other regions throughout the world despite intensive vaccination programs. In this work, we describe the ability of FMDV expression constructs to protect pigs from FMDV challenge when used as a vaccine. The construct consists of encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) internal ribosome entry site (IRES), the entire P1 and 2A together with 3CD sequences, all in the same reading frame. Another plasmid that was tested, carries the serotype O1 (G) VP1, Asia1 VP1 and O1 (G) 3C. Between each of the genes the 3C cleavage sequences were inserted. All constructs carried the cytomegalo virus (CMV) promoter. Using immunofluorescent and immunoblot techniques, we could show the expression and processing of viral proteins. Following the application of FMDV expression constructs into pigs skin by 'Gene Gun', pigs were partially protected from FMDV challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Benvenisti
- Virology Division, Kimron Veterinary Institute, PO Box 12, Beit-Dagan 50250, Israel
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49
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Kjerrström A, Hinkula J, Engström G, Ovod V, Krohn K, Benthin R, Wahren B. Interactions of single and combined human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) DNA vaccines. Virology 2001; 284:46-61. [PMID: 11352667 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2001.0905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
DNA immunization permits evaluation of possible antagonistic or synergistic effects between the encoded components. The protein expression capacity in vitro was related to the immunogenicity in vivo of plasmids encoding the HIV-1 regulatory genes tat rev, and nef. Neither Tat nor Rev expression was influenced by co-expression in vitro of all three proteins, while Nef expression was slightly inhibited. With the combination of genes, the T-cellular responses of mice against Rev and Nef were inhibited compared with those when single gene immunization was used. No interference was detected for the Tat T-cell response. Thus, co-immunization with certain genes may result in inhibition of specific immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kjerrström
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Karolinska Institute, Solna, SE-171 82, Sweden.
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50
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Caselli E, Grandi P, Argnani R, Balboni PG, Selvatici R, Manservigi R. Mice genetic immunization with plasmid DNA encoding a secreted form of HSV-1 gB induces a protective immune response against herpes simplex virus type 1 infection. Intervirology 2001; 44:1-7. [PMID: 11223713 DOI: 10.1159/000050023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intramuscularly (i.m.) delivered plasmid DNA encoding a secreted form of glycoprotein B of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1 gB1s) was evaluated for the ability to elicit a protective immune response in Balb/c mice. Animals received three i.m. injections of a gB1s expression plasmid (pRP-RSV-gB1s) or of a wild-type transmembrane gB1 coding plasmid (pRP-RSV-gB1), while control mice were injected with the vector alone (pRP-RSV). A specific antibody response was observed in almost all immunized animals, and in most cases antibodies were also detected after 1 month in the absence of further vaccine boosts. Serum antibodies mostly displayed neutralizing activity against HSV-1. Glycoprotein B1s DNA immunization was also effective in protecting animals against the primary infection induced by a subsequent HSV-1 challenge and limited HSV-1 infection of sensitive ganglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Caselli
- Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine (Section of Microbiology), University of Ferrara, Italy
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