1
|
Xingyu Z, Peijie M, Dan P, Youg W, Daojun W, Xinzheng C, Xijun Z, Yangrong S. Quercetin suppresses lung cancer growth by targeting Aurora B kinase. Cancer Med 2016; 5:3156-3165. [PMID: 27704720 PMCID: PMC5119971 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
aurora B kinase is highly expressed in several cancer cells and promotes tumorigenesis and progression, and therefore, it is an important target for drug to treat tumors. Quercetin was identified to be an antitumor agent. Herein, we report for the first time that quercetin inhibited aurora B activities by directly binding with aurora B in vitro and in vivo. Ex vivo studies showed that quercetin inhibited aurora B activities in JB6 Cl41 cells and A549 lung cancer cells. Moreover, knockdown of aurora B in A549 cells decreased their sensitivities to quercetin. In vivo study demonstrated that injection of quercetin in A549 tumor‐bearing mice effectively suppressed cancer growth. The phosphorylation of histone 3 in tumor tissues was also decreased after quercetin treatment. In short, quercetin can suppress growth of lung cancer cells as an aurora B inhibitor both in vitro and in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Xingyu
- Department of Respiratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital to Shanxi College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712000, China
| | - Ma Peijie
- Department of Pharmacy, Baoji Central Hospital, Baoji, 721008, China
| | - Peng Dan
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, China
| | - Wang Youg
- Department of Chest Surgery, Ankang Central Hospital of Shanxi Province, Ankang, Shanxi, 725000, China
| | - Wang Daojun
- Department of Chest Surgery, Ankang Central Hospital of Shanxi Province, Ankang, Shanxi, 725000, China
| | - Chen Xinzheng
- Department of Nephrological, Baoji city chinese medicine hospital, Baoji, 721001, China
| | - Zhang Xijun
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Chang 'an Hospital in Xi'an, Xi'an Shaanxi, 710016, China
| | - Song Yangrong
- Department of Chest Surgery, Tumor Hospital of Shannxi Province, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710061, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Willems E, Lombard A, Dedobbeleer M, Goffart N, Rogister B. The Unexpected Roles of Aurora A Kinase in Gliobastoma Recurrences. Target Oncol 2016; 12:11-18. [DOI: 10.1007/s11523-016-0457-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
3
|
Muñoz-Barrera M, Aguilar I, Monje-Casas F. Dispensability of the SAC Depends on the Time Window Required by Aurora B to Ensure Chromosome Biorientation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144972. [PMID: 26661752 PMCID: PMC4682840 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aurora B and the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) collaborate to ensure the proper biorientation of chromosomes during mitosis. However, lack of Aurora B activity and inactivation of the SAC have a very different impact on chromosome segregation. This is most evident in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, since in this organism the lack of Aurora B is lethal and leads to severe aneuploidy problems, while the SAC is dispensable under normal growth conditions and mutants in this checkpoint do not show evident chromosome segregation defects. We demonstrate that the efficient repair of incorrect chromosome attachments by Aurora B during the initial stages of spindle assembly in budding yeast determines the lack of chromosome segregation defects in SAC mutants, and propose that the differential time window that Aurora B kinase requires to establish chromosome biorientation is the key factor that determines why some cells are more dependent on a functional SAC than others.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Muñoz-Barrera
- CABIMER, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Isabel Aguilar
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Fernando Monje-Casas
- CABIMER, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Habu T, Matsumoto T. p31(comet) inactivates the chemically induced Mad2-dependent spindle assembly checkpoint and leads to resistance to anti-mitotic drugs. SPRINGERPLUS 2013; 2:562. [PMID: 24255856 PMCID: PMC3824705 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-2-562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Mad2 is a key component of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) that delays the onset of anaphase until all kinetochores are attached to the spindle. It binds to Cdc20 and prevents it from promoting destruction of an anaphase inhibitor, Securin. Previously, we showed that a Mad2-binding protein, p31comet, formed a complex with Mad2 upon the completion of spindle attachment. Here, we showed that the overexpression of p31comet can abolish the Mad2-dependent SAC that is induced by anti-mitotic drugs, including nocodazole, taxol, and monastrol; these drugs, except monastrol, cause aneuploidy in HeLa cells. In the absence of Eg5, which is a target of monastrol, overexpression of p31comet caused premature destruction of Securin and premature sister chromatid separation, but it did not cause aneuploidy. These results indicated that Eg5 kinesin function might be required for checkpoint exit and mitotic progression. Moreover, overexpression of p31comet led to resistance against apoptosis that was induced by nocodazole and taxol in human cells, and taxol resistance was dependent on the p31comet/Mad2 protein expression level ratio of in cancer cell lines. These results indicated that p31comet is an indicator of resistance to anti-mitotic drugs in cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Habu
- Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe cho, Sakyo ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Furusawa Y, Wei ZL, Sakurai H, Tabuchi Y, Li P, Zhao QL, Nomura T, Saiki I, Kondo T. TGF-β-activated kinase 1 promotes cell cycle arrest and cell survival of X-ray irradiated HeLa cells dependent on p21 induction but independent of NF-κB, p38 MAPK and ERK phosphorylations. Radiat Res 2012; 177:766-74. [PMID: 22490020 DOI: 10.1667/rr2792.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) appears to play a role in inhibiting apoptotic death in response to multiple stresses. To assess the role of TAK1 in X-ray induced apoptosis and cell death, we irradiated parental and siRNA-TAK1-knockdown HeLa cells. Changes in gene expression levels with and without TAK1-knockdown were also examined after irradiation to elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved. After X-ray irradiation, cell death estimated by the colony formation assay increased in the TAK1-knockdown cells. Apoptosis induction, determined by caspase-3 cleavage, suggested that the increased radiosensitivity of the TAK1-knockdown cells could be partially explained by the induction of apoptosis. However, cell cycle analysis revealed that the percentage of irradiated cells in the G(2)/M-phase decreased, and those in the S- and SubG(1)-phases increased due to TAK1 depletion, suggesting that the loss of cell cycle checkpoint regulation may also be involved in the observed increased radiosensitivity. Interestingly, significant differences in the induction of NF-κB, p38 MAPK and ERK phosphorylation, the major downstream molecules of TAK1, were not observed in TAK1 knockdown cells compared to their parental control cells after irradiation. Instead, global gene expression analysis revealed differentially expressed genes after irradiation that bioinformatics analysis suggested are associated with cell cycle regulatory networks. In particular, CDKN1A (coding p21(WAF1)), which plays a central role in the identified network, was up-regulated in control cells but not in TAK1 knockdown cells after X-ray irradiation. Si-RNA knockdown of p21 decreased the percentage of cells in the G(2)/M phase and increased the percentage of cells in the S- and SubG(1)-phases after X-ray irradiation in a similar manner as TAK-1 knockdown. Taken together, these findings suggest that the role of TAK1 in cell death, cell cycle regulation and apoptosis after X irradiation is independent of NF-κB, p38 MAPK, and ERK phosphorylation, and dependent, in part, on p21 induction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Furusawa
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mori N, Ishikawa C, Senba M, Kimura M, Okano Y. Effects of AZD1152, a selective Aurora B kinase inhibitor, on Burkitt's and Hodgkin's lymphomas. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 81:1106-15. [PMID: 21371446 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Revised: 02/13/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We studied the effects of AZD1152, an Aurora B kinase inhibitor, on Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) and Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) in human tissues and cell cultures and in a murine xenograft model of lymphoma. Aurora kinase A and B levels were assessed by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. They were aberrantly expressed in BL and HL cell lines, and in lymph nodes from patients with BL and HL. Next, activation of the Aurora B promoter was detected by reporter gene assays. The promoter activity of Aurora B kinase was high in BL cell lines and the Aurora B promoter contained a positive regulatory region between -74 and -104 from the transcription initiation site. AZD1152-hQPA had antiproliferative effects in the BL and HL cell lines studied; inhibited the phosphorylation of histone H3 and retinoblastoma proteins, and resulted in cells with > 4N DNA content. AZD1152-hQPA induced caspase-dependent apoptosis of some cell lines, demonstrated by loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, activation of caspase-9, followed by activation of caspase-3. This effect was accompanied by the inhibition of survivin expression. In vivo efficacy was determined in NOD/SCID/γc(null) mice implanted with the Ramos human BL cell line. AZD1152 had anti-tumour effects in this murine xenograft model. There preclinical data suggest that the inhibition of Aurora B kinase is a potentially useful therapeutic strategy in BL and HL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Mori
- Department of Microbiology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dar AA, Goff LW, Majid S, Berlin J, El-Rifai W. Aurora kinase inhibitors--rising stars in cancer therapeutics? Mol Cancer Ther 2010; 9:268-78. [PMID: 20124450 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-09-0765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Standard therapeutic approaches of cytotoxics and radiation in cancer are not only highly toxic, but also of limited efficacy in treatment of a significant number of cancer patients. The molecular analysis of the cancer genomes have shown a remarkable complexity and pointed to key genomic and epigenomic alterations in cancer. These discoveries are paving the way for targeted therapy approaches. However, although there are a large number of potential targets, only a few can regulate key cellular functions and intersect multiple signaling networks. The Aurora kinase family members (A, B, and C) are a collection of highly related and conserved serine-threonine kinases that fulfill these criteria, being key regulators of mitosis and multiple signaling pathways. Alterations in Aurora kinase signaling are associated with mitotic errors and have been closely linked to chromosomal aneuploidy in cancer cells. Several studies have shown amplification and/or overexpression of Aurora kinase A and B in hematologic malignancies and solid tumors. Over the past several years, Aurora kinases have become attractive targets. Several ongoing clinical trials and bench-based research are assessing the unique therapeutic potential of Aurora-based targeted therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Altaf A Dar
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1255 Light Hall, 2215 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Inadera H, Tachibana S, Takasaki I, Tatematsu M, Shimomura A. Hyperglycemia perturbs biochemical networks in human trophoblast BeWo cells. Endocr J 2010; 57:567-77. [PMID: 20467164 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.k10e-045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining the effects of hyperglycemia on gene expression in placental trophoblast is important to gain a better understanding of how diabetes adversely affects pregnancy. In this study, we examined whether exposure to high glucose during forskolin-induced differentiation affects gene expression in differentiated trophoblasts. Human trophoblast BeWo cells were differentiated under low glucose (LG: 11 mM) or high glucose (HG: 25 mM) conditions. Gene expression was analyzed using a GeneChip system and the obtained data were analyzed using Ingenuity Pathways Analysis. In HG conditions, there were marked alterations in gene expression in differentiated BeWo cells compared with LG conditions. In particular, BeWo cells responded to HG with major changes in the expression levels of cell cycle- and metabolism-related genes. We selected the aromatase gene for further investigation of the molecular mechanisms. Mannitol or 3-O-methylglucose did not mimic the expression changes caused by HG, indicating that the effect of glucose was not due to a difference in osmotic pressure, and that glucose metabolism plays an essential role in inducing the HG effects. Cotreatment with N-acetylcysteine reduced the effect of HG on aromatase gene expression, suggesting that hyperglycemia may perturb biochemical networks because of the elevation of oxidative stress. Overall, our results will aid further understanding of the effect of diabetes on the regulation of trophoblast differentiation and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hidekuni Inadera
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hardwicke MA, Oleykowski CA, Plant R, Wang J, Liao Q, Moss K, Newlander K, Adams JL, Dhanak D, Yang J, Lai Z, Sutton D, Patrick D. GSK1070916, a potent Aurora B/C kinase inhibitor with broad antitumor activity in tissue culture cells and human tumor xenograft models. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8:1808-17. [PMID: 19567821 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-09-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The protein kinases, Aurora A, B, and C have critical roles in the regulation of mitosis and are frequently overexpressed or amplified in human tumors. GSK1070916, is a novel ATP competitive inhibitor that is highly potent and selective for Aurora B/C kinases. Human tumor cells treated with GSK1070916 show dose-dependent inhibition of phosphorylation on serine 10 of Histone H3, a substrate specific for Aurora B kinase. Moreover, GSK1070916 inhibits the proliferation of tumor cells with EC(50) values of <10 nmol/L in over 100 cell lines spanning a broad range of tumor types. Although GSK1070916 has potent activity against proliferating cells, a dramatic shift in potency is observed in primary, nondividing, normal human vein endothelial cells, consistent with the proposed mechanism. We further determined that treated cells do not arrest in mitosis but instead fail to divide and become polyploid, ultimately leading to apoptosis. GSK1070916 shows dose-dependent inhibition of phosphorylation of an Aurora B-specific substrate in mice and consistent with its broad cellular activity, has antitumor effects in 10 human tumor xenograft models including breast, colon, lung, and two leukemia models. These results show that GSK1070916 is a potent Aurora B/C kinase inhibitor that has the potential for antitumor activity in a wide range of human cancers.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Aurora Kinase A
- Aurora Kinase B
- Aurora Kinases
- Aza Compounds/therapeutic use
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Cycle/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Female
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Indoles/therapeutic use
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Nude
- Mice, SCID
- Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy
- Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Umbilical Veins/cytology
- Umbilical Veins/drug effects
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
Collapse
|
10
|
Chan EHY, Santamaria A, Silljé HHW, Nigg EA. Plk1 regulates mitotic Aurora A function through betaTrCP-dependent degradation of hBora. Chromosoma 2008; 117:457-69. [PMID: 18521620 PMCID: PMC2921497 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-008-0165-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Revised: 04/22/2008] [Accepted: 04/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) and Aurora A play key roles in centrosome maturation, spindle assembly, and chromosome segregation during cell division. Here we show that the functions of these kinases during early mitosis are coordinated through Bora, a partner of Aurora A first identified in Drosophila. Depletion of human Bora (hBora) results in spindle defects, accompanied by increased spindle recruitment of Aurora A and its partner TPX2. Conversely, hBora overexpression induces mislocalization of Aurora A and monopolar spindle formation, reminiscent of the phenotype seen in Plk1-depleted cells. Indeed, Plk1 regulates hBora. Following Cdk1-dependent recruitment, Plk1 triggers hBora destruction by phosphorylating a recognition site for SCF(Beta-TrCP). Plk1 depletion or inhibition results in a massive accumulation of hBora, concomitant with displacement of Aurora A from spindle poles and impaired centrosome maturation, but remarkably, co-depletion of hBora partially restores Aurora A localization and bipolar spindle formation. This suggests that Plk1 controls Aurora A localization and function by regulating cellular levels of hBora.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eunice H. Y. Chan
- Department of Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
- Present Address: Apoptosis and Proliferation Control Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London, WC2A 3PX UK
| | - Anna Santamaria
- Department of Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Herman H. W. Silljé
- Department of Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
- Present Address: Kiadis Pharma, Zernikepark 6-8, 9747 AN Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erich A. Nigg
- Department of Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Jinawath N, Chamgramol Y, Furukawa Y, Obama K, Tsunoda T, Sripa B, Pairojkul C, Nakamura Y. Comparison of gene expression profiles between Opisthorchis viverrini and non-Opisthorchis viverrini associated human intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Hepatology 2006; 44:1025-38. [PMID: 17006947 DOI: 10.1002/hep.21330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is the second most common primary cancer in the liver, and its incidence is highest in the northeastern part of Thailand. ICCs in this region are known to be associated with infection with liver flukes, particularly Opisthorchis viverrini (OV), as well as nitrosamines from food. To clarify molecular mechanisms of ICC associated with or without liver flukes, we analyzed gene expression profiles of OV-associated ICCs from 20 Thai patients and compared their profiles with those of 20 Japanese ICCs that were not associated with OV, by means of laser microbeam microdissection and a cDNA microarray containing 27,648 genes. We identified 77 commonly upregulated genes and 325 commonly downregulated genes in the two ICC groups. Unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis separated the 40 ICCs into two major branches almost completely according to the fluke status. The putative signature of OV-associated ICC exhibited elevated expression of genes involved in xenobiotic metabolism (UGT2B11, UGT1A10, CHST4, SULT1C1), whereas that of non-OV-associated ICC represented enhanced expression of genes related to growth factor signaling (TGFBI, PGF, IGFBP1, IGFBP3). Additional random permutation tests identified a total of 49 genes whose expression levels were significantly different between the two groups. We also identified genes associated with macroscopic type of ICCs. In conclusion, these data may not only contribute to clarification of common and OV-specific mechanisms underlying ICC, but also may serve as a starting point for the identification of novel diagnostic markers or therapeutic targets for the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natini Jinawath
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Soncini C, Carpinelli P, Gianellini L, Fancelli D, Vianello P, Rusconi L, Storici P, Zugnoni P, Pesenti E, Croci V, Ceruti R, Giorgini ML, Cappella P, Ballinari D, Sola F, Varasi M, Bravo R, Moll J. PHA-680632, a Novel Aurora Kinase Inhibitor with Potent Antitumoral Activity. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:4080-9. [PMID: 16818708 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-1964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Aurora kinases play critical roles during mitosis in chromosome segregation and cell division. The aim of this study was to determine the preclinical profile of a novel, highly selective Aurora kinase inhibitor, PHA-680632, as a candidate for anticancer therapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The activity of PHA-680632 was assayed in a biochemical ATP competitive kinase assay. A wide panel of cell lines was evaluated for antiproliferative activity. Cell cycle analysis. Immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, and Array Scan were used to follow mechanism of action and biomarker modulation. Specific knockdown of the targets by small interfering RNA was followed to validate the observed phenotypes. Efficacy was determined in different xenograft models and in a transgenic animal model of breast cancer. RESULTS PHA-680632 is active on a wide range of cancer cell lines and shows significant tumor growth inhibition in different animal tumor models at well-tolerated doses. The mechanism of action of PHA-680632 is in agreement with inhibition of Aurora kinases. Histone H3 phosphorylation in Ser10 is mediated by Aurora B kinase, and our kinetic studies on its inhibition by PHA-680632 in vitro and in vivo show that phosphorylation of histone H3 is a good biomarker to follow activity of PHA-680632. CONCLUSIONS PHA-680632 is the first representative of a new class of Aurora inhibitors with a high potential for further development as an anticancer therapeutic. On treatment, different cell lines respond differentially, suggesting the absence of critical cell cycle checkpoints that could be the basis for a favorable therapeutic window.
Collapse
|
13
|
Li X, Rao S, Jiang W, Li C, Xiao Y, Guo Z, Zhang Q, Wang L, Du L, Li J, Li L, Zhang T, Wang QK. Discovery of Time-Delayed Gene Regulatory Networks based on temporal gene expression profiling. BMC Bioinformatics 2006; 7:26. [PMID: 16420705 PMCID: PMC1386718 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-7-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2005] [Accepted: 01/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is one of the ultimate goals for modern biological research to fully elucidate the intricate interplays and the regulations of the molecular determinants that propel and characterize the progression of versatile life phenomena, to name a few, cell cycling, developmental biology, aging, and the progressive and recurrent pathogenesis of complex diseases. The vast amount of large-scale and genome-wide time-resolved data is becoming increasing available, which provides the golden opportunity to unravel the challenging reverse-engineering problem of time-delayed gene regulatory networks. Results In particular, this methodological paper aims to reconstruct regulatory networks from temporal gene expression data by using delayed correlations between genes, i.e., pairwise overlaps of expression levels shifted in time relative each other. We have thus developed a novel model-free computational toolbox termed TdGRN (Time-delayed Gene Regulatory Network) to address the underlying regulations of genes that can span any unit(s) of time intervals. This bioinformatics toolbox has provided a unified approach to uncovering time trends of gene regulations through decision analysis of the newly designed time-delayed gene expression matrix. We have applied the proposed method to yeast cell cycling and human HeLa cell cycling and have discovered most of the underlying time-delayed regulations that are supported by multiple lines of experimental evidence and that are remarkably consistent with the current knowledge on phase characteristics for the cell cyclings. Conclusion We established a usable and powerful model-free approach to dissecting high-order dynamic trends of gene-gene interactions. We have carefully validated the proposed algorithm by applying it to two publicly available cell cycling datasets. In addition to uncovering the time trends of gene regulations for cell cycling, this unified approach can also be used to study the complex gene regulations related to the development, aging and progressive pathogenesis of a complex disease where potential dependences between different experiment units might occurs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- Department of Bioinformatics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, PR China
- Department of Computer Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, PR China
- Biomedical Engineering Institute, Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100054, PR China
| | - Shaoqi Rao
- Department of Bioinformatics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, PR China
- Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine and Molecular Cardiology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Bioinformatics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, PR China
| | - Chuanxing Li
- Department of Bioinformatics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, PR China
| | - Yun Xiao
- Department of Bioinformatics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, PR China
| | - Zheng Guo
- Department of Bioinformatics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, PR China
- Department of Computer Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, PR China
| | - Qingpu Zhang
- Department of Computer Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, PR China
| | - Lihong Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, PR China
| | - Lei Du
- Department of Bioinformatics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, PR China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Bioinformatics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, PR China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Bioinformatics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, PR China
| | - Tianwen Zhang
- Department of Computer Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, PR China
| | - Qing K Wang
- Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine and Molecular Cardiology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Camacho E, Beà S, Salaverría I, López-Guillermo A, Puig X, Benavente Y, de Sanjosé S, Campo E, Hernández L. Analysis of Aurora-A and hMPS1 mitotic kinases in mantle cell lymphoma. Int J Cancer 2006; 118:357-63. [PMID: 16080195 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Aurora-A and hMPS1 are kinases involved in spindle checkpoint and centrosome duplication regulation and whose alterations have been associated with cell transformation and chromosome instability in different tumor models. In this study, we have examined the possible alterations of these genes in 58 mantle cell lymphomas (MCLs) and 4 MCL-related cell lines. Aurora-A was also examined in 46 diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCLs). Aurora-A and hMPS1 mRNA expression levels were related to tumor proliferative activity. Interestingly, a MCL case with the highest number or chromosomal imbalances also showed an extremely high value of Aurora-A mRNA expression. No Aurora-A gene amplifications were detected in any tumor or cell line, whereas hemizygous hMPS1 gene deletions were observed in 23% of MCLs and 3 of the 4 cell lines. However, no expression alterations or gene mutations were detected in these cases. The Aurora-A proposed cancer susceptibility polymorphic variant (P31I) was observed with a similar frequency in MCL, DLBCL, chronic lymphocytic leukemia and in the 431 healthy controls. However, the 3 MCLs and 4 DLBCLs with the homozygous variant of this polymorphism had particular clinical characteristics with an unusual early-age presentation and second epithelial malignancies in MCL and extranodal origin in DLBCL. These findings indicate that Aurora-A and hMPS1 aberrations are uncommon in aggressive lymphomas but Aurora-A overexpression may contribute to numerical chromosomal alterations in occasional MCL. Although the Aurora-A P31I polymorphic variant is not directly involved in a genetic predisposition to these lymphomas, it may modulate the clinical presentation of these tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Camacho
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Müller A, Boitier E, Hu T, Carr GJ, Le Fèvre AC, Marchandeau JP, Flor M, Jefferson F, Aardema MJ, Thybaud V. Laboratory variability does not preclude identification of biological functions impacted by hydroxyurea. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2005; 46:221-35. [PMID: 16127667 DOI: 10.1002/em.20164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The multi-lab International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI) project on the application of genomics to risk assessment offered the unique opportunity to investigate the influence of variability within and between laboratories on identifying biologically relevant gene expression changes. We assessed the gene expression profiles of mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells treated with hydroxyurea (HU) in three independent studies from two different laboratories, Sanofi Aventis and Procter and Gamble. Cells were dosed for 4 hr and harvested immediately at the end of the treatment or after a 20-hr recovery period. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity were evaluated by standard assays. Statistical analysis of these data revealed that, while gene expression responses to HU treatment were markedly different at 4 hr vs. 24 hr, there was otherwise a consistent pattern of dose-response across the three studies. Therefore, the studies were merged and each time point was evaluated separately. At 4 hr, we identified 173 (P < 0.0001) dose-responsive genes with a common trend in all three studies. These were mainly associated with the cell cycle, DNA repair and DNA metabolism, and in particular, the intra-S and G2/M phase checkpoints. At 24 hr, we identified 434 dose-responsive genes common across studies. These genes were involved in lymphocyte-specific activities and the activation of apoptosis via the caspase cascade. Our results show that despite inter-laboratory variability, combining the three studies in a single statistical analysis identifies more significantly-modulated genes than in any of the individual studies, due to improved statistical sensitivity. The genes identified in our study provide information that is relevant to HU biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arne Müller
- Drug Safety Evaluation, sanofi aventis, Vitry-Sur-Seine, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bonome T, Lee JY, Park DC, Radonovich M, Pise-Masison C, Brady J, Gardner GJ, Hao K, Wong WH, Barrett JC, Lu KH, Sood AK, Gershenson DM, Mok SC, Birrer MJ. Expression profiling of serous low malignant potential, low-grade, and high-grade tumors of the ovary. Cancer Res 2005; 65:10602-12. [PMID: 16288054 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-2240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Papillary serous low malignant potential (LMP) tumors are characterized by malignant features and metastatic potential yet display a benign clinical course. The role of LMP tumors in the development of invasive epithelial cancer of the ovary is not clearly defined. The aim of this study is to determine the relationships among LMP tumors and invasive ovarian cancers and identify genes contributing to their phenotypes. Affymetrix U133 Plus 2.0 microarrays (Santa Clara, CA) were used to interrogate 80 microdissected serous LMP tumors and invasive ovarian malignancies along with 10 ovarian surface epithelium (OSE) brushings. Gene expression profiles for each tumor class were used to complete unsupervised hierarchical clustering analyses and identify differentially expressed genes contributing to these associations. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis revealed a distinct separation between clusters containing borderline and high-grade lesions. The majority of low-grade tumors clustered with LMP tumors. Comparing OSE with high-grade and LMP expression profiles revealed enhanced expression of genes linked to cell proliferation, chromosomal instability, and epigenetic silencing in high-grade cancers, whereas LMP tumors displayed activated p53 signaling. The expression profiles of LMP, low-grade, and high-grade papillary serous ovarian carcinomas suggest that LMP tumors are distinct from high-grade cancers; however, they are remarkably similar to low-grade cancers. Prominent expression of p53 pathway members may play an important role in the LMP tumor phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Bonome
- Cell and Cancer Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Toji S, Yabuta N, Hosomi T, Nishihara S, Kobayashi T, Suzuki S, Tamai K, Nojima H. The centrosomal protein Lats2 is a phosphorylation target of Aurora-A kinase. Genes Cells 2005; 9:383-97. [PMID: 15147269 DOI: 10.1111/j.1356-9597.2004.00732.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Human Lats2, a novel serine/threonine kinase, is a member of the Lats kinase family that includes the Drosophila tumour suppressor lats/warts. Lats1, a counterpart of Lats2, is phosphorylated in mitosis and localized to the mitotic apparatus. However, the regulation, function and intracellular distribution of Lats2 remain unclear. Here, we show that Lats2 is a novel phosphorylation target of Aurora-A kinase. We first showed that the phosphorylated residue of Lats2 is S83 in vitro. Antibody that recognizes this phosphorylated S83 indicated that the phosphorylation also occurs in vivo. We found that Lats2 transiently interacts with Aurora-A, and that Lats2 and Aurora-A co-localize at the centrosomes during the cell cycle. Furthermore, we showed that the inhibition of Aurora-A-induced phosphorylation of S83 on Lats2 partially perturbed its centrosomal localization. On the basis of these observations, we conclude that S83 of Lats2 is a phosphorylation target of Aurora-A and this phosphorylation plays a role of the centrosomal localization of Lats2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Toji
- Ina Laboratories, MBL Co. Ltd, Ina, Nagano 396-0002, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Morrow CJ, Tighe A, Johnson VL, Scott MIF, Ditchfield C, Taylor SS. Bub1 and aurora B cooperate to maintain BubR1-mediated inhibition of APC/CCdc20. J Cell Sci 2005; 118:3639-52. [PMID: 16046481 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.02487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The spindle checkpoint maintains genome stability by inhibiting Cdc20-mediated activation of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) until all the chromosomes correctly align on the microtubule spindle apparatus via their kinetochores. BubR1, an essential component of this checkpoint, localises to kinetochores and its kinase activity is regulated by the kinesin-related motor protein Cenp-E. BubR1 also inhibits APC/CCdc20 in vitro, thus providing a molecular link between kinetochore-microtubule interactions and the proteolytic machinery that regulates mitotic progression. Several other protein kinases, including Bub1 and members of the Ipl1/aurora family, also regulate anaphase onset. However, in human somatic cells Bub1 and aurora B kinase activity do not appear to be essential for spindle checkpoint function. Specifically, when Bub1 is inhibited by RNA interference, or aurora kinase activity is inhibited with the small molecule ZM447439, cells arrest transiently in mitosis following exposure to spindle toxins that prevent microtubule polymerisation. Here, we show that mitotic arrest of Bub1-deficient cells is dependent on aurora kinase activity, and vice versa. We suggest therefore that the checkpoint is composed of two arms, one dependent on Bub1, the other on aurora B. Analysis of BubR1 complexes suggests that both of these arms converge on the mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC), which includes BubR1, Bub3, Mad2 and Cdc20. Although it is known that MCC components can bind and inhibit the APC/C, we show here for the first time that the binding of the MCC to the APC/C is dependent on an active checkpoint signal. Furthermore, we show that both Bub1 and aurora kinase activity are required to promote binding of the MCC to the APC/C. These observations provide a simple explanation of why BubR1 and Mad2 are essential for checkpoint function following spindle destruction, yet Bub1 and aurora B kinase activity are not. Taken together with other observations, we suggest that these two arms respond to different spindle cues: whereas the Bub1 arm monitors kinetochore-microtubule attachment, the aurora B arm monitors biorientation. This bifurcation in the signalling mechanism may help explain why many tumour cells mount a robust checkpoint response following spindle damage, despite exhibiting chromosome instability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Morrow
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Manchester, The Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
The Aurora kinases have been implicated in tumorigenesis and are important regulators of diverse cell cycle events, ranging from the entry into mitosis, centrosome function, mitotic spindle formation, chromosome biorientation and segregation, and cytokinesis. The recent identification of novel binding partners and key downstream effectors, together with new small-molecule inhibitors that display efficacy against tumours, heralds an upsurge of interest in these critical kinases. This review details new developments in the field and analyses the potential of Aurora kinases as anticancer targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Andrews
- Division of Gene Regulation and Expression, Wellcome Trust Biocentre, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Nguyen HG, Chinnappan D, Urano T, Ravid K. Mechanism of Aurora-B degradation and its dependency on intact KEN and A-boxes: identification of an aneuploidy-promoting property. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:4977-92. [PMID: 15923616 PMCID: PMC1140599 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.12.4977-4992.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The kinase Aurora-B, a regulator of chromosome segregation and cytokinesis, is highly expressed in a variety of tumors. During the cell cycle, the level of this protein is tightly controlled, and its deregulated abundance is suspected to contribute to aneuploidy. Here, we provide evidence that Aurora-B is a short-lived protein degraded by the proteasome via the anaphase-promoting cyclosome complex (APC/c) pathway. Aurora-B interacts with the APC/c through the Cdc27 subunit, Aurora-B is ubiquitinated, and its level is increased upon treatment with inhibitors of the proteasome. Aurora-B binds in vivo to the degradation-targeting proteins Cdh1 and Cdc20, the overexpression of which accelerates Aurora-B degradation. Using deletions or point mutations of the five putative degradation signals in Aurora-B, we show that degradation of this protein does not depend on its D-boxes (RXXL), but it does require intact KEN boxes and A-boxes (QRVL) located within the first 65 amino acids. Cells transfected with wild-type or A-box-mutated or KEN box-mutated Aurora-B fused to green fluorescent protein display the protein localized to the chromosomes and then to the midzone during mitosis, but the mutated forms are detected at greater intensities. Hence, we identified the degradation pathway for Aurora-B as well as critical regions for its clearance. Intriguingly, overexpression of a stable form of Aurora-B alone induces aneuploidy and anchorage-independent growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao G Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, 715 Albany Street, K225, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Du J, Hannon GJ. Suppression of p160ROCK bypasses cell cycle arrest after Aurora-A/STK15 depletion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:8975-80. [PMID: 15178765 PMCID: PMC428457 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0308484101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2003] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in the expression and activity of the centrosomal kinase, Aurora-A/serine/threonine kinase 15 (STK15), affect genomic stability, disrupt the fidelity of centrosome duplication, and induce cellular transformation. Here, we provide evidence that p160ROCK, a Rho-associate serine/threonine kinase, associates with Aurora-A in a protein complex with other STK15-associated factors. Suppression of Aurora-A by small interfering RNA in HeLa cells blocks the ability of centrosomes to organize normal mitotic spindles, induces G(2)/M cell cycle arrest, and promotes accumulation of tetraploid cells. In many cases, one outcome of such abnormalities is apoptosis. Introduction of a second genetic lesion, suppression of p160ROCK by RNA interference, can rescue abnormal mitotic spindle formation, release the G(2)/M cell cycle arrest, and alleviate apoptosis, leading to a greater accumulation of aneuploid cells. These results suggest that Aurora-A and p160ROCK act in a common genetic pathway that promotes and monitors progression through G(2)/M.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Du
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Pan J, Wang Q, Snell WJ. An aurora kinase is essential for flagellar disassembly in Chlamydomonas. Dev Cell 2004; 6:445-51. [PMID: 15030766 DOI: 10.1016/s1534-5807(04)00064-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2003] [Revised: 02/06/2004] [Accepted: 02/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cilia and flagella play key roles in development and sensory transduction, and several human disorders, including polycystic kidney disease, are associated with the failure to assemble cilia. Here, we show that the aurora protein kinase CALK in the biflagellated alga Chlamydomonas has a central role in two pathways for eliminating flagella. Cells rendered deficient in CALK were defective in regulated flagellar excision and regulated flagellar disassembly. Exposure of cells to altered ionic conditions, the absence of a centriole/basal body for nucleating flagellar assembly, cessation of delivery of flagellar components to their tip assembly site, and formation of zygotes all led to activation of the regulated disassembly pathway as indicated by phosphorylation of CALK and the absence of flagella. We propose that cells have a sensory pathway that detects conditions that are inappropriate for possession of a flagellum, and that CALK is a key effector of flagellar disassembly in that pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junmin Pan
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Jiang Y, Zhang Y, Lees E, Seghezzi W. AuroraA overexpression overrides the mitotic spindle checkpoint triggered by nocodazole, a microtubule destabilizer. Oncogene 2004; 22:8293-301. [PMID: 14614453 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
AuroraA, a mitotic kinase, is reported to be amplified and overexpressed in a variety of human tumors. Active mutants of AuroraA can transform mouse fibroblasts and form tumors in nude mice. However, the mechanism behind this oncogenic potential remains elusive. In this study, we investigated the consequences of AuroraA overexpression and showed that increased AuroraA levels compromise the mitotic spindle checkpoint triggered by nocodazole, a microtubule polymerization inhibitor. This is accomplished by disrupting the proper assembly of the mitotic checkpoint complex at the level of the Cdc20-BubR1 interaction. As a result, the spindle checkpoint complex fails to form and cells progress through mitosis without proper arrest in response to nocodazole. This ability to override the mitotic spindle checkpoint was found to be independent of AuroraA kinase activity. We conclude that maintenance of a functional balance between AuroraA and mitotic checkpoint proteins is essential for the proper progression through mitosis. This study therefore offers a possible explanation of how deregulation of AuroraA can contribute to genetic instability and tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jiang
- DNAX Research Inc., Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ou Y, Rattner JB. The Centrosome in Higher Organisms: Structure, Composition, and Duplication. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2004; 238:119-82. [PMID: 15364198 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(04)38003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The centrosome found in higher organisms is an organelle with a complex and dynamic architecture and composition. This organelle not only functions as a microtubule-organizing center, but also is integrated with or impacts a number of cellular processes. Defects associated with this organelle have been linked to a variety of human diseases including several forms of cancer. Here we review the emerging picture of how the structure, composition, duplication, and function of the centrosome found in higher organisms are interrelated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young Ou
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Yao LJ, Zhong ZS, Zhang LS, Chen DY, Schatten H, Sun QY. Aurora-A is a critical regulator of microtubule assembly and nuclear activity in mouse oocytes, fertilized eggs, and early embryos. Biol Reprod 2003; 70:1392-9. [PMID: 14695913 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.103.025155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Aurora-A is a serine/threonine protein kinase that plays a role in cell-cycle regulation. The activity of this kinase has been shown to be required for regulating multiple stages of mitotic progression in somatic cells. In this study, the changes in aurora-;A expression were revealed in mouse oocytes using Western blotting. The subcellular localization of aurora-A during oocyte meiotic maturation, fertilization, and early cleavages as well as after antibody microinjection or microtubule assembly perturbance was studied with confocal microscopy. The quantity of aurora-A protein was high in the germinal vesicle (GV) and metaphase II (MII) oocytes and remained stable during other meiotic maturation stages. Aurora-A concentrated in the GV before meiosis resumption, in the pronuclei of fertilized eggs, and in the nuclei of early embryo blastomeres. Aurora-A was localized to the spindle poles of the meiotic spindle from the metaphase I (MI) stage to metaphase II stage. During early embryo development, aurora-A was found in association with the mitotic spindle poles. Aurora-A was not found in the spindle region when colchicine or staurosporine was used to inhibit microtubule organization, while it accumulated as several dots in the cytoplasm after taxol treatment. Aurora-A antibody microinjection decreased the rate of germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and distorted MI spindle organization. Our results indicate that aurora-A is a critical regulator of cell-cycle progression and microtubule organization during mouse oocyte meiotic maturation, fertilization, and early embryo cleavage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Juan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10080, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lin M, Chang JK, Shankar D, Sakamoto KM. The role of p55CDC in cell cycle control and mammalian cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Exp Mol Pathol 2003; 74:123-8. [PMID: 12710943 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-4800(02)00021-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The p55CDC (cell division cycle) protein is a key regulator of the cell cycle. p55CDC is related to both the CDC20 and the CDH1 proteins in yeast. p55CDC has been shown to activate the ubiquitin ligase anaphase promoting complex (APC), which is involved in degradation of proteins that control mitosis. To define the role of p55CDC during the mammalian cell cycle, we overexpressed this protein in the murine myeloid cell line 32Dcl3. 32Dcl3 cells are an ideal model system because these cells can be induced to proliferate, differentiate, or activate cellular programs leading to apoptosis. Our work suggests that p55CDC participates in cell growth, maturation, and death. Thus, p55CDC may play a more diverse role in modulating cellular functions in addition to controlling the cell cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Mattel Children's Hospital at University of California at Los Angeles, Gwynne Hazen Cherry Memorial Laboratories, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1752, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ma C, Cummings C, Liu XJ. Biphasic activation of Aurora-A kinase during the meiosis I- meiosis II transition in Xenopus oocytes. Mol Cell Biol 2003; 23:1703-16. [PMID: 12588989 PMCID: PMC151708 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.23.5.1703-1716.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenopus Aurora-A (also known as Eg2) is a member of the Aurora family of mitotic serine/threonine kinases. In Xenopus oocytes, Aurora-A phosphorylates and activates a cytoplasmic mRNA polyadenylation factor (CPEB) and therefore plays a pivotal role in MOS translation. However, hyperphosphorylation and activation of Aurora-A appear to be dependent on maturation-promoting factor (MPF) activation. To resolve this apparent paradox, we generated a constitutively activated Aurora-A by engineering a myristylation signal at its N terminus. Injection of Myr-Aurora-A mRNA induced germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) with the concomitant activation of MOS, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and MPF. Myr-Aurora-A-injected oocytes, however, appeared to arrest in meiosis I with high MPF activity and highly condensed, metaphase-like chromosomes but no organized microtubule spindles. No degradation of CPEB or cyclin B2 was observed following GVBD in Myr-Aurora-A-injected oocytes. In the presence of progesterone, the endogenous Aurora-A became hyperphosphorylated and activated at the time of MPF activation. Following GVBD, Aurora-A was gradually dephosphorylated and inactivated before it was hyperphosphorylated and activated again. This biphasic pattern of Aurora-A activation mirrored that of MPF activation and hence may explain meiosis I arrest by the constitutively activated Myr-Aurora-A.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunqi Ma
- Ottawa Health Research Institute, Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Du J, Hannon GJ. The centrosomal kinase Aurora-A/STK15 interacts with a putative tumor suppressor NM23-H1. Nucleic Acids Res 2002; 30:5465-75. [PMID: 12490715 PMCID: PMC140054 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkf678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in the activity of the centrosomal kinase, Aurora-A/STK15, have been implicated in centrosome amplification, genome instability and cellular transformation. How STK15 participates in all of these processes remains largely mysterious. The activity of STK15 is regulated by phosphorylation and ubiquitin-mediated degradation, and physically interacts with protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) and CDC20. However, the precise roles of these modifications and interactions have yet to be fully appreciated. Here we show that STK15 associates with a putative tumor and metastasis suppressor, NM23-H1. STK15 and NM23 were initially found to interact in yeast in a two-hybrid assay. Association of these proteins in human cells was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation from cell lysates and biochemical fractionation indicating that STK15 and NM23-H1 are present in a stable, physical complex. Notably, SKT15 and NM23 both localize to centrosomes throughout the cell cycle irrespective of the integrity of the microtubule network in normal human fibroblasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Du
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Watson School of Biological Sciences, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Littlepage LE, Wu H, Andresson T, Deanehan JK, Amundadottir LT, Ruderman JV. Identification of phosphorylated residues that affect the activity of the mitotic kinase Aurora-A. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:15440-5. [PMID: 12422018 PMCID: PMC137735 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.202606599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/07/2002] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity of the kinase Aurora-A (Aur-A) peaks during mitosis and depends on phosphorylation by one or more unknown kinases. Mitotic phosphorylation sites were mapped by mass spec sequencing of recombinant Aur-A protein that had been activated by incubation in extracts of metaphase-arrested Xenopus eggs. Three sites were identified: serine 53 (Ser-53), threonine 295 (Thr-295), and serine 349 (Ser-349), which are equivalent to Ser-51, Thr-288, and Ser-342, respectively, in human Aur-A. To ask how phosphorylation of these residues might affect kinase activity, each was mutated to either alanine or aspartic acid, and the recombinant proteins were then tested for their ability to be activated by M phase extract. Mutation of Thr-295, which resides in the activation loop of the kinase, to either alanine or aspartic acid abolished activity. The S349A mutant had slightly reduced activity, indicating that phosphorylation is not required for activity. The S349D mutation completely blocked activation, suggesting that Ser-349 is important for either the structure or regulation of Aur-A. Finally, like human Aur-A, overexpression of Xenopus Aur-A transformed NIH 3T3 cells and led to tumors in nude mice. These results provide further evidence that Xenopus Aur-A is a functional ortholog of human Aur-A and, along with the recently described crystal structure of human Aur-A, should help in future studies of the mechanisms that regulate Aur-A activity during mitotic progression.
Collapse
|
30
|
Kiat LS, Hui KM, Gopalan G. Aurora-A kinase interacting protein (AIP), a novel negative regulator of human Aurora-A kinase. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:45558-65. [PMID: 12244051 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m206820200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Aurora kinases have evolved as a new family of mitotic centrosome- and microtubule-associated kinases that regulate the structure and function of centrosomes and spindle. One of its members, Aurora-A, is a potential oncogene. Overexpression of Aurora-A is also implicated in defective centrosome duplication and segregation, leading to aneuploidy and tumorigenesis in various cancer cell types. However, the regulatory pathways for mammalian Aurora-A are not well understood. Exploiting the lethal phenotype associated with the overexpression of Aurora-A in yeast, we performed a dosage suppressor screen in yeast and report here the identification of a novel negative regulator of Aurora-A, named AIP (Aurora-A kinase Interacting Protein). AIP is a ubiquitously expressed nuclear protein that interacts specifically with human Aurora-A in vivo. Ectopic expression of AIP with Aurora-A in NIH 3T3 and COS cells results in the down-regulation of ectopically expressed Aurora-A protein levels, and this down-regulation is demonstrated to be the result of destabilization of Aurora-A through a proteasome-dependent protein degradation pathway. A noninteracting deletion mutant of AIP does not down-regulate Aurora-A protein, suggesting that the interaction is important for the protein degradation. AIP could therefore be a potential useful target gene for anti-tumor drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lim Shen Kiat
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre, Singapore 169610
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Littlepage LE, Ruderman JV. Identification of a new APC/C recognition domain, the A box, which is required for the Cdh1-dependent destruction of the kinase Aurora-A during mitotic exit. Genes Dev 2002; 16:2274-85. [PMID: 12208850 PMCID: PMC186670 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1007302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The mitotic kinase Aurora A (Aur-A) is required for formation of a bipolar mitotic spindle and accurate chromosome segregation. In somatic cells, Aur-A protein and kinase activity levels peak during mitosis, and Aur-A is degraded during mitotic exit. Here, we investigated how Aur-A protein and kinase activity levels are regulated, taking advantage of the rapid synchronous cell division cycles of Xenopus eggs and cell-free systems derived from them. Aur-A kinase activity oscillates in the early embryonic cell cycles, just as in somatic cells, but Aur-A protein levels are constant, indicating that regulated activation and inactivation, instead of periodic proteolysis, is the dominant mode of Aur-A regulation in these cell cycles. Cdh1, the APC/C activator that targets many mitotic proteins for ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis during late mitosis and G1 in somatic cells, is missing in Xenopus eggs and early embryos. We find that addition of Cdh1 to egg extracts undergoing M phase exit is sufficient to induce rapid degradation of Aur-A. Aur-A contains both of the two known APC/C recognition signals, (1) a C-terminal D box similar to those required for ubiquitin-dependent destruction of cyclin B and several other mitotic proteins, and (2) an N-terminal KEN box similar to that found on cdc20, which is ubiquitinated in response to APC/C(Cdh1). The D box is required for Cdh1-induced destruction of Aur-A but the KEN box is not. Destruction also requires a short region in the N terminus, which contains a newly identified recognition signal, the A box. The A box is conserved in vertebrate Aur-As and contains serine 53, which is phosphorylated during M phase. Mutation of serine 53 to aspartic acid, which can mimic the effect of phosphorylation, completely blocks Cdh1-dependent destruction of Aur-A. These results suggest that dephosphorylation of serine 53 during mitotic exit could control the timing of Aur-A destruction, allowing recognition of both the A box and D box by Cdh1-activated APC/C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurie E Littlepage
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Taguchi SI, Honda K, Sugiura K, Yamaguchi A, Furukawa K, Urano T. Degradation of human Aurora-A protein kinase is mediated by hCdh1. FEBS Lett 2002; 519:59-65. [PMID: 12023018 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(02)02711-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Human Aurora-A is related to a protein kinase originally identified by its close homology to Ipl1p from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and aurora from Drosophila melanogaster, which are key regulators of the structure and function of the mitotic spindle. We previously showed that human Aurora-A is turned over through the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C)-ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. The association of two distinct WD40 repeat proteins known as Cdc20 and Cdh1, respectively, sequentially activates the APC/C. The present study shows that Aurora-A degradation is dependent on hCdh1 in vivo, not on hCdc20, and that Aurora-A is targeted for proteolysis through distinct structural features of the destruction box, the KEN box motifs and its kinase activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sei ichi Taguchi
- Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-machi, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Leverson JD, Huang HK, Forsburg SL, Hunter T. The Schizosaccharomyces pombe aurora-related kinase Ark1 interacts with the inner centromere protein Pic1 and mediates chromosome segregation and cytokinesis. Mol Biol Cell 2002; 13:1132-43. [PMID: 11950927 PMCID: PMC102257 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.01-07-0330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The chromosomal passenger proteins aurora-B, survivin, and inner centromere protein (INCENP) have been implicated in coordinating chromosome segregation with cell division. This work describes the interplay between aurora, survivin, and INCENP orthologs in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe and defines their roles in regulating chromosome segregation and cytokinesis. We describe the cloning and characterization of the aurora-related kinase gene ark1(+), demonstrating that it is an essential gene required for sister chromatid segregation. Cells lacking Ark1p exhibit the cut phenotype, DNA fragmentation, and other defects in chromosome segregation. Overexpression of a kinase-defective version of Ark1, Ark1-K147R, inhibits cytokinesis, with cells exhibiting an elongated, multiseptate phenotype. Ark1p interacts physically and/or genetically with the survivin and INCENP orthologs Bir1p and Pic1p. We identified Pic1p in a two-hybrid screen for Ark1-K147R interacting partners and went on to map domains in both proteins that mediate their binding. Pic1p residues 925-972 are necessary and sufficient for Ark1p binding, which occurs through the kinase domain. As with Ark1-K147R, overexpression of Ark1p-binding fragments of Pic1p leads to multiseptate phenotypes. We also provide evidence that the dominant-negative effect of Ark1-K147R requires Pic1p binding, indicating that the formation of Ark1p-Pic1p complexes is required for the execution of cytokinesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joel D Leverson
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Crosio C, Fimia GM, Loury R, Kimura M, Okano Y, Zhou H, Sen S, Allis CD, Sassone-Corsi P. Mitotic phosphorylation of histone H3: spatio-temporal regulation by mammalian Aurora kinases. Mol Cell Biol 2002; 22:874-85. [PMID: 11784863 PMCID: PMC133550 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.22.3.874-885.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 498] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation at a highly conserved serine residue (Ser-10) in the histone H3 tail is considered to be a crucial event for the onset of mitosis. This modification appears early in the G(2) phase within pericentromeric heterochromatin and spreads in an ordered fashion coincident with mitotic chromosome condensation. Mutation of Ser-10 is essential in Tetrahymena, since it results in abnormal chromosome segregation and extensive chromosome loss during mitosis and meiosis, establishing a strong link between signaling and chromosome dynamics. Although mitotic H3 phosphorylation has been long recognized, the transduction routes and the identity of the protein kinases involved have been elusive. Here we show that the expression of Aurora-A and Aurora-B, two kinases of the Aurora/AIK family, is tightly coordinated with H3 phosphorylation during the G(2)/M transition. During the G(2) phase, the Aurora-A kinase is coexpressed while the Aurora-B kinase colocalizes with phosphorylated histone H3. At prophase and metaphase, Aurora-A is highly localized in the centrosomic region and in the spindle poles while Aurora-B is present in the centromeric region concurrent with H3 phosphorylation, to then translocate by cytokinesis to the midbody region. Both Aurora-A and Aurora-B proteins physically interact with the H3 tail and efficiently phosphorylate Ser10 both in vitro and in vivo, even if Aurora-A appears to be a better H3 kinase than Aurora-B. Since Aurora-A and Aurora-B are known to be overexpressed in a variety of human cancers, our findings provide an attractive link between cell transformation, chromatin modifications and a specific kinase system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Crosio
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS-INSERM-Université Louis Pasteur, 67404 Illkirch-Strasbourg, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Katayama H, Zhou H, Li Q, Tatsuka M, Sen S. Interaction and feedback regulation between STK15/BTAK/Aurora-A kinase and protein phosphatase 1 through mitotic cell division cycle. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:46219-24. [PMID: 11551964 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m107540200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
STK15 is an Aurora/Ipl-1 related serine/threonine kinase that is associated with centrosomes and induces aneuploidy when overexpressed in mammalian cells. It is well known that phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of kinases are important for regulation of their activity. But mechanisms by which STK15 activity is regulated have not been elucidated. We report that STK15 contains two functional binding sites for protein phosphatase type 1 (PP1), and the binding of these proteins is cell cycle-regulated peaking at mitosis. Activated STK15 at mitosis phosphorylates PP1 and inhibits PP1 activity in vitro. In vivo, PP1 activity co-immunoprecipitated with STK15 is also reduced. These data indicate that STK15 inhibits PP1 activity during mitosis. Also, PP1 is shown to dephosphorylate active STK15 and abolish its activity in vitro. Furthermore, we show that non-binding mutants of STK15 for PP1 are superphosphorylated, but their kinase activities are markedly reduced. Cells transfected with these non-binding mutants manifest aberrant chromosome alignment during mitosis. Our results suggest that a feedback regulation through phosphorylation/dephosphorylation events between STK15 kinase and PP1 phosphatase operates through the cell cycle. Deregulation of this balance may contribute to anomalous segregation of chromosomes during mitotic progression of cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Katayama
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kallio MJ, Nieminen M, Eriksson JE. Human inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) survivin participates in regulation of chromosome segregation and mitotic exit. FASEB J 2001; 15:2721-3. [PMID: 11687505 DOI: 10.1096/fj.01-0280fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A signaling cascade termed the "spindle checkpoint" monitors interactions between the kinetochores of chromosomes and spindle microtubules to prevent precocious separation of sister chromatids. We have investigated the role of human inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) surviving in regulation of cell division. We demonstrate that HeLa and PtK1 cells transfected or microinjected with surviving anti-sense oligonucleotides produce significantly more polyploid and micronucleated progeny cells and show abortive mitosis when treated with spindle poisons. Furthermore, perturbation of surviving function in HeLa and PtK1 cells with anti-surviving antibodies at the beginning of mitosis affects the normal timing of separation of sister chromatids and disturbs the 3F3/2 phosphoepitope-recognized tension sensing mechanism of the spindle checkpoint. This leads to premature separation of sister chromatids, which results in an uneven distribution of chromosomes between the newly formed progeny cells-an event associated with tumor formation in many cell types. Finally, cells injected with anti-surviving antibody exit mitotic block induced with microtubule drugs. Our data suggest that surviving protein may function within the spindle checkpoint pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J Kallio
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Biggins S, Murray AW. The budding yeast protein kinase Ipl1/Aurora allows the absence of tension to activate the spindle checkpoint. Genes Dev 2001; 15:3118-29. [PMID: 11731476 PMCID: PMC312839 DOI: 10.1101/gad.934801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2001] [Accepted: 10/10/2001] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The spindle checkpoint prevents cell cycle progression in cells that have mitotic spindle defects. Although several spindle defects activate the spindle checkpoint, the exact nature of the primary signal is unknown. We have found that the budding yeast member of the Aurora protein kinase family, Ipl1p, is required to maintain a subset of spindle checkpoint arrests. Ipl1p is required to maintain the spindle checkpoint that is induced by overexpression of the protein kinase Mps1. Inactivating Ipl1p allows cells overexpressing Mps1p to escape from mitosis and segregate their chromosomes normally. Therefore, the requirement for Ipl1p in the spindle checkpoint is not a consequence of kinetochore and/or spindle defects. The requirement for Ipl1p distinguishes two different activators of the spindle checkpoint: Ipl1p function is required for the delay triggered by chromosomes whose kinetochores are not under tension, but is not required for arrest induced by spindle depolymerization. Ipl1p localizes at or near kinetochores during mitosis, and we propose that Ipl1p is required to monitor tension at the kinetochore.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Biggins
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Kang J, Cheeseman IM, Kallstrom G, Velmurugan S, Barnes G, Chan CS. Functional cooperation of Dam1, Ipl1, and the inner centromere protein (INCENP)-related protein Sli15 during chromosome segregation. J Cell Biol 2001; 155:763-74. [PMID: 11724818 PMCID: PMC2150868 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200105029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We have shown previously that Ipl1 and Sli15 are required for chromosome segregation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Sli15 associates directly with the Ipl1 protein kinase and these two proteins colocalize to the mitotic spindle. We show here that Sli15 stimulates the in vitro, and likely in vivo, kinase activity of Ipl1, and Sli15 facilitates the association of Ipl1 with the mitotic spindle. The Ipl1-binding and -stimulating activities of Sli15 both reside within a region containing homology to the metazoan inner centromere protein (INCENP). Ipl1 and Sli15 also bind to Dam1, a microtubule-binding protein required for mitotic spindle integrity and kinetochore function. Sli15 and Dam1 are most likely physiological targets of Ipl1 since Ipl1 can phosphorylate both proteins efficiently in vitro, and the in vivo phosphorylation of both proteins is reduced in ipl1 mutants. Some dam1 mutations exacerbate the phenotype of ipl1 and sli15 mutants, thus providing evidence that Dam1 interactions with Ipl1-Sli15 are functionally important in vivo. Similar to Dam1, Ipl1 and Sli15 each bind to microtubules directly in vitro, and they are associated with yeast centromeric DNA in vivo. Given their dual association with microtubules and kinetochores, Ipl1, Sli15, and Dam1 may play crucial roles in regulating chromosome-spindle interactions or in the movement of kinetochores along microtubules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Kang
- Section of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Arlot-Bonnemains Y, Klotzbucher A, Giet R, Uzbekov R, Bihan R, Prigent C. Identification of a functional destruction box in the Xenopus laevis aurora-A kinase pEg2. FEBS Lett 2001; 508:149-52. [PMID: 11707286 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(01)03048-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Like for all aurora-A kinases, the Xenopus pEg2 kinase level peaks in G(2)/M and is hardly detectable in G(1) cells, suggesting that the protein is degraded upon exit from mitosis as reported for the human aurora-A kinase. We identified for the first time a sequence RxxL in the C-terminal end of the kinase catalytic domain. Mutation of this sequence RxxL to RxxI suppresses the ubiquitination of the protein as well as its degradation. The sequence RxxL corresponding to the pEg2 functional destruction box has been conserved throughout evolution in all aurora kinases including aurora-A, -B and -C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Arlot-Bonnemains
- Groupe Cycle Cellulaire, UMR 6061 Génétique et Développement, CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, IFR 97 Génomique Fonctionnelle et Santé, Faculté de Médecine, 2 avenue du Pr Léon Bernard, CS 34317, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Makino K, Yu D, Hung MC. Transcriptional upregulation and activation of p55Cdc via p34(cdc2) in Taxol-induced apoptosis. Oncogene 2001; 20:2537-43. [PMID: 11420663 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1204366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2000] [Revised: 01/31/2001] [Accepted: 02/12/2001] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Paclitaxel (Taxol) is a potent and highly effective antineoplastic agent for the treatment of advanced, drug-refractory, metastatic breast cancers. Taxol not only induces tubulin polymerization, stabilizes microtubules, blocks cell cycle progression, and induces apoptosis, but it also alters gene expression. Here, we have identified that Taxol can upregulate expression of the gene encoding the cell cycle protein p55Cdc by using cDNA array technique. Taxol induced p55Cdc mRNA expression through activation of the p55Cdc promoter, which led to increase p55Cdc protein expression. Taxol also activated p55Cdc-associated kinase. In addition, overexpression of the p55Cdc gene resulted in cell death in both HeLa cells and NIH3T3 cells in a dose-dependent manner. A dominant-negative mutant of p34(cdc2) blocked Taxol-induced p55Cdc activation and inhibited p55Cdc-induced and Taxol-induced cell death. Our data suggest that transcriptional upregulation of p55Cdc and activation of p55Cdc by Taxol-mediated p34(cdc2) activation play a critical role in Taxol-induced cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Makino
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Descamps S, Prigent C. Two Mammalian Mitotic Aurora Kinases: Who's Who? Sci Signal 2001. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.732001pe1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
|
42
|
Descamps S, Prigent C. Two mammalian mitotic aurora kinases: who's who? SCIENCE'S STKE : SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION KNOWLEDGE ENVIRONMENT 2001; 2001:pe1. [PMID: 11752644 DOI: 10.1126/stke.2001.73.pe1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Several serine-threonine kinases related to the Ipl1p kinase in budding yeast, termed aurora kinases, have been cloned recently. Their characterization revealed them to be important regulators of mitotic functions, including (i) the separation of the centrosome, (ii) assembly of the spindles, and (iii) segregation of the chromosomes. The Perspective by Descamps and Prigent delves into the latest observations on aurora kinases in humans and the specific roles of each kinase within the process of mitosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Descamps
- the Groupe Cycle Cellulaire, UMR 6061 Génétique et Développement, CNRS-Université de Rennes I, IFR 97 Génomique Fonctionnelle et Santé, Faculté de Médecine, 2 avenue du Pr Léon Bernard, CS 34317, 35043 Rennes cedex, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
Mitosis and cytokinesis are undoubtedly the most spectacular parts of the cell cycle. Errors in the choreography of these processes can lead to aneuploidy or genetic instability, fostering cell death or disease. Here, I give an overview of the many mitotic kinases that regulate cell division and the fidelity of chromosome transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E A Nigg
- Max-Planck-Institute for Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Am Klopferspitz 18a, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Yang SC, Huang CH, Chen NJ, Chou CK, Lin CH. Functional implication of human serine/threonine kinase, hAIK, in cell cycle progression. J Biomed Sci 2000; 7:484-93. [PMID: 11060497 DOI: 10.1007/bf02253364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is involved in many biological activities and plays important roles in cell cycle progression. In the present study, we identified a serine/threonine kinase, hAIK, from human hepatic cells using degenerated polymerase chain reactions with a pair of primers derived from the highly conserved sequence in the catalytic domain of kinases. The full-length hAIK cDNA was then obtained, which contained 403 amino acids and was homologous to Drosophila Aurora2 and yeast Ipl1 proteins. Northern blotting analysis revealed that hAIK was highly expressed in the testis but not in other tissues. Expressions of hAIK drastically increased in cancer tissues/cell lines but not in fibroblasts or nontumorigenic cell lines. The recombinant hAIK protein phosphorylated itself and histone H1; this phosphorylation activity was totally abolished after a point mutation at the catalytic domain (hAIKm). During the interphase cell, hAIK was found mainly in the cytoplasm; during mitosis hAIK accumulated at the centrosomes. In addition, overexpression of hAIK in cancer cell lines (HEK293T and HeLa) appeared to inhibit cell cycle progression. None of these phenomena were observed in hAIKm whose kinase activity was rendered inactive. Our results suggest that hAIK protein/activity might modulate cell cycle progression by interacting with the centrosomes and/or proteins associated with these structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S C Yang
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Walter AO, Seghezzi W, Korver W, Sheung J, Lees E. The mitotic serine/threonine kinase Aurora2/AIK is regulated by phosphorylation and degradation. Oncogene 2000; 19:4906-16. [PMID: 11039908 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1203847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Aurora2 is a cell cycle regulated serine/threonine protein kinase which is overexpressed in many tumor cell lines. We demonstrate that Aurora2 is regulated by phosphorylation in a cell cycle dependent manner. This phosphorylation occurs on a conserved residue, Threonine 288, within the activation loop of the catalytic domain of the kinase and results in a significant increase in the enzymatic activity. Threonine 288 resides within a consensus motif for the cAMP dependent kinase and can be phosphorylated by PKA in vitro. The protein phosphatase 1 is shown to dephosphorylate this site in vitro, and in vivo the phosphorylation of T288 is induced by okadaic acid treatment. Furthermore, we show that the Aurora2 kinase is regulated by proteasome dependent degradation and that Aurora2 phosphorylated on T288 may be targeted for degradation during mitosis. Our experiments suggest that phosphorylation of T288 is important for regulation of the Aurora2 kinase both for its activity and its stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A O Walter
- DNAX Research Institute, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Wu H, Lan Z, Li W, Wu S, Weinstein J, Sakamoto KM, Dai W. p55CDC/hCDC20 is associated with BUBR1 and may be a downstream target of the spindle checkpoint kinase. Oncogene 2000; 19:4557-62. [PMID: 11030144 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1203803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells have evolved a mechanism that delays the progression of mitosis until condensed chromosomes are properly positioned on the mitotic spindle. We have been studying genes that regulated the spindle checkpoint in human cells. Enforced expression of human BUBR1, but not a BUBR1 mutant allele, enhances accumulation of mitotic cells. Yeast two-hybrid system and GST-pulldown analyses show that p55CDC/hCdc20, a protein known to link spindle checkpoint components such as MAD2 to anaphase promoting complex (APC), interacts with BUBR1. In addition, p55CDC is capable of pulling down BUBR1 in sf-9 cells infected with both p55CDC and His6-BUBR1 recombinant baculoviruses but not in the cells infected with p55CDC baculoviruses or with the baculoviral vector alone. Moreover, immunoprecipitation followed by Western blot analyses confirmed that native p55CDC is associated with BUBR1 in HeLa cells. Spindle checkpoint activation by nocodazole treatment enhances the association between p55CDC and His6-BUBR1. In nocodazole-arrested mitotic cells, both CDC16 and hyperphosphorylated CDC27, two APC components, preferentially associate with His6-BUBR1 resins, but not the control resins. Furthermore, BUBR1 phosphorylates p55CDC in vitro, and the phosphorylation of p55CDC by BUBR1 appears to be correlated with spindle checkpoint activation. Together, our studies strongly suggest that BUBR1 may target APC via p55CDC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Wu
- American Health Foundation, Valhalla, New York, NY 10595, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Brassac T, Castro A, Lorca T, Le Peuch C, Dorée M, Labbé JC, Galas S. The polo-like kinase Plx1 prevents premature inactivation of the APC(Fizzy)-dependent pathway in the early Xenopus cell cycle. Oncogene 2000; 19:3782-90. [PMID: 10949933 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1203724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Members of the polo-like family of protein kinases have been involved in the control of APC (anaphase-promoting complex) during the cell cycle, yet how they activate APC is not understood in any detail. In Xenopus oocytes, Ca2+-dependent degradation of cyclin B associated with release from arrest at second meiotic metaphase was demonstrated to require the polo-like kinase Plx1. The aim of the present study was to examine, beyond Ca2+-dependent resumption of meiosis, the possible role of Plx1 in the control of cyclin degradation during the early mitotic cell cycle. Plx1 was found to be dispensable for MPF to turn on the cyclin degradation machinery. However, it is required to prevent premature inactivation of the APC-dependent proteolytic pathway. Microcystin suppresses the requirement for Plx1 in both Ca2+-dependent exit from meiosis, associated with degradation of both cyclin B and A downstream of CaMK2 activation, and prevention of premature APC(Fizzy) inactivation in the early mitotic cell cycle. These results are consistent with the view that Plx1 antagonizes an unidentified microcystin-sensitive phosphatase that inactivates APC(Fizzy).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Brassac
- Centre de Recherches de Biochimie Macromoléculaire, CNRS UPR 1086, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Frank-Vaillant M, Haccard O, Thibier C, Ozon R, Arlot-Bonnemains Y, Prigent C, Jessus C. Progesterone regulates the accumulation and the activation of Eg2 kinase in Xenopus oocytes. J Cell Sci 2000; 113 ( Pt 7):1127-38. [PMID: 10704364 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.113.7.1127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenopus prophase oocytes reenter meiotic division in response to progesterone. The signaling pathway leading to Cdc2 activation depends on neosynthesized proteins and a decrease in PKA activity. We demonstrate that Eg2 protein, a Xenopus member of the Aurora/Ipl1 family of protein kinases, accumulates in response to progesterone and is degraded after parthenogenetic activation. The polyadenylation and cap ribose methylation of Eg2 mRNA are not needed for the protein accumulation. Eg2 protein accumulation is induced by progesterone through a decrease in PKA activity, upstream of Cdc2 activation. Eg2 kinase activity is undetectable in prophase and is raised in parallel with Cdc2 activation. In contrast to Eg2 protein accumulation, Eg2 kinase activation is under Cdc2 control. Furthermore, by using an anti-sense strategy, we show that Eg2 accumulation is not required in the transduction pathway leading to Cdc2 activation. Altogether, our results strongly suggest that Eg2 is not necessary for Cdc2 activation, though it could participate in the organization of the meiotic spindles, in agreement with the well-conserved roles of the members of the Aurora family, from yeast to man.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Frank-Vaillant
- Laboratoire de Physiologie de la Reproduction, INRA/ESA-CNRS 7080, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, boîte 13, 75252 Paris Cédex 05, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Listovsky T, Zor A, Laronne A, Brandeis M. Cdk1 is essential for mammalian cyclosome/APC regulation. Exp Cell Res 2000; 255:184-91. [PMID: 10694434 DOI: 10.1006/excr.1999.4788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The cyclosome/APC (anaphase-promoting complex), the major component of cell-cycle-specific ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis of mitotic cyclins and of other cell cycle proteins, is essential for sister chromatid separation and for exit from mitosis. Cyclosome activity and substrate specificity are modulated by phosphorylation and by transient interactions with Fizzy/cdc20 (Fzy) and Fizzy-related/Hct1/Cdh1 (Fzr). This regulation has been studied so far in Drosophila embryos, in yeast, and in cell-free extracts in vitro. Studying cyclosome regulation in mammalian cells in vivo we found that both Fzr overexpression and Cdk1 inhibition can override the prometaphase checkpoint. We further show that Fzr activation of the cyclosome is negatively regulated by Cdk1. Finally, we show that the mammalian cdc14 phosphatase, like its budding yeast homologue, plays a role in cyclosome pathway regulation. These results suggest that Cdk1 is essential for coupling various activities of the cyclosome and in particular for preventing Fzr from short-circuiting the spindle pole checkpoint. Cdk1-cyclin B is thus an inhibitor, activator, and substrate of the cyclosome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Listovsky
- Department of Genetics, The Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Ohtoshi A, Maeda T, Higashi H, Ashizawa S, Hatakeyama M. Human p55(CDC)/Cdc20 associates with cyclin A and is phosphorylated by the cyclin A-Cdk2 complex. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 268:530-4. [PMID: 10679238 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.2167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The initiation of anaphase and exit from mitosis depend on the activation of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), a multicomponent, ubiquitin-protein ligase. The WD-repeat protein called p55(CDC)(Cdc20) directly binds to and activates APC/C. By using yeast two-hybrid screening, we found that cyclin A, a critical cell cycle regulator in the S and G2/M phases, specifically interacts with p55(CDC). Ectopically expressed p55(CDC) and cyclin A form a stable protein complex in mammalian cells. The p55(CDC)-cyclin A interaction occurs through the region containing the WD repeats of p55(CDC) and the region between the destruction box and the cyclin box of cyclin A. In addition to the physical interaction, p55(CDC) is phosphorylated by cyclin A-associated kinase. These findings suggest that the function of p55(CDC) is mediated or regulated by its complex formation with cyclin A.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Ohtoshi
- Department of Viral Oncology, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, 170-8455, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|