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Atkinson E, Dickman R. Growth factors and their peptide mimetics for treatment of traumatic brain injury. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 90:117368. [PMID: 37331175 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of disability in adults, caused by a physical insult damaging the brain. Growth factor-based therapies have the potential to reduce the effects of secondary injury and improve outcomes by providing neuroprotection against glutamate excitotoxicity, oxidative damage, hypoxia, and ischemia, as well as promoting neurite outgrowth and the formation of new blood vessels. Despite promising evidence in preclinical studies, few neurotrophic factors have been tested in clinical trials for TBI. Translation to the clinic is not trivial and is limited by the short in vivo half-life of the protein, the inability to cross the blood-brain barrier and human delivery systems. Synthetic peptide mimetics have the potential to be used in place of recombinant growth factors, activating the same downstream signalling pathways, with a decrease in size and more favourable pharmacokinetic properties. In this review, we will discuss growth factors with the potential to modulate damage caused by secondary injury mechanisms following a traumatic brain injury that have been trialled in other indications including spinal cord injury, stroke and neurodegenerative diseases. Peptide mimetics of nerve growth factor (NGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), glial cell line-derived growth factor (GDNF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) will be highlighted, most of which have not yet been tested in preclinical or clinical models of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Atkinson
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; UCL Centre for Nerve Engineering, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK.
| | - Rachael Dickman
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK.
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2
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Chotphruethipong L, Binlateh T, Hutamekalin P, Sukketsiri W, Aluko RE, Benjakul S. In vitro antioxidant and wound-healing activities of hydrolyzed collagen from defatted Asian sea bass skin as influenced by different enzyme types and hydrolysis processes. RSC Adv 2021; 11:18144-18151. [PMID: 35480907 PMCID: PMC9033432 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra03131g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrolyzed collagen (HC) from defatted Asian sea bass skin was prepared by different enzymatic hydrolysis processes. For one-enzyme hydrolysis, papain (0.3 unit per g dry matter, DM) at 40 °C for 90 min or Alcalase (0.2 or 0.3 unit per g DM) at 50 °C for 90 min were used. The two-enzyme hydrolysis was accomplished with papain at 0.3 unit per g DM (P0.3), followed by Alcalase hydrolysis at 0.2 or 0.3 units per g DM (A0.2 or A0.3, respectively). HC prepared using the P0.3 + A0.3 process showed higher peptide yield, recovery and imino acid content in addition to stronger ABTS, DPPH radical scavenging activities and ferric reducing antioxidant power than other hydrolysis processes. HC obtained from the P0.3 + A0.3 process (at 125-500 μg mL-1) induced MRC-5 fibroblast proliferation and augmented migration and lamellipodia formation in the cells. Peptides with average molecular weight of 750 Da exhibited the highest ABTS radical scavenging activity while the 4652 Da fraction had the lowest. Thus, HC can be considered as a suitable ingredient to formulate functional products for skin nourishment and wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalita Chotphruethipong
- International Center of Excellence in Seafood Science and Innovation, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University Hat Yai Songkhla 90110 Thailand
| | - Thunwa Binlateh
- Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University Hat Yai Songkhla 90110 Thailand
| | - Pilaiwanwadee Hutamekalin
- Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University Hat Yai Songkhla 90110 Thailand
| | - Wanida Sukketsiri
- Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University Hat Yai Songkhla 90110 Thailand
| | - Rotimi E Aluko
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba Winnipeg Manitoba R3T 2N2 Canada
| | - Soottawat Benjakul
- International Center of Excellence in Seafood Science and Innovation, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University Hat Yai Songkhla 90110 Thailand
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3
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Jendryczko K, Chudzian J, Skinder N, Opaliński Ł, Rzeszótko J, Wiedlocha A, Otlewski J, Szlachcic A. FGF2-Derived PeptibodyF2-MMAE Conjugate for Targeted Delivery of Cytotoxic Drugs into Cancer Cells Overexpressing FGFR1. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2992. [PMID: 33076489 PMCID: PMC7602595 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) are emerging targets for directed cancer therapy. Presented here is a new FGFR1-targeting conjugate, the peptibodyF2, which employs peptibody, a fusion of peptide and the Fc fragment of human IgG as a selective targeting agent and drug carrier. Short peptide based on FGF2 sequence was used to construct a FGFR1-targeting peptibody. We have shown that this peptide ensures specific delivery of peptibodyF2 into FGFR1-expressing cells. In order to use peptibodyF2 as a delivery vehicle for cytotoxic drugs, we have conjugated it with MMAE, a drug widely used in antibody-drug conjugates for targeted therapy. Resulting conjugate shows high and specific cytotoxicity towards FGFR1-positive cells, i.e., squamous cell lung carcinoma NCI-H520, while remaining non-toxic for FGFR1-negative cells. Such peptibody-drug conjugate can serve as a basis for development of therapy for tumors with overexpressed or malfunctioning FGFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Jendryczko
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 50383 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.J.); (J.C.); (N.S.); (Ł.O.); (J.R.); (J.O.)
| | - Julia Chudzian
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 50383 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.J.); (J.C.); (N.S.); (Ł.O.); (J.R.); (J.O.)
| | - Natalia Skinder
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 50383 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.J.); (J.C.); (N.S.); (Ł.O.); (J.R.); (J.O.)
| | - Łukasz Opaliński
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 50383 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.J.); (J.C.); (N.S.); (Ł.O.); (J.R.); (J.O.)
| | - Jakub Rzeszótko
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 50383 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.J.); (J.C.); (N.S.); (Ł.O.); (J.R.); (J.O.)
| | - Antoni Wiedlocha
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway;
- Department of Radiobiology and Radiation Protection, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 01163 Warsaw, Poland
- Center for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jacek Otlewski
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 50383 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.J.); (J.C.); (N.S.); (Ł.O.); (J.R.); (J.O.)
| | - Anna Szlachcic
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 50383 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.J.); (J.C.); (N.S.); (Ł.O.); (J.R.); (J.O.)
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Freeman R, Stephanopoulos N, Álvarez Z, Lewis JA, Sur S, Serrano CM, Boekhoven J, Lee SS, Stupp SI. Instructing cells with programmable peptide DNA hybrids. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15982. [PMID: 28691701 PMCID: PMC5508132 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The native extracellular matrix is a space in which signals can be displayed dynamically and reversibly, positioned with nanoscale precision, and combined synergistically to control cell function. Here we describe a molecular system that can be programmed to control these three characteristics. In this approach we immobilize peptide-DNA (P-DNA) molecules on a surface through complementary DNA tethers directing cells to adhere and spread reversibly over multiple cycles. The DNA can also serve as a molecular ruler to control the distance-dependent synergy between two peptides. Finally, we use two orthogonal DNA handles to regulate two different bioactive signals, with the ability to independently up- or downregulate each over time. This enabled us to discover that neural stem cells, derived from the murine spinal cord and organized as neurospheres, can be triggered to migrate out in response to an exogenous signal but then regroup into a neurosphere as the signal is removed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronit Freeman
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, 303 East Superior Street, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Nicholas Stephanopoulos
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, 303 East Superior Street, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Zaida Álvarez
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, 303 East Superior Street, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Jacob A Lewis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Shantanu Sur
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, 303 East Superior Street, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Chris M Serrano
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Job Boekhoven
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, 303 East Superior Street, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Sungsoo S. Lee
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, 303 East Superior Street, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Samuel I. Stupp
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, 303 East Superior Street, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, 251 East Huron Street, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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Spencer B, Potkar R, Metcalf J, Thrin I, Adame A, Rockenstein E, Masliah E. Systemic Central Nervous System (CNS)-targeted Delivery of Neuropeptide Y (NPY) Reduces Neurodegeneration and Increases Neural Precursor Cell Proliferation in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer Disease. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:1905-1920. [PMID: 26620558 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.678185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is one of the most abundant protein transmitters in the central nervous system with roles in a variety of biological functions including: food intake, cardiovascular regulation, cognition, seizure activity, circadian rhythms, and neurogenesis. Reduced NPY and NPY receptor expression is associated with numerous neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer disease (AD). To determine whether replacement of NPY could ameliorate some of the neurodegenerative and behavioral pathology associated with AD, we generated a lentiviral vector expressing NPY fused to a brain transport peptide (apoB) for widespread CNS delivery in an APP-transgenic (tg) mouse model of AD. The recombinant NPY-apoB effectively reversed neurodegenerative pathology and behavioral deficits although it had no effect on accumulation of Aβ. The subgranular zone of the hippocampus showed a significant increase in proliferation of neural precursor cells without further differentiation into neurons. The neuroprotective and neurogenic effects of NPY-apoB appeared to involve signaling via ERK and Akt through the NPY R1 and NPY R2 receptors. Thus, widespread CNS-targeted delivery of NPY appears to be effective at reversing the neuronal and glial pathology associated with Aβ accumulation while also increasing NPC proliferation. Overall, increased delivery of NPY to the CNS for AD might be an effective therapy especially if combined with an anti-Aβ therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jeff Metcalf
- From the Departments of Neuroscience and; Pathology, University of California, San Diego, California 92102
| | - Ivy Thrin
- From the Departments of Neuroscience and
| | | | | | - Eliezer Masliah
- From the Departments of Neuroscience and; Pathology, University of California, San Diego, California 92102.
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Sailer MHM, Gerber A, Tostado C, Hutter G, Cordier D, Mariani L, Ritz MF. Non-invasive neural stem cells become invasive in vitro by combined FGF2 and BMP4 signaling. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:3533-40. [PMID: 23788430 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.125757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) typically show efficient self-renewal and selective differentiation. Their invasion potential, however, is not well studied. In this study, Sox2-positive NSCs from the E14.5 rat cortex were found to be non-invasive and showed only limited migration in vitro. By contrast, FGF2-expanded NSCs showed a strong migratory and invasive phenotype in response to the combination of FGF2 and BMP4. Invasive NSCs expressed Podoplanin (PDPN) and p75NGFR (Ngfr) at the plasma membrane after exposure to FGF2 and BMP4. FGF2 and BMP4 together upregulated the expression of Msx1, Snail1, Snail2, Ngfr, which are all found in neural crest (NC) cells during or after epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), but not in forebrain stem cells. Invasive cells downregulated the expression of Olig2, Sox10, Egfr, Pdgfra, Gsh1/Gsx1 and Gsh2/Gsx2. Migrating and invasive NSCs had elevated expression of mRNA encoding Pax6, Tenascin C (TNC), PDPN, Hey1, SPARC, p75NGFR and Gli3. On the basis of the strongest upregulation in invasion-induced NSCs, we defined a group of five key invasion-related genes: Ngfr, Sparc, Snail1, Pdpn and Tnc. These genes were co-expressed and upregulated in seven samples of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) compared with normal human brain controls. Induction of invasion and migration led to low expression of differentiation markers and repressed proliferation in NSCs. Our results indicate that normal forebrain stem cells have the inherent ability to adopt a glioma-like invasiveness. The results provide a novel in vitro system to study stem cell invasion and a novel glioma invasion model: tumoral abuse of the developmental dorsoventral identity regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin H M Sailer
- Department of Biomedicine, Brain Tumor Biology Laboratory, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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7
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Oliveira SLB, Pillat MM, Cheffer A, Lameu C, Schwindt TT, Ulrich H. Functions of neurotrophins and growth factors in neurogenesis and brain repair. Cytometry A 2012; 83:76-89. [PMID: 23044513 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The identification and isolation of multipotent neural stem and progenitor cells in the brain, giving rise to neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes initiated many studies in order to understand basic mechanisms of endogenous neurogenesis and repair mechanisms of the nervous system and to develop novel therapeutic strategies for cellular regeneration therapies in brain disease. A previous review (Trujillo et al., Cytometry A 2009;75:38-53) focused on the importance of extrinsic factors, especially neurotransmitters, for directing migration and neurogenesis in the developing and adult brain. Here, we extend our review discussing the effects of the principal growth and neurotrophic factors as well as their intracellular signal transduction on neurogenesis, fate determination and neuroprotective mechanisms. Many of these mechanisms have been elucidated by in vitro studies for which neural stem cells were isolated, grown as neurospheres, induced to neural differentiation under desired experimental conditions, and analyzed for embryonic, progenitor, and neural marker expression by flow and imaging cytometry techniques. The better understanding of neural stem cells proliferation and differentiation is crucial for any therapeutic intervention aiming at neural stem cell transplantation and recruitment of endogenous repair mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia L B Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Benchoua A, Onteniente B. Intracerebral transplantation for neurological disorders. Lessons from developmental, experimental, and clinical studies. Front Cell Neurosci 2012; 6:2. [PMID: 22319470 PMCID: PMC3267364 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2012.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) for cell therapy faces a number of challenges that are progressively answered by results from clinical trials and experimental research. Among these is the control of differentiation before transplantation and the prediction of cell fate after administration into the human brain, two aspects that condition both the safety and efficacy of the approach. For neurological disorders, this includes two steps: firstly, the identification of the optimal maturation stage for transplantation along the continuum that transforms PSCs into fully differentiated neural cell types, together with the derivation of robust protocols for large-scale production of biological products, and, secondly, the understanding of the effects of environmental cues and their possible interference with transplanted cells commitment. This review will firstly summarize our knowledge on developmental processes that have been applied to achieve robust in vitro differentiation of PSCs into neural progenitors. In a second part, we summarize results from experimental and clinical transplantation studies that help understanding the dialogue that establishes between transplanted cells and their host brain.
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Spencer B, Marr RA, Gindi R, Potkar R, Michael S, Adame A, Rockenstein E, Verma IM, Masliah E. Peripheral delivery of a CNS targeted, metalo-protease reduces aβ toxicity in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16575. [PMID: 21304989 PMCID: PMC3031588 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), an incurable, progressive neurodegenerative disorder, is the most common form of dementia. Therapeutic options have been elusive due to the inability to deliver proteins across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In order to improve the therapeutic potential for AD, we utilized a promising new approach for delivery of proteins across the BBB. We generated a lentivirus vector expressing the amyloid β-degrading enzyme, neprilysin, fused to the ApoB transport domain and delivered this by intra-peritoneal injection to amyloid protein precursor (APP) transgenic model of AD. Treated mice had reduced levels of Aβ, reduced plaques and increased synaptic density in the CNS. Furthermore, mice treated with the neprilysin targeting the CNS had a reversal of memory deficits. Thus, the addition of the ApoB transport domain to the secreted neprilysin generated a non-invasive therapeutic approach that may be a potential treatment in patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Spencer
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Marr
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ryan Gindi
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Rewati Potkar
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Sarah Michael
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Anthony Adame
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Edward Rockenstein
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Inder M. Verma
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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10
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Leali D, Bianchi R, Bugatti A, Nicoli S, Mitola S, Ragona L, Tomaselli S, Gallo G, Catello S, Rivieccio V, Zetta L, Presta M. Fibroblast growth factor 2-antagonist activity of a long-pentraxin 3-derived anti-angiogenic pentapeptide. J Cell Mol Med 2010; 14:2109-21. [PMID: 19627396 PMCID: PMC3823002 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00855.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) plays a major role in angiogenesis. The pattern recognition receptor long-pentraxin 3 (PTX3) inhibits the angiogenic activity of FGF2. To identify novel FGF2-antagonistic peptide(s), four acetylated (Ac) synthetic peptides overlapping the FGF2-binding region PTX3-(97-110) were assessed for their FGF2-binding capacity. Among them, the shortest pentapeptide Ac-ARPCA-NH(2) (PTX3-[100-104]) inhibits the interaction of FGF2 with PTX3 immobilized to a BIAcore sensorchip and suppresses FGF2-dependent proliferation in endothelial cells, without affecting the activity of unrelated mitogens. Also, Ac-ARPCA-NH(2) inhibits angiogenesis triggered by FGF2 or by tumorigenic FGF2-overexpressing murine endothelial cells in chick and zebrafish embryos, respectively. Accordingly, the peptide hampers the binding of FGF2 to Chinese Hamster ovary cells overexpressing the tyrosine-kinase FGF receptor-1 (FGFR1) and to recombinant FGFR1 immobilized to a BIAcore sensorchip without affecting heparin interaction. In all the assays the mutated Ac-ARPSA-NH(2) peptide was ineffective. In keeping with the observation that hydrophobic interactions dominate the interface between FGF2 and the FGF-binding domain of the Ig-like loop D2 of FGFR1, amino acid substitutions in Ac-ARPCA-NH(2) and saturation transfer difference-nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of its mode of interaction with FGF2 implicate the hydrophobic methyl groups of the pentapeptide in FGF2 binding. These results will provide the basis for the design of novel PTX3-derived anti-angiogenic FGF2 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Leali
- Unit of General Pathology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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11
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Li S, Christensen C, Køhler LB, Kiselyov VV, Berezin V, Bock E. Agonists of fibroblast growth factor receptor induce neurite outgrowth and survival of cerebellar granule neurons. Dev Neurobiol 2009; 69:837-54. [DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Rusnati M, Bugatti A, Mitola S, Leali D, Bergese P, Depero LE, Presta M. Exploiting Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Technology for the Identification of Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 (FGF2) Antagonists Endowed with Antiangiogenic Activity. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2009; 9:6471-503. [PMID: 22454596 PMCID: PMC3312455 DOI: 10.3390/s90806471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2009] [Revised: 08/17/2009] [Accepted: 08/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis, the process of new blood vessel formation, is implicated in various physiological/pathological conditions, including embryonic development, inflammation and tumor growth. Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) is a heparin-binding angiogenic growth factor involved in various physiopathological processes, including tumor neovascularization. Accordingly, FGF2 is considered a target for antiangiogenic therapies. Thus, numerous natural/synthetic compounds have been tested for their capacity to bind and sequester FGF2 in the extracellular environment preventing its interaction with cellular receptors. We have exploited surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technique in search for antiangiogenic FGF2 binders/antagonists. In this review we will summarize our experience in SPR-based angiogenesis research, with the aim to validate SPR as a first line screening for the identification of antiangiogenic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Rusnati
- Unit of General Pathology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, 25123, Italy; E-Mails: (M.R.); (A.B.); (S.M.); (D.L.)
| | - Antonella Bugatti
- Unit of General Pathology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, 25123, Italy; E-Mails: (M.R.); (A.B.); (S.M.); (D.L.)
| | - Stefania Mitola
- Unit of General Pathology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, 25123, Italy; E-Mails: (M.R.); (A.B.); (S.M.); (D.L.)
| | - Daria Leali
- Unit of General Pathology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, 25123, Italy; E-Mails: (M.R.); (A.B.); (S.M.); (D.L.)
| | - Paolo Bergese
- Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory and Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Brescia, Brescia, 25123, Italy; E-Mails: (P.B.); (L.E.D.)
| | - Laura E. Depero
- Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory and Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Brescia, Brescia, 25123, Italy; E-Mails: (P.B.); (L.E.D.)
| | - Marco Presta
- Unit of General Pathology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, 25123, Italy; E-Mails: (M.R.); (A.B.); (S.M.); (D.L.)
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13
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Kosaka N, Sakamoto H, Terada M, Ochiya T. Pleiotropic function of FGF-4: its role in development and stem cells. Dev Dyn 2009; 238:265-76. [PMID: 18792115 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) were initially recognized as fibroblast-specific growth factor, and it is now apparent that these growth factors regulate multiple biological functions. The diversity of FGFs function is paralleled by the emerging diversity of interactions between FGF ligands and their receptors. FGF-4 is a member of the FGF superfamily and is a mitogen exhibiting strong action on numerous different cell types. It plays a role in various stages of development and morphogenesis, as well as in a variety of biological processes. Recent studies reveal the molecular mechanisms of FGF-4 gene regulation in mammalian cells, which is involved in the developmental process. Furthermore, FGF-4 also acts on the regulation of proliferation and differentiation in embryonic stem cells and tissue stem cells. In this review, we focus on the diverse biological functions of FGF-4 in the developmental process and also discuss its putative roles in stem cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyoshi Kosaka
- Section for Studies on Metastasis, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Li S, Christensen C, Kiselyov VV, Køhler LB, Bock E, Berezin V. Fibroblast growth factor-derived peptides: functional agonists of the fibroblast growth factor receptor. J Neurochem 2008; 104:667-82. [PMID: 18199118 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.05070.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A series of peptides, termed dekafins, were derived from the beta10-beta11 loop regions of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, and 17. The dekafins share a homologous amino acid sequence similar to a sequence in the first fibronectin type III module of the neural cell adhesion molecule. All dekafins were shown by surface plasmon resonance analysis to bind fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR)1-IIIc-Ig2-3 and FGFR2-IIIb-Ig2-3, respectively, with K(d) values of approximately 10(-7) to 10(-8) mol/L. Binding of dekafin1 to FGFR1-IIIc-Ig2-3 was inhibited by a heparin analog, sucrose octasulfate, indicating that heparin sulfate moiety can modulate dekafin binding to FGFRs. Treatment of transcription and mRNA export (TREX) cells permanently expressing Strep-tag-labeled FGFR1-IIIc with dekafins resulted in receptor phosphorylation. FGF1-induced FGFR1-IIIc phosphorylation was inhibited by dekafin1 and 10 in high concentrations, indicating that dekafins are FGFR partial agonists. The dekafins induced neuronal differentiation as reflected by neurite outgrowth from cerebellar granule neurons, an effect that was abolished by SU5402, a specific inhibitor of the FGFR tyrosine kinase, and by inositolhexaphosphate, an extracellularly acting FGFR antagonist. Some, but not all, dekafins were capable of promoting survival of cerebellar granule neurons induced to undergo apoptosis. Thus, the dekafins are functional FGFR agonists with apparent therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizhong Li
- Protein Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark, and ENKAM Pharmaceuticals A/S, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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15
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Kosaka N, Kodama M, Sasaki H, Yamamoto Y, Takeshita F, Takahama Y, Sakamoto H, Kato T, Terada M, Ochiya T. FGF-4 regulates neural progenitor cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation. FASEB J 2006; 20:1484-5. [PMID: 16723380 DOI: 10.1096/fj.05-5293fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The FGF-4 (fibroblast growth factor 4, known as HST-1) protein is an important mitogen for a variety of cell types. However, only limited information is available concerning tissue distribution and the biological role of FGF-4 in the brain. In situ hybridization analysis revealed localization of mouse Fgf-4 mRNA in the normal postnatal mouse hippocampus, subventricular zone (SVZ), and the rostral migratory stream where new neurons generate, migrate, and become incorporated into the functional circuitry of the brain. We also investigated whether FGF-4 could promote both proliferation and differentiation of the neural progenitor cells by using an in vitro neurosphere assay. The addition of recombinant FGF-4 generated large proliferative spheres that have a multipotent differentiation ability. Furthermore, recombinant FGF-4 significantly promotes neuronal differentiation in attached clonal neurosphere culture. These findings suggest that FGF-4 has an ability to promote neural stem cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation in the postnatal brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyoshi Kosaka
- Department of Biology, School of Education, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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Ray J, Gage FH. Differential properties of adult rat and mouse brain-derived neural stem/progenitor cells. Mol Cell Neurosci 2006; 31:560-73. [PMID: 16426857 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2005.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2005] [Revised: 11/09/2005] [Accepted: 11/22/2005] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis from neural stem/progenitor cells occurs in discrete regions of the central nervous system of all mammals, but the mechanisms regulating endogenous neurogenesis are poorly understood. Advances in understanding the neurogenesis depend on knowing their intrinsic properties and responses to environmental signals that control their behavior. Before these issues can be addressed, it is necessary to know whether there are significant species-specific differences in the properties of the stem/progenitor cells derived from CNS of two commonly studied model systems, mouse and rat. We found major differences between rat and mouse stem/progenitor cell proliferation in response to various substrates, mitogenic growth factors and heparin and to the influence of differentiation factors on generation of neurons and glia. Thus, extrapolation of cell properties from one species to another based on studies of these cells should be made with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasodhara Ray
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Laboratory of Genetics, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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17
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Moyer JA, Wood A, Zaleska MM, Ay I, Finklestein SP, Protter AA. Basic fibroblast growth factor: a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of acute neurodegenerative disorders and vascular insufficiency. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.8.11.1425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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18
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Kelly CM, Zietlow R, Dunnett SB, Rosser AE. The effects of various concentrations of FGF-2 on the proliferation and neuronal yield of murine embryonic neural precursor cells in vitro. Cell Transplant 2004; 12:215-23. [PMID: 12797376 DOI: 10.3727/000000003108746777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic neural precursors (ENPs), also termed neural stem cells or "neurospheres," are an attractive potential source of tissue for neural transplantation, because of their capacity to expand in number in vitro while retaining the ability to develop into the major phenotypes of the CNS. ENPs are isolated from the developing brain and proliferate in the presence of mitogens such as FGF-2 and EGF. Subsequent withdrawal of these mitogens and exposure to a suitable substrate results in differentiation into the major cell types of the CNS. As well as its role in precursor cell expansion, FGF-2 also plays a key role in the division of astrocytes, and in neuronal differentiation. Thus, it is important to establish the optimal concentrations of this factor for expansion and differentiation of neuronal phenotypes. Here we explore the effect of FGF-2 concentrations ranging from 1 to 20 ng/ml on the expansion and differentiation capacity of ENPs isolated from the cortex and striatum of E14 mice. ENP expansion was seen under all conditions, but was greatest at 10 and 20 ng/ml and least at 1 ng/ml. The numbers of neurons (as a proportion of total cell number) differentiating from these ENP populations appeared to be greatest at 1 ng/ml. However, once adjustments were made for the amount of expansion at each dose, final neuronal yield was maximum at the highest concentration of FGF-2 used (20 ng/ml).
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M Kelly
- Brain Repair Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3US, UK
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19
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Fang J, Huang S, Liu H, Crepin M, Xu T, Liu J. Role of FGF-2/FGFR signaling pathway in cancer and its signification in breast cancer. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03183956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Facchiano A, Russo K, Facchiano AM, De Marchis F, Facchiano F, Ribatti D, Aguzzi MS, Capogrossi MC. Identification of a novel domain of fibroblast growth factor 2 controlling its angiogenic properties. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:8751-60. [PMID: 12496262 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m209936200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) is a potent factor modulating the activity of many cell types. Its dimerization and binding to high affinity receptors are considered to be necessary steps to induce FGF receptor phosphorylation and signaling activation. A structural analysis was carried out and a region encompassing residues 48-58 of human FGF-2 was identified, as potentially involved in FGF-2 dimerization. A peptide (FREG-48-58) derived from this region strongly and specifically inhibited FGF-2 induced proliferation and migration of primary bovine aorta endothelial cells (BAEC) in vitro, and markedly reduced FGF-2-dependent angiogenesis in two distinct in vivo assays. To further investigate the role of region 48-58, a polyclonal antibody raised against FREG-(48-58) was tested and was found to block FGF-2 action in vitro. Human FGF-2 has three histidine residues, one falling within the region 48-58. Chemical modification of histidine residues blocked FGF-2 activity and FREG-(48-58) inhibitory effect in vitro, indicating that histidine residues, in particular the one within FREG-(48-58) region, play a crucial role in the observed activity. Additional experiments showed that FREG-(48-58) specifically interacted with FGF-2, impaired FGF-2-interaction with itself, with heparin and with FGF receptor 1, and inhibited FGF-2-induced receptor phosphorylation and FGF-2 internalization. These data indicate for the first time that region 48-58 of FGF-2 is a functional domain controlling FGF-2 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Facchiano
- Laboratorio Patologia Vascolare, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, IRCCS, 00167 Roma, Italy.
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21
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Maruta F, Parker AL, Fisher KD, Hallissey MT, Ismail T, Rowlands DC, Chandler LA, Kerr DJ, Seymour LW. Identification of FGF receptor-binding peptides for cancer gene therapy. Cancer Gene Ther 2002; 9:543-52. [PMID: 12032665 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2002] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Linear FGF receptor-binding heptapeptides were identified by phage display using sequential rounds of biopanning against cells with displacement of phage by FGF2. The consensus motif MXXP was iterated after four to five rounds and the peptide MQLPLAT was studied in depth. Phage bearing MQLPLAT showed high levels of binding to FGF receptor positive cells, with over 90% of phage bound being eluted competitively by adding free FGF2. MQLPLAT phage showed only limited binding to Cos7 cells deficient in receptors for FGF. MQLPLAT phage bound to SKOV3 cells with a K(d) of 2.51 x 10(-10) M. Although binding could be blocked by preincubation with free FGF2, heparin could not displace the phage. Use of MQLPLAT to target polyelectrolyte gene delivery vectors in vitro in the presence of serum achieved up to 40-fold greater transgene transduction than nontargeted vectors. MQLPLAT phage were administered into gastric carcinomas via the tumor-feeding artery immediately following resection from patients. The phage showed up to 9-fold more accumulation in the tumor than in adjacent regions of normal tissue, whereas control phage showed less than 2-fold. These peptides should provide useful ligands for specific delivery of gene therapy vectors to clinically relevant targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fukuto Maruta
- Cancer Research UK Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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22
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Cayre M, Malaterre J, Scotto-Lomassese S, Strambi C, Strambi A. The common properties of neurogenesis in the adult brain: from invertebrates to vertebrates. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2002; 132:1-15. [PMID: 11997205 DOI: 10.1016/s1096-4959(01)00525-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Until recently, it was believed that adult brains were unable to generate any new neurons. However, it is now commonly known that stem cells remain in the adult central nervous system and that adult vertebrates as well as adult invertebrates are currently adding new neurons in some specialized structures of their central nervous system. In vertebrates, the subventricular zone and the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus are the sites of neuronal precursor proliferation. In some insects, persistent neurogenesis occurs in the mushroom bodies, which are brain structures involved in learning and memory and considered as functional analogues of the hippocampus. In both vertebrates and invertebrates, secondary neurogenesis (including neuroblast proliferation and neuron differentiation) appears to be regulated by hormones, transmitters, growth factors and environmental cues. The functional implications of adult neurogenesis have not yet been clearly demonstrated and comparative study of the various model systems could contribute to better understand this phenomenon. Here, we review and discuss the common characteristics of adult neurogenesis in the various animal models studied so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Cayre
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurobiologie, Marseille, France.
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23
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Haïk S, Gauthier LR, Granotier C, Peyrin JM, Lages CS, Dormont D, Boussin FD. Fibroblast growth factor 2 up regulates telomerase activity in neural precursor cells. Oncogene 2000; 19:2957-66. [PMID: 10871847 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1203596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
During brain development, neuronal and glial cells are generated from neural precursors on a precise schedule involving steps of proliferation, fate commitment and differentiation. We report that telomerase activity is highly expressed during embryonic murine cortical neurogenesis and early steps of gliogenesis and progressively decreases thereafter during cortex maturation to be undetectable in the normal adult brain. We evidenced neural precursor cells (NPC) as the principal telomerase-expressing cells in primary cultures from E15 mouse embryo cortices. Their differentiation either in neurons or in glial cells lead to a down regulation of telomerase activity that was directly correlated to the decrease of telomerase core protein (mTERT) mRNA synthesis. Furthermore, we show that FGF2 (fibroblast growth factor 2), one of the main regulators of CNS development, induces a dose-dependant increase of both the proliferation of NPC and telomerase activity in primary cortical cultures without affecting the mTERT mRNA synthesis compared to that of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (mGAPDH). Finally, we evidenced that AZT (3'-azido-2', 3'-dideoxythymidine), known to inhibit telomerase activity, blocks in a dose dependant manner the FGF2-induced proliferation of NPC. Altogether, our results are in favor of an important role of telomerase activity during brain organogenesis. Oncogene (2000).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Haïk
- CEA, Service de Neurovirologie DSV/DRM, CRSSA, IPSC, BP 6, 92 265 Fontenay-aux-Roses cedex, France
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24
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Dowling-Warriner CV, Trosko JE. Induction of gap junctional intercellular communication, connexin43 expression, and subsequent differentiation in human fetal neuronal cells by stimulation of the cyclic AMP pathway. Neuroscience 2000; 95:859-68. [PMID: 10670453 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(99)00411-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Expression of gap junction proteins and cell-cell communication was studied in the human neural-glial cell line, SVG, as a first step in defining whether the SVG cells could be used as a model system to study the role of gap junctions in neuronal precursor cells. SVG cells were found to express connexin43 protein that co-migrated with WB-F344 rat liver connexin43 and that reacted with connexin43-specific antibodies on Western blots. However, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching analysis of 5,6-carboxyfluorescein-loaded cells failed to show significant dye coupling. Agents that stimulate the adenylyl cyclase/cAMP pathway were used to induce gap junctional intercellular communication in the SVG cultures. A 24-48 h treatment of SVG cells with 5 microM forskolin or 5 microM forskolin + 200 microM 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine increased the percentage of dye-coupled cells from 5-65%, using the fluorescent recovery after photobleaching method. The increase in dye coupling induced by forskolin or forskolin + 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine was inhibited by octanol, which is known to block gap junction-mediated cell communication. Western blot analysis of total protein extracts revealed the appearance of a higher molecular weight connexin43 protein band after treatment of SVG cells with forskolin or forskolin + 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, that was not observed in vehicle-treated controls. Alkaline phosphatase treatment of total protein extracts from forskolin or forskolin + 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine-treated cells reduced the higher molecular weight band to approximately 41,000 the same as observed in the control extracts. The alkaline phosphatase treatment demonstrates that the higher molecular weight band was due to a phosphorylation event stimulated by forskolin or the forskolin + 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine combination. In addition, treatment of the SVG cells with the forskolin or forskolin + 3-isobutyl-l-methylxanthine stimulated outgrowth of neurite-like processes from the cell body which immunostained positive for the connexin43 protein as well as protein markers for neurons and oligodendrocytes. We hypothesize that the SVG cells may represent a neuronal progenitor cell population that has the ability to differentiate when exposed to the appropriate signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- C V Dowling-Warriner
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
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25
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Ballinger MD, Shyamala V, Forrest LD, Deuter-Reinhard M, Doyle LV, Wang JX, Panganiban-Lustan L, Stratton JR, Apell G, Winter JA, Doyle MV, Rosenberg S, Kavanaugh WM. Semirational design of a potent, artificial agonist of fibroblast growth factor receptors. Nat Biotechnol 1999; 17:1199-204. [PMID: 10585718 DOI: 10.1038/70746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are being investigated in human clinical trials as treatments for angina, claudication, and stroke. We designed a molecule structurally unrelated to all FGFs, which potently mimicked basic FGF activity, by combining domains that (1) bind FGF receptors (2) bind heparin, and (3) mediate dimerization. A 26-residue peptide identified by phage display specifically bound FGF receptor (FGFR) 1c extracellular domain but had no homology with FGFs. When fused with the c-jun leucine zipper domain, which binds heparin and forms homodimers, the polypeptide specifically reproduced the mitogenic and morphogenic activities of basic FGF with similar potency (EC50 = 240 pM). The polypeptide required interaction with heparin for activity, demonstrating the importance of heparin for FGFR activation even with designed ligands structurally unrelated to FGF. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of engineering potent artificial agonists for the receptor tyrosine kinases, and have important implications for the design of nonpeptidic ligands for FGF receptors. Furthermore, artificial FGFR agonists may be useful alternatives to FGF in the treatment of ischemic vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Ballinger
- Chiron Corporation, 4560 Horton St., Room 4.4144, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
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26
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Kuroda S, Kasugai S, Oida S, Iimura T, Ohya K, Ohyama T. Anabolic effect of aminoterminally truncated fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF4) on bone. Bone 1999; 25:431-7. [PMID: 10511109 DOI: 10.1016/s8756-3282(99)00193-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF4), a member of the FGF family, plays several important roles in bone development during embryogenesis. Systemic administration of FGF4 increases bone mass in rats, which suggests the potential therapeutic usefulness of this growth factor in treatment for osteopenia and in bone regeneration. We investigated the length of FGF4 required to exert its anabolic effects, because this information may be useful in developing new molecules to mimic the effects of FGF4. Because the active site of FGF family molecules is in the carboxylterminal region, we produced aminoterminally truncated recombinant human FGF4s (rhFGF4s) of different sizes. Human FGF4 cDNA containing almost the full length of the coding region (573 bp, 191 amino acid residues) was inserted into pUC18 vector and then deleted from the 5' end using the ExoIII system. Each of the deleted FGF4 cDNAs was subcloned into a pET29(+) expression vector. Differently sized recombinant proteins were expressed in the BL21(DE3)pLysS Escherichia coli strain and then purified. The growth-stimulative effects on NIH3T3 cells of each recombinant protein were examined by means of MTT colorimetric assay. Full-length and the shortened recombinant proteins, which stimulated NIH3T3 cell growth, were then subcutaneously administered into male ddY mice (6 weeks old) every day for 2 weeks. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT). The rhFGF4 of 134 amino acid residues, the region homologous to other members of the FGF family, exerted a growth-stimulative effect on NIH3T3 cells comparable to the full-length version of FGF4; however, the shortest version, with 111 amino acid residues, showed a limited growth-stimulative effect. Systemic administration of the rhFGF4 of 134 amino acid residues increased the bone mineral density (BMD) of femurs at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg, which was comparable to that of the full-length rhFGF4. DEXA analysis, pQCT analysis, soft X-ray photos, and contact microradiographs revealed an increase in femoral trabecular bone in FGF4-treated animals; an increase in bone formation was also evident upon histomorphometric analysis. These results indicate that the region of FGF4 that is homologous to other FGF family members provides a sufficient anabolic effect in bone and that this recombinant protein is potentially useful as a therapeutic agent in bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kuroda
- Department of Maxillo-Facial Prosthetics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan.
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27
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Weisenhorn DM, Roback J, Young AN, Wainer BH. Cellular aspects of trophic actions in the nervous system. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1999; 189:177-265. [PMID: 10333580 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61388-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During the past three decades the number of molecules exhibiting trophic actions in the brain has increased drastically. These molecules promote and/or control proliferation, differentiation, migration, and survival (sometimes even the death) of their target cells. In this review a comprehensive overview of small diffusible factors showing trophic actions in the central nervous system (CNS) is given. The factors discussed are neurotrophins, epidermal growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, insulin-like growth factors, ciliary neurotrophic factor and related molecules, glial-derived growth factor and related molecules, transforming growth factor-beta and related molecules, neurotransmitters, and hormones. All factors are discussed with respect to their trophic actions, their expression patterns in the brain, and molecular aspects of their receptors and intracellular signaling pathways. It becomes evident that there does not exist "the" trophic factor in the CNS but rather a multitude of them interacting with each other in a complicated network of trophic actions forming and maintaining the adult nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Weisenhorn
- Wesley Woods Laboratory for Brain Science, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA
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28
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Young D, Lawlor PA, Leone P, Dragunow M, During MJ. Environmental enrichment inhibits spontaneous apoptosis, prevents seizures and is neuroprotective. Nat Med 1999; 5:448-53. [PMID: 10202938 DOI: 10.1038/7449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 556] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian brain has a high degree of plasticity, with dentate granule cell neurogenesis and glial proliferation stimulated by an enriched environment combining both complex inanimate and social stimulation. Moreover, rodents exposed to an enriched environment both before and after a cerebral insult show improved cognitive performance. One of the most robust associations of environmental enrichment is improved learning and memory in the Morris water maze, a spatial task that mainly involves the hippocampus. Furthermore, clinical evidence showing an association between higher educational attainment and reduced risk of Alzheimer and Parkinson-related dementia indicates that a stimulating environment has positive effects on cerebral health that may provide some resilience to cerebral insults. Here we show that in addition to its effects on neurogenesis, an enriched environment reduces spontaneous apoptotic cell death in the rat hippocampus by 45%. Moreover, these environmental conditions protect against kainate-induced seizures and excitotoxic injury. The enriched environment induces expression of glial-derived neurotrophic factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor and increases phosphorylation of the transcription factor cyclic-AMP response element binding protein, indicating that the influence of the environment on spontaneous apoptosis and cerebral resistance to insults may be mediated through transcription factor activation and induction of growth factor expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Young
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Auckland School of Medicine, New Zealand
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29
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Szebenyi G, Fallon JF. Fibroblast growth factors as multifunctional signaling factors. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1998; 185:45-106. [PMID: 9750265 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60149-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family consists of at least 15 structurally related polypeptide growth factors. Their expression is controlled at the levels of transcription, mRNA stability, and translation. The bioavailability of FGFs is further modulated by posttranslational processing and regulated protein trafficking. FGFs bind to receptor tyrosine kinases (FGFRs), heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG), and a cysteine-rich FGF receptor (CFR). FGFRs are required for most biological activities of FGFs. HSPGs alter FGF-FGFR interactions and CFR participates in FGF intracellular transport. FGF signaling pathways are intricate and are intertwined with insulin-like growth factor, transforming growth factor-beta, bone morphogenetic protein, and vertebrate homologs of Drosophila wingless activated pathways. FGFs are major regulators of embryonic development: They influence the formation of the primary body axis, neural axis, limbs, and other structures. The activities of FGFs depend on their coordination of fundamental cellular functions, such as survival, replication, differentiation, adhesion, and motility, through effects on gene expression and the cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Szebenyi
- Anatomy Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706, USA
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30
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Gage FH, Kempermann G, Palmer TD, Peterson DA, Ray J. Multipotent progenitor cells in the adult dentate gyrus. JOURNAL OF NEUROBIOLOGY 1998; 36:249-66. [PMID: 9712308 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4695(199808)36:2<249::aid-neu11>3.0.co;2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 566] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Neurogenesis persists in the adult dentate gyrus of rodents throughout the life of the organism. The factors regulating proliferation, survival, migration, and differentiation of neuronal progenitors are now being elucidated. Cells from the adult hippocampus can be propagated, cloned in vitro, and induced to differentiate into neurons and glial cells. Cells cultured from the adult rodent hippocampus can be genetically marked and transplanted back to the adult brain, where they survive and differentiate into mature neurons and glial cells. Although multipotent stem cells exist in the adult rodent dentate gyrus, their biological significance remains elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- F H Gage
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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