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Meshref M, Ghaith HS, Hammad MA, Shalaby MMM, Ayasra F, Monib FA, Attia MS, Ebada MA, Elsayed H, Shalash A, Bahbah EI. The Role of RIN3 Gene in Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis: a Comprehensive Review. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:3528-3544. [PMID: 37995081 PMCID: PMC11087354 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03802-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a globally prevalent form of dementia that impacts diverse populations and is characterized by progressive neurodegeneration and impairments in executive memory. Although the exact mechanisms underlying AD pathogenesis remain unclear, it is commonly accepted that the aggregation of misfolded proteins, such as amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tau tangles, plays a critical role. Additionally, AD is a multifactorial condition influenced by various genetic factors and can manifest as either early-onset AD (EOAD) or late-onset AD (LOAD), each associated with specific gene variants. One gene of particular interest in both EOAD and LOAD is RIN3, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor. This gene plays a multifaceted role in AD pathogenesis. Firstly, upregulation of RIN3 can result in endosomal enlargement and dysfunction, thereby facilitating the accumulation of beta-amyloid (Aβ) peptides in the brain. Secondly, RIN3 has been shown to impact the PICLAM pathway, affecting transcytosis across the blood-brain barrier. Lastly, RIN3 has implications for immune-mediated responses, notably through its influence on the PTK2B gene. This review aims to provide a concise overview of AD and delve into the role of the RIN3 gene in its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Meshref
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | | | - Faris Ayasra
- Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | | | - Mohamed S Attia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | | | - Hanaa Elsayed
- Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ali Shalash
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eshak I Bahbah
- Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Damietta, Egypt.
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Nauth T, Bazgir F, Voß H, Brandenstein LI, Mosaddeghzadeh N, Rickassel V, Deden S, Gorzelanny C, Schlüter H, Ahmadian MR, Rosenberger G. Cutaneous manifestations in Costello syndrome: HRAS p.Gly12Ser affects RIN1-mediated integrin trafficking in immortalized epidermal keratinocytes. Hum Mol Genet 2023; 32:304-318. [PMID: 35981076 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddac188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous germline missense variants in the HRAS gene underlie Costello syndrome (CS). The molecular basis for cutaneous manifestations in CS is largely unknown. We used an immortalized human cell line, HaCaT keratinocytes, stably expressing wild-type or CS-associated (p.Gly12Ser) HRAS and defined RIN1 as quantitatively most prominent, high-affinity effector of active HRAS in these cells. As an exchange factor for RAB5 GTPases, RIN1 is involved in endosomal sorting of cell-adhesion integrins. RIN1-dependent RAB5A activation was strongly increased by HRASGly12Ser, and HRAS-RIN1-ABL1/2 signaling was induced in HRASWT- and HRASGly12Ser-expressing cells. Along with that, HRASGly12Ser expression decreased total integrin levels and enriched β1 integrin in RAB5- and EEA1-positive early endosomes. The intracellular level of active β1 integrin was increased in HRASGly12Ser HaCaT keratinocytes due to impaired recycling, whereas RIN1 disruption raised β1 integrin cell surface distribution. HRASGly12Ser induced co-localization of β1 integrin with SNX17 and RAB7 in early/sorting and late endosomes, respectively. Thus, by retaining β1 integrin in intracellular endosomal compartments, HRAS-RIN1 signaling affects the subcellular availability of β1 integrin. This may interfere with integrin-dependent processes as we detected for HRASGly12Ser cells spreading on fibronectin. We conclude that dysregulation of receptor trafficking and integrin-dependent processes such as cell adhesion are relevant in the pathobiology of CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Nauth
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Farhad Bazgir
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hannah Voß
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Section Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Laura I Brandenstein
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Niloufar Mosaddeghzadeh
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Verena Rickassel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sophia Deden
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Gorzelanny
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hartmut Schlüter
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Section Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mohammad R Ahmadian
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Georg Rosenberger
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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Abstract
EGFR is a member of the ERBB family. It plays a significant role in cellular processes such as growth, survival and differentiation via the activation of various signaling pathways. EGFR deregulation is implicated in various human malignancies, and therefore EGFR has emerged as an attractive anticancer target. EGFR inhibition using strategies such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies hinders cellular proliferation and promotes apoptosis in cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. EGFR inhibition by tyrosine kinase inhibitors has been shown to be a better treatment option than chemotherapy for advanced-stage EGFR-driven non-small-cell lung cancer, yet de novo and acquired resistance limits the clinical benefit of these therapeutic molecules. This review discusses the cellular signaling pathways activated by EGFR. Further, current therapeutic strategies to target aberrant EGFR signaling in cancer and mechanisms of resistance to them are highlighted.
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Shen R, Murphy CJ, Xu X, Hu M, Ding J, Wu C. Ras and Rab Interactor 3: From Cellular Mechanisms to Human Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:824961. [PMID: 35359443 PMCID: PMC8963869 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.824961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ras and Rab interactor 3 (RIN3) functions as a Guanine nucleotide Exchange Factor (GEF) for some members of the Rab family of small GTPase. By promoting the activation of Rab5, RIN3 plays an important role in regulating endocytosis and endocytic trafficking. In addition, RIN3 activates Ras, another small GTPase, that controls multiple signaling pathways to regulate cellular function. Increasing evidence suggests that dysregulation of RIN3 activity may contribute to the pathogenesis of several disease conditions ranging from Paget’s Disease of the Bone (PDB), Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and to obesity. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identified variants in the RIN3 gene to be linked with these disease conditions. Interestingly, some variants appear to be missense mutations in the functional domains of the RIN3 protein while most variants are located in the noncoding regions of the RIN3 gene, potentially altering its gene expression. However, neither the protein structure of RIN3 nor its exact function(s) (except for its GEF activity) has been fully defined. Furthermore, how the polymorphisms/variants contribute to disease pathogenesis remain to be understood. Herein, we examine, and review published studies in an attempt to provide a better understanding of the physiological function of RIN3; More importantly, we construct a framework linking the polymorphisms/variants of RIN3 to altered cell signaling and endocytic traffic, and to potential disease mechanism(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruinan Shen
- Institute of Neurology, Ruijing Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Caitlin J Murphy
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Xiaowen Xu
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Mingzheng Hu
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Jianqing Ding
- Institute of Neurology, Ruijing Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengbiao Wu
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Chengbiao Wu,
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Natural Products Attenuating Biosynthesis, Processing, and Activity of Ras Oncoproteins: State of the Art and Future Perspectives. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10111535. [PMID: 33182807 PMCID: PMC7698260 DOI: 10.3390/biom10111535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
RAS genes encode signaling proteins, which, in mammalian cells, act as molecular switches regulating critical cellular processes as proliferation, growth, differentiation, survival, motility, and metabolism in response to specific stimuli. Deregulation of Ras functions has a high impact on human health: gain-of-function point mutations in RAS genes are found in some developmental disorders and thirty percent of all human cancers, including the deadliest. For this reason, the pathogenic Ras variants represent important clinical targets against which to develop novel, effective, and possibly selective pharmacological inhibitors. Natural products represent a virtually unlimited resource of structurally different compounds from which one could draw on for this purpose, given the improvements in isolation and screening of active molecules from complex sources. After a summary of Ras proteins molecular and regulatory features and Ras-dependent pathways relevant for drug development, we point out the most promising inhibitory approaches, the known druggable sites of wild-type and oncogenic Ras mutants, and describe the known natural compounds capable of attenuating Ras signaling. Finally, we highlight critical issues and perspectives for the future selection of potential Ras inhibitors from natural sources.
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Zhang W, Veisaga ML, Barbieri MA. Role of RIN1 on telomerase activity driven by EGF-Ras mediated signaling in breast cancer. Exp Cell Res 2020; 396:112318. [PMID: 33069695 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor (EGF)-receptor regulates several downstream signaling pathways upon EGF stimulation that involves cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Internalized EGF-receptor is either recycled or degraded, which fate is regulated in part by Ras interference 1 (RIN1). In this study, we tested the hypothesis that RIN1, a Ras effector protein and Rab5 guanine nucleotide exchange factor, controls several signaling molecules leading to the modulation of the telomerase activity; thus, allowing proper cell proliferation. We report that expression of RIN1 completely blocked proliferation of MCF-12 A and MCF-7 cells, while partially inhibited proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells upon EGF stimulation. Furthermore, expression of the C-terminal region of RIN1 selectively plays a critical role in the inhibition of the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells. However, this inhibitory effect was specifically affected by the independent expression of RIN1:Vsp9 and RIN1:RA domains. Additionally, endogenous level of expression of RIN1 was decreased in metastatic MDA-MB-231 cells as compared with non-tumorigenic MCF-12 A cells. We observed that expression of RIN1:R94A mutant blocked the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells, while expression of RIN1:Y561F and RIN1:R629A mutants completely reversed the inhibitory effect of RIN1:WT. Consistent with our observations, we found that expression of RIN1:WT in MDA-MB-231 cells diminished both protein kinase B (AKT) and extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) activities while p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38 MAPK) and stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK)/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) were unaffected, but it produced downregulation of cellular-myelocytomatosis (c-Myc), erythroblast transformation specific (Ets2) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) activities. Inversely, expression of high-mobility group box 1 (HMBG1) was inhibited whereas expression of forkhead box transcription factor 1 (FOXO1) was increased in cells expressing RIN1. Interestingly, expression of RIN1 blocked telomerase activity and human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) expression, which correlated with the downregulations of c-Myc, Ets-2 and Stat3 activation. Taken together these findings indicate that RIN1 is a critical player in the modulation of the telomerase activity as well as hTERT expression in MDA-MB-231 cells upon EGF stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Zhang
- Biochemistry PhD Program, Florida International University, 11220 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - M L Veisaga
- Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, 11220 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - M A Barbieri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, 11220 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL, 33199, USA; Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, 11220 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL, 33199, USA; Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, 10901 Old Cutler Road, Coral Gables, FL, 33156, USA; International Center of Tropical Botany, Florida International University, 11220 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL, 33199, USA.
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Pasterkamp RJ, Burk K. Axon guidance receptors: Endocytosis, trafficking and downstream signaling from endosomes. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 198:101916. [PMID: 32991957 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
During the development of the nervous system, axons extend through complex environments. Growth cones at the axon tip allow axons to find and innervate their appropriate targets and form functional synapses. Axon pathfinding requires axons to respond to guidance signals and these cues need to be detected by specialized receptors followed by intracellular signal integration and translation. Several downstream signaling pathways have been identified for axon guidance receptors and it has become evident that these pathways are often initiated from intracellular vesicles called endosomes. Endosomes allow receptors to traffic intracellularly, re-locating receptors from one cellular region to another. The localization of axon guidance receptors to endosomal compartments is crucial for their function, signaling output and expression levels. For example, active receptors within endosomes can recruit downstream proteins to the endosomal membrane and facilitate signaling. Also, endosomal trafficking can re-locate receptors back to the plasma membrane to allow re-activation or mediate downregulation of receptor signaling via degradation. Accumulating evidence suggests that axon guidance receptors do not follow a pre-set default trafficking route but may change their localization within endosomes. This re-routing appears to be spatially and temporally regulated, either by expression of adaptor proteins or co-receptors. These findings shed light on how signaling in axon guidance is regulated and diversified - a mechanism which explains how a limited set of guidance cues can help to establish billions of neuronal connections. In this review, we summarize and discuss our current knowledge of axon guidance receptor trafficking and provide directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Pasterkamp
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - K Burk
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
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8
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Ma L, Chen X, Zhao B, Shi Y, Han F. Enhanced apoptosis and decreased ampa receptors are involved in deficit in fear memory in rin1 knockout rats. J Affect Disord 2020; 268:173-182. [PMID: 32174475 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ras and Rab interactor 1 (Rin1) is predominantly expressed in memory-related brain regions, and has been reported to play an important role in fear memory. Increased expression of Rin1 in an animal model of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been associated with enhanced acquisition of fear memories, but the exact mechanism of Rin1 in memory regulation are not clear. METHODS Here, we used Rin1-knockout rats to examine the effect of Rin1 on fear memories by fear conditional test and the molecular mechanisms that regulate these effects by immunofluorescence, western blotting and TUNEL. RESULTS Our results show that Rin1-knockout rats have a deficit in formation and extinction of Auditory fear memories. Lack of Rin1 results in enhanced apoptosis in the hippocampus through a pathway related to the mitochondria rather than the endoplasmic reticulum-related pathway. Importantly, the lack of Rin1 induces a decrease in α-amino-3‑hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors (AMPAR) found in the cytoplasm, but not in those found in the membrane. Expression of CaMKII (which is important for insertion of cytoplasmic AMPAR into the membrane) and stargazin (which is important for immobilization of AMPAR in the membrane) was not changed. The lack of Rin1 also induced changes in AMPAR distribution, from diffuse spread in the cells to clusters around the edge of the cell. Additionally, clustered AMPAR distribution showed a high degree of overlap with actin distribution. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that Rin1 affects not only apoptosis, but also the concentration and distribution pattern of AMPAR, which are important in the formation and extinction of fear memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linchuan Ma
- PTSD laboratory, Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical College, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
| | - Xinzhao Chen
- PTSD laboratory, Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical College, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
| | - Beiying Zhao
- PTSD laboratory, Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical College, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
| | - Yuxiu Shi
- PTSD laboratory, Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical College, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Fang Han
- PTSD laboratory, Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical College, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
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Bajpai U, Sharma R, Kausar T, Dattagupta S, Chattopadhayay T, Ralhan R. Clinical Significance of 14-3-3 Zeta in Human Esophageal Cancer. Int J Biol Markers 2018; 23:231-7. [DOI: 10.1177/172460080802300406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We recently found 14-3-3 zeta to be overexpressed in esophageal squamous cell carcinomas (ESCCs) by differential display. In the present study we determined the clinical significance of 14-3-3 zeta in esophageal tumorigenesis. Immunohistochemical analysis was carried out in 61 ESCCs, 33 dysplasia samples, 14 hyperplasia samples and 7 matched histologically normal esophageal tissues and correlated with clinicopathological parameters. Cytoplasmic expression of 14-3-3 zeta protein was observed in 95% of ESCCs; 63% of tumors also showed nuclear localization. All hyperplastic and dysplastic tissues distant from ESCCs as well as dysplastic endoscopic biopsies showed cytoplasmic immunopositivity for 14-3-3 zeta, while nuclear localization was observed in 58% of dysplasia and 36% of hyperplasia samples. Matched distant histologically normal epithelia either showed basal cytoplasmic expression of 14-3-3 zeta or no detectable nuclear expression of the protein. Interestingly, immunopositivity observed in normal esophageal tissues and early hyperplasia was confined to cytoplasm only, though significant nuclear expression was detected in dysplasia and ESCC. Immunoblotting and RT-PCR analyses further confirmed 14-3-3 zeta expression in dysplasia and ESCC. To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating overexpression of 14-3-3 zeta in esophageal hyperplasia, dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma, suggesting that alteration in its expression occurs in early stages and is associated with esophageal tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- U. Bajpai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Acharaya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi South Campus, Delhi
| | - R. Sharma
- School of Biotechnology, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Kashmere Gate, Delhi
| | - T. Kausar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi - India
| | - S. Dattagupta
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi - India
| | - T.K. Chattopadhayay
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi - India
| | - R. Ralhan
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi - India
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Feng ZH, Fang Y, Zhao LY, Lu J, Wang YQ, Chen ZH, Huang Y, Wei JH, Liang YP, Cen JJ, Pan YH, Liao B, Chen W, Luo JH. RIN1 promotes renal cell carcinoma malignancy by activating EGFR signaling through Rab25. Cancer Sci 2017; 108:1620-1627. [PMID: 28612496 PMCID: PMC5543468 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously identified the important role of RIN1 expression in the prognosis of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). The role of RIN1 in ccRCC malignancy and underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Here we report that ccRCC cells and tissues expressed more RIN1 than normal controls. Gain‐of‐function and loss‐of‐function studies demonstrated that RIN1 enhanced ccRCC cell growth, migration and invasion abilities in vitro and promoted tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. Mechanistic studies revealed that RIN1 has an activating effect on EGFR signaling in ccRCC. In addition, we unveil Rab25, a critical GTPase in ccRCC malignancy, as a functional RIN1 interacting partner. Knockdown of Rab25 eliminated the augmentation of carcinoma cell proliferation, migration and invasion by ectopic RIN1. We also confirmed that RIN1 and Rab25 expression correlates with the overall‐survival of ccRCC patients from TCGA. These findings suggest that RIN1 plays an important oncogenic role in ccRCC malignancy by activation of EGFR signaling through interacting with Rab25, and RIN1 could be employed as an effective therapeutic target for ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Hao Feng
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yong Fang
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Liang-Yun Zhao
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jun Lu
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yong-Qian Wang
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Chen
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yong Huang
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jin-Huan Wei
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan-Ping Liang
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun-Jie Cen
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi-Hui Pan
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Bing Liao
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun-Hang Luo
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Szíber Z, Liliom H, Morales COO, Ignácz A, Rátkai AE, Ellwanger K, Link G, Szűcs A, Hausser A, Schlett K. Ras and Rab interactor 1 controls neuronal plasticity by coordinating dendritic filopodial motility and AMPA receptor turnover. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:285-295. [PMID: 27852895 PMCID: PMC5231897 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-07-0526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Ras and Rab interactor 1 (RIN1) is predominantly expressed in the nervous system. RIN1-knockout animals have deficits in latent inhibition and fear extinction in the amygdala, suggesting a critical role for RIN1 in preventing the persistence of unpleasant memories. At the molecular level, RIN1 signals through Rab5 GTPases that control endocytosis of cell-surface receptors and Abl nonreceptor tyrosine kinases that participate in actin cytoskeleton remodeling. Here we report that RIN1 controls the plasticity of cultured mouse hippocampal neurons. Our results show that RIN1 affects the morphology of dendritic protrusions and accelerates dendritic filopodial motility through an Abl kinase-dependent pathway. Lack of RIN1 results in enhanced mEPSC amplitudes, indicating an increase in surface AMPA receptor levels compared with wild-type neurons. We further provide evidence that the Rab5 GEF activity of RIN1 regulates surface GluA1 subunit endocytosis. Consequently loss of RIN1 blocks surface AMPA receptor down-regulation evoked by chemically induced long-term depression. Our findings indicate that RIN1 destabilizes synaptic connections and is a key player in postsynaptic AMPA receptor endocytosis, providing multiple ways of negatively regulating memory stabilization during neuronal plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsófia Szíber
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Hanna Liliom
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Attila Ignácz
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anikó Erika Rátkai
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kornelia Ellwanger
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Gisela Link
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Attila Szűcs
- MTA-ELTE-NAP B Neuronal Cell Biology Research Group, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Angelika Hausser
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology, University of Stuttgart, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Katalin Schlett
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-ELTE-NAP B Neuronal Cell Biology Research Group, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
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12
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Gerarduzzi C, He Q, Zhai B, Antoniou J, Di Battista JA. Prostaglandin E2-Dependent Phosphorylation of RAS Inhibition 1 (RIN1) at Ser 291 and 292 Inhibits Transforming Growth Factor-β-Induced RAS Activation Pathway in Human Synovial Fibroblasts: Role in Cell Migration. J Cell Physiol 2016; 232:202-15. [PMID: 27137893 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 )-stimulated G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) activation inhibits pro-fibrotic TGFβ-dependent stimulation of human fibroblast to myofibroblast transition (FMT), though the precise molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. In the present study, we describe the PGE2 -dependent suppression and reversal of TGFβ-induced events such as α-sma expression, stress fiber formation, and Ras/Raf/ERK/MAPK pathway-dependent activation of myofibroblast migration. In order to elucidate post-ligand-receptor signaling pathways, we identified a predominant PKA phosphorylation motif profile in human primary fibroblasts after treatment with exogenous PGE2 (EC50 30 nM, Vmax 100 nM), mimicked by the adenyl cyclase activator forskolin (EC50 5 μM, Vmax 10 μM). We used a global phosphoproteomic approach to identify a 2.5-fold difference in PGE2 -induced phosphorylation of proteins containing the PKA motif. Deducing the signaling pathway of our migration data, we identified Ras inhibitor 1 (RIN1) as a substrate, whereby PGE2 induced its phosphorylation at Ser291 and at Ser292 by a 5.4- and 4.8-fold increase, respectively. In a series of transient and stable over expression studies in HEK293T and HeLa cells using wild-type (wt) and mutant RIN1 (Ser291/292Ala) or Ras constructs and siRNA knock-down experiments, we showed that PGE2 -dependent phosphorylation of RIN1 resulted in the abrogation of TGFβ-induced Ras/Raf signaling activation and subsequent downstream blockade of cellular migration, emphasizing the importance of such phosphosites in PGE2 suppression of wound closure. Overexpression experiments in tandem with pull-down assays indicated that specific Ser291/292 phosphorylation of RIN1 favored binding to activated Ras. In principal, understanding PGE2 -GPCR activated signaling pathways mitigating TGFβ-induced fibrosis may lead to more evidence-based treatments against the disease. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 202-215, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casimiro Gerarduzzi
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. .,Departments of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
| | - QingWen He
- Departments of Medicine and Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Beibei Zhai
- Departments of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - John Antoniou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - John A Di Battista
- Departments of Medicine and Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
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13
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Kumar S, Pan CC, Shah N, Wheeler SE, Hoyt KR, Hempel N, Mythreye K, Lee NY. Activation of Mitofusin2 by Smad2-RIN1 Complex during Mitochondrial Fusion. Mol Cell 2016; 62:520-31. [PMID: 27184078 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Smads are nuclear-shuttling transcriptional mediators of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling. Although their essential nuclear roles in gene regulation during development and carcinogenesis are well established, whether they have important cytoplasmic functions remains unclear. Here we report that Smad2 is a critical determinant of mitochondrial dynamics. We identified mitofusin2 (MFN2) and Rab and Ras Interactor 1 (RIN1) as new Smad2 binding partners required for mitochondrial fusion. Unlike TGF-β-induced Smad2/3 transcriptional responses underlying mitochondrial fragmentation and apoptosis, inactive cytoplasmic Smad2 rapidly promotes mitochondrial fusion by recruiting RIN1 into a complex with MFN2. We demonstrate that Smad2 is a key scaffold, allowing RIN1 to act as a GTP exchange factor for MFN2-GTPase activation to promote mitochondrial ATP synthesis and suppress superoxide production. These results reveal functional implications between Smads and mitochondrial dysfunction in cancer and metabolic and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Kumar
- Division of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Christopher C Pan
- Division of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Nirav Shah
- Division of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Sarah E Wheeler
- Division of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Kari R Hoyt
- Division of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Nadine Hempel
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Karthikeyan Mythreye
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Nam Y Lee
- Division of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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14
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Mustafi S, Barbieri MA. Rin1 restores host phagocytic activity during invasion by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Med Microbiol 2016; 65:351-361. [PMID: 26902911 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa uses a type III secretion system to deliver toxic effector proteins directly into host cells and alter host protein functions. Exoenzyme S (ExoS), a type III effector protein, ADP-ribosylates Rab5 GTPase and impairs early phagocytic events in macrophage cells. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that Rin1, a Ras effector protein and Rab5 guanine nucleotide exchange factor, generates an intrinsic Rab5 activity cycle during phagocytosis of live P. aeruginosa; thus, allowing proper phagocytic killing. We found that Rab5 activity was attenuated at a very early time point (2.5 min) of the phagocytic process of live but not of heat-inactivated P. aeruginosa. However, upon overexpressing Rin1 in macrophages, the Rab5 activity sustained for a prolonged time (∼20 min) counteracting the negative effects during phagocytosis of live P. aeruginosa. Ras, also a substrate of the ADP-ribosyltransferase activity of ExoS, remained active during the early events of phagocytosis of live as well as heat-inactivated P. aeruginosa. Further examinations revealed that the Rin1 : Vps9 domain (the Rab5 nucleotide catalytic domain) and the Rin1 : RA domain (the Ras association domain of Rin1) are both required for optimal Rin1 function. Finally, the time-based analysis of the ADP-ribosylation status of Rab5 and Ras obtained from this study was consistent in the context of the regulation of (i) Rab5 activity by Rin1 : Vps9 domain and (ii) Ras interaction with Rin1 via the Rin1 : RA domain. These observations highlight a novel crosstalk between Rin1-Rab5 and Rin1-Ras complexes that offsets the anti-phagocytic effects of ExoS in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mustafi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - M A Barbieri
- Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, 10901 Old Cutler Road, Coral Gables, FL 33156, USA.,Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.,International Center of Tropical Botany, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
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15
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Ting PY, Johnson CW, Fang C, Cao X, Graeber TG, Mattos C, Colicelli J. Tyrosine phosphorylation of RAS by ABL allosterically enhances effector binding. FASEB J 2015; 29:3750-61. [PMID: 25999467 PMCID: PMC4550377 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-271510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
RAS proteins are signal transduction gatekeepers that mediate cell growth, survival, and differentiation through interactions with multiple effector proteins. The RAS effector RAS- and RAB-interacting protein 1 (RIN1) activates its own downstream effectors, the small GTPase RAB5 and the tyrosine kinase Abelson tyrosine-protein kinase (ABL), to modulate endocytosis and cytoskeleton remodeling. To identify ABL substrates downstream of RAS-to-RIN1 signaling, we examined human HEK293T cells overexpressing components of this pathway. Proteomic analysis revealed several novel phosphotyrosine peptides, including Harvey rat sarcoma oncogene (HRAS)-pTyr(137). Here we report that ABL phosphorylates tyrosine 137 of H-, K-, and NRAS. Increased RIN1 levels enhanced HRAS-Tyr(137) phosphorylation by nearly 5-fold, suggesting that RAS-stimulated RIN1 can drive ABL-mediated RAS modification in a feedback circuit. Tyr(137) is well conserved among RAS orthologs and is part of a transprotein H-bond network. Crystal structures of HRAS(Y137F) and HRAS(Y137E) revealed conformation changes radiating from the mutated residue. Although consistent with Tyr(137) participation in allosteric control of HRAS function, the mutations did not alter intrinsic GTP hydrolysis rates in vitro. HRAS-Tyr(137) phosphorylation enhanced HRAS signaling capacity in cells, however, as reflected by a 4-fold increase in the association of phosphorylated HRAS(G12V) with its effector protein RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine protein kinase 1 (RAF1). These data suggest that RAS phosphorylation at Tyr(137) allosterically alters protein conformation and effector binding, providing a mechanism for effector-initiated modulation of RAS signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - John Colicelli
- Correspondence: University of California, Los Angeles, Box 951737, 350C BSRB, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1737, USA. E-mail:
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16
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Liu X, Li Y, Wen L, Tao K, Xiao Q, Cao W, Huang Z, Gao M, Li H, Wang F, Feng W. ABL SH3 mutant inhibits BCR-ABL activity and increases imatinib sensitivity by targeting RIN1 protein in CML cell. Cancer Lett 2015; 369:222-8. [PMID: 26321052 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SH3 domain plays an important role in maintaining autoinhibition of BCR-ABL protein. RIN1 interacts with BCR-ABL SH3 domain via PxxP motifs to promote autophosphorylation as well as activation of BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase, suggesting using exogenous SH3 domain which blocks the interaction of BCR-ABL and RIN1 could be an adjunct therapy for CML. Here, we reported a novel p-BCR-ABL inhibitor, designed as ABL SH3 mutant, and identified its effects on inhibiting the tyrosine kinase activity of BCR-ABL without or with imatinib (IM) in vitro and in vivo. Our results demonstrated that ABL SH3 mutant T79Y markedly repressed the expression of BCR-ABL signaling pathways in IM-resistant cell lines KCL22 and K562/G01 as well as IM-sensitive cell line K562. Moreover, combination of T79Y with IM considerably decreased the proliferation of leukemia cells in vivo. Inhibition of BCR-ABL and RIN1 interaction using exogenous modified BCR-ABL SH3 domain provides a feasible and alternative option of small molecule inhibitors for CML treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yajuan Li
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Liangxue Wen
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Kun Tao
- Department of Immunology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Qing Xiao
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Weixi Cao
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Zhenglan Huang
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Miao Gao
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Wenli Feng
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
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17
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Ting PY, Damoiseaux R, Titz B, Bradley KA, Graeber TG, Fernández-Vega V, Bannister TD, Chase P, Nair R, Scampavia L, Hodder P, Spicer TP, Colicelli J. Identification of small molecules that disrupt signaling between ABL and its positive regulator RIN1. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121833. [PMID: 25811598 PMCID: PMC4374917 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Constitutively active BCR-ABL kinase fusions are causative mutations in the pathogenesis of hematopoietic neoplasias including chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Although these fusions have been successfully targeted with kinase inhibitors, drug-resistance and relapse continue to limit long-term survival, highlighting the need for continued innovative drug discovery. We developed a time-resolved Förster resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET) -based assay to identify compounds that disrupt stimulation of the ABL kinase by blocking its ability to bind the positive regulator RIN1. This assay was used in a high throughput screen (HTS) of two small molecule libraries totaling 444,743 compounds. 708 confirmed hits were counter-screened to eliminate off-target inhibitors and reanalyzed to prioritize compounds with IC50 values below 10 μM. The CML cell line K562 was then used to identify five compounds that decrease MAPK1/3 phosphorylation, which we determined to be an indicator of RIN1-dependent ABL signaling. One of these compounds is a thiadiazole, and the other four are structurally related acyl piperidine amides. Notably, these five compounds lower cellular BCR-ABL1 kinase activity by blocking a positive regulatory interaction rather than directly inhibiting ABL catalytic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Y. Ting
- Molecular Biology Institute, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Robert Damoiseaux
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Björn Titz
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California at Los Angeles Metabolomics and Proteomics Center, California NanoSystems Institute and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Kenneth A. Bradley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Thomas G. Graeber
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California at Los Angeles Metabolomics and Proteomics Center, California NanoSystems Institute and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Virneliz Fernández-Vega
- The Scripps Research Institute-FL, Lead Identification, Translational Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Thomas D. Bannister
- The Scripps Research Institute-FL, Department of Chemistry, Translational Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Peter Chase
- The Scripps Research Institute-FL, Lead Identification, Translational Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Reji Nair
- The Scripps Research Institute-FL, Department of Chemistry, Translational Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Louis Scampavia
- The Scripps Research Institute-FL, Lead Identification, Translational Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Peter Hodder
- The Scripps Research Institute-FL, Lead Identification, Translational Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Timothy P. Spicer
- The Scripps Research Institute-FL, Lead Identification, Translational Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - John Colicelli
- Molecular Biology Institute, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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18
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A bimolecular fluorescent complementation screen reveals complex roles of endosomes in Ras-mediated signaling. Methods Enzymol 2014; 535:25-38. [PMID: 24377915 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-397925-4.00002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
While Ras GTPases are best known for mediating growth factor signaling on the plasma membrane, these proteins also have surprisingly complex activities in the endosome. Assisted by a method called bimolecular fluorescent complementation (BiFC), which can detect weak and transient protein-protein interactions and reveal where the binding takes place in live cells, we have identified three effectors, Cdc42, CHMP6, and VPS4A that interact with Ras proteins in endosomes. These effectors are all necessary for Ras-induced transformation, suggesting that for Ras proteins to efficiently induce tumor formation, they must also activate effectors in cytoplasm, such as those in endosomes. Here, we describe how BiFC can be used to detect and screen for Ras effectors and for readily revealing where in the cell the binding occurs.
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19
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Doi M, Minematsu H, Kubota Y, Nishiwaki K, Miyamoto M. The novel Rac effector RIN-1 regulates neuronal cell migration and axon pathfinding in C. elegans. Development 2013; 140:3435-44. [PMID: 23900541 DOI: 10.1242/dev.089722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Cell migration and axon guidance require proper regulation of the actin cytoskeleton in response to extracellular guidance cues. Rho/Rac small GTPases are essential regulators of actin remodeling. Caenorhabditis elegans CED-10 is a Rac1 homolog that is required for various cellular morphological changes and migration events and is under the control of several guidance signaling pathways. There is still considerable uncertainty regarding events following the activation of guidance receptors by extracellular signals and the regulation of actin dynamics based on spatiotemporally restricted Rac activity. Here we show that the VPS9 domain protein RIN-1 acts as a novel effector for CED-10 in C. elegans. The orthologous mammalian Rin1 protein has previously been identified as an effector for Ras GTPase and is now known to function as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rab5 GTPase. We found that RIN-1 specifically binds to the GTP-bound form of CED-10 and that mutations in rin-1 cause significant defects in migration and axon guidance of restricted neuronal cell types including AVM and HSN neurons, in contrast to the various defects observed in ced-10 mutants. Our analyses place RIN-1 in the Slit-Robo genetic pathway that regulates repulsive signaling for dorsoventral axon guidance. In rin-1 mutants, actin accumulated on both the ventral and dorsal sides of the developing HSN neuron, in contrast to its ventral accumulation in wild type. These results strongly suggest that RIN-1 acts as an effector for CED-10/Rac1 and regulates actin remodeling in response to restricted guidance cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motomichi Doi
- Biomedical Research Institute, AIST, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan.
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20
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Balaji K, Colicelli J. RIN1 regulates cell migration through RAB5 GTPases and ABL tyrosine kinases. Commun Integr Biol 2013; 6:e25421. [PMID: 24265854 PMCID: PMC3829955 DOI: 10.4161/cib.25421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulation of a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), such as EGFR, leads to RAS activation followed by RIN1 activation. RIN1, in turn, activates RAB5 family GTPases, as well as ABL tyrosine kinases. As expected, RIN1 expression directly correlates with RAB5-mediated EGFR endocytosis. We previously showed that normal receptor endocytosis and internalized EGFR fate also depend on the ability of RIN1 to concomitantly activate ABL tyrosine kinases, consistent with the established role of ABL kinases in cytoskeleton remodeling and the growing evidence that such remodeling plays a role in endocytic processes. Here we report that growth factor-directed cell migration, a physiological process that involves receptor endocytosis and actin remodeling, also requires the ability of RIN1 to coordinate RAB5 GTPase and ABL tyrosine kinase pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavitha Balaji
- Molecular Biology Institute; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Biological Chemistry; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; Los Angeles, CA USA
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21
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Hodas JJL, Nehring A, Höche N, Sweredoski MJ, Pielot R, Hess S, Tirrell DA, Dieterich DC, Schuman EM. Dopaminergic modulation of the hippocampal neuropil proteome identified by bioorthogonal noncanonical amino acid tagging (BONCAT). Proteomics 2012; 12:2464-76. [PMID: 22744909 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Local protein synthesis and its activity-dependent modulation via dopamine receptor stimulation play an important role in synaptic plasticity - allowing synapses to respond dynamically to changes in their activity patterns. We describe here the metabolic labeling, enrichment, and MS-based identification of candidate proteins specifically translated in intact hippocampal neuropil sections upon treatment with the selective D1/D5 receptor agonist SKF81297. Using the noncanonical amino acid azidohomoalanine and click chemistry, we identified over 300 newly synthesized proteins specific to dendrites and axons. Candidates specific for the SKF81297-treated samples were predominantly involved in protein synthesis and synapse-specific functions. Furthermore, we demonstrate a dendrite-specific increase in proteins synthesis upon application of SKF81297. This study provides the first snapshot in the dynamics of the dopaminergic hippocampal neuropil proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J L Hodas
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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22
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Abstract
Stimulation of the receptor tyrosine kinase KIT by Stem Cell Factor (SCF) triggers activation of RAS and its downstream effectors. Proper KIT activation is essential for the maturation, survival and proliferation of mast cells. In addition, SCF activation of KIT is critical for recruiting mast cells to sites of infection or injury, where they release a mix of pro-inflammatory substances. RIN3, a RAS effector and RAB5-directed guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), is highly expressed and enriched in human mast cells. SCF treatment of mast cells increased the amount of GTP-bound RAB5, and the degree of RAB5 activation correlated with the expression level of RIN3. At the same time, SCF caused the dissociation of a pre-formed complex of RIN3 with BIN2, a membrane bending protein implicated in endocytosis. Silencing of RIN3 increased the rate of SCF-induced KIT internalization, while persistent RIN3 over-expression led to KIT down regulation. These observations strongly support a role for RIN3 in coordinating the early steps of KIT endocytosis. Importantly, RIN3 also functioned as an inhibitor of mast cell migration toward SCF. Finally, we demonstrate that elevated RIN3 levels sensitize mastocytosis cells to treatment with a KIT tyrosine kinase inhibitor, suggesting the value of a two-pronged inhibitor approach for this difficult to treat malignancy. These findings directly connect KIT activation with a mast cell-specific RAS effector that regulates the cellular response to SCF and provide new insight for the development of more effective mastocytosis treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Janson
- Molecular Biology Institute, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Noriyuki Kasahara
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - George C. Prendergast
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania, United of States of America
| | - John Colicelli
- Molecular Biology Institute, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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Aikawa Y, Hirakawa H, Lee S. Spatiotemporal regulation of the ubiquitinated cargo-binding activity of Rabex-5 in the endocytic pathway. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:40586-97. [PMID: 23048039 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.411793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The regulatory mechanism underlying the interaction of the Rabex-5 MIU domain with ubiquitinated cargos remains unclear. RESULTS Rabex-5 guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) mutants affected interactions of ubiquitinated cargos. CONCLUSION GDP/GTP exchange in the GEF domain controls the MIU domain interactions with the ubiquitinated cargos. SIGNIFICANCE Rabex-5 GEF activity acts as an intramolecular switch for spatiotemporal trafficking of the ubiquitinated cargos. Ubiquitin (Ub)-dependent endocytosis of membrane proteins requires precise molecular recognition of ubiquitinated cargo by Ub-binding proteins (UBPs). Many UBPs are often themselves monoubiquitinated, a mechanism referred to as coupled monoubiquitination, which prevents them from binding in trans to the ubiquitinated cargo. However, the spatiotemporal regulatory mechanism underlying the interaction of UBPs with the ubiquitinated cargo, via their Ub-binding domains (UBDs) remains unclear. Previously, we reported the interaction of Rabex-5, a UBP and guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for Rab5, with ubiquitinated neural cell adhesion molecule L1, via its motif interacting with Ub (MIU) domain. This interaction is critical for the internalization and sorting of the ubiquitinated L1 into endosomal/lysosomal compartments. The present study demonstrated that the interaction of Rabex-5 with Rab5 depends specifically on interaction of the MIU domain with the ubiquitinated L1 to drive its internalization. Notably, impaired GEF mutants and the Rabex-5(E213A) mutant increased the flexibility of the hinge region in the HB-VPS9 tandem domain, which significantly affected their interactions with the ubiquitinated L1. In addition, GEF mutants increased the catalytic efficiency, which resulted in a reduced interaction with the ubiquitinated L1. Furthermore, the coupled monoubiquitination status of Rabex-5 was found to be significantly associated with interaction of Rabex-5 and the ubiquitinated L1. Collectively, our study reveals a novel mechanism, wherein the GEF activity of Rabex-5 acts as an intramolecular switch orchestrating ubiquitinated cargo-binding activity and coupled monoubiquitination to permit the spatiotemporal dynamic exchange of the ubiquitinated cargos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikatsu Aikawa
- Laboratory of Neural Membrane Biology, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, 1-3 Miyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan.
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Prognostic significance of RIN1 gene expression in human non-small cell lung cancer. Acta Histochem 2012; 114:463-8. [PMID: 21925717 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2011.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2011] [Revised: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ras interaction/interference 1 (RIN1), originally identified as a Ras effector protein, has been implicated in tumorigenesis and development of human cancers. The aim of this study was to detect RIN1 expression in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and to analyze its association with prognosis of NSCLC patients. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR was performed to examine the expression of RIN1 mRNA in 25 cases of NSCLC and corresponding non-tumor tissue samples. Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect the expression of RIN1 in 90 NSCLC tissues. We found that the expression levels of RIN1 mRNA in NSCLC tissues were significantly higher than those in corresponding non-tumor tissues. High-level RIN1 expression was observed in 53.3% (48 of 90 cases), and correlated with poor tumor differentiation (P=0.024), TNM stage (P=0.032), and lymph node metastasis (P=0.018). Patients with high expression levels of RIN1 showed lower overall survival rate than those with low expression levels (P=0.033). Multivariate analysis showed that high RIN1 protein expression was an independent prognostic factor for NSCLC patients (P=0.021). Our study suggests that over-expression of RIN1 may play an important role in the progression of NSCLC and RIN1 expression may offer a valuable marker for predicting the outcome of patients with NSCLC.
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Floor K, Barøy T, Misceo D, Kanavin OJ, Fannemel M, Frengen E. A 1 Mb de novo deletion within 11q13.1q13.2 in a boy with mild intellectual disability and minor dysmorphic features. Eur J Med Genet 2012; 55:695-9. [PMID: 22986108 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report a 11 year old male patient ascertained for mild intellectual disability and minor dysmorphic features, carrying a 1 Mb de novo deletion on chromosome 11q13.1q13.2 detected by aCGH. This is the first report of a deletion in this region in a patient presenting with intellectual impairment and mild dysmorphic traits. The 1 Mb deleted area encompasses 47 RefSeq genes, including Cornichon homologue 2 (CNIH2), Cofilin-1 (CFL1) and neuronal PAS domain-containing protein 4 (NPAS4), which are highly expressed in the central nervous system. Knockout of the CNIH2 and CFL1 orthologues in animals results in migration disturbances, while low or no expression of Npas4 in mice results in impairment of memory and learning. These three genes have previously been suggested as candidate genes for neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karijn Floor
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway.
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26
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Abstract
Ras proteins are best known to function on the plasma membrane to mediate growth factor signaling. Controlling the length of time that Ras proteins stay on the plasma membrane is an effective way to properly modulate the intensity and duration of growth factor signaling. It has been shown previously that H- and N-Ras proteins in the GTP-bound state can be ubiquitylated via a K-63 linkage, which leads to endosome internalization and results in a negative-feedback loop for efficient signal attenuation. In a more recent study, two new Ras effectors have been isolated, CHMP6 and VPS4A, which are components of the ESCRT-III complex, best known for mediating protein sorting in the endosomes. Surprisingly, these molecules are required for efficient Ras-induced transformation. They apparently do so by controlling recycling of components of the Ras pathway back to the plasma membrane, thus creating a positive-feedback loop to enhance growth factor signaling. These results suggest the fates of endosomal Ras proteins are complex and dynamic — they can be either stored and/or destroyed or recycled. Further work is needed to decipher how the fate of these endosomal Ras proteins is determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Yi Zheng
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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27
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Fang P, Zhao Z, Tian H, Zhang X. RIN1 exhibits oncogenic property to suppress apoptosis and its aberrant accumulation associates with poor prognosis in melanoma. Tumour Biol 2012; 33:1511-8. [PMID: 22627834 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-012-0402-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is an increasing disease in China, and its molecular mechanisms of development and progression are limited. The objective of this study was to investigate the expression of Ras interaction/interference 1 (RIN1) protein and its clinical significance in human melanoma. Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect the expression of RIN1 in 81 melanoma patients with a 5-year follow-up. The prognosis of the patients, classified by the clinicopathologic features and RIN1 expression, was assessed by multivariate analysis. RIN1 levels were then analyzed with overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and recurrence-free survival (RFS) in the cohort. The biological function was determined by proliferation assay, flow cytometry analysis through knocking down of RIN1 in melanoma cells A375, as well as caspase-3 activation and PARP cleavage were detected by western blot or fluorometric assay. Data showed that RIN1 was overexpressed in melanoma samples. High-level RIN1 expression was observed in 49.4 % (40 of 81 cases), associated with thickness grade (P = 0.008) and lymph node metastasis (P < 0.001). Two distinguished subgroups were segregated by RIN1 levels within this set comparing prognostication of OS, PFS, and RFS. Importantly, RIN1 level was revealed as the significant independent prognostic factor for death and progression but a weak contribution for recurrence. Moreover, knock down of RIN1 expression in A375 cells, suppressed cell proliferation and induced apoptosis through caspase-3 activation and PARP cleavage. RIN1 expression could be a potential prognostic predictor for the melanoma patients and provide a potential target therapy for melanoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Fang
- Department of Oncology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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High RIN1 expression is associated with poor prognosis in patients with gastric adenocarcinoma. Tumour Biol 2012. [PMID: 22562267 DOI: 10.1007/s1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the expression and prognostic significance of RIN1 in gastric adenocarcinoma. RIN1 expression was analyzed using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), Western blotting, and immunohistochemical staining on tissue samples from a consecutive series of 315 gastric adenocarcinoma patients who underwent tumor resections between 2003 and 2006. The relationship between RIN1 expression, clinicopathological factors, and patient survival was investigated. qRT-PCR results showed that the RIN1 mRNA expression was higher in tumor tissue samples than in the adjacent normal tissues, and a corresponding increase in protein expression was confirmed by Western blotting. Immunohistochemical staining indicated that RIN1 is highly expressed in 54.3 % of gastric adenocarcinomas. RIN1 expression levels were closely associated with tumor size, histological differentiation, tumor stage, and lymph node involvement. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that high RIN1 expression exhibited a significant correlation with poor prognosis for gastric adenocarcinoma patients. Multivariate analysis revealed that RIN1 expression is an independent prognostic parameter for the overall survival rate of gastric adenocarcinoma patients. Our data suggest that RIN1 plays an important role in gastric adenocarcinoma progression and that a high RIN1 expression predicts an unfavorable prognosis in gastric adenocarcinoma patients.
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Yu HF, Zhao G, Ge ZJ, Wang DR, Chen J, Zhang Y, Zha TZ, Zhang K, Zhang M, Tan YF, Zhou SJ, Jiang C. High RIN1 expression is associated with poor prognosis in patients with gastric adenocarcinoma. Tumour Biol 2012; 33:1557-63. [PMID: 22562267 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-012-0409-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the expression and prognostic significance of RIN1 in gastric adenocarcinoma. RIN1 expression was analyzed using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), Western blotting, and immunohistochemical staining on tissue samples from a consecutive series of 315 gastric adenocarcinoma patients who underwent tumor resections between 2003 and 2006. The relationship between RIN1 expression, clinicopathological factors, and patient survival was investigated. qRT-PCR results showed that the RIN1 mRNA expression was higher in tumor tissue samples than in the adjacent normal tissues, and a corresponding increase in protein expression was confirmed by Western blotting. Immunohistochemical staining indicated that RIN1 is highly expressed in 54.3 % of gastric adenocarcinomas. RIN1 expression levels were closely associated with tumor size, histological differentiation, tumor stage, and lymph node involvement. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that high RIN1 expression exhibited a significant correlation with poor prognosis for gastric adenocarcinoma patients. Multivariate analysis revealed that RIN1 expression is an independent prognostic parameter for the overall survival rate of gastric adenocarcinoma patients. Our data suggest that RIN1 plays an important role in gastric adenocarcinoma progression and that a high RIN1 expression predicts an unfavorable prognosis in gastric adenocarcinoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Feng Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Yixing People's Hospital, No. 75, Tongzhen Guan Rd, Yixing, China
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Overexpression of RIN1 associates with tumor grade and progression in patients of bladder urothelial carcinoma. Tumour Biol 2012; 33:847-55. [PMID: 22249975 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-011-0311-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ras and Rab interactor 1 (RIN1) is an effector of H-Ras, which plays an important role in the development and progression of carcinomas, but it has not been reported in bladder cancer. Hence, the association of RIN1 expression with prognosis of bladder urothelial carcinoma (UC) was examined. RIN1 mRNA and protein expression in 20 paired UCs and the adjacent normal tissues was detected by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. The expression of RIN1 protein in 96 specimens of UCs and 22 specimens of adjacent normal bladder tissues were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. The overall survival (OS) was assessed by univariate and multivariate analysis. Moreover, the progression-free survival (PFS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS), classified by the clinicopathologic features with RIN1 expression, were assessed by multivariate analysis. RIN1 mRNA and protein level was higher in UCs than in the adjacent normal tissues (P < 0.01). Enhanced RIN1 immunoexpression was associated with high histologic grades (P = 0.046), cancer progression (P = 0.047) as well as Ki-67 expression (P = 0.023). Furthermore, the 5-year survival rate was 29% in the subgroup with high level of RIN1 expression, while it was 43% in the subgroup with normal level of RIN1 expression (P < 0.05). Importantly, RIN1 level was revealed as the significant independent prognostic factor for death (P = 0.023) and progression (P = 0.003), but a weak contribution for recurrence (P = 0.063). Collectively, RIN1 expression could be a potential prognostic predictor for UC patients.
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Zheng ZY, Cheng CM, Fu XR, Chen LY, Xu L, Terrillon S, Wong ST, Bar-Sagi D, Songyang Z, Chang EC. CHMP6 and VPS4A mediate the recycling of Ras to the plasma membrane to promote growth factor signaling. Oncogene 2012; 31:4630-8. [PMID: 22231449 PMCID: PMC3326214 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
While Ras is well-known to function on the plasma membrane (PM) to mediate growth factor signaling, increasing evidence suggests that Ras has complex roles in the cytoplasm. To uncover these roles, we screened a cDNA library and isolated H-Ras-binding proteins that also influence Ras functions. Many isolated proteins regulate trafficking involving endosomes; CHMP6/VPS20 and VPS4A, which interact with ESCRT-III, were chosen for further study. We showed that the binding is direct and occurs in endosomes. Furthermore, the binding is most efficient when H-Ras has a functional effector-binding-loop and is GTP-bound and ubiquitylated. CHMP6 and VPS4A also bound N-Ras, but not K-Ras. Repressing CHMP6 and VPS4A blocked Ras-induced transformation, which correlated with inefficient Ras localization to the PM as measured by cell fractionation and photobleaching. Moreover, silencing CHMP6 and VPS4A also blocked EGFR recycling. These data suggest that Ras interacts with key ESCRT-III components to promote recycling of itself and EGFR back to the PM to create a positive feedback loop to enhance growth factor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z-Y Zheng
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Dixon AS, Constance JE, Tanaka T, Rabbitts TH, Lim CS. Changing the subcellular location of the oncoprotein Bcr-Abl using rationally designed capture motifs. Pharm Res 2011; 29:1098-109. [PMID: 22183511 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-011-0654-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Bcr-Abl, the causative agent of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), localizes in the cytoplasm where its oncogenic signaling leads to proliferation of cells. If forced into the nucleus Bcr-Abl causes apoptosis. To achieve nuclear translocation, binding domains for capture of Bcr-Abl were generated and attached to proteins with signals destined for the nucleus. These resulting proteins would be capable of binding and translocating endogenous Bcr-Abl to the nucleus. METHODS Bcr-Abl was targeted at 3 distinct domains for capture: by construction of high affinity intracellular antibody domains (iDabs) to regions of Bcr-Abl known to promote cytoplasmic retention, via its coiled coil domain (CC), and through a naturally occurring protein-protein interaction domain (RIN1). These binding domains were then tested for their ability to escort Bcr-Abl into the nucleus using a "protein switch" or attachment of 4 nuclear localization signals (NLSs). RESULTS Although RIN1, ABI7-iDab, and CCmut3 constructs all produced similar colocalization with Bcr-Abl, only 4NLS-CCmut3 produced efficient nuclear translocation of Bcr-Abl. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that a small binding domain can be used to control the subcellular localization of Bcr-Abl, which may have implications for CML therapy. Our ultimate future goal is to change the location of critical proteins to alter their function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Dixon
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, 421 Wakara Way, Rm. 318, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, USA
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Ziegler S, Eiseler T, Scholz RP, Beck A, Link G, Hausser A. A novel protein kinase D phosphorylation site in the tumor suppressor Rab interactor 1 is critical for coordination of cell migration. Mol Biol Cell 2011; 22:570-80. [PMID: 21209314 PMCID: PMC3046055 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e10-05-0427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
RIN1 is a regulator of epithelial cell migration. We identify serine 292 as a novel phosphorylation site for PKD in RIN1. Phosphorylation at this site controls RIN1-mediated inhibition of cell migration by modulating the direct activation of Abl kinases. The multifunctional signal adapter protein Ras and Rab interactor 1 (RIN1) is a Ras effector protein involved in the regulation of epithelial cell processes such as cell migration and endocytosis. RIN1 signals via two downstream pathways, namely the activation of Rab5 and Abl family kinases. Protein kinase D (PKD) phosphorylates RIN1 at serine 351 in vitro, thereby regulating interaction with 14–3-3 proteins. Here, we report the identification of serine 292 in RIN1 as an in vivo PKD phosphorylation site. PKD-mediated phosphorylation at this site was confirmed with a phospho-specific antibody and by mass spectrometry. We demonstrate that phosphorylation at serine 292 controls RIN1-mediated inhibition of cell migration by modulating the activation of Abl kinases. We further provide evidence that RIN1 in vivo phosphorylation at serine 351 occurs independently of PKD. Collectively, our data identify a novel PKD signaling pathway through RIN1 and Abl kinases that is involved in the regulation of actin remodeling and cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Ziegler
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany Panatecs GmbH, 72070 Tübingen, Germany
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Abstract
RAS proteins conduct signaling from surface receptors to cytoplasmic effectors, and RAS gain-of-function mutations are pervasive in cancer. A new mechanism for RAS signal attenuation with implications for receptor trafficking has been uncovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Colicelli
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Molecular Biology Institute and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Xu L, Lubkov V, Taylor LJ, Bar-Sagi D. Feedback regulation of Ras signaling by Rabex-5-mediated ubiquitination. Curr Biol 2010; 20:1372-7. [PMID: 20655225 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2010.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Revised: 06/05/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Ras proteins play a central role in transducing signals that control cell proliferation, differentiation, motility, and survival. The location-specific signaling activity of Ras has been previously shown to be regulated by ubiquitination [1]. However, the molecular machinery that controls Ras ubiquitination has not been defined. Here we demonstrate through biochemical and functional analyses that Rabex-5 (also known as RabGEF1) [2, 3] functions as an E3 ligase for Ras. Rabex-5-mediated Ras ubiquitination promotes Ras endosomal localization and leads to the suppression of ERK activation. Moreover, the Ras effector RIN1 [4, 5] is required for Rabex-5-dependent Ras ubiquitination, suggesting a feedback mechanism by which Ras activation can be coupled to ubiquitination. These findings define new elements in the regulatory circuitry that link Ras compartmentalization to signaling output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhong Xu
- Department of Biochemistry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Regulated expression of the Ras effector Rin1 in forebrain neurons. Mol Cell Neurosci 2009; 43:108-16. [PMID: 19837165 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2009.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2009] [Revised: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 09/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ras effector Rin1 is induced concomitant with synaptogenesis in forebrain neurons, where it inhibits fear conditioning and amygdala LTP. In epithelial cells, lower levels of Rin1 orchestrate receptor endocytosis. A 945 bp Rin1 promoter fragment was active in hippocampal neurons and directed accurate tissue-specific and temporal expression in transgenic mice. Regulated expression in neurons and epithelial cells was mediated in part by Snail transcriptional repressors: mutation of a conserved Snail site increased expression and endogenous Snai1 was detected at the Rin1 promoter. We also describe an element closely related to, but distinct from, the consensus site for REST, a master repressor of neuronal genes. Conversion to a consensus REST sequence reduced expression in both cell types. These results provide insight into regulated expression of a neuronal Ras effector, define a promoter useful in telencephalic neuron studies, and describe a novel REST site variant directing expression to mature neurons.
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Tomshine JC, Severson SR, Wigle DA, Sun Z, Beleford DAT, Shridhar V, Horazdovsky BF. Cell proliferation and epidermal growth factor signaling in non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma cell lines are dependent on Rin1. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:26331-9. [PMID: 19570984 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.033514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Rin1 is a Rab5 guanine nucleotide exchange factor that plays an important role in Ras-activated endocytosis and growth factor receptor trafficking in fibroblasts. In this study, we show that Rin1 is expressed at high levels in a large number of non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma cell lines, including Hop62, H650, HCC4006, HCC827, EKVX, HCC2935, and A549. Rin1 depletion from A549 cells resulted in a decrease in cell proliferation that was correlated to a decrease in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling. Expression of wild type Rin1 but not the Rab5 guanine nucleotide exchange factor-deficient Rin1 (Rin1Delta) complemented the Rin1 depletion effects, and overexpression of Rin1Delta had a dominant negative effect on cell proliferation. Rin1 depletion stabilized the cell surface levels of EGFR, suggesting that internalization was necessary for robust signaling in A549 cells. In support of this conclusion, introduction of either dominant negative Rab5 or dominant negative dynamin decreased A549 proliferation and EGFR signaling. These data demonstrate that proper internalization and endocytic trafficking are critical for EGFR-mediated signaling in A549 cells and suggest that up-regulation of Rin1 in A549 cell lines may contribute to their proliferative nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin C Tomshine
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Tomshine JC, Severson SR, Wigle DA, Sun Z, Beleford DAT, Shridhar V, Horazdovsky BF. Cell proliferation and epidermal growth factor signaling in non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma cell lines are dependent on Rin1. J Biol Chem 2009. [PMID: 19570984 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.03351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Rin1 is a Rab5 guanine nucleotide exchange factor that plays an important role in Ras-activated endocytosis and growth factor receptor trafficking in fibroblasts. In this study, we show that Rin1 is expressed at high levels in a large number of non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma cell lines, including Hop62, H650, HCC4006, HCC827, EKVX, HCC2935, and A549. Rin1 depletion from A549 cells resulted in a decrease in cell proliferation that was correlated to a decrease in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling. Expression of wild type Rin1 but not the Rab5 guanine nucleotide exchange factor-deficient Rin1 (Rin1Delta) complemented the Rin1 depletion effects, and overexpression of Rin1Delta had a dominant negative effect on cell proliferation. Rin1 depletion stabilized the cell surface levels of EGFR, suggesting that internalization was necessary for robust signaling in A549 cells. In support of this conclusion, introduction of either dominant negative Rab5 or dominant negative dynamin decreased A549 proliferation and EGFR signaling. These data demonstrate that proper internalization and endocytic trafficking are critical for EGFR-mediated signaling in A549 cells and suggest that up-regulation of Rin1 in A549 cell lines may contribute to their proliferative nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin C Tomshine
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Galvis A, Giambini H, Villasana Z, Barbieri MA. Functional determinants of ras interference 1 mutants required for their inhbitory activity on endocytosis. Exp Cell Res 2008; 315:820-35. [PMID: 19118546 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2008.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2008] [Revised: 12/04/2008] [Accepted: 12/09/2008] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we initiated experiments to address the structure-function relationship of Rin1. A total of ten substitute mutations were created, and their effects on Rin1 function were examined. Of the ten mutants, four of them (P541A, E574A, Y577F, T580A) were defective in Rab5 binding, while two other Rin1 mutants (D537A, Y561F) partially interacted with Rab5. Mutations in several other residues (Y506F, Y523F, T572A, Y578F) resulted in partial loss of Rab5 function. Biochemical studies showed that six of them (D537A, P541A, Y561F, E574A, Y577F, T580A) were unable to activate Rab5 in an in vitro assay. In addition, Rin1: D537A and Rin1: Y561F mutants showed dominant inhibition of Rab5 function. Consistent with the biochemical studies, we observed that these two Rin1 mutants have lost their ability to stimulate the endocytosis of EGF, form enlarged Rab5-positive endosomes, or support in vitro endosome fusion. Based on these data, our results showed that mutations in the Vps9 domain of Rin1 lead to a loss-of-function phenotype, indicating a specific structure-function relationship between Rab5 and Rin1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Galvis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University 11220 SW 8(th) Street, Miami, FL 33199, USA
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Cao X, Tanis KQ, Koleske AJ, Colicelli J. Enhancement of ABL kinase catalytic efficiency by a direct binding regulator is independent of other regulatory mechanisms. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:31401-7. [PMID: 18796434 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m804002200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
ABL family tyrosine kinases are tightly regulated by autoinhibition and phosphorylation mechanisms. These kinases maintain an inactive conformation through intramolecular interactions involving SH3 and SH2 domains. RIN1, a downstream effector of RAS, binds to the ABL SH3 and SH2 domains and stimulates ABL tyrosine kinase activity. RIN1 binding to the ABL2 kinase resulted in a large decrease in Km and a small increase in Vmax toward an ABL consensus substrate peptide. The enzyme efficiency (k(cat)/Km) was increased more than 5-fold by RIN1. In addition, RIN1 strongly enhanced ABL-mediated phosphorylation of CRK, PSTPIP1, and DOK1, all established ABL substrates but with unique protein structures and distinct target sequences. Importantly RIN1-mediated stimulation of ABL kinase activity was independent of activation by SRC-mediated phosphorylation. RIN1 increased the kinase activity of both ABL1 and ABL2, and this occurred in the presence or absence of ABL regulatory domains outside the SH3-SH2-tyrosine kinase domain core. We further demonstrate that a catalytic site mutation associated with broad drug resistance, ABL1T315I, remains responsive to stimulation by RIN1. These findings are consistent with an allosteric kinase activation mechanism by which RIN1 binding promotes a more accessible ABL catalytic site through relief of autoinhibition. Direct disruption of RIN1 binding may therefore be a useful strategy to suppress the activity of normal and oncogenic ABL, including inhibitor-resistant mutants that confound current therapeutic strategies. Stimulation through derepression may be applicable to many other tyrosine kinases autoinhibited by coupled SH3 and SH2 domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Cao
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Molecular Biology Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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The Rab5 guanylate exchange factor Rin1 regulates endocytosis of the EphA4 receptor in mature excitatory neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:12539-44. [PMID: 18723684 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0801174105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ephrin signaling through Eph receptor tyrosine kinases regulates important morphogenetic events during development and synaptic plasticity in the adult brain. Although Eph-ephrin endocytosis is required for repulsive axon guidance, its role in postnatal brain and synaptic plasticity is unknown. Here, we show that Rin1, a postnatal brain-specific Rab5-GEF, is coexpressed with EphA4 in excitatory neurons and interacts with EphA4 in synaptosomal fractions. The interaction of Rin1 and EphA4 requires Rin1's SH2 domain, consistent with the view that Rin1 targets tyrosine phosphorylated receptors to Rab5 compartments. We find that Rin1 mediates EphA4 endocytosis in postnatal amygdala neurons after engagement of EphA4 with its cognate ligand ephrinB3. Rin1 was shown to suppress synaptic plasticity in the amygdala, a forebrain structure important for fear learning, possibly by internalizing synaptic receptors. We find that the EphA4 receptor is required for synaptic plasticity in the amygdala, raising the possibility that an underlying mechanism of Rin1 function in amygdala is to down-regulate EphA4 signaling by promoting its endocytosis.
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Palgova IV, Korobko EV, Korobko IV. Multiadaptor proteins of the 4.1 family and RanBP9 as potential interaction partners for VARP, a Rab21 GTPase guanine nucleotide exchange factor. Mol Biol 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893307060088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kiel C, Foglierini M, Kuemmerer N, Beltrao P, Serrano L. A genome-wide Ras-effector interaction network. J Mol Biol 2007; 370:1020-32. [PMID: 17544445 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2007.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2007] [Revised: 05/01/2007] [Accepted: 05/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Here using structural information and protein design tools we have drawn the network of interactions between 20 Ras subfamily proteins with 50 putative Ras binding domains. To validate this network we have cloned six poorly characterized Ras binding domains (RBD) and two Ras proteins (RERG, DiRas1). These, together with previously described RBD domains, Ras and Rap proteins have been analyzed in 70 pull-down experiments. Comparing our interaction network with these and previous pull-down experiments (total of 150 cases) shows a very high accuracy for distinguishing between binders and non-binders ( approximately 0.80). Bioinformatics information was integrated to distinguish those in vitro interactions that are more likely to be relevant in vivo. We proposed several new interactions between Ras family members and effector domains that are of relevance in understanding the physiological role of these proteins. More broadly our results demonstrate that (domain-domain) interaction specificities between members of protein families can be accurately predicted using structural information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Kiel
- Structural and computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Kong C, Su X, Chen PI, Stahl PD. Rin1 interacts with signal-transducing adaptor molecule (STAM) and mediates epidermal growth factor receptor trafficking and degradation. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:15294-301. [PMID: 17403676 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m611538200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rin1, the prototype of a new family of multidomain Rab5 exchange factors, has been shown to play an important role in the endocytosis of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Herein, we examined the role of Rin1 in the down-regulation of EGFR following EGF stimulation. We observed that overexpression of Rin1 accelerates EGFR degradation in EGF-stimulated cells. In concordance, depletion of endogenous Rin1 by RNA interference resulted in a substantial reduction of EGFR degradation. We showed that Rin1 interacts with signal-transducing adaptor molecule 2 (STAM2), a protein that associates with hepatocyte growth factor-regulated substrate and plays a key role in the endosomal sorting machinery. Green fluorescent protein (GFP)-Rin1 co-localizes with hemagglutinin (HA)-STAM2 and with endogenous hepatocyte growth factor-regulated substrate. Furthermore, wild type STAM2, but not a deletion mutant lacking the SH3 domain, co-immunoprecipitates with endogenous Rin1. This interaction is dependent on the proline-rich domain (PRD) of Rin1 as Rin1DeltaPRD, a mutant lacking the PRD, does not interact with STAM2. Moreover, EGFR degradation was not accelerated by expression of the Rin1DeltaPRD mutant. Together these results suggest that Rin1 regulates EGFR degradation in cooperation with STAM, defining a novel role for Rin1 in regulating endosomal trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Kong
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Kaul A, Overmeyer JH, Maltese WA. Activated Ras induces cytoplasmic vacuolation and non-apoptotic death in glioblastoma cells via novel effector pathways. Cell Signal 2006; 19:1034-43. [PMID: 17210246 PMCID: PMC1894854 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2006.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2006] [Revised: 11/22/2006] [Accepted: 11/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Expression of activated H-Ras induces a unique form of non-apoptotic cell death in human glioblastoma cells and other specific tumor cell lines. The major cytopathological features of this form of death are the accumulation of large phase-lucent, LAMP1-positive, cytoplasmic vacuoles. In this study we sought to determine if induction of cytoplasmic vacuolation a) depends on Ras farnesylation, b) is specific to H-Ras, and c) is mediated by signaling through the major known Ras effector pathways. We find that the unusual effects of activated H-Ras depend on farnesylation and membrane association of the GTPase. Both H-Ras(G12V) and K-Ras4B(G12V) stimulate vacuolation, but activated forms of Cdc42 and RhoA do not. Amino acid substitutions in the Ras effector domain, which are known to selectively impair its interactions with Raf kinase, class-I phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), or Ral nucleotide exchange factors, initially pointed to Raf as a possible mediator of cell vacuolation. However, the MEK inhibitor, PD98059, did not block the induction of vacuoles, and constitutively active Raf-Caax did not mimic the effects of Ras(G12V). Introduction of normal PTEN together with H-Ras(G12V) into U251 glioblastoma cells reduced the PI3K-dependent activation of Akt, but had no effect on vacuolation. Finally, co-expression of H-Ras(G12V) with a dominant-negative form of RalA did not suppress vacuolation. Taken together, the observations indicate that Ras activates non-conventional and perhaps unique effector pathways to induce cytoplasmic vacuolation in glioblastoma cells. Identification of the relevant signaling pathways may uncover specific molecular targets that can be manipulated to activate non-apoptotic cell death in this type of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - William A. Maltese
- *Correspondence: Dr. William A. Maltese, Department of Biochemistry & Cancer Biology, Block Health Sciences Bldg, University of Toledo College of Medicine, 3035 Arlington Ave., Toledo, Ohio, 43614 E-mail:
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Abstract
The human RIN1 gene was first identified as a cDNA fragment that interfered with RAS-induced phenotypes in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Subsequent analysis of full-length RIN1 clones showed that the protein product of this gene is a downstream effector of RAS and binds with high affinity and specificity to activated HRAS. Two downstream RIN1 effector pathways have been described. The first involves direct activation of RAB5-mediated endocytosis. The second involves direct activation of ABL tyrosine kinase activity. Importantly, each of these distinct RIN1 functions is enhanced by activated RAS, suggesting that RIN1 represents a unique class of RAS effector connected to two independent signaling pathways. In this chapter, we summarize our assays and approaches for evaluating the biochemistry and biology of RIN1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne M Bliss
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Carney DS, Davies BA, Horazdovsky BF. Vps9 domain-containing proteins: activators of Rab5 GTPases from yeast to neurons. Trends Cell Biol 2005; 16:27-35. [PMID: 16330212 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2005.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2005] [Revised: 09/26/2005] [Accepted: 11/16/2005] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Endocytosis of cell surface receptors plays an important role in regulating cell signaling cascades. In some cases, internalization of an activated receptor attenuates the signaling process, while in other cases the clustering of activated receptors on early endosomal structures has been proposed to be essential for fully activating signaling cascades. Regulating the movement of receptors and other signaling proteins through the endocytic pathway, therefore, has a direct impact on cellular homeostasis. The small GTPase Rab5 is a crucial regulatory component of the endocytic pathway. Activation of Rab5 is mediated by GDP-GTP exchange factors (GEFs) that generate the Rab5-GTP complex. A large number of proteins have been identified that contain a specific, highly conserved domain (Vps9) that catalyzes nucleotide exchange on Rab5, linking the regulation of cell signaling cascades with intracellular receptor trafficking through the endocytic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren S Carney
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Jékely G, Sung HH, Luque CM, Rørth P. Regulators of endocytosis maintain localized receptor tyrosine kinase signaling in guided migration. Dev Cell 2005; 9:197-207. [PMID: 16054027 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2005.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2004] [Revised: 04/23/2005] [Accepted: 06/09/2005] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Guidance receptors detect extracellular cues and instruct migrating cells how to orient in space. Border cells perform a directional invasive migration during Drosophila oogenesis and use two receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), EGFR and PVR (PDGF/VEGF Receptor), to read guidance cues. We find that spatial localization of RTK signaling within these migrating cells is actively controlled. Border cells lacking Cbl, an RTK-associated E3 ubiquitin ligase, have delocalized guidance signaling, resulting in severe migration defects. Absence of Sprint, a receptor-recruited, Ras-activated Rab5 guanine exchange factor, gives related defects. In contrast, increasing the level of RTK signaling by receptor overexpression or removing Hrs and thereby decreasing RTK degradation does not perturb migration. Cbl and Sprint both regulate early steps of RTK endocytosis. Thus, a physiological role of RTK endocytosis is to ensure localized intracellular response to guidance cues by stimulating spatial restriction of signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gáspár Jékely
- Developmental Biology Program, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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Abstract
Ras proteins function as signaling hubs that are activated by convergent signaling pathways initiated by extracellular stimuli. Activated Ras in turn regulates a diversity of downstream cytoplasmic signaling cascades. Ras proteins are founding members of a large superfamily of small GTPases that have significant sequence and biochemical similarities. Recent observations have established a complex signaling interplay between Ras and other members of the family. A key biochemical mechanism facilitating this crosstalk involves guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), which serve as regulators and effectors, as well as signaling integrators, of Ras signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Mitin
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, NC 27599, USA.
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Hu H, Bliss JM, Wang Y, Colicelli J. RIN1 is an ABL tyrosine kinase activator and a regulator of epithelial-cell adhesion and migration. Curr Biol 2005; 15:815-23. [PMID: 15886098 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2005.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2004] [Revised: 03/14/2005] [Accepted: 03/31/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ABL tyrosine kinases control actin remodeling in development and in response to environmental stimuli. These changes affect cell adhesion, cell migration, and cell-cell contact. Little is known, however, about upstream mechanisms regulating ABL protein activation. RESULTS We report that the RAS effector RIN1 is an activator of ABL tyrosine kinases. RIN1 expression in fibroblasts promotes the formation of membrane spikes; similar effects have been reported for ABL overexpression. RIN1 binds to the ABL SH3 and SH2 domains, and these interactions stimulate ABL2 catalytic activity. This leads to increased phosphorylation of CRK and CRKL, inhibiting these cytoskeletal regulators by promoting intramolecular over intermolecular associations. Activated RAS participates in a stable RAS-RIN1-ABL2 complex and stimulates the tyrosine kinase-activation function of RIN1. Deletion of the RAS binding domain (RBD) strongly stimulated the ABL2 activation function of RIN1, suggesting that RAS activation results from the relief of RIN1 autoinhibition. The ABL binding domain of RIN1 (RIN1-ABD) increased the activity of ABL2 immune complexes and purified RIN1-ABD-stimulated ABL2 kinase activity toward CRK. Mammary epithelial cells (MECs) from Rin1-/- mice showed accelerated cell adhesion and increased motility in comparison to wild-type cells. Knockdown of RIN1 in epithelial-cell lines blocked the induction of CRKL phosphorylation, confirming that RIN1 normally functions as an inhibitor of cell motility. CONCLUSIONS RIN1 is a directly binding ABL tyrosine kinase activator in cells as well as in a defined-component assay. In response to environmental changes, this novel signal pathway mediates actin remodeling associated with adhesion and migration of epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailiang Hu
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Biological Chemistry, Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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