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Swann JB, Grammer C, Schorpp M, Boehm T. A survey of the adaptive immune genes of the polka-dot batfish Ogcocephalus cubifrons. BMC Immunol 2023; 24:20. [PMID: 37480016 PMCID: PMC10362645 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-023-00557-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The anglerfish, belonging to the teleost order Lophiiformes, are a diverse and species-rich group of fish that are known to exhibit a number of unique morphological, reproductive and immunological adaptations. Work to date has identified the loss of specific adaptive immune components in two of the five Lophiiformes sub-orders (Lophioidei and Ceratioidei), while no anomalies have been identified to date in two other sub-orders, Antennaroidei and Chaunacoidei. The immunogenome of the fifth sub-order, Ogcocephaloidei has not yet been investigated, and we have therefore used whole genome shotgun sequencing, combined with RNA-seq, to survey the adaptive immune capabilities of the polka-dot batfish, O. cubifrons, as a representative of this as yet unexplored sub-order. RESULTS We find that the O. cubifrons genome encodes the core genes needed to mount adaptive T and B cell responses. These genes include those necessary for rearranging and editing antigen receptors, the antigen receptors themselves; as well as the co-receptors, signalling molecules, and antigen presenting molecules (both class I and class II) needed for B cell and T cell development and activation. CONCLUSIONS From an immune perspective, the polka-dot batfish has a canonical complement of adaptive immune genes, and does not exhibit any of the adaptive immune changes previously identified in monkfish and oceanic anglerfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy B Swann
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck-Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51, D-79108, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Christiane Grammer
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck-Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51, D-79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Schorpp
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck-Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51, D-79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Boehm
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck-Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51, D-79108, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Li Z, Zhang N, Ma L, Zhang L, Meng G, Xia C. The Mechanism of β2m Molecule-Induced Changes in the Peptide Presentation Profile in a Bony Fish. iScience 2020; 23:101119. [PMID: 32438322 PMCID: PMC7240133 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Contemporary antigen presentation knowledge is based on the existence of a single β2m locus, and a classical MHC class I forms a complex with a peptide (i.e., pMHC-I) to trigger CTL immunity. However, two β2m loci have been found in diploid bony fish; the function of the two β2m molecules is unclear. Here, we determined the variant peptide profiles originating from different products of the β2m loci binding to the same MHC-I molecule and further solved the crystal structures of the two pMHC-I molecules (i.e., pCtid-UAA-β2m-2 and pCtid-UAA-β2m-1-II). Of note, in pCtid-UAA-β2m-2, a unique hydrogen bond network formed in the bottom of the peptide-binding groove (PBG) led to α2-helix drift, ultimately leading to structural changes in the PBG. The mechanism of the change in peptide presentation profiles by β2m molecules is illustrated. The results are also of great significance for antivirus and antitumor functions in cold-blooded vertebrates and even humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zibin Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Nianzhi Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lizhen Ma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lijie Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Geng Meng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Chun Xia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Whole genome duplications have provided teleosts with many roads to peptide loaded MHC class I molecules. BMC Evol Biol 2018; 18:25. [PMID: 29471808 PMCID: PMC5824609 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-018-1138-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In sharks, chickens, rats, frogs, medaka and zebrafish there is haplotypic variation in MHC class I and closely linked genes involved in antigen processing, peptide translocation and peptide loading. At least in chicken, such MHCIa haplotypes of MHCIa, TAP2 and Tapasin are shown to influence the repertoire of pathogen epitopes being presented to CD8+ T-cells with subsequent effect on cell-mediated immune responses. Results Examining MHCI haplotype variation in Atlantic salmon using transcriptome and genome resources we found little evidence for polymorphism in antigen processing genes closely linked to the classical MHCIa genes. Looking at other genes involved in MHCI assembly and antigen processing we found retention of functional gene duplicates originating from the second vertebrate genome duplication event providing cyprinids, salmonids, and neoteleosts with the potential of several different peptide-loading complexes. One of these gene duplications has also been retained in the tetrapod lineage with orthologs in frogs, birds and opossum. Conclusion We postulate that the unique salmonid whole genome duplication (SGD) is responsible for eliminating haplotypic content in the paralog MHCIa regions possibly due to frequent recombination and reorganization events at early stages after the SGD. In return, multiple rounds of whole genome duplications has provided Atlantic salmon, other teleosts and even lower vertebrates with alternative peptide loading complexes. How this affects antigen presentation remains to be established. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12862-018-1138-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Polymorphisms in MHC class Ia genes and resistance to IHNV in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Genes Genomics 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-013-0107-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Pinto RD, Randelli E, Buonocore F, Pereira PJB, dos Santos NMS. Molecular cloning and characterization of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax, L.) MHC class I heavy chain and β2-microglobulin. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 39:234-254. [PMID: 23116964 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the gene and cDNA of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) β2-microglobulin (Dila-β2m) and several cDNAs of MHC class I heavy chain (Dila-UA) were characterized. While Dila-β2m is single-copy, numerous Dila-UA transcripts were identified per individual with variability at the peptide-binding domain (PBD), but also with unexpected diversity from the connective peptide (CP) through the 3' untranslated region (UTR). Phylogenetic analysis segregates Dila-β2m and Dila-UA into each subfamily cluster, placing them in the fish class and branching Dila-MHC-I with lineage U. The α1 domains resemble those of the recently proposed L1 trans-species lineage. Although no Dila-specific α1, α2 or α3 sub-lineages could be observed, two highly distinct sub-lineages were identified at the CP/TM/CYT regions. The three-dimensional homology model of sea bass MHC-I complex is consistent with other characterized vertebrate structures. Furthermore, basal tissue-specific expression profiles were determined for both molecules, and expression of β2m was evaluated after poly I:C stimulus. Results suggest these molecules are orthologues of other β2m and teleost classical MHC-I and their basic structure is evolutionarily conserved, providing relevant information for further studies on antigen presentation in this fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rute D Pinto
- Fish Immunology and Vaccinology Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, Porto, Portugal.
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Du M, Chen SL, Liu YH, Liu Y, Yang JF. MHC polymorphism and disease resistance to Vibrio anguillarum in 8 families of half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis). BMC Genet 2011; 12:78. [PMID: 21888646 PMCID: PMC3199252 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-12-78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genes in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) have a critical role in both the innate and adaptive immune responses because of their involvement in presenting foreign peptides to T cells. However, the nature has remained largely unknown. Results We examined the genetic variation in MHC class IIB in half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) after challenge with vibrio anguillarum. Two thousand and four hundred fry from 12 half-smooth tongue sole families were challenged with Vibrio anguillarum. To determine any association between alleles and resistance or susceptibility to V. anguillarum, 160 individuals from four high-resistance (HR, < 40.55% mortality) families and four low-resistance (LR, > 73.27% mortality) families were selected for MHC IIB exon2 gene sequence analysis. The MHC IIB exon2 genes of tongue sole displayed a high level of polymorphism and were discovered at least four loci. Meanwhile, the dN/dS [the ratio of non-synonymous (dN) substitutions to synonymous (dS) substitutions] in the peptide-binding region (PBR) was higher than that in the non-peptide-binding region (non-PBR). Eighty-eight alleles were discovered among 160 individuals, and 13 out of 88 alleles were used to analyze the distribution pattern between the resistant and susceptible families. Certain alleles presented in HR and LR with a different frequency, while other alleles were discovered in only the HR or LR families, not both. Five alleles, Cyse-DBB*6501, Cyse-DBB*4002, Cyse-DBB*6102, Cyse-DBB*5601 and Cyse-DBB*2801, were found to be associated with susceptibility to V. anguillarum with a frequency of 1.25%, 1.25%, 1.25%, 1.25% and 2.5% in the HR families, and 35%, 33.75%, 27.5%, 16.25%, 15% in the LR families (p < 0.01, 0.01, 0.01, 0.01, 0.01), respectively. Four alleles, Cyse-DBB*3301, Cyse-DBB*4701, Cyse-DBB*6801 and Cyse-DBB*5901, were found to be associated with resistance to V. anguillarum, with a frequency of 13.75%, 11.25%, 11.25%, 8.75% in the HR families and 1.25%, 1.25%, 1.25%, 1.25% and 1.25% in the LR families (p < 0.01, 0.05, 0.05 and p = 0.064), respectively. Conclusions Elucidation of the role of MHC II B genes in half-smooth tongue sole should prove to be helpful to the in-depth development of marker-assisted selective breeding in half-smooth tongue sole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Du
- Key Lab for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 266071, Qingdao, China
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Ohta Y, Shiina T, Lohr RL, Hosomichi K, Pollin TI, Heist EJ, Suzuki S, Inoko H, Flajnik MF. Primordial linkage of β2-microglobulin to the MHC. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:3563-71. [PMID: 21321107 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
β2-Microglobulin (β2M) is believed to have arisen in a basal jawed vertebrate (gnathostome) and is the essential L chain that associates with most MHC class I molecules. It contains a distinctive molecular structure called a constant-1 Ig superfamily domain, which is shared with other adaptive immune molecules including MHC class I and class II. Despite its structural similarity to class I and class II and its conserved function, β2M is encoded outside the MHC in all examined species from bony fish to mammals, but it is assumed to have translocated from its original location within the MHC early in gnathostome evolution. We screened a nurse shark bacterial artificial chromosome library and isolated clones containing β2M genes. A gene present in the MHC of all other vertebrates (ring3) was found in the bacterial artificial chromosome clone, and the close linkage of ring3 and β2M to MHC class I and class II genes was determined by single-strand conformational polymorphism and allele-specific PCR. This study satisfies the long-held conjecture that β2M was linked to the primordial MHC (Ur MHC); furthermore, the apparent stability of the shark genome may yield other genes predicted to have had a primordial association with the MHC specifically and with immunity in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Ohta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Mohd-Padil H, Tajul-Arifin K, Mohd-Adnan A. Characterization of the functional domain of β2-microglobulin from the Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13159. [PMID: 20949082 PMCID: PMC2950848 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background β2-Microglobulin (β2M) is the light chain of major histocompatibility class I (MHC I) that binds non-covalently with the α heavy chain. Both proteins attach to the antigen peptide, presenting a complex to the T cell to be destroyed via the immune mechanism. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study, a cDNA sequence encoding β2M in the Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) was identified and analyzed using in silico approaches to predict and characterize its functional domain. The β2M cDNA contains an open reading frame (ORF) of 351 bases with a coding capacity of 116 amino acids. A large portion of the protein consists of the IG constant domain (IGc1), similar to β2M sequences from other species studied thus far. Alignment of the IGc1 domains of β2M from L. calcarifer and other species shows a high degree of overall conservation. Seven amino acids were found to be conserved across taxa whereas conservation between L. calcarifer and other fish species was restricted to 14 amino acids at identical conserved positions. Conclusion/Significance As the L. calcarifer β2M protein analyzed in this study contains a functional domain similar to that of β2M proteins in other species, it can be postulated that the β2M proteins from L. calcarifer and other organisms are derived from a common ancestor and thus have a similar immune function. Interestingly, fish β2M genes could also be classified according to the ecological habitat of the species, i.e. whether it is from a freshwater, marine or euryhaline environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirzahida Mohd-Padil
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Khairina Tajul-Arifin
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
| | - Adura Mohd-Adnan
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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Kondo H, Darawiroj D, Gung YTA, Yasuike M, Hirono I, Aoki T. Identification of two distinct types of beta-2 microglobulin in marine fish, Pagrus major and Seriola quinqueradiata. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2009; 134:284-8. [PMID: 19819561 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2009] [Revised: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Two types of beta-2 microglobulin (beta2m) were identified in red seabream and yellowtail from expressed sequence tag (EST) analyses of kidney and spleen cells. A cluster of 21 ESTs from red seabream showed high homology to beta2m from other teleosts, while another cluster containing 7 ESTs was also homologous to beta2m. Similarly, two clusters containing 21 and 2 ESTs were identified to be homologous to beta2m in yellowtail. The genes in the large and small clusters of each fish were designated beta2m-1 and beta2m-2, respectively. Although the amino acid sequences of beta2m-1s were highly homologous to those identified in the other teleosts, those of beta2m-2s were less homologous to fish beta2m. beta2m-1 of red seabream lacks the first intron of two introns observed in vertebrates, and beta2m-2 lacks both introns. Phylogenetic analysis of vertebrate beta2m proteins suggested that the beta2m-2 in marine fish are distinct from beta2ms in the other teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidehiro Kondo
- Laboratory of Genome Science, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
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Yu S, Chen X, Ao J. Molecular characterization and expression analysis of beta2-microglobulin in large yellow croaker Pseudosciaena crocea. Mol Biol Rep 2009; 36:1715-23. [PMID: 18853280 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-008-9373-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2008] [Accepted: 09/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Beta(2)-microglobulin (beta(2)m), a protein necessary for proper folding, peptide binding, and surface display of class I antigens plays an important role in immune response. The full-length cDNA containing beta(2)m was cloned from the spleen cDNA library of large yellow croaker Pseudosciaena crocea (Pscr-beta ( 2 ) m) by expressed sequence tag (EST) analysis. The Pscr-beta ( 2 ) m is 926 nucleotides (nt) long, including an open reading frame (ORF) of 348 nt encoding a polypeptide of 116 amino acids (aa). The deduced Pscr-beta ( 2 ) m possessed all characteristic domains of beta(2)m in other species, including a 16-aa leader peptide and a typical immunoglobulin (Ig) and major histocompatibility complex protein (MHC) signature YSCRVTH at residues 81-87. Homology modeling showed that the 3D structure of Pscr-beta ( 2 ) m protein is similar to that of human beta(2)m, except for a beta-strand (G) being lost in Pscr-beta ( 2 ) m due to amino acid deletion (positions 94-95). Tissue expression profile analysis revealed that the Pscr-beta ( 2 ) m was constitutively expressed in all tissues examined, such as kidney, spleen, liver, gills, heart, intestine, brain, and muscle, although at different levels. Upon stimulation with poly(I:C) or inactivated trivalent bacterial vaccine, the expression of Pscr-beta ( 2 ) m was significantly up-regulated in intestine, kidney and spleen at 24 h post-induction, and increase of Pscr-beta ( 2 ) m transcripts was also observed in liver post-induction with poly(I:C). Real-time PCR further revealed that the expression of Pscr-beta ( 2 ) m in intestine, kidney and spleen tissues was differentially regulated by poly(I:C) and bacterial vaccine during 72 h of induction. These results suggested that Pscr-beta ( 2 ) m might be involved in both antiviral and antibacterial mechanisms in large yellow croaker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhong Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
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11
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Coordinated down-regulation of the antigen processing machinery in the gills of amoebic gill disease-affected Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Mol Immunol 2008; 45:2581-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2007] [Revised: 12/25/2007] [Accepted: 12/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Cloning and characterization of ovine beta2-microglobulin cDNAs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 123:360-5. [PMID: 18400307 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2007] [Revised: 02/13/2008] [Accepted: 02/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Beta-2-microglobulin (beta(2)m) is the light chain of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I cell surface heterodimer. beta(2)m is well conserved across most species with few polymorphisms seen within species. The aims of this study were to clone and express ovine beta(2)m and investigate if allelic variation of ovine beta(2)m exists. Ovine beta(2)m clones were isolated from five sheep of three breeds by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Sequence analysis showed that four ovine beta(2)m sequences were obtained. Within breeds and individual animals there was evidence of allelic variation of ovine beta(2)m. An expression system was established to express one of the alleles with an ovine MHC class I cDNA clone in human embryo kidney cells (HEK293) and quail cells (QT35). Transfection experiments showed that ovine beta(2)m was expressed and directed the expression of ovine MHC class I heavy chain to the cell surface of the transfected cells. Both bovine and human beta(2)m supported ovine MHC class I heavy chain cell surface expression.
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13
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Transcriptional profiling of MHC class I genes in rainbow trout infected with infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus. Mol Immunol 2008; 45:1646-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2007] [Accepted: 10/02/2007] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Christie D, Wei G, Fujiki K, Dixon B. Cloning and characterization of a cDNA encoding walleye (Sander vitreum) beta-2 microglobulin. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 22:727-33. [PMID: 17046280 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2006.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2005] [Revised: 08/03/2006] [Accepted: 08/07/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Beta(2)-microglobulin (beta(2)m) is an essential component of the MHC class I antigen presentation pathway, necessary for heavy chain folding and peptide binding. In this study a beta(2)m cDNA isolated from a walleye head kidney library was sequenced and found to be similar to other known beta(2)m sequences. The clone encodes a predicted protein sequence of 116 residues, with a mature peptide 100 amino acids in length. This represents an inconsistency with other predicted beta(2)m protein sequences as walleye contains an additional 3 residues at the N terminus of the mature protein. Southern blot analysis showed that beta(2)m is present in one copy in the walleye genome and northern blot analysis showed expression of a 1.2Kb transcript, with high expression in kidney, spleen, gills and intestine. Characterization of this gene will enable further studies of immune function in walleye, which comprises both an important fishery and an emerging aquaculture species in Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darah Christie
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Kales SC, Bols NC, Dixon B. Calreticulin in rainbow trout: a limited response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 147:607-15. [PMID: 17490907 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2007.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2006] [Revised: 03/23/2007] [Accepted: 04/01/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Calreticulin (CRT) is a resident protein of the endoplasmic reticulum where it serves as a calcium modulator and chaperone to newly synthesized glycoproteins. In mammals, CRT is a structurally conserved 46 kDa protein that demonstrates anomalous migration at 60 kDa on SDS polyacrylamide gels and can be up-regulated by A23187 and thapsigargin due to the endoplasmic reticulum stress elements (ERSE) in the promoter region of its gene. CRT has numerous proposed functions and has been localized to the surface of PHA-stimulated T lymphocytes. CRT has been identified in mammals, plants and more recently from rainbow trout. Here, we report the cloning of the CRT proximal promoter from rainbow trout which includes elements typical of genes transcribed by RNA polymerase II including a TATA box, an Sp1 binding site, CCAAT boxes and the conservation of promoter stress elements (ERSE) demonstrated to be responsible for calcium modulation in mammals. This report demonstrates that the anomalous 60 kDa gel migration of mammalian CRT is conserved in rainbow trout and that CRT exists primarily as a dimer or oligomer in all tissues tested, excluding muscle and sperm in which it exists as a single polypeptide. Although it contains a potential N-glycosylation site, rainbow trout CRT is not subject to N-type glycosylation. Through the use of reverse transcriptase (RT) PCR along with western blotting, in both primary cultured leukocytes and the macrophage cell line RTS11, this report demonstrates that, unlike mammals, rainbow trout CRT is not strongly up-regulated by the calcium homeostasis antagonists, A23187 and thapsigargin, but is present on the cell surface of PHA-stimulated leukocytes. Taken together, this data suggests that CRT may have an alternative mode of regulation or function in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Kales
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
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Jørgensen SM, Syvertsen BL, Lyng-Syvertsen B, Lukacs M, Grimholt U, Gjøen T. Expression of MHC class I pathway genes in response to infectious salmon anaemia virus in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) cells. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 21:548-60. [PMID: 16772112 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2006.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2005] [Revised: 02/24/2006] [Accepted: 03/10/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) is the causative agent of an important viral disease threatening Atlantic salmon aquaculture. Although its structure and pathogenesis is well described little is known about its immunomodulatory effects on the host. Cellular immunity is critical in the host control of virus infections, an event attributable to antigen presentation through the MHC class I pathway, whose genes are transcriptionally activated by interferons (IFN) and other cytokines. In this study we analysed the regulation and kinetics of key genes in the salmon MHC class I pathway in relation to type I IFN during ISAV infection and poly I:C stimulation in the permissive Atlantic salmon kidney cell line (ASK). As measured by quantitative real-time PCR, ISAV induced an mRNA shut-off equivalent to 2.5-5.5-fold reduced levels of housekeeping genes at 7 days post infection. Relative to this shut-off (by normalising to beta-actin) transcription increased to peak levels at 2.8-fold for MHC class I, 10-fold for beta 2 microglobulin (beta 2m), 5.9-fold for the peptide transporter ABCB2, 8.8-fold for the proteasome component PSMB8 and 4.6-fold for the proteasome component PSMB9, presumably by activation of the IFN system as a 26-fold induction was observed for type I IFN-alpha. Expression of Mx protein was also induced 17-fold at peak level. Similar kinetics and activation levels of these genes were seen in poly I:C stimulated cells. We also isolated the salmon MHC class I UBA*0301 promoter and identified a conserved interferon-stimulated response element (ISRE) and GAAA-elements plus several GAS- and IRF-sites, all supporting IFN-inducible properties. In summary, we demonstrate a concerted induction of the MHC class I pathway and type I IFN by ISAV comparable to levels induced by the synthetic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) poly I:C. Thus, unlike influenza and several other viruses ISAV does not seem to interfere with MHC and IFN expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Martin Jørgensen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
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17
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Dijkstra JM, Kiryu I, Yoshiura Y, Kumánovics A, Kohara M, Hayashi N, Ototake M. Polymorphism of two very similar MHC class Ib loci in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Immunogenetics 2006; 58:152-67. [PMID: 16518622 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-006-0086-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2005] [Accepted: 10/30/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
As part of an ongoing elucidation of rainbow trout major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I, the polymorphism of two MHC class Ib loci was analyzed. These loci, Onmy-UCA and Onmy-UDA, are situated head-to-tail and share more than 89% nucleotide identity in their open reading frames. They share 80% identity with some trout Ia alleles. The deduced amino acid sequences suggest that the UCA and UDA molecules are transported to endosomal compartments and may bind peptides in their binding groove. Our survey revealed seven UCA and eight UDA alleles. Similarity indices overlap when comparing within and between UCA and UDA alleles and some cross-locus motif variation is observed. In most trout both UCA and UDA transcripts were found. However, there probably is functional redundancy, because some trout lacked transcription of one of the two loci. Furthermore, for some UCA and UDA alleles, splicing deficiencies, early stop codons, and upstream start codons were found, which may interfere with efficient protein expression. The present study is the first extensive report on MHC class Ib polymorphism assigned to locus in ectotherm species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Martinus Dijkstra
- Inland Station, Fisheries Research Agency, National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Tamaki, Mie 519-0423, Japan.
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18
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Roden MM, Brims DR, Fedorov AA, DiLorenzo TP, Almo SC, Nathenson SG. Structural analysis of H2-Db class I molecules containing two different allelic forms of the type 1 diabetes susceptibility factor beta-2 microglobulin: Implications for the mechanism underlying variations in antigen presentation. Mol Immunol 2006; 43:1370-8. [PMID: 16229893 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2005.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2005] [Accepted: 08/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Beta-2 microglobulin (beta2m) is a member of the immunoglobulin-like domain superfamily that is an essential structural subunit of the MHC class I (MHC-I) molecule. beta2m was previously identified as a susceptibility factor for the development of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in NOD mice, whereby transgenic expression of the beta2ma variant, but not the beta2mb variant, restored diabetes susceptibility to normally resistant NOD.beta2mnull mice. Here we report the crystal structures and thermodynamic stabilities of the NOD MHC-I molecule H2-Db containing these two variants. Our results reveal subtle differences in the structures of the beta2m variants, namely in minor loop shifts and in variations in the hydrogen bonding networks at the interfaces between the components of the ternary complex. We also demonstrate that the thermodynamic stabilities of the beta2m variants in isolation differ. However, the conformation of the peptide in the MHC cleft is unchanged in beta2m allelic Db complexes, as are the TCR recognition surfaces. Thus, despite modest structural differences between allelic complexes, the evidence indicates that Db peptide presentation of the representative peptide is unchanged in the context of either beta2m allelic variant. These data suggest that other mechanisms, such as differential association of MHC-I in multiprotein complexes, are likely responsible for the effect of beta2m on T1D development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Roden
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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19
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Fischer U, Utke K, Somamoto T, Köllner B, Ototake M, Nakanishi T. Cytotoxic activities of fish leucocytes. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 20:209-26. [PMID: 15939625 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2005.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2004] [Revised: 03/03/2005] [Accepted: 03/03/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Like mammalian leucocytes, white blood cells of fish are able to kill altered (e.g. virus-infected) and foreign (allogeneic or xenogeneic) cells. The existence of natural killer (NK)-like and specific cytotoxic cells in fish was first shown using allogeneic and xenogeneic effector/target cell systems. In addition to in vivo and ex vivo studies, very important contributions were made by in vitro analysis using a number of different long-term cytotoxic cell lines established from channel catfish. In mammals, specific cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) as part of the adaptive immune response requires a number of key molecules expressed on effector leucocytes and target cells. CD8+ T lymphocytes kill infected cells only, if their antigen receptor (TCR) matches the MHC class I with bound peptide of the target cell. Expression patterns of the fish gene homologues for TCR, CD8 and MHC class I, as well as related genes, are in agreement with similar function. Convenient systems for the analysis of specific CMC have only recently become available for fish with the combination of clonal fish with syngeneic or allogeneic but MHC class I matching cell lines. It was demonstrated that both, NK- and cytotoxic T (Tc) cells are involved in the killing of virus infected MHC class I matching and mismatching target cells. Analysis of these lymphocyte subsets is only starting for fish. There is also evidence that the different viral proteins trigger different subsets of killer cells. This review further discusses findings on fish CMC with regard to temperature/seasons and ontogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Fischer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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20
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Hao HF, Yang TY, Yan RQ, Gao FS, Xia C. cDNA cloning and genomic structure of grass carp (Ctenophayngodon idellus) beta2-microglobulin gene. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 20:118-23. [PMID: 15951200 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2005.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2005] [Accepted: 04/01/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Fang Hao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
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21
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Haugland O, Torgersen J, Syed M, Evensen O. Expression profiles of inflammatory and immune-related genes in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) at early time post vaccination. Vaccine 2005; 23:5488-99. [PMID: 16098640 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2005] [Revised: 06/26/2005] [Accepted: 07/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination of Atlantic salmon parr with oil-based vaccines will inevitably cause inflammation at the site of injection, albeit the underlying mechanisms are not very well understood or studied in any detail. Here, we report time-course changes in expression levels, assessed by real-time RT-PCR of IL-1 beta, Mx, two beta-2-microglobulin variants and MHC class II beta, from 2 to 19 days post vaccination with a multi-component oil-adjuvanted vaccine. Highly variable individual responses to vaccination make selection of high responders essential prior to subtractive analysis. Based on the above mentioned expression profiles, high-responding individuals at 2, 8 and 19 days post vaccination, were selected for subtractive analysis. Clustering of clones according to putative function, suggest an initial up-regulation of genes involved in metabolism and cell signalling, before onset of genes involved in inflammation. The lag-time for genes considered as inflammatory markers was more than 48 h, while they were found to constitute the major part of up-regulated transcripts by 8 days post vaccination. By day 19, immune-related genes like immunoglobulin and T cell-receptor genes, comprised a higher proportion of the up-regulated genes than at earlier time points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyvind Haugland
- Department of pathology, National Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
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22
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Azuma T, Dijkstra JM, Kiryu I, Sekiguchi T, Terada Y, Asahina K, Fischer U, Ototake M. Growth and behavioral traits in Donaldson rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) cosegregate with classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I genotype. Behav Genet 2005; 35:463-78. [PMID: 15971027 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-004-0863-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2004] [Accepted: 10/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Although polymorphism in major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes has been thought to confer populations with protection against widespread decimation by pathogens, this hypothesis cannot explain the type of large allelic diversity in classical MHC class I (Ia) in rainbow trout. Based on expression of Onmy-UBA (MHC class Ia) in trout neurons, we hypothesized that polymorphism in trout class Ia may contribute to polymorphism in behavioral traits. The present study examined whether polymorphism in Onmy-UBA was associated with behavioral variation in Donaldson rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) using experiments on food competition, lure-catch, fright recovery, diel locomotor activity and activity characterized as dominance or aggression. These behavioral traits were investigated in fish having Onmy-UBA*401/*401 or *4901/*4901 homozygous, or Onmy-UBA*401/*4901 heterozygous genotypes (referred to as BB, FF and BF, respectively). The BB fish exhibited boldness, aggression, faster growth and crepuscular activity, while the FF fish showed little boldness, smaller body size, and diurnal activity with no aggressive behavior. The BF fish displayed traits intermediary to those of the BB and FF fish. These results are consistent with polymorphism in a single MHC class Ia locus driving variation in neural circuits, thereby creating behavioral variation in the trout. This is the first study in any animal to show a potential correlation between polymorphism in MHC class Ia genes with polymorphism of behavioral traits such as aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruo Azuma
- Nikko Branch, National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Chugushi, Nikko, Tochigi, 321-1661, Japan.
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23
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Choi W, Lee EY, Choi TJ. Cloning and sequence analysis of the beta2-microglobulin transcript from flounder, Paralichthys olivaceous. Mol Immunol 2005; 43:1565-72. [PMID: 16257447 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2005.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2005] [Accepted: 09/29/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Beta2-microglobulin (beta2M) is a protein found free-form in the serum or on the cell surface non-covalently associated with the alpha-chain of the class I major histocompatibility (MHC-I) complex. The full-length cDNA containing beta2M was cloned from flounder, Paralichthys olivaceous. The transcript consists of 1610 nucleotides (nts), including an open reading frame (ORF) of 384 nts encoding a polypeptide of 128 amino acids. The amino acid sequence of beta2M in flounder is 59, 57, 56, and 48% conserved in catfish, rainbow trout, zebrafish, and humans, respectively. Genomic Southern hybridization suggested the presence of a single copy of beta2M in the flounder genome, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Northern blot analysis detected the beta2M transcript in the head kidney, spleen, body kidney, liver, and muscle tissues of the flounder. PCR amplification and sequence analysis revealed the lack of an intron in the beta2M gene. The phylogenetic analysis confirmed the evolutionary diversion of the beta2M protein among warm-blooded vertebrates and fish, and the separation between freshwater and seawater fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woobong Choi
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Dongeui University, Busan 614-714, Korea
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24
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Kiryu I, Dijkstra JM, Sarder RI, Fujiwara A, Yoshiura Y, Ototake M. New MHC class Ia domain lineages in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) which are shared with other fish species. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 18:243-254. [PMID: 15519543 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2004.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2004] [Revised: 06/29/2004] [Accepted: 07/19/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class Ia genes in salmonid fishes are encoded by a single locus with probably the highest allelic diversity ever described. Various combinations of very different domain lineages contribute to the diversity of alleles. An extensive PCR survey distinguishing most domain lineages and their combinations was established. This survey has practical value for researchers investigating salmonid MHC class Ia variation. In the present study it was used to find new domain lineages. Applied for 24 hatchery strains in Japan, the survey identified two new rainbow trout alpha1 lineages and one new rainbow trout alpha2 lineage. The alpha2 lineage and one of the alpha1 lineages had been described in Atlantic salmon, but the other alpha1 lineage is novel. The newly identified trout alpha1 lineages are evolutionary very old. The present study should be the most extensive description of very deep MHC class Ia lineages to date: six trout alpha1 lineages cluster with non-salmonid sequences whereas previous studies mentioned this for only two salmonid alpha1 lineages. Although exon-shuffling events significantly contributed to salmonid MHC class Ia variation, analysis of 800 trout siblings did not detect such events within a single generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikunari Kiryu
- Inland Station/National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Fisheries Research Agency, Tamaki, Mie 519-0423, Japan
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25
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Shiina T, Dijkstra JM, Shimizu S, Watanabe A, Yanagiya K, Kiryu I, Fujiwara A, Nishida-Umehara C, Kaba Y, Hirono I, Yoshiura Y, Aoki T, Inoko H, Kulski JK, Ototake M. Interchromosomal duplication of major histocompatibility complex class I regions in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), a species with a presumably recent tetraploid ancestry. Immunogenetics 2005; 56:878-93. [PMID: 15696305 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-004-0755-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2004] [Revised: 11/17/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Salmonid fishes are among the few animal taxa with a probable recent tetraploid ancestor. The present study is the first to compare large (>100 kb) duplicated genomic sequence fragments in such species. Two contiguous stretches with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I genes were detected in a rainbow trout BAC library, mapped and sequenced. The MHC class I duplicated regions, mapped by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), were shown to be located on different metaphase chromosomes, Chr 14 and 18. Gene organization in both duplications is similar to that in other fishes, in that the class I loci are tightly linked with the PSMB8, PSMB9, PSMB10 and ABCB3 genes. Whereas one region, Onmy-IA, has a classical MHC class I locus (UBA), Onmy-IB encodes only non-classical class Ib proteins. The nucleotide diversity between the Onmy-IA and Onmy-IB noncoding regions is about 14%. This suggests that the MHC class I duplication event has occurred about 60 mya close to the time of an hypothesized ancestral tetraploid event. The present article is the first convincing report on the co-existence of two closely related MHC class I core regions on two different chromosomes. The interchromosomal duplication and the homology levels are supportive of the tetraploid model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Shiina
- Department of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan.
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26
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Fischer U, Dijkstra JM, Köllner B, Kiryu I, Koppang EO, Hordvik I, Sawamoto Y, Ototake M. The ontogeny of MHC class I expression in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 18:49-60. [PMID: 15450968 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2004.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2004] [Revised: 04/30/2004] [Accepted: 05/19/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, clonal rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) embryos and larvae were assayed for the expression of key molecules involved in specific cell-mediated cytotoxicity using an anti-MHC class I monoclonal Ab and by RT-PCR using specific primers derived from classical MHC class I (class Ia), TCR and CD8. Whereas RT-PCR revealed that MHC class Ia and CD8 were expressed from at least 1 week after fertilisation (p.f.) on, TCR expression was detectable from 2 weeks p.f. Immunohistochemistry indicated an early and distinct expression of MHC class I protein in the thymus. Positive lymphoid, epithelial and endothelial cells were found in the pronephros, in the spleen and in the inner and outer epithelia at later stages. Whereas in older rainbow trout the intestine is counted among the organs of the highest class I expression, during ontogeny it was the last site (39 days after hatching) where such expression was detectable. Knowledge on the appearance of the assayed key molecules during fish development is relevant for the pathogenesis of infections as well as for early vaccine delivery. Besides such information regarding the development of the adaptive immune system, immunohistochemistry revealed that in early larvae MHC class I was expressed in neurons whereas in older rainbow trout this was not observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Fischer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institutes, Federal Research Centre for Virus Diseases of Animals, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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27
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Köllner B, Fischer U, Rombout JHWM, Taverne-Thiele JJ, Hansen JD. Potential involvement of rainbow trout thrombocytes in immune functions: a study using a panel of monoclonal antibodies and RT-PCR. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 28:1049-62. [PMID: 15236934 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2004.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2003] [Revised: 03/15/2004] [Accepted: 03/24/2004] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The functional relationship between fish and mammalian thrombocytes is relatively unknown. In this study, a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) was used to investigate the functional properties of rainbow trout thrombocytes. The mAbs recognize cell-surface molecules on thrombocytes with molecular weights ranging from 17 to 160 kDa. Flow cytometric and immuno-electron microscopic analyses demonstrate that these molecules are expressed at different levels and that surface expression increased upon activation with bovine collagen. Two of these cell-surface molecules (17 and 21 kDa) were directly involved in collagen-induced aggregation of thrombocytes since aggregation was blocked upon pre-treatment with mAbs that recognize the two surface markers. Interestingly, the percentage of thrombocytes in blood increased after stimulation using different antigens. The transcriptional profile of trout thrombocytes was then examined after immuno-magnetic enrichment using the described mAbs to assess potential roles of trout thrombocytes in immune functions. Trout thrombocytes express components of the MHC class Ia pathway, IL1beta, TNFalpha, TGFbeta, the interleukin receptor common gamma chain as well as CXC and CC chemokines. MHC class IIB and TNFalpha were expressed at low levels in resting thrombocytes. No evidence was found for the expression of TCRalphabeta, Ig heavy chain, CD8alpha or CK1 mRNA. Taken together, these results suggest that rainbow trout thrombocytes express molecules involved in activation, aggregation and genes encoding proteins, that are involved in antigen presentation and immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Köllner
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Federal Research Center for Virus Diseases of Animals, 17493 Greifswald Insel Riems, Germany.
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28
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Magor KE, Shum BP, Parham P. The beta 2-microglobulin locus of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) contains three polymorphic genes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:3635-43. [PMID: 15004166 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.6.3635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Beta2-microglobulin (beta2m) associates with MHC and related class I H chains to form cell surface glycoproteins that mediate a variety of functions in defense. In humans, monomorphism of a single beta2m gene contrasts with the diversity and polymorphism of the class I H chain genes, and a similar picture was seen in almost all other species examined. In this regard, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) appeared unusual: trout beta2m genes gave a complicated and polymorphic pattern in Southern blots, and a minimum of 10 different mRNA encoding two distinct types of beta2m were expressed by a single fish. Characterization of genomic clones from the same fish now shows that the rainbow trout beta2m locus consists of two expressed genes and one partial gene that are closely linked. Four copies of the locus were identified and allelic variants of each gene defined, largely through comparison of the noncoding regions. A dramatic variation in the lengths of introns is caused by variable repetitive elements and accounts for the complex pattern seen in Southern blots. By comparison to noncoding sequences, the coding regions are conserved but the three loci differ within a cluster of codons that encode residues of beta2m that do not interact with class I H chains. Additional diversity in the trout beta2m genes appears to be due to somatic mutation that might be facilitated by the abundance of repetitive DNA elements within the 12 beta2m genes of an individual rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine E Magor
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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29
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Fischer U, Utke K, Ototake M, Dijkstra JM, Köllner B. Adaptive cell-mediated cytotoxicity against allogeneic targets by CD8-positive lymphocytes of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2003; 27:323-337. [PMID: 12590966 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-305x(02)00100-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Rainbow trout surface-(s)IgM(-) leukocytes exhibited cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) against allogeneic cells. This is described in concordance with a characterization of gene expression in the effector cells. Peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) isolated from trout grafted with allogeneic tissue lysed allogeneic target cells (erythrocytes or cells of the RTG-2 cell line) in in vitro assays. The PBL were magnetically separated into different subpopulations using monoclonal antibodies (mabs) specific to thrombocytes, IgM, granulocytes and monocytes. Of the isolated subpopulations only the sIgM(-) lymphocytes were capable of lysing allogeneic targets. The separated PBL fractions were characterized by RT-PCR analysis using specific primers for the amplification of trout IgM heavy chain constant region (CH1), T cell receptor alpha chain (TCRalpha), CD8alpha and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I gene fragments. Most importantly, CD8alpha was expressed only by the sIgM(-) population. Combined with the requirement for sensitization to detect CMC, this strongly suggests T cell involvement in fish as in higher vertebrates. The involvement of CD8alpha-positive cytotoxic T cells in allograft rejection was supported by additional in vivo and in vitro observations. CD8alpha expression was barely detectable in the blood of unsensitized trout or trout that received xenografts, but was easily detected in the blood of allogeneically stimulated trout. Furthermore, CD8alpha expression in sIgM(-) lymphocytes from immunized trout was secondarily enhanced by addition of allogeneic targets in vitro. Collectively, these functional and genetic data suggest that fish possess specific cytotoxic cells with phenotype and gene expression pattern similar to those of cytotoxic T cells in higher vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Fischer
- Institute of Infectiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institutes, Federal Research Centre for Virus Diseases of Animals, Insel Riems, Germany.
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30
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Miska KB, Hellman L, Miller RD. Characterization of beta(2)-microglobulin coding sequence from three non-placental mammals: the duckbill platypus, the short-beaked echidna, and the grey short-tailed opossum. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2003; 27:247-256. [PMID: 12590975 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-305x(02)00095-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
To further characterize genes of immunological importance from non-placental mammals, cDNAs encoding beta(2)-microglobulin (beta(2)m) were isolated from two prototherians, the platypus and an echidna, and one metatherian, a grey short-tailed opossum. In addition, a second allele of beta(2)m was identified in another metatherian species, the brushtail possum. Analysis of the deduced translations revealed conservation of key residues in these molecules over a long evolutionary history. The types of nucleotide substitutions present among the various taxa are also consistent with purifying selection at this conserved locus. An evolutionary tree of beta(2)m was constructed that supports the classic view of evolution with prototherians as the basal mammalian group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna B Miska
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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31
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Dijkstra JM, Yoshiura Y, Kiryu I, Aoyagi K, Köllner B, Fischer U, Nakanishi T, Ototake M. The promoter of the classical MHC class I locus in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2003; 14:177-185. [PMID: 12526881 DOI: 10.1006/fsim.2002.0431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In rainbow trout only a single classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I locus has been identified. In previous studies it was shown that this locus, Onmy-UBA, is characterised by extensive polymorphism and ubiquitous expression. In the present study the sequence of the promoter region of Onmy-UBA was analysed. Within this region several fragments for transcription regulation could be detected, including interferon-sensitive enhancer elements. The promoter region is very similar to that of classical MHC class I in higher vertebrates. In agreement with the interferon sensitive elements identified in its promoter, Onmy-UBA expression in rainbow trout gonad cells (RTG-2 cell line) was up-regulated after infection with infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Martinus Dijkstra
- Inland Station/National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Fisheries Research Agency, Tamaki, Mie, 519-0423, Japan
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Dijkstra JM, Köllner B, Aoyagi K, Sawamoto Y, Kuroda A, Ototake M, Nakanishi T, Fischer U. The rainbow trout classical MHC class I molecule Onmy-UBA*501 is expressed in similar cell types as mammalian classical MHC class I molecules. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2003; 14:1-23. [PMID: 12547623 DOI: 10.1006/fsim.2001.0407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Onmy-UBA is a polymorphic classical major histocompatibility (MHC) class I locus in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). A common allomorph is Onmy-UBA*501, which has been detected in several wildtype strains, in the clonal homozygous rainbow trout C25 and, in the current study, in the rainbow trout gonad cell line RTG-2. The extracellular domain of this allomorph was expressed in E. coli and a murine monoclonal antibody designated H9 was generated against the recombinant protein. In Western blot analysis Mab H9 specifically recognised an n-glycosylated protein of 45 kDa in leucocytes and erythrocytes of C25 fish and in RTG-2 cells. The level of Onmy-UBA*501 expression in erythrocytes was very low. Immunocytochemistry of isolated cells indicated expression in lymphocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, erythrocytes, RTG-2 cells and Onmy-UBA *501 transfected CHO cells, but not in untransfected CHO cells. Immunohistochemistry using frozen sections of C25 fish indicated that Onmy-UBA*501 expression is strong in the lymphoid organs (thymus, head kidney and spleen) and in the epithelia and endothelia of several organs. No significant expression was observed in muscle fibres, hepatocytes or neurons. These observations demonstrate that in jawed fish, the lowest phylogenetic group possessing an MHC system, the classical MHC class I molecules are expressed in similar cell types as in higher vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes M Dijkstra
- Immunology Section, National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Tamaki Mie, 519-0423, Japan
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Boudinot P, Boubekeur S, Benmansour A. Primary structure and complementarity-determining region (CDR) 3 spectratyping of rainbow trout TCRbeta transcripts identify ten Vbeta families with Vbeta6 displaying unusual CDR2 and differently spliced forms. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:6244-52. [PMID: 12444130 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.11.6244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
VDJ rearrangement at the teleost TCRbeta locus leads to a highly diverse repertoire of junctions for each VbetaJbeta combination. From a rainbow trout 5' RACE library of TCRbeta transcripts, 47 clones encompassing a full Vbeta-Dbeta-Jbeta-Cbeta sequence were selected and analyzed. A similarity analysis of the sequences evidenced 10 Vbeta families, of which 6 were not previously described. Immunoscope and sequence analysis of the Vbeta-Dbeta-Jbeta junctions of the new families confirmed that they create a polyclonal and diverse repertoire. Multiple alignments showed that rainbow trout Vbetas possess most of the conserved residues typical of Vbeta segments. However, this study revealed a high complementarity-determining region 2 (CDR2) and CDR1 length diversity among rainbow trout Vbeta families, suggesting that the spatial orientation of the TCR could fluctuate in the TCR/peptide/MHC complex, depending on the Vbeta expressed. Among the new Vbeta families, Vbeta6 displayed the strongest deviance from typical hypervariable CDR1 and CDR2 loops, with an unusually short CDR2. Moreover, the Vbeta6 sequence is overall divergent from typical Vbeta sequence, raising the question of its functional relevance. Immunoscope experiments identified a Vbeta6-Jbeta3 junction, which was amplified during the response against viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus, a fish rhabdovirus. Vbeta6 seems therefore to be expressed functionally in a selected TCR. However, the shorter Vbeta6 transcripts produced through an alternative splicing lack the C', C", D, and E strands of the Vbeta domain and are probably nonfunctional.
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MESH Headings
- Alternative Splicing
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Complementarity Determining Regions
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Fish Diseases/genetics
- Fish Diseases/immunology
- Gene Rearrangement, beta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor beta
- Genetic Variation
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Multigene Family
- Novirhabdovirus/immunology
- Oncorhynchus mykiss/genetics
- Oncorhynchus mykiss/immunology
- Oncorhynchus mykiss/virology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Rhabdoviridae Infections/genetics
- Rhabdoviridae Infections/immunology
- Rhabdoviridae Infections/veterinary
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Boudinot
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Aoyagi K, Dijkstra JM, Xia C, Denda I, Ototake M, Hashimoto K, Nakanishi T. Classical MHC class I genes composed of highly divergent sequence lineages share a single locus in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:260-73. [PMID: 11751970 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.1.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The classical MHC class I genes have been known to be highly polymorphic in various vertebrates. To date, putative allelic sequences of the classical MHC class I genes in teleost fish have been reported in several studies. However, the establishment of their allelic status has been hampered in most cases by the lack of appropriate genomic information. In the present study, using heterozygous and homozygous fish, we obtained classical-type MHC class I sequences of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and investigated their allelic relationship by gene amplification and Southern and Northern hybridization analyses. The results indicated that all MHC class I sequences we obtained were derived from a single locus. Based on this, a unique polymorphic nature of the MHC class I locus of rainbow trout has been revealed. The mosaic combination of highly divergent ancient sequences in the peptide-binding domains is notable, and the variable nature around the boundary between the alpha3 and transmembrane domains is unprecedented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Aoyagi
- National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Fisheries Research Agency, Tamaki, Mie 519-0423, Japan
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35
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LaPatra SE, Corbeil S, Jones GR, Shewmaker WD, Lorenzen N, Anderson ED, Kurath G. Protection of rainbow trout against infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus four days after specific or semi-specific DNA vaccination. Vaccine 2001; 19:4011-9. [PMID: 11427277 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00113-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A DNA vaccine against a fish rhabdovirus, infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), was shown to provide significant protection as soon as 4 d after intramuscular vaccination in 2 g rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) held at 15 degrees C. Nearly complete protection was also observed at later time points (7, 14, and 28 d) using a standardized waterborne challenge model. In a test of the specificity of this early protection, immunization of rainbow trout with a DNA vaccine against another fish rhabdovirus, viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus, provided a significant level of cross-protection against IHNV challenge for a transient period of time, whereas a rabies virus DNA vaccine was not protective. This indication of distinct early and late protective mechanisms was not dependent on DNA vaccine doses from 0.1 to 2.5 microg.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E LaPatra
- Research Division, Clear Springs Foods Inc., PO Box 712, Buhl, ID 83316, USA.
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36
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Shum BP, Guethlein L, Flodin LR, Adkison MA, Hedrick RP, Nehring RB, Stet RJ, Secombes C, Parham P. Modes of salmonid MHC class I and II evolution differ from the primate paradigm. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:3297-308. [PMID: 11207285 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.5.3297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) represent two salmonid genera separated for 15--20 million years. cDNA sequences were determined for the classical MHC class I heavy chain gene UBA and the MHC class II beta-chain gene DAB from 15 rainbow and 10 brown trout. Both genes are highly polymorphic in both species and diploid in expression. The MHC class I alleles comprise several highly divergent lineages that are represented in both species and predate genera separation. The class II alleles are less divergent, highly species specific, and probably arose after genera separation. The striking difference in salmonid MHC class I and class II evolution contrasts with the situation in primates, where lineages of class II alleles have been sustained over longer periods of time relative to class I lineages. The difference may arise because salmonid MHC class I and II genes are not linked, whereas in mammals they are closely linked. A prevalent mechanism for evolving new MHC class I alleles in salmonids is recombination in intron II that shuffles alpha 1 and alpha 2 domains into different combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Shum
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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37
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Hansen JD, Strassburger P, Thorgaard GH, Young WP, Du Pasquier L. Expression, Linkage, and Polymorphism of MHC-Related Genes in Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.2.774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The architecture of the MHC in teleost fish, which display a lack of linkage between class I and II genes, differs from all other vertebrates. Because rainbow trout have been examined for a variety of immunologically relevant genes, they present a good teleost model for examining both the expression and organization of MHC-related genes. Full-length cDNA and partial gDNA clones for proteasome δ, low molecular mass polypeptide (LMP) 2, TAP1, TAP2A, TAP2B, class Ia, and class IIB were isolated for this study. Aside from the expected polymorphisms associated with class I genes, LMP2 and TAP2 are polygenic. More specifically, we found a unique lineage of LMP2 (LMP2/δ) that shares identity to both LMP2 and δ but is expressed like the standard LMP2. Additionally, two very different TAP2 loci were found, one of which encodes polymorphic alleles. In general, the class I pathway genes are expressed in most tissues, with highest levels in lymphoid tissue. We then analyzed the basic genomic organization of the trout MHC in an isogenic backcross. The main class Ia region does not cosegregate with the class IIB locus, but LMP2, LMP2/δ, TAP1A, and TAP2B are linked to the class Ia locus. Interestingly, TAP2A (second TAP2 locus) is a unique lineage in sequence composition that appears not to be linked to this cluster or to class IIB. These results support and extend the recent findings of nonlinkage between class I and II in a different teleost order (cyprinids), suggesting that this unique arrangement is common to all teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D. Hansen
- *Basel Institute for Immunology, Basel, Switzerland; and Departments of
| | | | - Gary H. Thorgaard
- †Zoology,
- ‡Genetics, and Cell Biology, Washington State University, Pulman, WA
| | | | - Louis Du Pasquier
- *Basel Institute for Immunology, Basel, Switzerland; and Departments of
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38
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Boudinot P, Massin P, Blanco M, Riffault S, Benmansour A. vig-1, a new fish gene induced by the rhabdovirus glycoprotein, has a virus-induced homologue in humans and shares conserved motifs with the MoaA family. J Virol 1999; 73:1846-52. [PMID: 9971762 PMCID: PMC104424 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.73.3.1846-1852.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/1998] [Accepted: 12/07/1998] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We used mRNA differential display methodology to analyze the shift of transcription profile induced by the fish rhabdovirus, viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), in rainbow trout leukocytes. We identified and characterized a new gene which is directly induced by VHSV. This VHSV-induced gene (vig-1) encodes a 348-amino-acid protein. vig-1 is highly expressed during the experimental disease in lymphoid organs of the infected fish. Intramuscular injection of a plasmid vector expressing the viral glycoprotein results in vig-1 expression, showing that the external virus protein is sufficient for the induction. vig-1 expression is also obtained by a rainbow trout interferon-like factor, indicating that vig-1 can be induced through different pathways. Moreover, vig-1 is homologous to a recently described human cytomegalovirus-induced gene. Accordingly, vig-1 activation may represent a new virus-induced activation pathway highly conserved in vertebrates. The deduced amino acid sequence of vig-1 is significantly related to sequences required for the biosynthesis of metal cofactors. This suggests that the function of vig-1 may be involved in the nonspecific virus-induced synthesis of enzymatic cofactors of the nitric oxide pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Boudinot
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas cedex, France
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Hashimoto K, Okamura K, Yamaguchi H, Ototake M, Nakanishi T, Kurosawa Y. Conservation and diversification of MHC class I and its related molecules in vertebrates. Immunol Rev 1999; 167:81-100. [PMID: 10319253 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1999.tb01384.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The elucidation of the complete peptide-binding domains of the highly polymorphic shark MHC class I genes offered us an opportunity to examine the characteristics of their predicted protein products in the light of the latest advance in the structural studies of the MHC class I molecules. The results suggest that the fundamental characteristics in the T-cell recognition of the MHC class I molecule/peptide complex are expected to have been established at the early stage of the vertebrate evolution. The elucidation of the typical classical class I molecules from fishes and also of some MHC class I-related molecules may help us-to explore the common denominator of the ancient class I molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hashimoto
- Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Aichi, Japan.
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40
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Abstract
Similarity in structural features would argue that sharks possess class I, class IIA and class IIB genes, coding for classical peptide-presenting molecules, as well as non-classical class I genes. Some aspects of shark major histocompatibility complex genes are similar to teleost genes and others are similar to tetrapod genes. Shark class I genes form a monophyletic group, as also seen for tetrapods, but the classical and nonclassical genes form two orthologous clades, as seen for teleosts. Teleost class I genes arose independently at least four different times with the nonclassical genes of ray-finned fishes and all the shark and lobe-finned fish class I genes forming 1 clade. The ray-finned fish classical class I genes arose separately. In phylogenetic trees of class II alpha 2 and beta 2 domains, the shark and tetrapod genes cluster more closely than the teleost genes and, unlike the teleost sequences, the class II alpha 1 domains of sharks and tetrapods lack cysteines. On the other hand, both shark and teleost genes display sequence motifs in the antigen-binding cleft that have persisted over very long time periods. The similarities may reflect common selective pressures on species in aqueous environments while differences may be due to different evolutionary rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bartl
- Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, CA 95039-0450, USA.
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41
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Stet RJ, Kruiswijk CP, Saeij JP, Wiegertjes GF. Major histocompatibility genes in cyprinid fishes: theory and practice. Immunol Rev 1998; 166:301-16. [PMID: 9914921 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1998.tb01271.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The first teleostean MHC sequences were described for carp. Subsequent studies in a number of cyprinid fishes showed that the class I sequences of these fishes are of particular interest. Two distinct lineages (Cyca-Z and Cyca-U) are found in the common and ginbuna crucian carp, but only the U lineage is present in zebrafish and other non-cyprinid species. The presence of the Z lineage is hypothesised to be the result of an allotetraploidisation event. Both phylogenetic analyses and amino acid sequence comparisons suggest that Cyca-Z sequences are non-classical class I sequences, probably similar to CD1. The comprehensive phylogenetic analyses of these sequences revealed different phylogenetic histories of the exons encoding the extracellular domains. The MHC genes were studied in laboratory and natural models. The natural model addressed the evolution of MHC genes in a Barbus species flock. Sequence analysis of class I and class II supported the species designation of the morphotypes present in the lake, and as a consequence the trans-species hypothesis of MHC polymorphism. The laboratory model involves the generation of gynogenetic clones, which can be divergently selected for traits such as high and low antibody response. The role of MHC molecules can be investigated further by producing a panel of isogenic lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Stet
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research Centre, The Netherlands.
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42
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Salter-Cid L, Nonaka M, Flajnik MF. Expression of MHC Class Ia and Class Ib During Ontogeny: High Expression in Epithelia and Coregulation of Class Ia and lmp7 Genes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.160.6.2853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The amphibian Xenopus permits the examination of immune responses in a species that progresses through two distinct lives, tadpole and adult, in which animals are free-living and immunocompetent. MHC gene expression as well as general features of the immune system change profoundly at metamorphosis. In this study gene expression of class Ia, class Ib, and the immune proteasome component lmp7 was investigated by Northern blotting at all stages of development. Class Ia genes are expressed in most adult tissues, with highest levels in intestine. Class Ib genes are expressed at lower levels, and their tissue distribution is somewhat more restricted than that of class Ia. Consistent with the idea that particular class Ib isotypes can perform distinct functions, preferential expression of class Ib genes is found in some tissues, with one family being expressed exclusively in epithelia. The onset of MHC expression is not simultaneous in all tissues: class Ia transcripts are first present in tadpole lung, gill, and intestine, organs with epithelial surfaces in contact with the environment. In every tissue except colon and muscle, class Ia expression increases markedly after metamorphosis. Interestingly, expression of the MHC-linked proteasome component lmp7 mirrored class Ia expression, while the constitutive lmp7 homologue X was expressed ubiquitously at all stages. Class Ib transcripts were never detected before metamorphosis, suggesting that the Xenopus class Ib proteins identified to date do not subserve class Ia functions in tadpole life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Salter-Cid
- *Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33101; and
| | - Masaru Nonaka
- †Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Martin F. Flajnik
- *Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33101; and
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Uhrberg M, Valiante NM, Shum BP, Shilling HG, Lienert-Weidenbach K, Corliss B, Tyan D, Lanier LL, Parham P. Human diversity in killer cell inhibitory receptor genes. Immunity 1997; 7:753-63. [PMID: 9430221 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80394-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 844] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The presence and expression of killer inhibitory receptor (KIR) and CD94:NKG2 genes from 68 donors were analyzed using molecular typing techniques. The genes encoding CD94:NKG2 receptors were present in each person, but KIR gene possession varied. Most individuals expressed inhibitory KIR for the three well-defined HLA-B and -C ligands, but noninhibitory KIR genes were more variable. Twenty different KIR phenotypes were defined. Two groups of KIR haplotypes were distinguished and occurred at relatively even frequency. Group A KIR haplotypes consist of six genes: the main inhibitory KIR, one noninhibitory KIR, and a structurally divergent KIR. Allelic polymorphism within five KIR genes was detected. Group B comprises more noninhibitory KIR genes and contains at least one additional gene not represented in group A. The KIR locus therefore appears to be polygenic and polymorphic within the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Uhrberg
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305, USA
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