1
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Llorente A, Blasco MT, Espuny I, Guiu M, Ballaré C, Blanco E, Caballé A, Bellmunt A, Salvador F, Morales A, Nuñez M, Loren G, Imbastari F, Fidalgo M, Figueras-Puig C, Gibler P, Graupera M, Monteiro F, Riera A, Holen I, Avgustinova A, Di Croce L, Gomis RR. MAF amplification licenses ERα through epigenetic remodelling to drive breast cancer metastasis. Nat Cell Biol 2023; 25:1833-1847. [PMID: 37945904 PMCID: PMC10709142 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-023-01281-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
MAF amplification increases the risk of breast cancer (BCa) metastasis through mechanisms that are still poorly understood yet have important clinical implications. Oestrogen-receptor-positive (ER+) BCa requires oestrogen for both growth and metastasis, albeit by ill-known mechanisms. Here we integrate proteomics, transcriptomics, epigenomics, chromatin accessibility and functional assays from human and syngeneic mouse BCa models to show that MAF directly interacts with oestrogen receptor alpha (ERα), thereby promoting a unique chromatin landscape that favours metastatic spread. We identify metastasis-promoting genes that are de novo licensed following oestrogen exposure in a MAF-dependent manner. The histone demethylase KDM1A is key to the epigenomic remodelling that facilitates the expression of the pro-metastatic MAF/oestrogen-driven gene expression program, and loss of KDM1A activity prevents this metastasis. We have thus determined that the molecular basis underlying MAF/oestrogen-mediated metastasis requires genetic, epigenetic and hormone signals from the systemic environment, which influence the ability of BCa cells to metastasize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Llorente
- Cancer Science Program, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Teresa Blasco
- Cancer Science Program, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Irene Espuny
- Cancer Science Program, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Guiu
- Cancer Science Program, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cecilia Ballaré
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enrique Blanco
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adrià Caballé
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Bellmunt
- Cancer Science Program, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Salvador
- Cancer Science Program, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrea Morales
- Cancer Science Program, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Nuñez
- Cancer Science Program, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guillem Loren
- Cancer Science Program, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesca Imbastari
- Cancer Science Program, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Fidalgo
- Cancer Science Program, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Endothelial Pathobiology and Microenvironment Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Figueras-Puig
- Cancer Science Program, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patrizia Gibler
- Cancer Science Program, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariona Graupera
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Endothelial Pathobiology and Microenvironment Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Freddy Monteiro
- Functional Genomics Core Facility, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Riera
- Cancer Science Program, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ingunn Holen
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Luciano Di Croce
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roger R Gomis
- Cancer Science Program, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
- Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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2
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Kitcharanant N, Chattipakorn N, Chattipakorn SC. The effect of intermittent parathyroid hormone on bone lengthening: current evidence to inform future effective interventions. Osteoporos Int 2023; 34:1657-1675. [PMID: 37286663 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-023-06809-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent studies have demonstrated the positive effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on bone healing, and findings support the use of PTH to accelerate bone healing following distraction osteogenesis. The goal of this review was to compile and discuss the mechanisms potentially underlying the effects of PTH on newly formed bone following a bone-lengthening procedure incorporating all relevant evidence in both animal and clinical studies. METHODS This review summarized all evidence from in vivo to clinical studies regarding the effects of PTH administration on a bone-lengthening model. In addition, a comprehensive evaluation of what is currently known regarding the potential mechanisms underlying the potential benefits of PTH in bone lengthening was presented. Some controversial findings regarding the optimal dosage and timing of administration of PTH in this model were also discussed. RESULTS The findings demonstrated that the potential mechanisms associated with the action of PTH on the acceleration of bone regeneration after distraction osteogenesis are involvement in mesenchymal cell proliferation and differentiation, endochondral bone formation, membranous bone formation, and callus remodeling. CONCLUSIONS In the last 20 years, a number of animal and clinical studies have indicated that there is a prospective role for PTH treatment in human bone lengthening as an anabolic agent that accelerates the mineralization and strength of the regenerated bone. Therefore, PTH treatment can be viewed as a potential treatment to increase the amount of new calcified bone and the mechanical strength of the bone in order to shorten the consolidation stage after bone lengthening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitchanant Kitcharanant
- Department of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nipon Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Siriporn C Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
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3
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Johnson S, Heubel B, Bredesen C, Schilling T, Le Pabic P. Cellular basis of differential endochondral growth in Lake Malawi cichlids. Dev Dyn 2022; 251:2001-2014. [PMID: 36001035 PMCID: PMC9722610 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The shape and size of skeletal elements is determined by embryonic patterning mechanisms as well as localized growth and remodeling during post-embryonic development. Differential growth between endochondral growth plates underlies many aspects of morphological diversity in tetrapods but has not been investigated in ray-finned fishes. We examined endochondral growth rates in the craniofacial skeletons of two cichlid species from Lake Malawi that acquire species-specific morphological differences during postembryonic development and quantified cellular mechanisms underlying differential growth both within and between species. RESULTS Cichlid endochondral growth rates vary greatly (50%-60%) between different growth zones within a species, between different stages for the same growth zone, and between homologous growth zones in different species. Differences in cell proliferation and/or cell enlargement underlie much of this differential growth, albeit in different proportions. Strikingly, differences in extracellular matrix production do not correlate with growth rate differences. CONCLUSIONS Differential endochondral growth drives many aspects of craniofacial morphological diversity in cichlids. Cellular proliferation and enlargement, but not extracellular matrix deposition, underlie this differential growth and this appears conserved in Osteichthyes. Cell enlargement is observed in some but not all cichlid growth zones and the degree to which it occurs resembles slower growing mammalian growth plates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savannah Johnson
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC
| | - Brian Heubel
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC
| | - Carson Bredesen
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC
| | - Thomas Schilling
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Pierre Le Pabic
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC
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4
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A critical bioenergetic switch is regulated by IGF2 during murine cartilage development. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1230. [PMID: 36369360 PMCID: PMC9652369 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04156-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Long bone growth requires the precise control of chondrocyte maturation from proliferation to hypertrophy during endochondral ossification, but the bioenergetic program that ensures normal cartilage development is still largely elusive. We show that chondrocytes have unique glucose metabolism signatures in these stages, and they undergo bioenergetic reprogramming from glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation during maturation, accompanied by an upregulation of the pentose phosphate pathway. Inhibition of either oxidative phosphorylation or the pentose phosphate pathway in murine chondrocytes and bone organ cultures impaired hypertrophic differentiation, suggesting that the appropriate balance of these pathways is required for cartilage development. Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) deficiency resulted in a profound increase in oxidative phosphorylation in hypertrophic chondrocytes, suggesting that IGF2 is required to prevent overactive glucose metabolism and maintain a proper balance of metabolic pathways. Our results thus provide critical evidence of preference for a bioenergetic pathway in different stages of chondrocytes and highlight its importance as a fundamental mechanism in skeletal development.
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Tsukasaki M, Komatsu N, Negishi-Koga T, Huynh NCN, Muro R, Ando Y, Seki Y, Terashima A, Pluemsakunthai W, Nitta T, Nakamura T, Nakashima T, Ohba S, Akiyama H, Okamoto K, Baron R, Takayanagi H. Periosteal stem cells control growth plate stem cells during postnatal skeletal growth. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4166. [PMID: 35851381 PMCID: PMC9293991 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31592-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ontogeny and fate of stem cells have been extensively investigated by lineage-tracing approaches. At distinct anatomical sites, bone tissue harbors multiple types of skeletal stem cells, which may independently supply osteogenic cells in a site-specific manner. Periosteal stem cells (PSCs) and growth plate resting zone stem cells (RZSCs) critically contribute to intramembranous and endochondral bone formation, respectively. However, it remains unclear whether there is functional crosstalk between these two types of skeletal stem cells. Here we show PSCs are not only required for intramembranous bone formation, but also for the growth plate maintenance and prolonged longitudinal bone growth. Mice deficient in PSCs display progressive defects in intramembranous and endochondral bone formation, the latter of which is caused by a deficiency in PSC-derived Indian hedgehog (Ihh). PSC-specific deletion of Ihh impairs the maintenance of the RZSCs, leading to a severe defect in endochondral bone formation in postnatal life. Thus, crosstalk between periosteal and growth plate stem cells is essential for post-developmental skeletal growth. Intramembranous and endochondral bone formation have been considered to be independent processes mediated by independent stem cells. Here the authors show that periosteal stem cells participate in both types of bone formation, supporting endochondral formation by producing Ihh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Tsukasaki
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-0033, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Komatsu
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-0033, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takako Negishi-Koga
- Department of Community Medicine and Research for Bone and Joint Diseases, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8421, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nam Cong-Nhat Huynh
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-0033, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Oral-Maxillofacial Biology, Faculty of Odonto-Stomatology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, 749000, Viet Nam
| | - Ryunosuke Muro
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-0033, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaro Ando
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-0033, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18, Kanda-Misakicho, Chiyoda-ku, 101-0061, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuka Seki
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-0033, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Asuka Terashima
- Department of Osteoimmunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-0033, Tokyo, Japan.,Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-0033, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Warunee Pluemsakunthai
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-0033, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nitta
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-0033, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakamura
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18, Kanda-Misakicho, Chiyoda-ku, 101-0061, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoki Nakashima
- Department of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8549, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Ohba
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, 852-8588, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Akiyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, 501-1194, Gifu City, Japan
| | - Kazuo Okamoto
- Department of Osteoimmunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-0033, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Roland Baron
- Division of Bone and Mineral Research, Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Endocrine Unit, MGH, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hiroshi Takayanagi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-0033, Tokyo, Japan.
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Hedgehog signaling orchestrates cartilage-to-bone transition independently of Smoothened. Matrix Biol 2022; 110:76-90. [PMID: 35472633 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2022.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Although recent lineage studies strongly support a chondrocyte-to-osteoblast differentiation continuum, the biological significance and molecular basis remain undetermined. In silico analysis at a single-cell level indicates a transient shutdown of Hedgehog-related transcriptome during simulated cartilage-to-bone transition. Prompted by this, we genetically induce gain- and loss-of function to probe the role of Hedgehog signaling in cartilage-to-bone transition. Ablating Smo in hypertrophic chondrocytes (HCs) does not result in any phenotypic outcome, whereas deleting Ptch1 in HCs leads to disrupted formation of primary spongiosa and actively proliferating HCs-derived osteogenic cells that contribute to bony bulges seen in adult mutant mice. In HCs-derived osteoblasts, constitutive activation of Hedgehog signaling blocks their further differentiation to osteocytes. Moreover, ablation of both Smo and Ptch1 in HCs reverses neither persistent Hedgehog signaling nor bone overgrowths. These results establish a functional contribution of extended chondrocyte lineage to bone homeostasis and diseases, governed by an unanticipated mode of regulation for Hedgehog signaling independently of Smo.
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7
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Hoyle DJ, Dranow DB, Schilling TF. Pthlha and mechanical force control early patterning of growth zones in the zebrafish craniofacial skeleton. Development 2022; 149:dev199826. [PMID: 34919126 PMCID: PMC8917414 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Secreted signals in patterning systems often induce repressive signals that shape their distributions in space and time. In developing growth plates (GPs) of endochondral long bones, Parathyroid hormone-like hormone (Pthlh) inhibits Indian hedgehog (Ihh) to form a negative-feedback loop that controls GP progression and bone size. Whether similar systems operate in other bones and how they arise during embryogenesis remain unclear. We show that Pthlha expression in the zebrafish craniofacial skeleton precedes chondrocyte differentiation and restricts where cells undergo hypertrophy, thereby initiating a future GP. Loss of Pthlha leads to an expansion of cells expressing a novel early marker of the hypertrophic zone (HZ), entpd5a, and later HZ markers, such as ihha, whereas local Pthlha misexpression induces ectopic entpd5a expression. Formation of this early pre-HZ correlates with onset of muscle contraction and requires mechanical force; paralysis leads to loss of entpd5a and ihha expression in the pre-HZ, mislocalized pthlha expression and no subsequent ossification. These results suggest that local Pthlh sources combined with force determine HZ locations, establishing the negative-feedback loop that later maintains GPs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thomas F. Schilling
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92693, USA
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8
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Le Pabic P, Dranow DB, Hoyle DJ, Schilling TF. Zebrafish endochondral growth zones as they relate to human bone size, shape and disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1060187. [PMID: 36561564 PMCID: PMC9763315 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1060187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on the genetic mechanisms underlying human skeletal development and disease have largely relied on studies in mice. However, recently the zebrafish has emerged as a popular model for skeletal research. Despite anatomical differences such as a lack of long bones in their limbs and no hematopoietic bone marrow, both the cell types in cartilage and bone as well as the genetic pathways that regulate their development are remarkably conserved between teleost fish and humans. Here we review recent studies that highlight this conservation, focusing specifically on the cartilaginous growth zones (GZs) of endochondral bones. GZs can be unidirectional such as the growth plates (GPs) of long bones in tetrapod limbs or bidirectional, such as in the synchondroses of the mammalian skull base. In addition to endochondral growth, GZs play key roles in cartilage maturation and replacement by bone. Recent studies in zebrafish suggest key roles for cartilage polarity in GZ function, surprisingly early establishment of signaling systems that regulate cartilage during embryonic development, and important roles for cartilage proliferation rather than hypertrophy in bone size. Despite anatomical differences, there are now many zebrafish models for human skeletal disorders including mutations in genes that cause defects in cartilage associated with endochondral GZs. These point to conserved developmental mechanisms, some of which operate both in cranial GZs and limb GPs, as well as others that act earlier or in parallel to known GP regulators. Experimental advantages of zebrafish for genetic screens, high resolution live imaging and drug screens, set the stage for many novel insights into causes and potential therapies for human endochondral bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Le Pabic
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Willmington, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: Pierre Le Pabic, ; Thomas F. Schilling,
| | - Daniel B. Dranow
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Diego J. Hoyle
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Thomas F. Schilling
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Pierre Le Pabic, ; Thomas F. Schilling,
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9
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Matikainen N, Pekkarinen T, Ryhänen EM, Schalin-Jäntti C. Physiology of Calcium Homeostasis: An Overview. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2021; 50:575-590. [PMID: 34774235 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2021.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Calcium plays a key role in skeletal mineralization and several intracellular and extracellular homeostatic networks. It is an essential element that is only available to the body through dietary sources. Daily acquisition of calcium depends, in addition to the actual intake, on the hormonally regulated state of calcium homeostasis through three main mechanisms: bone turnover, intestinal absorption, and renal reabsorption. These procedures are regulated by a group of interacting circulating hormones and their key receptors. This includes parathyroid hormone (PTH), PTH-related peptide, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, calcitonin, fibroblast growth factor 23, the prevailing calcium concentration itself, the calcium-sensing receptor, as well as local processes in the bones, gut, and kidneys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niina Matikainen
- Endocrinology, Abdominal Center, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, PB 340, 00029 HUS, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuula Pekkarinen
- Endocrinology, Abdominal Center, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, PB 340, 00029 HUS, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eeva M Ryhänen
- Endocrinology, Abdominal Center, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, PB 340, 00029 HUS, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Camilla Schalin-Jäntti
- Endocrinology, Abdominal Center, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, PB 340, 00029 HUS, Helsinki, Finland.
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10
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Ohba S. Genome-scale actions of master regulators directing skeletal development. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2021; 57:217-223. [PMID: 34745394 PMCID: PMC8556520 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian skeleton develops through two distinct modes of ossification: intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification. During the process of skeletal development, SRY-box containing gene 9 (Sox9), runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), and Sp7 work as master transcription factors (TFs) or transcriptional regulators, underlying cell fate specification of the two distinct populations: bone-forming osteoblasts and cartilage-forming chondrocytes. In the past two decades, core transcriptional circuits underlying skeletal development have been identified mainly through mouse genetics and biochemical approaches. Recently emerging next-generation sequencer (NGS)-based studies have provided genome-scale views on the gene regulatory landscape programmed by the master TFs/transcriptional regulators. With particular focus on Sox9, Runx2, and Sp7, this review aims to discuss the gene regulatory landscape in skeletal development, which has been identified by genome-scale data, and provide future perspectives in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Ohba
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
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11
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Özgür-Günes Y, Le Stunff C, Chedik M, Belot MP, Becker PH, Blouin V, Bougnères P. Correction of a knock-in mouse model of acrodysostosis with gene therapy using a rAAV9-CAG-human PRKAR1A vector. Gene Ther 2021; 29:441-448. [PMID: 34599290 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-021-00286-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Acrodysostosis is a rare skeletal dysplasia caused by loss-of-function mutations in the regulatory subunit of protein kinase A (PRKAR1A). In a knock-in mouse model (PRKAR1Awt/mut) expressing one copy of the recurrent R368X mutation, we tested the effects of a rAAV9-CAG-human PRKR1A (hPRKAR1A) vector intravenously administered at 4 weeks of age. Caudal vertebrae and tibial diaphyses contained 0.52 ± 0.7 and 0.13 ± 0.3 vector genome per cell (VGC), respectively, at 10 weeks of age and 0.22 ± 0.04 and 0.020 ± 0.04 at 16 weeks while renal cortex contained 0.57 ± 0.14 and 0.26 ± 0.05 VGC. Vector-mediated hPRKAR1A expression was found in growth plate chondrocytes, osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and kidney tubular cells. Chondrocyte architecture was restored in the growth plates. Body length, tail length, and body weight were improved in vector treated PRKAR1Awt/mut mice, not the bone length of their limbs. These results provide one of the few proofs for gene therapy efficacy in a mouse model of chondrodysplasia. In addition, the increased urinary cAMP of PRKAR1Awt/mut mice was corrected almost to normal. In conclusion, gene therapy with hPRKAR1A improved skeletal growth and kidney dysfunction, the hallmarks of acrodysostosis in R368X mutated mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasemin Özgür-Günes
- UMR1195 Inserm and Université Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,MIRCen Institute, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Catherine Le Stunff
- UMR1195 Inserm and Université Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,MIRCen Institute, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Malha Chedik
- UMR1195 Inserm and Université Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | | | - Pierre-Hadrien Becker
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | | | - Pierre Bougnères
- UMR1195 Inserm and Université Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France. .,MIRCen Institute, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France. .,Therapy Design Consulting, Vincennes, France.
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12
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Abstract
Hypertrophic chondrocytes are the master regulators of endochondral ossification; however, their ultimate cell fates cells remain largely elusive due to their transient nature. Historically, hypertrophic chondrocytes have been considered as the terminal state of growth plate chondrocytes, which are destined to meet their inevitable demise at the primary spongiosa. Chondrocyte hypertrophy is accompanied by increased organelle synthesis and rapid intracellular water uptake, which serve as the major drivers of longitudinal bone growth. This process is delicately regulated by major signaling pathways and their target genes, including growth hormone (GH), insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1), indian hedgehog (Ihh), parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), sex determining region Y-box 9 (Sox9), runt-related transcription factors (Runx) and fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs). Hypertrophic chondrocytes orchestrate endochondral ossification by regulating osteogenic-angiogenic and osteogenic-osteoclastic coupling through the production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) and matrix metallopeptidases-9/13 (MMP-9/13). Hypertrophic chondrocytes also indirectly regulate resorption of the cartilaginous extracellular matrix, by controlling formation of a special subtype of osteoclasts termed "chondroclasts". Notably, hypertrophic chondrocytes may possess innate potential for plasticity, reentering the cell cycle and differentiating into osteoblasts and other types of mesenchymal cells in the marrow space. We may be able to harness this unique plasticity for therapeutic purposes, for a variety of skeletal abnormalities and injuries. In this review, we discuss the morphological and molecular properties of hypertrophic chondrocytes, which carry out important functions during skeletal growth and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn A Hallett
- University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Wanida Ono
- University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Noriaki Ono
- University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, USA.
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13
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Martin TJ, Sims NA, Seeman E. Physiological and Pharmacological Roles of PTH and PTHrP in Bone Using Their Shared Receptor, PTH1R. Endocr Rev 2021; 42:383-406. [PMID: 33564837 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnab005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and the paracrine factor, PTH-related protein (PTHrP), have preserved in evolution sufficient identities in their amino-terminal domains to share equivalent actions upon a common G protein-coupled receptor, PTH1R, that predominantly uses the cyclic adenosine monophosphate-protein kinase A signaling pathway. Such a relationship between a hormone and local factor poses questions about how their common receptor mediates pharmacological and physiological actions of the two. Mouse genetic studies show that PTHrP is essential for endochondral bone lengthening in the fetus and is essential for bone remodeling. In contrast, the main postnatal function of PTH is hormonal control of calcium homeostasis, with no evidence that PTHrP contributes. Pharmacologically, amino-terminal PTH and PTHrP peptides (teriparatide and abaloparatide) promote bone formation when administered by intermittent (daily) injection. This anabolic effect is remodeling-based with a lesser contribution from modeling. The apparent lesser potency of PTHrP than PTH peptides as skeletal anabolic agents could be explained by lesser bioavailability to PTH1R. By contrast, prolongation of PTH1R stimulation by excessive dosing or infusion, converts the response to a predominantly resorptive one by stimulating osteoclast formation. Physiologically, locally generated PTHrP is better equipped than the circulating hormone to regulate bone remodeling, which occurs asynchronously at widely distributed sites throughout the skeleton where it is needed to replace old or damaged bone. While it remains possible that PTH, circulating within a narrow concentration range, could contribute in some way to remodeling and modeling, its main physiological role is in regulating calcium homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T John Martin
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.,The University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Natalie A Sims
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.,The University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ego Seeman
- The University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine at Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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14
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Weaver SR, Taylor EL, Zars EL, Arnold KM, Bradley EW, Westendorf JJ. Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain and Leucine Rich Repeat Phosphatase 1 (Phlpp1) Suppresses Parathyroid Hormone Receptor 1 (Pth1r) Expression and Signaling During Bone Growth. J Bone Miner Res 2021; 36:986-999. [PMID: 33434347 PMCID: PMC8131217 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Endochondral ossification is tightly controlled by a coordinated network of signaling cascades including parathyroid hormone (PTH). Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain and leucine rich repeat phosphatase 1 (Phlpp1) affects endochondral ossification by suppressing chondrocyte proliferation in the growth plate, longitudinal bone growth, and bone mineralization. As such, Phlpp1-/- mice have shorter long bones, thicker growth plates, and proportionally larger growth plate proliferative zones. The goal of this study was to determine how Phlpp1 deficiency affects PTH signaling during bone growth. Transcriptomic analysis revealed greater PTH receptor 1 (Pth1r) expression and enrichment of histone 3 lysine 27 acetylation (H3K27ac) at the Pth1r promoter in Phlpp1-deficient chondrocytes. PTH (1-34) enhanced and PTH (7-34) attenuated cell proliferation, cAMP signaling, cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation, and cell metabolic activity in Phlpp1-inhibited chondrocytes. To understand the role of Pth1r action in the endochondral phenotypes of Phlpp1-deficient mice, Phlpp1-/- mice were injected with Pth1r ligand PTH (7-34) daily for the first 4 weeks of life. PTH (7-34) reversed the abnormal growth plate and long-bone growth phenotypes of Phlpp1-/- mice but did not rescue deficits in bone mineral density or trabecular number. These results show that elevated Pth1r expression and signaling contributes to increased proliferation in Phlpp1-/- chondrocytes and shorter bones in Phlpp1-deficient mice. Our data reveal a novel molecular relationship between Phlpp1 and Pth1r in chondrocytes during growth plate development and longitudinal bone growth. © 2021 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Elizabeth W. Bradley
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Jennifer J. Westendorf
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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15
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Parathyroid Hormone Secretion and Receptor Expression Determine the Age-Related Degree of Osteogenic Differentiation in Dental Pulp Stem Cells. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11050349. [PMID: 33925324 PMCID: PMC8144966 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11050349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To demonstrate the levels of parathyroid hormone secretion and genetic expressions of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and PTH1 receptor (PTH1R) genes in the dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) from different age groups before and after induction of osteogenic differentiation. In addition, we also wanted to check their correlation with the degree of osteogenic differentiation. Methods: Human primary DPSCs from three age groups (milk tooth (SHEDs), 7–12 years old; young DPSCs (yDPSCs), 20–40 years old; old DPSCs (oDPSCs), 60+ years old) were characterized for mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) markers. DPSCs were subjected to osteogenic differentiation and functional staining. Gene expression levels were analyzed by qRT-PCR. Surface receptor analysis was done by flow cytometry. Comparative protein levels were evaluated by ELISA. Results: All SHEDs, yDPSCs, and oDPSCs were found to be expressing mesenchymal stem cell markers. SHEDs showed more mineralization than yDPSCs and oDPSCs after osteogenic induction. SHEDs exhibited higher expression of PTH and PTH1R before and after osteogenic induction, and after osteogenic induction, SHEDs showed more expression for RUNX2, ALPL, and OCN. Higher levels of PTH were observed in SHEDs and yDPSCs, and the number of PTH1R positive cells was relatively lower in yDPSCs and oDPSCs than in SHEDs. After osteogenic induction, SHEDs were superior in the secretion of OPG, and the secretions of ALPL and PTH and the number of PTH1R positive cells were relatively low in the oDPSCs. Conclusions: The therapeutic quality of dental pulp stem cells is largely based on their ability to retain their stemness characteristics. This study emphasizes the criterion of aging, which affects the secretion of PTH by these cells, which in turn attenuates their osteogenic potential.
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16
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Guasto A, Cormier-Daire V. Signaling Pathways in Bone Development and Their Related Skeletal Dysplasia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4321. [PMID: 33919228 PMCID: PMC8122623 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone development is a tightly regulated process. Several integrated signaling pathways including HH, PTHrP, WNT, NOTCH, TGF-β, BMP, FGF and the transcription factors SOX9, RUNX2 and OSX are essential for proper skeletal development. Misregulation of these signaling pathways can cause a large spectrum of congenital conditions categorized as skeletal dysplasia. Since the signaling pathways involved in skeletal dysplasia interact at multiple levels and have a different role depending on the time of action (early or late in chondrogenesis and osteoblastogenesis), it is still difficult to precisely explain the physiopathological mechanisms of skeletal disorders. However, in recent years, significant progress has been made in elucidating the mechanisms of these signaling pathways and genotype-phenotype correlations have helped to elucidate their role in skeletogenesis. Here, we review the principal signaling pathways involved in bone development and their associated skeletal dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Guasto
- Imagine Institute, Université de Paris, Clinical Genetics, INSERM UMR 1163, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, 75015 Paris, France;
| | - Valérie Cormier-Daire
- Imagine Institute, Université de Paris, Clinical Genetics, INSERM UMR 1163, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, 75015 Paris, France;
- Centre de Référence Pour Les Maladies Osseuses Constitutionnelles, Service de Génétique Clinique, AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, 75015 Paris, France
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17
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Raimann A, Ertl DA, Haeusler G. Bone and growth: basic principles behind rare disorders. Wien Med Wochenschr 2021; 171:86-93. [PMID: 33502636 DOI: 10.1007/s10354-020-00809-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The heterogeneity of "rare bone disorders" can be explained by the number of molecules and regulatory pathways which are responsible for bone health and normal stature. In this article, the most important basic principles behind bone homeostasis from development to structure and regulation of the growing skeleton are summarized. The aim is to provide the reader with some theoretical background to understand the nature of the different main groups of disorders affecting bone stability, longitudinal growth and disturbances of calcium and phosphate homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adalbert Raimann
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology and Endocrinology, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Vienna Bone and Growth Center, Vienna, Austria
| | - Diana-Alexandra Ertl
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology and Endocrinology, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Vienna Bone and Growth Center, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gabriele Haeusler
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology and Endocrinology, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. .,Vienna Bone and Growth Center, Vienna, Austria.
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18
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Feleke M, Bennett S, Chen J, Hu X, Williams D, Xu J. New physiological insights into the phenomena of deer antler: A unique model for skeletal tissue regeneration. J Orthop Translat 2020; 27:57-66. [PMID: 33437638 PMCID: PMC7773678 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2020.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Generally, mammals are unable to regenerate complex tissues and organs however the deer antler provides a rare anomaly to this rule. This osseous cranial appendage which is located on the frontal bone of male deer is capable of stem cell-based organogenesis, annual casting, and cyclic de novo regeneration. A series of recent studies have classified this form of regeneration as epimorphic stem cell based. Antler renewal is initiated by the activation of neural crest derived pedicle periosteal cells (PPCs) found residing within the pedicle periosteum (PP), these PPCs have the potential to differentiate into multiple lineages. Other antler stem cells (ASCs) are the reserve mesenchymal cells (RMCs) located in the antlers tip, which develop into cartilage tissue. Antlerogenic periosteal cells (APCs) found within the antlerogenic periosteum (AP) form the tissues of both the pedicle and first set of antlers. Antler stem cells (ASCs) further appear to progress through various stages of activation, this coordinated transition is considered imperative for stem cell-based mammalian regeneration. The latest developments have shown that the rapid elongation of the main beam and antler branches are a controlled form of tumour growth, regulated by the tumour suppressing genes TP73 and ADAMTS18. Both osteoclastogenesis, as well as osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation are also involved. While there remains much to uncover this review both summarises and comprehensively evaluates our existing knowledge of tissue regeneration in the deer antler. This will assist in achieving the goal of in vitro organ regeneration in humans by furthering the field of modern regenerative medicine. The Translational potential of this article As a unique stem cell-based organ regeneration process in mammals, the deer antler represents a prime model system for investigating mechanisms of regeneration in mammalian tissues. Novel ASCs could provide cell-based therapies for regenerative medicine and bone remodelling for clinical application. A greater understanding of this process and a more in-depth defining of ASCs will potentiate improved clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mesalie Feleke
- Division of Regenerative Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, Australia
| | - Samuel Bennett
- Division of Regenerative Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, Australia
| | - Jiazhi Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Industrial Surfactant, Guangdong Research Institute of Petrochemical and Fine Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510665, China.,Division of Regenerative Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, Australia
| | - Xiaoyong Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Industrial Surfactant, Guangdong Research Institute of Petrochemical and Fine Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510665, China
| | - Desmond Williams
- Division of Regenerative Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, Australia
| | - Jiake Xu
- Division of Regenerative Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, Australia
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19
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The Transcription Factor HAND1 Is Involved in Cortical Bone Mass through the Regulation of Collagen Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228638. [PMID: 33207791 PMCID: PMC7697595 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Temporal and/or spatial alteration of collagen family gene expression results in bone defects. However, how collagen expression controls bone size remains largely unknown. The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor HAND1 is expressed in developing long bones and is involved in their morphogenesis. To understand the functional role of HAND1 and collagen in the postnatal development of long bones, we overexpressed Hand1 in the osteochondroprogenitors of model mice and found that the bone volumes of cortical bones decreased in Hand1Tg/+;Twist2-Cre mice. Continuous Hand1 expression downregulated the gene expression of type I, V, and XI collagen in the diaphyses of long bones and was associated with decreased expression of Runx2 and Sp7/Osterix, encoding transcription factors involved in the transactivation of fibril-forming collagen genes. Members of the microRNA-196 family, which target the 3' untranslated regions of COL1A1 and COL1A2, were significantly upregulated in Hand1Tg/+;Twist2-Cre mice. Mass spectrometry revealed that the expression ratios of alpha 1(XI), alpha 2(XI), and alpha 2(V) in the diaphysis increased during postnatal development in wild-type mice, which was delayed in Hand1Tg/+;Twist2-Cre mice. Our results demonstrate that HAND1 regulates bone size and morphology through osteochondroprogenitors, at least partially by suppressing postnatal expression of collagen fibrils in the cortical bones.
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20
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Kartalias K, Gillies AP, Peña MT, Estrada A, Bulas DI, Ferreira CR, Tosi LL. Fourteen-year follow-up of a child with acroscyphodysplasia with emphasis on the need for multidisciplinary management: a case report. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2020; 21:189. [PMID: 32993552 PMCID: PMC7526353 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-020-01127-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Background Acroscyphodysplasia has been described as a phenotypic variant of acrodysostosis type 2 and pseudohypoparathyroidism. In acrodysostosis, skeletal features can include brachydactyly, facial hypoplasia, cone-shaped epiphyses, short stature, and advanced bone age. To date, reports on this disorder have focused on phenotypic findings, endocrine changes, and genetic variation. We present a 14-year overview of a patient, from birth to skeletal maturity, with acroscyphodysplasia, noting the significant orthopaedic challenges and the need for a multidisciplinary team, including specialists in genetics, orthopaedics, endocrinology, and otolaryngology, to optimize long-term outcomes. Case presentation The patient presented as a newborn with dysmorphic facial features, including severe midface hypoplasia, malar flattening, nasal stenosis, and feeding difficulties. Radiologic findings were initially subtle, and a skeletal survey performed at age 7 months was initially considered normal. Genetic evaluation revealed a variant in PDE4D and subsequent pseudohypoparathyroidism. The patient presented to the department of orthopaedics, at age 2 years 9 months with a leg length discrepancy, right knee contracture, and severely crouched gait. Radiographs demonstrated cone-shaped epiphyses of the right distal femur and proximal tibia, but no evidence of growth plate changes in the left leg. The child developed early posterior epiphyseal arrest on the right side and required multiple surgical interventions to achieve neutral extension. Her left distal femur developed late posterior physeal arrest and secondary contracture without evidence of schypho deformity, which improved with anterior screw epiphysiodesis. The child required numerous orthopaedic surgical interventions to achieve full knee extension bilaterally. At age 13 years 11 months, she was an independent ambulator with erect posture. The child underwent numerous otolaryngology procedures and will require significant ongoing care. She has moderate intellectual disability. Discussion and conclusions Key challenges in the management of this case included the subtle changes on initial skeletal survey and the marked asymmetry of her deformity. While cone-shaped epiphyses are a hallmark of acrodysostosis, posterior tethering/growth arrest of the posterior distal femur has not been previously reported. Correction of the secondary knee contracture was essential to improve ambulation. Children with acroscyphodysplasia require a multidisciplinary approach, including radiology, genetics, orthopaedics, otolaryngology, and endocrinology specialties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katina Kartalias
- The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Austin P Gillies
- Bone Health Program, Division of Orthopaedics & Sports Medicine, Children's National Hospital, 111 Michigan Ave. NW, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
| | - Maria T Peña
- Division of Otolaryngology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Andrea Estrada
- The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.,Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Dorothy I Bulas
- The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Radiology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Carlos R Ferreira
- Skeletal Genomics Unit, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Laura L Tosi
- The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA. .,Bone Health Program, Division of Orthopaedics & Sports Medicine, Children's National Hospital, 111 Michigan Ave. NW, Washington, DC, 20010, USA.
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21
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Ohba S. Hedgehog Signaling in Skeletal Development: Roles of Indian Hedgehog and the Mode of Its Action. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6665. [PMID: 32933018 PMCID: PMC7555016 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is highly conserved among species and plays indispensable roles in various developmental processes. There are three Hh members in mammals; one of them, Indian hedgehog (Ihh), is expressed in prehypertrophic and hypertrophic chondrocytes during endochondral ossification. Based on mouse genetic studies, three major functions of Ihh have been proposed: (1) Regulation of chondrocyte differentiation via a negative feedback loop formed together with parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), (2) promotion of chondrocyte proliferation, and (3) specification of bone-forming osteoblasts. Gli transcription factors mediate the major aspect of Hh signaling in this context. Gli3 has dominant roles in the growth plate chondrocytes, whereas Gli1, Gli2, and Gli3 collectively mediate biological functions of Hh signaling in osteoblast specification. Recent studies have also highlighted postnatal roles of the signaling in maintenance and repair of skeletal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Ohba
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
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22
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Heubel BP, Bredesen CA, Schilling TF, Le Pabic P. Endochondral growth zone pattern and activity in the zebrafish pharyngeal skeleton. Dev Dyn 2020; 250:74-87. [PMID: 32852849 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endochondral ossification is a major bone forming mechanism in vertebrates, defects in which can result in skeletal dysplasia or craniofacial anomalies in humans. The zebrafish holds great potential to advance our understanding of endochondral growth zone development and genetics, yet several important aspects of its biology remain unexplored. Here we provide a comprehensive description of endochondral growth zones in the pharyngeal skeleton, including their developmental progression, cellular activity, and adult fates. RESULTS Postembryonic growth of the pharyngeal skeleton is supported by endochondral growth zones located either at skeletal epiphyses or synchondroses. Col2a1a and col10a1a in situ hybridization and anti-PCNA immunostaining identify resting-, hypertrophic- and proliferative zones, respectively, in pharyngeal synchondroses. Cellular hypertrophy and matrix deposition contribute little, if at all, to axial growth in most skeletal elements. Zebrafish endochondral growth zones develop during metamorphosis and arrest in adults. CONCLUSIONS Two endochondral growth zone configurations in the zebrafish pharyngeal skeleton produce either unidirectional (epiphyses) or bidirectional (synchondroses) growth. Cell proliferation drives endochondral growth and its modulation, in contrast to mammalian long bones in which bone length depends more on cell enlargement during hypertrophy and intramembranous ossification is the default mechanism of bone growth in zebrafish adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Heubel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Carson A Bredesen
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina, USA
| | - Thomas F Schilling
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Pierre Le Pabic
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina, USA
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23
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Hojo H, Ohba S. Gene regulatory landscape in osteoblast differentiation. Bone 2020; 137:115458. [PMID: 32474244 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The development of osteoblasts, a bone-forming cell population, occurs in conjunction with development of the skeleton, which creates our physical framework and shapes the body. In the past two decades, genetic studies have uncovered the molecular framework of this process-namely, transcriptional regulators and signaling pathways coordinate the cell fate determination and differentiation of osteoblasts in a spatial and temporal manner. Recently emerging genome-wide studies provide additional layers of understanding of the gene regulatory landscape during osteoblast differentiation, allowing us to gain novel insight into the modes of action of the key regulators, functional interaction among the regulator-bound enhancers, epigenetic regulations, and the complex nature of regulatory inputs. In this review, we summarize current understanding of the transcriptional regulation in osteoblasts, in terms of the gene regulatory landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Hojo
- Department of Clinical Biotechnology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Ohba
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan.
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Hong AR, Kim K, Lee JY, Yang JY, Kim JH, Shin CS, Kim SW. Transformation of Mature Osteoblasts into Bone Lining Cells and RNA Sequencing-Based Transcriptome Profiling of Mouse Bone during Mechanical Unloading. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2020; 35:456-469. [PMID: 32615730 PMCID: PMC7386115 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2020.35.2.456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated RNA sequencing-based transcriptome profiling and the transformation of mature osteoblasts into bone lining cells (BLCs) through a lineage tracing study to better understand the effect of mechanical unloading on bone loss. METHODS Dmp1-CreERt2(+):Rosa26R mice were injected with 1 mg of 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen three times a week starting at postnatal week 7, and subjected to a combination of botulinum toxin injection with left hindlimb tenotomy starting at postnatal week 8 to 10. The animals were euthanized at postnatal weeks 8, 9, 10, and 12. We quantified the number and thickness of X-gal(+) cells on the periosteum of the right and left femoral bones at each time point. RESULTS Two weeks after unloading, a significant decrease in the number and a subtle change in the thickness of X-gal(+) cells were observed in the left hindlimbs compared with the right hindlimbs. At 4 weeks after unloading, the decrease in the thickness was accelerated in the left hindlimbs, although the number of labeled cells was comparable. RNA sequencing analysis showed downregulation of 315 genes in the left hindlimbs at 2 and 4 weeks after unloading. Of these, Xirp2, AMPD1, Mettl11b, NEXN, CYP2E1, Bche, Ppp1r3c, Tceal7, and Gadl1 were upregulated during osteoblastogenic/osteocytic and myogenic differentiation in vitro. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that mechanical unloading can accelerate the transformation of mature osteoblasts into BLCs in the early stages of bone loss in vivo. Furthermore, some of the genes involved in this process may have a pleiotropic effect on both bone and muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ram Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju,
Korea
| | - Kwangsoo Kim
- Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Jae-Yeon Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Jung Hee Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Chan Soo Shin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Sang Wan Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
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25
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Jing Y, Wang Z, Li H, Ma C, Feng J. Chondrogenesis Defines Future Skeletal Patterns Via Cell Transdifferentiation from Chondrocytes to Bone Cells. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2020; 18:199-209. [PMID: 32219639 PMCID: PMC7717675 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-020-00586-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The goal of this review is to obtain a better understanding of how chondrogenesis defines skeletal development via cell transdifferentiation from chondrocytes to bone cells. RECENT FINDINGS A breakthrough in cell lineage tracing allows bone biologists to trace the cell fate and demonstrate that hypertrophic chondrocytes can directly transdifferentiate into bone cells during endochondral bone formation. However, there is a knowledge gap for the biological significance of this lineage extension and the mechanisms controlling this process. This review first introduces the history of the debate on the cell fate of chondrocytes in endochondral bone formation; then summarizes key findings obtained in recent years, which strongly support a new theory: the direct cell transdifferentiation from chondrocytes to bone cells precisely connects chondrogenesis (for providing a template of the future skeleton, classified as phase I) and osteogenesis (for finishing skeletal construction, or phase II) in a continuous lineage-linked process of endochondral bone formation and limb elongation; and finally outlines nutrition factors and molecules that regulate the cell transdifferentiation process during the relay from chondrogenesis to osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jing
- Department of Orthodontics, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, 3302 Gaston ave, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA.
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Traumatic and Plastic Surgery, , West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Chi Ma
- Department of Research, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jian Feng
- Department of Orthodontics, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, 3302 Gaston ave, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA.
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26
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Growth Plate Chondrocytes: Skeletal Development, Growth and Beyond. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20236009. [PMID: 31795305 PMCID: PMC6929081 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20236009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth plate chondrocytes play central roles in the proper development and growth of endochondral bones. Particularly, a population of chondrocytes in the resting zone expressing parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) is now recognized as skeletal stem cells, defined by their ability to undergo self-renewal and clonally give rise to columnar chondrocytes in the postnatal growth plate. These chondrocytes also possess the ability to differentiate into a multitude of cell types including osteoblasts and bone marrow stromal cells during skeletal development. Using single-cell transcriptomic approaches and in vivo lineage tracing technology, it is now possible to further elucidate their molecular properties and cellular fate changes. By discovering the fundamental molecular characteristics of these cells, it may be possible to harness their functional characteristics for skeletal growth and regeneration. Here, we discuss our current understanding of the molecular signatures defining growth plate chondrocytes.
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Sahbani K, Cardozo CP, Bauman WA, Tawfeek HA. Abaloparatide exhibits greater osteoanabolic response and higher cAMP stimulation and β-arrestin recruitment than teriparatide. Physiol Rep 2019; 7:e14225. [PMID: 31565870 PMCID: PMC6766518 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Teriparatide and abaloparatide are parathyroid hormone receptor 1 (PTHR1) analogs with unexplained differential efficacy for the treatment of osteoporosis. Therefore, we compared the effects of abaloparatide and teriparatide on bone structure, turnover, and levels of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG). Wild-type (WT) female mice were injected daily with vehicle or 20-80 µg/kg/day of teriparatide or abaloparatide for 30 days. Femurs and spines were examined by microcomputed tomography scanning and serum levels of bone turnover markers, RANKL, and OPG, were measured by ELISA. Both analogs similarly increased the distal femoral fractional trabecular bone volume, connectivity, and number, and reduced the structure model index (SMI) at 20-80 µg/kg/day doses. However, only abaloparatide exhibited a significant increase (13%) in trabecular thickness at 20 µg/kg/day dose. Femoral cortical evaluation showed that abaloparatide caused a greater dose-dependent increase in cortical thickness than teriparatide. Both teriparatide and abaloparatide increased lumbar 5 vertebral trabecular connectivity but had no or modest effect on other indices. Biochemical analysis demonstrated that abaloparatide promoted greater elevation of procollagen type 1 intact N-terminal propeptide, a bone formation marker, and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b levels, a bone resorption marker, and lowered the RANKL/OPG ratio. Furthermore, PTHR1 signaling was compared in cells treated with 0-100 nmol/L analog. Interestingly, abaloparatide had a markedly lower EC50 for cAMP formation (2.3-fold) and β-arrestin recruitment (1.6-fold) than teriparatide. Therefore, abaloparatide-improved efficacy can be attributed to enhanced bone formation and cortical structure, reduced RANKL/OPG ratio, and amplified Gs-cAMP and β-arrestin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Sahbani
- National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord InjuryJames J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical CenterBronxNew York
| | - Christopher P. Cardozo
- National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord InjuryJames J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical CenterBronxNew York
- Department of MedicineThe Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew York
- Department of Rehabilitation MedicineThe Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew York
- Department of Pharmacologic ScienceThe Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew York
| | - William A. Bauman
- National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord InjuryJames J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical CenterBronxNew York
- Department of MedicineThe Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew York
| | - Hesham A. Tawfeek
- National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord InjuryJames J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical CenterBronxNew York
- Department of MedicineThe Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew York
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Proper cartilage development is critical to bone formation during endochondral ossification. This review highlights the current understanding of various aspects of glucose metabolism in chondrocytes during cartilage development. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies indicate that chondrocytes transdifferentiate into osteoblasts and bone marrow stromal cells during endochondral ossification. In cartilage development, signaling molecules, including IGF2 and BMP2, tightly control glucose uptake and utilization in a stage-specific manner. Perturbation of glucose metabolism alters the course of chondrocyte maturation, suggesting a key role for glucose metabolism during endochondral ossification. During prenatal and postnatal growth, chondrocytes experience bursts of nutrient availability and energy expenditure, which demand sophisticated control of the glucose-dependent processes of cartilage matrix production, cell proliferation, and hypertrophy. Investigating the regulation of glucose metabolism may therefore lead to a unifying mechanism for signaling events in cartilage development and provide insight into causes of skeletal growth abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith M Hollander
- Program in Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Li Zeng
- Program in Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
- Program of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
- Program of Immunology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
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Fu S, Kuwahara M, Uchida Y, Koudo S, Hayashi D, Shimomura Y, Takagaki A, Nishida T, Maruyama Y, Ikegame M, Hattori A, Kubota S, Hattori T. Circadian production of melatonin in cartilage modifies rhythmic gene expression. J Endocrinol 2019; 241:JOE-19-0022.R2. [PMID: 30889551 DOI: 10.1530/joe-19-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Endochondral ossification, including bone growth and other metabolic events, is regulated by circadian rhythms. Herein, we provide evidence that melatonin has a direct effect on the circadian rhythm of chondrocytes. We detected mRNA expression of the genes which encode the melatonin-synthesizing enzymes AANAT (arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase) and HIOMT (hydroxyindole O-methyltransferase), as well as the melatonin receptors MT1 and MT2 in mouse primary chondrocytes and cartilage. Production of melatonin was confirmed by mass spectrometric analysis of primary rat and chick chondrocytes. Addition of melatonin to primary mouse chondrocytes caused enhanced cell growth and increased expression of Col2a1, Aggrecan, and Sox9, but inhibited Col10a1 expression in primary BALB/c mouse chondrocytes. Addition of luzindole, an MT1 and MT2 antagonist, abolished these effects. These data indicate that chondrocytes produce melatonin, which regulates cartilage growth and maturation via the MT1 and MT2 receptors. Kinetic analysis showed that melatonin caused rapid upregulation of Aanat, Mt1, Mt2, and Pthrp expression, followed by Sox9 and Ihh. Furthermore, expression of the clock gene Bmal1 was induced, while that of Per1 was downregulated. Chronobiological analysis of synchronized C3H mouse chondrocytes revealed that melatonin induced the cyclic expression of Aanat and modified the cyclic rhythm of Bmal1, Mt1, and Mt2. In contrast, Mt1 and Mt2 showed different rhythms from Bmal1 and Aanat, indicating the existence of different regulatory genes. Our results indicate that exogenous and endogenous melatonin work in synergy in chondrocytes to adjust rhythmic expression to the central suprachiasmatic nucleus clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanqi Fu
- S Fu, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Miho Kuwahara
- M Kuwahara, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoko Uchida
- Y Uchida, Department of Preventive Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Sei Koudo
- S Koudo, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Daichi Hayashi
- D Hayashi, Dental School, Okayama University , Okayama, Japan
| | - Yuji Shimomura
- Y Shimomura, Dental School, Okayama University , Okayama, Japan
| | - Asami Takagaki
- A Takagaki, Dental School, Okayama University , Okayama, Japan
| | - Takashi Nishida
- T Nishida, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yusuke Maruyama
- Y Maruyama, Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Mika Ikegame
- M Ikegame, Department of Oral Morphology, Okayama University, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kita-ku, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Hattori
- A Hattori, Department of Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Ichikawa, 272-0827, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kubota
- S Kubota, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takako Hattori
- T Hattori, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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30
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Xu R, Khan SK, Zhou T, Gao B, Zhou Y, Zhou X, Yang Y. Gα s signaling controls intramembranous ossification during cranial bone development by regulating both Hedgehog and Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Bone Res 2018; 6:33. [PMID: 30479847 PMCID: PMC6242855 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-018-0034-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
How osteoblast cells are induced is a central question for understanding skeletal formation. Abnormal osteoblast differentiation leads to a broad range of devastating craniofacial diseases. Here we have investigated intramembranous ossification during cranial bone development in mouse models of skeletal genetic diseases that exhibit craniofacial bone defects. The GNAS gene encodes Gαs that transduces GPCR signaling. GNAS activation or loss-of-function mutations in humans cause fibrous dysplasia (FD) or progressive osseous heteroplasia (POH) that shows craniofacial hyperostosis or craniosynostosis, respectively. We find here that, while Hh ligand-dependent Hh signaling is essential for endochondral ossification, it is dispensable for intramembranous ossification, where Gαs regulates Hh signaling in a ligand-independent manner. We further show that Gαs controls intramembranous ossification by regulating both Hh and Wnt/β-catenin signaling. In addition, Gαs activation in the developing cranial bone leads to reduced ossification but increased cartilage presence due to reduced cartilage dissolution, not cell fate switch. Small molecule inhibitors of Hh and Wnt signaling can effectively ameliorate cranial bone phenotypes in mice caused by loss or gain of Gnas function mutations, respectively. Our work shows that studies of genetic diseases provide invaluable insights in both pathological bone defects and normal bone development, understanding both leads to better diagnosis and therapeutic treatment of bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoshi Xu
- 1Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA USA.,2State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sanjoy Kumar Khan
- 1Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA USA
| | - Taifeng Zhou
- 1Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA USA.,3Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Gao
- 1Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA USA.,4Department of Spine Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaxing Zhou
- 1Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA USA
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- 2State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yingzi Yang
- 1Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA USA
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31
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Kim H, Choi YJ, Lee YS, Park SY, Baek JE, Kim HK, Kim BJ, Lee SH, Koh JM. SLIT3 regulates endochondral ossification by β-catenin suppression in chondrocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 506:847-853. [PMID: 30389141 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.10.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we noted that SLIT3, slit guidance ligand 3, had an osteoprotective role with bone formation stimulation and bone resorption suppression. Additionally, we found that global Slit3 KO mice had smaller long bone. Skeletal staining showed short mineralized length in the newborn KO mice and wide hypertrophic chondrocyte area in the embryo KO mice, suggesting delayed chondrocyte maturation. The recombinant SLIT3 did not cause any change in proliferation of ATDC5 cells, but stimulated expressions of chondrocyte differentiation markers, such as COL2A1, SOX9, COL10A1, VEGF, and MMP13 in the cells. SLIT3 suppressed β-catenin activity in the cells, and activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling by lithium chloride attenuated the SLIT3-stimulated differentiation markers. ATDC5 cells expressed only ROBO2 among their 4 isotypes, and the Robo2 knock-down with its siRNA reversed the SLIT3-stimulated differentiated markers in chondrocytes. Taken together, these indicate that SLIT3/ROBO2 promotes chondrocyte maturation via the inhibition of β-catenin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanjun Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul, 138-736, South Korea
| | - Young-Jin Choi
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul, 138-736, South Korea
| | - Young-Sun Lee
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul, 138-736, South Korea
| | - Suk Young Park
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul, 138-736, South Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Baek
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul, 138-736, South Korea
| | - Ho-Kyoung Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul, 138-736, South Korea
| | - Beom-Jun Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 138-736, South Korea
| | - Seung Hun Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 138-736, South Korea
| | - Jung-Min Koh
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 138-736, South Korea.
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32
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Hyperstimulation of CaSR in human MSCs by biomimetic apatite inhibits endochondral ossification via temporal down-regulation of PTH1R. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E6135-E6144. [PMID: 29915064 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1805159115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In adult bone injuries, periosteum-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) form bone via endochondral ossification (EO), whereas those from bone marrow (BM)/endosteum form bone primarily through intramembranous ossification (IMO). We hypothesized that this phenomenon is influenced by the proximity of MSCs residing in the BM to the trabecular bone microenvironment. Herein, we investigated the impact of the bone mineral phase on human BM-derived MSCs' choice of ossification pathway, using a biomimetic bone-like hydroxyapatite (BBHAp) interface. BBHAp induced hyperstimulation of extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) and temporal down-regulation of parathyroid hormone 1 receptor (PTH1R), leading to inhibition of chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs even in the presence of chondroinductive factors, such as transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). Interestingly rescuing PTH1R expression using human PTH fragment (1-34) partially restored chondrogenesis in the BBHAp environment. In vivo studies in an ectopic site revealed that the BBHAp interface inhibits EO and strictly promotes IMO. Furthermore, CaSR knockdown (CaSR KD) disrupted the bone-forming potential of MSCs irrespective of the absence or presence of the BBHAp interface. Our findings confirm the expression of CaSR in human BM-derived MSCs and unravel a prominent role for the interplay between CaSR and PTH1R in regulating MSC fate and the choice of pathway for bone formation.
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33
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Yukata K, Xie C, Li TF, Brown ML, Kanchiku T, Zhang X, Awad HA, Schwarz EM, Beck CA, Jonason JH, O'Keefe RJ. Teriparatide (human PTH 1-34) compensates for impaired fracture healing in COX-2 deficient mice. Bone 2018; 110:150-159. [PMID: 29408411 PMCID: PMC5878736 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Genetic ablation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in mice is known to impair fracture healing. To determine if teriparatide (human PTH1-34) can promote healing of Cox-2-deficient fractures, we performed detailed in vivo analyses using a murine stabilized tibia fracture model. Periosteal progenitor cell proliferation as well as bony callus formation was markedly reduced in Cox-2-/- mice at day 10 post-fracture. Remarkably, intermittent PTH1-34 administration increased proliferation of periosteal progenitor cells, restored callus formation on day 7, and enhanced bone formation on days 10, 14 and 21 in Cox-2-deficient mice. PTH1-34 also increased biomechanical torsional properties at days 10 or 14 in all genotypes, consistent with enhanced bony callus formation by radiologic examinations. To determine the effects of intermittent PTH1-34 for callus remodeling, TRAP staining was performed. Intermittent PTH1-34 treatment increased the number of TRAP positive cells per total callus area on day 21 in Cox-2-/- fractures. Taken together, the present findings indicate that intermittent PTH1-34 treatment could compensate for COX-2 deficiency and improve impaired fracture healing in Cox-2-deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiminori Yukata
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Chao Xie
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Tian-Fang Li
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Matthew L Brown
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Tsukasa Kanchiku
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Xinping Zhang
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Hani A Awad
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Edward M Schwarz
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Christopher A Beck
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer H Jonason
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Regis J O'Keefe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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34
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Induced GnasR201H expression from the endogenous Gnas locus causes fibrous dysplasia by up-regulating Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 115:E418-E427. [PMID: 29158412 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1714313114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrous dysplasia (FD; Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man no. 174800) is a crippling skeletal disease caused by activating mutations of the GNAS gene, which encodes the stimulatory G protein Gαs FD can lead to severe adverse conditions such as bone deformity, fracture, and severe pain, leading to functional impairment and wheelchair confinement. So far there is no cure, as the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms remain largely unknown and the lack of appropriate animal models has severely hampered FD research. Here we have investigated the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying FD and tested its potential treatment by establishing a mouse model in which the human FD mutation (R201H) has been conditionally knocked into the corresponding mouse Gnas locus. We found that the germ-line FD mutant was embryonic lethal, and Cre-induced Gnas FD mutant expression in early osteochondral progenitors, osteoblast cells, or bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) recapitulated FD features. In addition, mosaic expression of FD mutant Gαs in BMSCs induced bone marrow fibrosis both cell autonomously and non-cell autonomously. Furthermore, Wnt/β-catenin signaling was up-regulated in FD mutant mouse bone and BMSCs undergoing osteogenic differentiation, as we have found in FD human tissue previously. Reduction of Wnt/β-catenin signaling by removing one Lrp6 copy in an FD mutant line significantly rescued the phenotypes. We demonstrate that induced expression of the FD Gαs mutant from the mouse endogenous Gnas locus exhibits human FD phenotypes in vivo, and that inhibitors of Wnt/β-catenin signaling may be repurposed for treating FD and other bone diseases caused by Gαs activation.
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35
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Kamalakar A, Washam CL, Akel NS, Allen BJ, Williams DK, Swain FL, Leitzel K, Lipton A, Gaddy D, Suva LJ. PTHrP(12-48) Modulates the Bone Marrow Microenvironment and Suppresses Human Osteoclast Differentiation and Lifespan. J Bone Miner Res 2017; 32:1421-1431. [PMID: 28370412 PMCID: PMC5518789 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Bone is a common site for metastasis in breast cancer patients and is associated with a series of complications that significantly compromise patient survival, partially due to the advanced stage of disease at the time of detection. Currently, no clinically-approved biomarkers can identify or predict the development of bone metastasis. We recently identified a unique peptide fragment of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), PTHrP(12-48), as a validated serum biomarker in breast cancer patients that correlates with and predicts the presence of bone metastases. In this study, the biological activity and mode of action of PTHrP(12-48) was investigated. Sequence-based and structure-based bioinformatics techniques predicted that the PTHrP(12-48) fragment formed an alpha helical core followed by an unstructured region after residue 40 or 42. Thereafter, detailed structure alignment and molecular docking simulations predicted a lack of interaction between PTHrP(12-48) and the cognate PTH1 receptor (PTHR1). The in silico prediction was confirmed by the lack of PTHrP(12-48)-stimulated cAMP accumulation in PTHR1-expressing human SaOS2 cells. Using a specific human PTHrP(12-48) antibody that we developed, PTHrP(12-48) was immunolocalized in primary and bone metastatic human breast cancer cells, as well as within human osteoclasts (OCLs) in bone metastasis biopsies, with little or no localization in other resident bone or bone marrow cells. In vitro, PTHrP(12-48) was internalized into cultured primary human OCLs and their precursors within 60 min. Interestingly, PTHrP(12-48) treatment dose-dependently suppressed osteoclastogenesis, via the induction of apoptosis in both OCL precursors as well as in mature OCLs, as measured by the activation of cleaved caspase 3. Collectively, these data suggest that PTHrP(12-48) is a bioactive breast cancer-derived peptide that locally regulates the differentiation of hematopoietic cells and the activity of osteoclasts within the tumor-bone marrow microenvironment, perhaps to facilitate tumor control of bone. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Kamalakar
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Orthopaedic Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Charity L Washam
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Orthopaedic Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Nisreen S Akel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Orthopaedic Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Bethany J Allen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Orthopaedic Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Diarra K Williams
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Orthopaedic Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock, AR, USA.,Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Frances L Swain
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Orthopaedic Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Kim Leitzel
- Department of Medicine, Penn State University, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Allan Lipton
- Department of Medicine, Penn State University, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Dana Gaddy
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Orthopaedic Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock, AR, USA.,Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Larry J Suva
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Orthopaedic Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock, AR, USA.,Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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Kim SW, Lu Y, Williams EA, Lai F, Lee JY, Enishi T, Balani DH, Ominsky MS, Ke HZ, Kronenberg HM, Wein MN. Sclerostin Antibody Administration Converts Bone Lining Cells Into Active Osteoblasts. J Bone Miner Res 2017; 32:892-901. [PMID: 27862326 PMCID: PMC5413385 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Sclerostin antibody (Scl-Ab) increases osteoblast activity, in part through increasing modeling-based bone formation on previously quiescent surfaces. Histomorphometric studies have suggested that this might occur through conversion of bone lining cells into active osteoblasts. However, direct data demonstrating Scl-Ab-induced conversion of lining cells into active osteoblasts are lacking. Here, we used in vivo lineage tracing to determine if Scl-Ab promotes the conversion of lining cells into osteoblasts on periosteal and endocortical bone surfaces in mice. Two independent, tamoxifen-inducible lineage-tracing strategies were used to label mature osteoblasts and their progeny using the DMP1 and osteocalcin promoters. After a prolonged "chase" period, the majority of labeled cells on bone surfaces assumed a thin, quiescent morphology. Then, mice were treated with either vehicle or Scl-Ab (25 mg/kg) twice over the course of the subsequent week. After euthanization, marked cells were enumerated, their thickness quantified, and proliferation and apoptosis examined. Scl-Ab led to a significant increase in the average thickness of labeled cells on periosteal and endocortical bone surfaces, consistent with osteoblast activation. Scl-Ab did not induce proliferation of labeled cells, and Scl-Ab did not regulate apoptosis of labeled cells. Therefore, direct reactivation of quiescent bone lining cells contributes to the acute increase in osteoblast numbers after Scl-Ab treatment in mice. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Wan Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yanhui Lu
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Williams
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Forest Lai
- Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ji Yeon Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tetsuya Enishi
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Deepak H Balani
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael S Ominsky
- Department of Metabolic Disorders, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Hua Zhu Ke
- Department of Metabolic Disorders, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Henry M Kronenberg
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marc N Wein
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Rothrauff BB, Pauyo T, Debski RE, Rodosky MW, Tuan RS, Musahl V. The Rotator Cuff Organ: Integrating Developmental Biology, Tissue Engineering, and Surgical Considerations to Treat Chronic Massive Rotator Cuff Tears. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2017; 23:318-335. [PMID: 28084902 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2016.0446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The torn rotator cuff remains a persistent orthopedic challenge, with poor outcomes disproportionately associated with chronic, massive tears. Degenerative changes in the tissues that comprise the rotator cuff organ, including muscle, tendon, and bone, contribute to the poor healing capacity of chronic tears, resulting in poor function and an increased risk for repair failure. Tissue engineering strategies to augment rotator cuff repair have been developed in an effort to improve rotator cuff healing and have focused on three principal aims: (1) immediate mechanical augmentation of the surgical repair, (2) restoration of muscle quality and contractility, and (3) regeneration of native enthesis structure. Work in these areas will be reviewed in sequence, highlighting the relevant pathophysiology, developmental biology, and biomechanics, which must be considered when designing therapeutic applications. While the independent use of these strategies has shown promise, synergistic benefits may emerge from their combined application given the interdependence of the tissues that constitute the rotator cuff organ. Furthermore, controlled mobilization of augmented rotator cuff repairs during postoperative rehabilitation may provide mechanotransductive cues capable of guiding tissue regeneration and restoration of rotator cuff function. Present challenges and future possibilities will be identified, which if realized, may provide solutions to the vexing condition of chronic massive rotator cuff tears.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin B Rothrauff
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,2 McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Thierry Pauyo
- 3 Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Richard E Debski
- 2 McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mark W Rodosky
- 3 Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Rocky S Tuan
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,2 McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Volker Musahl
- 2 McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,3 Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,4 Orthopaedic Robotics Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Armakolas N, Armakolas A, Antonopoulos A, Dimakakos A, Stathaki M, Koutsilieris M. The role of the IGF-1 Ec in myoskeletal system and osteosarcoma pathophysiology. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2016; 108:137-145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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An Emerging Regulatory Landscape for Skeletal Development. Trends Genet 2016; 32:774-787. [PMID: 27814929 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal development creates the physical framework that shapes our body and its actions. In the past two decades, genetic studies have provided important insights into the molecular processes at play, including the roles of signaling pathways and transcriptional effectors that coordinate an orderly, progressive emergence and expansion of distinct cartilage and bone cell fates in an invariant temporal and spatial pattern for any given skeletal element within that specific vertebrate species. Genome-scale studies have provided additional layers of understanding, moving from individual genes to the gene regulatory landscape, integrating regulatory information through cis-regulatory modules into cell type-specific gene regulatory programs. This review discusses our current understanding of the transcriptional control of mammalian skeletal development, focusing on recent genome-scale studies.
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Jang MG, Lee JY, Yang JY, Park H, Kim JH, Kim JE, Shin CS, Kim SY, Kim SW. Intermittent PTH treatment can delay the transformation of mature osteoblasts into lining cells on the periosteal surfaces. J Bone Miner Metab 2016; 34:532-9. [PMID: 26303221 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-015-0707-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mature osteoblasts have three fates: as osteocytes, quiescent lining cells, or osteoblasts that undergo apoptosis. However, whether intermittent parathyroid hormone (PTH) can modulate the fate of mature osteoblasts in vivo is uncertain. We performed a lineage-tracing study using an inducible gene system. Dmp1-CreERt2 mice were crossed with Rosa26R reporter mice to obtain targeted mature osteoblasts and their descendants, lining cells or osteocytes, which were detected using X-gal staining. Rosa26R:Dmp1-CreERt2(+) mice were injected with 0.25 mg 4-OH-tamoxifen (4-OHTam) on postnatal days 5, 7, 9, 16, and 23. In a previous study, at 22 days after the last 4-OHTam, most LacZ+ cells on the periosteal surface were inactive lining cells. On day 25 (D25), the mice were challenged with an injection of human PTH (1-34, 80 μg/kg) or vehicle daily for 10 (D36) or 20 days (D46). We evaluated the number and thickness of LacZ+ osteoblast descendants in the calvaria and tibia. In the vehicle group, the number and thickness of LacZ+ osteoblast descendants at both D36 and D46 significantly decreased compared to D25, which was attenuated in the PTH group. In line with these results, PTH inhibited the decrease in the number of LacZ+/osteocalcin-positive cells compared to vehicle at both D36 and D46. As well, the serum levels of sclerostin decreased, as did the protein expression of sclerostin in the cortical bone. These results suggest that intermittent PTH treatment can increase the number of periosteal osteoblasts by preventing mature osteoblasts from transforming into lining cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Gyeong Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, 103 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, 103 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Yeon Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, 103 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyojung Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, 103 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hee Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Eun Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Soo Shin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Yeon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Wan Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 110-799, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University, 20 Boramae-Ro 5-Gil, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 156-707, Republic of Korea.
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Martin TJ. Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein, Its Regulation of Cartilage and Bone Development, and Role in Treating Bone Diseases. Physiol Rev 2016; 96:831-71. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00031.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) was discovered as a cancer-derived hormone, it has been revealed as an important paracrine/autocrine regulator in many tissues, where its effects are context dependent. Thus its location and action in the vasculature explained decades-long observations that injection of PTH into animals rapidly lowered blood pressure by producing vasodilatation. Its roles have been specified in development and maturity in cartilage and bone as a crucial regulator of endochondral bone formation and bone remodeling, respectively. Although it shares actions with parathyroid hormone (PTH) through the use of their common receptor, PTHR1, PTHrP has other actions mediated by regions within the molecule beyond the amino-terminal sequence that resembles PTH, including the ability to promote placental transfer of calcium from mother to fetus. A striking feature of the physiology of PTHrP is that it possesses structural features that equip it to be transported in and out of the nucleus, and makes use of a specific nuclear import mechanism to do so. Evidence from mouse genetic experiments shows that PTHrP generated locally in bone is essential for normal bone remodeling. Whereas the main physiological function of PTH is the hormonal regulation of calcium metabolism, locally generated PTHrP is the important physiological mediator of bone remodeling postnatally. Thus the use of intermittent injection of PTH as an anabolic therapy for bone appears to be a pharmacological application of the physiological function of PTHrP. There is much current interest in the possibility of developing PTHrP analogs that might enhance the therapeutic anabolic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. John Martin
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
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Kato A, Suzuki M, Karasawa Y, Sugimoto T, Doi K. Histopathological Study of Time Course Changes in PTHrP-Induced Incisor Lesions of Rats. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 33:230-8. [PMID: 15902966 DOI: 10.1080/01926230590906530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone related peptide (PTHrP) was discovered as a causative factor of humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy (HHM). In the present study using HHM model rats, the time course of odontoblastic response to PTHrP and its relation to incisal fracture were elicited. Nude rats were implanted with PTHrP-expressing tumor (LC-6) cells, mandibular incisors were collected at several time points. Microscopically 3 distinctive types of odontoblastic/dentin lesions were observed. Hypercalcfied dentin, which was reported as hypercalcemia-induced lesion in previous reports, observed in all areas of the dentin from week 5–10 samplings. Dentin niche, observed solely in week-10 sampling point, exhibited a nature identical to that of reparative odontoblast reported in the literatures of various cytotoxic agents. Since cytotoxicites were neither observed prior to the lesions nor reported as a role of PTHrP, the reparative response may have derived from highly sustained levels of PTHrP. Loss of columnar odontoblasts height was initially observed at week-5 time point in the middle section of the incisor. This primary loss of cell height prior to incisor fracture was considered to be the earliest response to the increased PTHrP levels of this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuhiko Kato
- Toxicology Laboratory, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba-shi, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan.
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Hedgehog Signaling in Endochondral Ossification. J Dev Biol 2016; 4:jdb4020020. [PMID: 29615586 PMCID: PMC5831785 DOI: 10.3390/jdb4020020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling plays crucial roles in the patterning and morphogenesis of various organs within the bodies of vertebrates and insects. Endochondral ossification is one of the notable developmental events in which Hh signaling acts as a master regulator. Among three Hh proteins in mammals, Indian hedgehog (Ihh) is known to work as a major Hh input that induces biological impact of Hh signaling on the endochondral ossification. Ihh is expressed in prehypertrophic and hypertrophic chondrocytes of developing endochondral bones. Genetic studies so far have demonstrated that the Ihh-mediated activation of Hh signaling synchronizes chondrogenesis and osteogenesis during endochondral ossification by regulating the following processes: (1) chondrocyte differentiation; (2) chondrocyte proliferation; and (3) specification of bone-forming osteoblasts. Ihh not only forms a negative feedback loop with parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) to maintain the growth plate length, but also directly promotes chondrocyte propagation. Ihh input is required for the specification of progenitors into osteoblast precursors. The combinatorial approaches of genome-wide analyses and mouse genetics will facilitate understanding of the regulatory mechanisms underlying the roles of Hh signaling in endochondral ossification, providing genome-level evidence of the potential of Hh signaling for the treatment of skeletal disorders.
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Klingelhöffer C, Reck A, Ettl T, Morsczeck C. The parathyroid hormone-related protein is secreted during the osteogenic differentiation of human dental follicle cells and inhibits the alkaline phosphatase activity and the expression of DLX3. Tissue Cell 2016; 48:334-9. [PMID: 27368119 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The dental follicle is involved in tooth eruption and it expresses a great amount of the parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP). PTHrP as an extracellular protein is required for a multitude of different regulations of enchondral bone development and differentiation of bone precursor cells and of the development of craniofacial tissues. The dental follicle contains also precursor cells (DFCs) of the periodontium. Isolated DFCs differentiate into periodontal ligament cells, alveolar osteoblast and cementoblasts. However, the role of PTHrP during the human periodontal development remains elusive. Our study evaluated the influence of PTHrP on the osteogenic differentiation of DFCs under in vitro conditions for the first time. The PTHrP protein was highly secreted after 4days of the induction of the osteogenic differentiation of DFCs with dexamethasone (2160.5pg/ml±345.7SD. in osteogenic differentiation medium vs. 315.7pg/ml±156.2SD. in standard cell culture medium; Student's t Test: p<0.05 (n=3)). We showed that the supplementation of the osteogenic differentiation medium with PTHrP inhibited the alkaline phosphatase activity and the expression of the transcription factor DLX3, but the depletion of PTHrP did not support the differentiation of DFCs. Previous studies have shown that Indian Hedgehog (IHH) induces PTHrP and that PTHrP, in turn, inhibits IHH via a negative feedback loop. We showed that SUFU (Suppressor Of Fused Homolog) was not regulated during the osteogenic differentiation in DFCs. So, neither the hedgehog signaling pathway induced PTHrP nor PTHrP suppressed the hedgehog signaling pathway during the osteogenic differentiation in DFCs. In conclusion, our results suggest that PTHrP regulates independently of the hedgehog signaling pathway the osteogenic differentiated in DFCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Klingelhöffer
- Department of Cranio- and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of the University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - A Reck
- Department of Cranio- and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of the University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - T Ettl
- Department of Cranio- and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of the University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - C Morsczeck
- Department of Cranio- and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of the University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
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Signaling pathways effecting crosstalk between cartilage and adjacent tissues: Seminars in cell and developmental biology: The biology and pathology of cartilage. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 62:16-33. [PMID: 27180955 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Endochondral ossification, the mechanism responsible for the development of the long bones, is dependent on an extremely stringent coordination between the processes of chondrocyte maturation in the growth plate, vascular expansion in the surrounding tissues, and osteoblast differentiation and osteogenesis in the perichondrium and the developing bone center. The synchronization of these processes occurring in adjacent tissues is regulated through vigorous crosstalk between chondrocytes, endothelial cells and osteoblast lineage cells. Our knowledge about the molecular constituents of these bidirectional communications is undoubtedly incomplete, but certainly some signaling pathways effective in cartilage have been recognized to play key roles in steering vascularization and osteogenesis in the perichondrial tissues. These include hypoxia-driven signaling pathways, governed by the hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which are absolutely essential for the survival and functioning of chondrocytes in the avascular growth plate, at least in part by regulating the oxygenation of developing cartilage through the stimulation of angiogenesis in the surrounding tissues. A second coordinating signal emanating from cartilage and regulating developmental processes in the adjacent perichondrium is Indian Hedgehog (IHH). IHH, produced by pre-hypertrophic and early hypertrophic chondrocytes in the growth plate, induces the differentiation of adjacent perichondrial progenitor cells into osteoblasts, thereby harmonizing the site and time of bone formation with the developmental progression of chondrogenesis. Both signaling pathways represent vital mediators of the tightly organized conversion of avascular cartilage into vascularized and mineralized bone during endochondral ossification.
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Zhang W, Ouyang H, Dass CR, Xu J. Current research on pharmacologic and regenerative therapies for osteoarthritis. Bone Res 2016; 4:15040. [PMID: 26962464 PMCID: PMC4772471 DOI: 10.1038/boneres.2015.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Revised: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disorder commonly encountered in clinical practice, and is the leading cause of disability in elderly people. Due to the poor self-healing capacity of articular cartilage and lack of specific diagnostic biomarkers, OA is a challenging disease with limited treatment options. Traditional pharmacologic therapies such as acetaminophen, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and opioids are effective in relieving pain but are incapable of reversing cartilage damage and are frequently associated with adverse events. Current research focuses on the development of new OA drugs (such as sprifermin/recombinant human fibroblast growth factor-18, tanezumab/monoclonal antibody against β-nerve growth factor), which aims for more effectiveness and less incidence of adverse effects than the traditional ones. Furthermore, regenerative therapies (such as autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI), new generation of matrix-induced ACI, cell-free scaffolds, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells or iPSCs), and endogenous cell homing) are also emerging as promising alternatives as they have potential to enhance cartilage repair, and ultimately restore healthy tissue. However, despite currently available therapies and research advances, there remain unmet medical needs in the treatment of OA. This review highlights current research progress on pharmacologic and regenerative therapies for OA including key advances and potential limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth WA 6009, Australia
| | - Hongwei Ouyang
- Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Crispin R Dass
- School of Pharmacy, Building 306, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth WA 6102, Australia
| | - Jiake Xu
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth WA 6009, Australia
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Santa Maria C, Cheng Z, Li A, Wang J, Shoback D, Tu CL, Chang W. Interplay between CaSR and PTH1R signaling in skeletal development and osteoanabolism. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 49:11-23. [PMID: 26688334 PMCID: PMC4761456 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)-related peptide (PTHrP) controls the pace of pre- and post-natal growth plate development by activating the PTH1R in chondrocytes, while PTH maintains mineral and skeletal homeostasis by modulating calciotropic activities in kidneys, gut, and bone. The extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a member of family C, G protein-coupled receptor, which regulates mineral and skeletal homeostasis by controlling PTH secretion in parathyroid glands and Ca(2+) excretion in kidneys. Recent studies showed the expression of CaSR in chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts and confirmed its non-redundant roles in modulating the recruitment, proliferation, survival, and differentiation of the cells. This review emphasizes the actions of CaSR and PTH1R signaling responses in cartilage and bone and discusses how these two signaling cascades interact to control growth plate development and maintain skeletal metabolism in physiological and pathological conditions. Lastly, novel therapeutic regimens that exploit interrelationship between the CaSR and PTH1R are proposed to produce more robust osteoanabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Santa Maria
- Endocrine Research Unit, University of California, San Francisco, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Cheng
- Endocrine Research Unit, University of California, San Francisco, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alfred Li
- Endocrine Research Unit, University of California, San Francisco, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jiali Wang
- Endocrine Research Unit, University of California, San Francisco, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dolores Shoback
- Endocrine Research Unit, University of California, San Francisco, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Chia-Ling Tu
- Endocrine Research Unit, University of California, San Francisco, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wenhan Chang
- Endocrine Research Unit, University of California, San Francisco, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Hirai T, Kobayashi T, Nishimori S, Karaplis AC, Goltzman D, Kronenberg HM. Bone Is a Major Target of PTH/PTHrP Receptor Signaling in Regulation of Fetal Blood Calcium Homeostasis. Endocrinology 2015; 156:2774-80. [PMID: 26052897 PMCID: PMC4511135 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The blood calcium concentration during fetal life is tightly regulated within a narrow range by highly interactive homeostatic mechanisms that include transport of calcium across the placenta and fluxes in and out of bone; the mechanisms of this regulation are poorly understood. Our findings that endochondral bone-specific PTH/PTHrP receptor (PPR) knockout (KO) mice showed significant reduction of fetal blood calcium concentration compared with that of control littermates at embryonic day 18.5 led us to focus on bone as a possibly major determinant of fetal calcium homeostasis. We found that the fetal calcium concentration of Runx2 KO mice was significantly higher than that of control littermates, suggesting that calcium flux into bone had a considerable influence on the circulating calcium concentration. Moreover, Runx2:PTH double mutant fetuses showed calcium levels similar to those of Runx2 KO mice, suggesting that part of the fetal hypocalcemia in PTH KO mice was caused by the increment of the mineralized bone mass allowed by the formation of osteoblasts. Finally, Rank:PTH double mutant mice had a blood calcium concentration even lower than that of the either Rank KO or PTH KO mice alone at embryonic day 18.5. These observations in our genetic models suggest that PTH/PTHrP receptor signaling in bones has a significant role of the regulation of fetal blood calcium concentration and that both placental transport and osteoclast activation contribute to PTH's hypercalcemic action. They also show that PTH-independent deposition of calcium in bone is the major controller of fetal blood calcium level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Hirai
- Endocrine Unit (T.H., T.K., S.N., H.M.K.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital (A.C.K.), McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada H3T 1E2; and Royal Victoria Hospital of the McGill University Health Centre (D.G.), Montreal, Québec, Canada H3A 1A1
| | - Tatsuya Kobayashi
- Endocrine Unit (T.H., T.K., S.N., H.M.K.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital (A.C.K.), McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada H3T 1E2; and Royal Victoria Hospital of the McGill University Health Centre (D.G.), Montreal, Québec, Canada H3A 1A1
| | - Shigeki Nishimori
- Endocrine Unit (T.H., T.K., S.N., H.M.K.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital (A.C.K.), McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada H3T 1E2; and Royal Victoria Hospital of the McGill University Health Centre (D.G.), Montreal, Québec, Canada H3A 1A1
| | - Andrew C Karaplis
- Endocrine Unit (T.H., T.K., S.N., H.M.K.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital (A.C.K.), McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada H3T 1E2; and Royal Victoria Hospital of the McGill University Health Centre (D.G.), Montreal, Québec, Canada H3A 1A1
| | - David Goltzman
- Endocrine Unit (T.H., T.K., S.N., H.M.K.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital (A.C.K.), McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada H3T 1E2; and Royal Victoria Hospital of the McGill University Health Centre (D.G.), Montreal, Québec, Canada H3A 1A1
| | - Henry M Kronenberg
- Endocrine Unit (T.H., T.K., S.N., H.M.K.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital (A.C.K.), McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada H3T 1E2; and Royal Victoria Hospital of the McGill University Health Centre (D.G.), Montreal, Québec, Canada H3A 1A1
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Kwong RWM, Perry SF. An Essential Role for Parathyroid Hormone in Gill Formation and Differentiation of Ion-Transporting Cells in Developing Zebrafish. Endocrinology 2015; 156:2384-94. [PMID: 25872007 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In vertebrates, parathyroid hormone (PTH) is important for skeletogenesis and Ca(2+) homeostasis. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms by which PTH regulates skeleton formation and Ca(2+) balance during early development. Using larval zebrafish as an in vivo model system, we determined that PTH1 regulates the differentiation of epithelial cells and the development of craniofacial cartilage. We demonstrated that translational gene knockdown of PTH1 decreased Ca(2+) uptake at 4 days after fertilization. We also observed that PTH1-deficient fish exhibited reduced numbers of epithelial Ca(2+) channel (ecac)-expressing cells, Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase-rich cells, and H(+)-ATPase-rich cells. Additionally, the density of epidermal stem cells was decreased substantially in the fish experiencing PTH1 knockdown. Knockdown of PTH1 caused a shortening of the jaw and impeded the development of branchial arches. Results from in situ hybridization suggested that the expression of collagen 2a1a (marker for proliferating chondrocytes) was substantially reduced in the cartilage that forms the jaw and branchial aches. Disorganization of chondrocytes in craniofacial cartilage also was observed in PTH1-deficient fish. The results of real-time PCR demonstrated that PTH1 morphants failed to express the transcription factor glial cell missing 2 (gcm2). Coinjection of PTH1 morpholino with gcm2 capped RNA rescued the phenotypes observed in the PTH1 morphants, suggesting that the defects in PTH1-deficient fish were caused, at least in part, by the suppression of gcm2. Taken together, the results of the present study reveal critical roles for PTH1 in promoting the differentiation of epidermal stem cells into mature ionocytes and cartilage formation during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond W M Kwong
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Steve F Perry
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
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Zhang Y, Yang TL, Li X, Guo Y. Functional analyses reveal the essential role of SOX6 and RUNX2 in the communication of chondrocyte and osteoblast. Osteoporos Int 2015; 26:553-61. [PMID: 25212673 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-014-2882-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY This study provides novel evidence that sex determining region Y (SRY)-box (SOX6) and runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) play essential roles in the communication of chondrocyte and osteoblast. Our findings open a new avenue to the limited understanding of the coordination effect between chondrogenesis and osteogenesis. INTRODUCTION Sox6 and Runx2 are two new susceptibility genes for osteoporosis identified by genome-wide association studies, but the functions of these genes in osteogenesis remain unclear. Both genes are essential transcription factors in chondrogenesis, which reminds us that SOX6 and RUNX2 might be involved in the coordination of chondrogenesis and osteogenesis. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the functions of SOX6 and RUNX2 in the coupling regulation of chondrogenesis and osteogenesis. METHODS We established a chondrogenic differentiation model of ATDC5 cell and profiled the expression of SOX6 and RUNX2 during chondroblast differentiation. We co-cultured osteoblast cells with ATDC5 cells in different differentiation stages and examined the proliferation, cell cycle progression, apoptosis, and differentiation of osteoblast cells. SOX6 or RUNX2 was knocked down using specific siRNA and the effect was examined. RESULTS During chondrogenic differentiation, SOX6 and RUNX2 expressed sequentially in the proliferating and hypertrophic stages. Proliferative ATDC5 cells stimulated the multiplication of osteoblasts and promoted more osteoblasts to enter S-phase. Hypertrophic ATDC5 cells enhanced the differentiation of osteoblasts. Yet, the apoptosis of osteoblasts was neither affected by proliferating nor hypertrophic ATDC5 cells. Knockdown of SOX6 in proliferating ATDC5 cells significantly repressed the stimulation of osteoblast multiplication, whereas depletion of RUNX2 in hypertrophic ATDC5 cells retarded the expression of osteoblastic markers. CONCLUSIONS Our study first reveals that SOX6 and RUNX2 play important roles in the chondrogenesis-osteogenesis coordination. This finding enriches the limited understanding about this coordination and unravels the novel function of SOX6 and RUNX2 in the endochondral ossification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhang
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
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