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Zou A, Xiao T, Chi B, Wang Y, Mao L, Cai D, Gu Q, Chen Q, Wang Q, Ji Y, Sun L. Engineered Exosomes with Growth Differentiation Factor-15 Overexpression Enhance Cardiac Repair After Myocardial Injury. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:3295-3314. [PMID: 38606373 PMCID: PMC11007405 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s454277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiac repair remains a thorny issue for survivors of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), due to the regenerative inertia of myocardial cells. Cell-free therapies, such as exosome transplantation, have become a potential strategy for myocardial injury. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of engineered exosomes in overexpressing Growth Differentiation Factor-15 (GDF-15) (GDF15-EVs) after myocardial injury, and their molecular mechanisms in cardiac repair. Methods H9C2 cells were transfected with GDF-15 lentivirus or negative control. The exosomes secreted from H9C2 cells were collected and identified. The cellular apoptosis and autophagy of H2O2-injured H9C2 cells were assessed by Western blotting, TUNEL assay, electron microscopy, CCK-8 and caspase 3/7 assay. A rat model of AMI was constructed by ligating the left anterior descending artery. The anti-apoptotic, pro-angiogenic effects of GDF15-EVs treatment, as well as ensuing functional and histological recovery were evaluated. Then, mRNA sequencing was performed to identify the differentially expressed mRNAs after GDF15-EVs treatment. Results GDF15-EVs inhibited apoptosis and promoted autophagy in H2O2 injured H9C2 cells. GDF15-EVs effectively decreased the infarct area and enhanced the cardiac function in rats with AMI. Moreover, GDF15-EVs hindered inflammatory cell infiltration, inhibited cell apoptosis, and promoted cardiac angiogenesis in rats with AMI. RNA sequence showed that telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) mRNA was upregulated in GDF15-EVs-treated H9C2 cells. AMPK signaling was activated after GDF15-EVs. Silencing TERT impaired the protective effects of GDF15-EVs on H2O2-injured H9C2 cells. Conclusion GDF15-EVs could fulfil their protective effects against myocardial injury by upregulating the expression of TERT and activating the AMPK signaling pathway. GDF15-EVs might be exploited to design new therapies for AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailin Zou
- Department of Cardiology, the Affiliated Changzhou Second People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tingting Xiao
- Department of Cardiology, the Affiliated Changzhou Second People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Boyu Chi
- Department of Cardiology, the Affiliated Changzhou Second People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Changzhou Clinical Medical College, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Cardiology, the Affiliated Changzhou Second People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lipeng Mao
- Department of Cardiology, the Affiliated Changzhou Second People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Changzhou Clinical Medical College, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dabei Cai
- Department of Cardiology, the Affiliated Changzhou Second People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Changzhou Clinical Medical College, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingqing Gu
- Department of Cardiology, the Affiliated Changzhou Second People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qianwen Chen
- Department of Cardiology, the Affiliated Changzhou Second People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingjie Wang
- Department of Cardiology, the Affiliated Changzhou Second People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan Ji
- Department of Cardiology, the Affiliated Changzhou Second People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Sun
- Department of Cardiology, the Affiliated Changzhou Second People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Changzhou Clinical Medical College, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
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Borges G, Benslimane Y, Harrington L. A CRISPR base editing approach for the functional assessment of telomere biology disorder-related genes in human health and aging. Biogerontology 2024; 25:361-378. [PMID: 38310618 PMCID: PMC10998809 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-024-10094-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Telomere Biology Disorders (TBDs) are a group of rare diseases characterized by the presence of short and/or dysfunctional telomeres. They comprise a group of bone marrow failure syndromes, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and liver disease, among other diseases. Genetic alterations (variants) in the genes responsible for telomere homeostasis have been linked to TBDs. Despite the number of variants already identified as pathogenic, an even more significant number must be better understood. The study of TBDs is challenging since identifying these variants is difficult due to their rareness, it is hard to predict their impact on the disease onset, and there are not enough samples to study. Most of our knowledge about pathogenic variants comes from assessing telomerase activity from patients and their relatives affected by a TBD. However, we still lack a cell-based model to identify new variants and to study the long-term impact of such variants on the genes involved in TBDs. Herein, we present a cell-based model using CRISPR base editing to mutagenize the endogenous alleles of 21 genes involved in telomere biology. We identified key residues in the genes encoding 17 different proteins impacting cell growth. We provide functional evidence for variants of uncertain significance in patients with TBDs. We also identified variants resistant to telomerase inhibition that, similar to cells expressing wild-type telomerase, exhibited increased tumorigenic potential using an in vitro tumour growth assay. We believe that such cell-based approaches will significantly advance our understanding of the biology of TBDs and may contribute to the development of new therapies for this group of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Borges
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Molecular Biology Programme, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Yahya Benslimane
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Molecular Biology Programme, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Lea Harrington
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Molecular Biology Programme, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada.
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3
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Khoury JE, Atkinson L, Jack S, Bennett T, Raha S, Duku E, Gonzalez A. Protocol for the COVID-19 Wellbeing and Stress Study: a longitudinal study of parent distress, biological stress and child biopsychosocial development during the pandemic and beyond. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e071926. [PMID: 37580092 PMCID: PMC10432660 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-071926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The COVID-19 pandemic has had a unique impact on the mental health and well-being of pregnant individuals and parents of young children. However, the impact of COVID-19-related stress during pregnancy on early child biopsychosocial development, remains unclear. The COVID-19 Wellbeing and Stress Study will: (1) investigate the impact of different forms of prenatal stress experienced during the pandemic (including objective hardship, perceived psychological distress and biological stress) on child stress biology, (2) examine the association between child stress biology and child developmental outcomes, (3) determine whether child stress biology acts as a mechanism linking prenatal stress to adverse child developmental outcomes and (4) assess whether gestational age at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic or child sex, moderate these associations. METHODS AND ANALYSES The COVID-19 Wellbeing and Stress Study is a prospective longitudinal study, consisting of six time points, spanning from pregnancy to 3 years postpartum. The study began in June 2020, consisting of 304 pregnant people from Ontario, Canada. This multimethod study is composed of questionnaires, biological samples, behavioural observations and developmental assessments ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This study was approved by the Hamilton Integrated Research Ethics Board (#11034) and the Mount Saint Vincent University Research Ethics Board (#2020-187, #2021-075, #2022-008). Findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed presentations and publications, community presentations, and electronic forums (social media, newsletters and website postings).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Khoury
- Department of Psychology, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Leslie Atkinson
- Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susan Jack
- School of Nursing, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Teresa Bennett
- Psychiatry and Behavioural Neuroscience, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sandeep Raha
- Department of Biochemistry & Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eric Duku
- Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrea Gonzalez
- Psychiatry and Behavioural Neuroscience, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Aquilanti E, Kageler L, Watson J, Baird DM, Jones RE, Hodges M, Szegletes ZM, Doench JG, Strathdee CA, Figueroa JRMF, Ligon KL, Beck M, Wen PY, Meyerson M. Telomerase inhibition is an effective therapeutic strategy in TERT promoter-mutant glioblastoma models with low tumor volume. Neuro Oncol 2023; 25:1275-1285. [PMID: 36694348 PMCID: PMC10326479 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noad024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma is one of the most lethal forms of cancer, with 5-year survival rates of only 6%. Glioblastoma-targeted therapeutics have been challenging to develop due to significant inter- and intra-tumoral heterogeneity. Telomerase reverse transcriptase gene (TERT) promoter mutations are the most common known clonal oncogenic mutations in glioblastoma. Telomerase is therefore considered to be a promising therapeutic target against this tumor. However, an important limitation of this strategy is that cell death does not occur immediately after telomerase ablation, but rather after several cell divisions required to reach critically short telomeres. We, therefore, hypothesize that telomerase inhibition would only be effective in glioblastomas with low tumor burden. METHODS We used CRISPR interference to knock down TERT expression in TERT promoter-mutant glioblastoma cell lines and patient-derived models. We then measured viability using serial proliferation assays. We also assessed for features of telomere crisis by measuring telomere length and chromatin bridge formation. Finally, we used a doxycycline-inducible CRISPR interference system to knock down TERT expression in vivo early and late in tumor development. RESULTS Upon TERT inactivation, glioblastoma cells lose their proliferative ability over time and exhibit telomere shortening and chromatin bridge formation. In vivo, survival is only prolonged when TERT knockdown is induced shortly after tumor implantation, but not when the tumor burden is high. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the idea that telomerase inhibition would be most effective at treating glioblastomas with low tumor burden, for example in the adjuvant setting after surgical debulking and chemoradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Aquilanti
- Division of Neuro Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lauren Kageler
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jacqueline Watson
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Duncan M Baird
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Rhiannon E Jones
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Marie Hodges
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Zsofia M Szegletes
- Genetic Perturbation Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John G Doench
- Genetic Perturbation Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Craig A Strathdee
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Keith L Ligon
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston Children’s Hospital, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthew Beck
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Patrick Y Wen
- Division of Neuro Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthew Meyerson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Cancer Genomics, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Genetics and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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López-Tena M, Farrera-Soler L, Barluenga S, Winssinger N. Pseudo-Complementary G:C Base Pair for Mixed Sequence dsDNA Invasion and Its Applications in Diagnostics (SARS-CoV-2 Detection). JACS AU 2023; 3:449-458. [PMID: 36873687 PMCID: PMC9975836 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Pseudo-complementary oligonucleotides contain artificial nucleobases designed to reduce duplex formation in the pseudo-complementary pair without compromising duplex formation to targeted (complementary) oligomers. The development of a pseudo-complementary A:T base pair, Us:D, was important in achieving dsDNA invasion. Herein, we report pseudo-complementary analogues of the G:C base pair leveraged on steric and electrostatic repulsion between the cationic phenoxazine analogue of cytosine (G-clamp, C+) and N-7 methyl guanine (G+), which is also cationic. We show that while complementary peptide nucleic acids (PNA) form a much more stable homoduplex than the PNA:DNA heteroduplex, oligomers based on pseudo-C:G complementary PNA favor PNA:DNA hybridization. We show that this enables dsDNA invasion at physiological salt concentration and that stable invasion complexes are obtained with low equivalents of PNAs (2-4 equiv). We harnessed the high yield of dsDNA invasion for the detection of RT-RPA amplicon using a lateral flow assay (LFA) and showed that two strains of SARS-CoV-2 can be discriminated owing to single nucleotide resolution.
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6
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Chen J, Wu L, Yang H, Zhang X, Xv S, Qian Q. Establishment of three heterogeneous subtypes and a risk model of low-grade gliomas based on cell senescence-related genes. Front Immunol 2022; 13:982033. [PMID: 36052073 PMCID: PMC9424930 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.982033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cellular senescence is a key element in the occurrence and progression of a variety of tumors. As a result, cellular senescence-related markers can be categorized based on the prognosis status of patients. Due to the heterogeneity and the complexity of the tumor microenvironment (TME), the long-term effectiveness of low-grade glioma (LGG) treatment remains a clinical challenge. Consequently, developing and refining effective treatment approaches to aid with LGG management is critical. Methods Based on the expressions of cell senescence-related genes (CSRGs) acquired from the cellAge database, consensus clustering was utilized to identify stable molecular subtypes. Clinical features, immune infiltration, route modifications, and genetic changes of various subtypes were also assessed. Following that, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression and univariate Cox regression analysis were used for developing the cell senescence-related risk score (CSRS) model. Finally, a correlation study of the CSRS model with molecular, immunological, and immunotherapy parameters was performed. Results C1, C2, and C3, are the three senescence-related subtypes that were identified. Patients belonging to the C1 subtype had poor prognoses and a substantial proportion of them was in the grade G3. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) among the three subtypes were used to develop the CSRS model. In both the training and independent validation cohort, the model had a high area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve in predicting the overall survival (OS) of patients. As a result, this model can predict clinical features and responses to immunotherapy in a variety of patients and it is a potential independent prognostic factor for LGG. Conclusion This research discovered three LGG subtypes related to cell senescence and created a CSRS model for six genes. Cell senescence was highly associated with unfavorable prognosis in LGG. The CSRS model can be used to predict the prognosis of patients and identify patients who would benefit from immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Chen,
| | - Lingjiao Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hanjin Yang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - XiaoChen Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - SuZhen Xv
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiong Qian
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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7
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Borges G, Criqui M, Harrington L. Tieing together loose ends: telomere instability in cancer and aging. Mol Oncol 2022; 16:3380-3396. [PMID: 35920280 PMCID: PMC9490142 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomere maintenance is essential for maintaining genome integrity in both normal and cancer cells. Without functional telomeres, chromosomes lose their protective structure and undergo fusion and breakage events that drive further genome instability, including cell arrest or death. One means by which this loss can be overcome in stem cells and cancer cells is via re‐addition of G‐rich telomeric repeats by the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT). During aging of somatic tissues, however, insufficient telomerase expression leads to a proliferative arrest called replicative senescence, which is triggered when telomeres reach a critically short threshold that induces a DNA damage response. Cancer cells express telomerase but do not entirely escape telomere instability as they often possess short telomeres; hence there is often selection for genetic alterations in the TERT promoter that result in increased telomerase expression. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of the consequences of telomere instability in cancer and aging, and outline the opportunities and challenges that lie ahead in exploiting the reliance of cells on telomere maintenance for preserving genome stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Borges
- University of Montreal, Molecular Biology Programme, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, 2950 chemin Polytechnique, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3T 1J4
| | - Mélanie Criqui
- University of Montreal, Molecular Biology Programme, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, 2950 chemin Polytechnique, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3T 1J4
| | - Lea Harrington
- University of Montreal, Molecular Biology Programme, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, 2950 chemin Polytechnique, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3T 1J4.,Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4
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Paul A, Muralidharan A, Biswas A, Venkatesh Kamath B, Joseph A, Alex AT. siRNA Therapeutics and its Challenges: Recent Advances in Effective Delivery for Cancer Therapy. OPENNANO 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.onano.2022.100063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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9
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Telomerase in Cancer: Function, Regulation, and Clinical Translation. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030808. [PMID: 35159075 PMCID: PMC8834434 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cells undergoing malignant transformation must circumvent replicative senescence and eventual cell death associated with progressive telomere shortening that occurs through successive cell division. To do so, malignant cells reactivate telomerase to extend their telomeres and achieve cellular immortality, which is a “Hallmark of Cancer”. Here we review the telomere-dependent and -independent functions of telomerase in cancer, as well as its potential as a biomarker and therapeutic target to diagnose and treat cancer patients. Abstract During the process of malignant transformation, cells undergo a series of genetic, epigenetic, and phenotypic alterations, including the acquisition and propagation of genomic aberrations that impart survival and proliferative advantages. These changes are mediated in part by the induction of replicative immortality that is accompanied by active telomere elongation. Indeed, telomeres undergo dynamic changes to their lengths and higher-order structures throughout tumor formation and progression, processes overseen in most cancers by telomerase. Telomerase is a multimeric enzyme whose function is exquisitely regulated through diverse transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational mechanisms to facilitate telomere extension. In turn, telomerase function depends not only on its core components, but also on a suite of binding partners, transcription factors, and intra- and extracellular signaling effectors. Additionally, telomerase exhibits telomere-independent regulation of cancer cell growth by participating directly in cellular metabolism, signal transduction, and the regulation of gene expression in ways that are critical for tumorigenesis. In this review, we summarize the complex mechanisms underlying telomere maintenance, with a particular focus on both the telomeric and extratelomeric functions of telomerase. We also explore the clinical utility of telomeres and telomerase in the diagnosis, prognosis, and development of targeted therapies for primary, metastatic, and recurrent cancers.
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10
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Bavelaar BM, Song L, Jackson MR, Able S, Tietz O, Skaripa-Koukelli I, Waghorn PA, Gill MR, Carlisle RC, Tarsounas M, Vallis KA. Oligonucleotide-Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles for Synchronous Telomerase Inhibition, Radiosensitization, and Delivery of Theranostic Radionuclides. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:3820-3831. [PMID: 34449222 PMCID: PMC8493550 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Telomerase represents an attractive target in oncology as it is expressed in cancer but not in normal tissues. The oligonucleotide inhibitors of telomerase represent a promising anticancer strategy, although poor cellular uptake can restrict their efficacy. In this study, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were used to enhance oligonucleotide uptake. "match" oligonucleotides complementary to the telomerase RNA template subunit (hTR) and "scramble" (control) oligonucleotides were conjugated to diethylenetriamine pentaacetate (DTPA) for 111In-labeling. AuNPs (15.5 nm) were decorated with a monofunctional layer of oligonucleotides (ON-AuNP) or a multifunctional layer of oligonucleotides, PEG(polethylene glycol)800-SH (to reduce AuNP aggregation) and the cell-penetrating peptide Tat (ON-AuNP-Tat). Match-AuNP enhanced the cellular uptake of radiolabeled oligonucleotides while retaining the ability to inhibit telomerase activity. The addition of Tat to AuNPs increased nuclear localization. 111In-Match-AuNP-Tat induced DNA double-strand breaks and caused a dose-dependent reduction in clonogenic survival of telomerase-positive cells but not telomerase-negative cells. hTR inhibition has been reported to sensitize cancer cells to ionizing radiation, and 111In-Match-AuNP-Tat therefore holds promise as a vector for delivery of radionuclides into cancer cells while simultaneously sensitizing them to the effects of the emitted radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas M. Bavelaar
- Oxford
Institute for Radiation Oncology, University
of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K.
| | - Lei Song
- Oxford
Institute for Radiation Oncology, University
of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K.
| | - Mark R. Jackson
- Institute
of Cancer Sciences, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - Sarah Able
- Oxford
Institute for Radiation Oncology, University
of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K.
| | - Ole Tietz
- Oxford
Institute for Radiation Oncology, University
of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K.
| | - Irini Skaripa-Koukelli
- Oxford
Institute for Radiation Oncology, University
of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K.
| | - Philip A. Waghorn
- Charles
River Laboratories, Elphinstone Research Centre, Elphinstone, Tranent EH33 2NE, U.K.
| | - Martin R. Gill
- Oxford
Institute for Radiation Oncology, University
of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K.
| | - Robert C. Carlisle
- Institute
of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K.
| | - Madalena Tarsounas
- Oxford
Institute for Radiation Oncology, University
of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K.
| | - Katherine A. Vallis
- Oxford
Institute for Radiation Oncology, University
of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K.
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Gruber HJ, Semeraro MD, Renner W, Herrmann M. Telomeres and Age-Related Diseases. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9101335. [PMID: 34680452 PMCID: PMC8533433 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomeres are at the non-coding ends of linear chromosomes. Through a complex 3-dimensional structure, they protect the coding DNA and ensure appropriate separation of chromosomes. Aging is characterized by a progressive shortening of telomeres, which compromises their structure and function. Because of their protective function for genomic DNA, telomeres appear to play an important role in the development and progression of many age-related diseases, such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), malignancies, dementia, and osteoporosis. Despite substantial evidence that links telomere length with these conditions, the nature of these observations remains insufficiently understood. Therefore, future studies should address the question of causality. Furthermore, analytical methods should be further improved with the aim to provide informative and comparable results. This review summarize the actual knowledge of telomere biology and the possible implications of telomere dysfunction for the development and progression of age-related diseases. Furthermore, we provide an overview of analytical techniques for the measurement of telomere length and telomerase activity.
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12
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Brodyagin N, Katkevics M, Kotikam V, Ryan CA, Rozners E. Chemical approaches to discover the full potential of peptide nucleic acids in biomedical applications. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:1641-1688. [PMID: 34367346 PMCID: PMC8313981 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide nucleic acid (PNA) is arguably one of the most successful DNA mimics, despite a most dramatic departure from the native structure of DNA. The present review summarizes 30 years of research on PNA's chemistry, optimization of structure and function, applications as probes and diagnostics, and attempts to develop new PNA therapeutics. The discussion starts with a brief review of PNA's binding modes and structural features, followed by the most impactful chemical modifications, PNA enabled assays and diagnostics, and discussion of the current state of development of PNA therapeutics. While many modifications have improved on PNA's binding affinity and specificity, solubility and other biophysical properties, the original PNA is still most frequently used in diagnostic and other in vitro applications. Development of therapeutics and other in vivo applications of PNA has notably lagged behind and is still limited by insufficient bioavailability and difficulties with tissue specific delivery. Relatively high doses are required to overcome poor cellular uptake and endosomal entrapment, which increases the risk of toxicity. These limitations remain unsolved problems waiting for innovative chemistry and biology to unlock the full potential of PNA in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Brodyagin
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, The State University of New York, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Martins Katkevics
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, Riga, LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Venubabu Kotikam
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, The State University of New York, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Christopher A Ryan
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, The State University of New York, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Eriks Rozners
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, The State University of New York, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
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Liu X, Meng F, Sun R, Wang K, Yu Z, Miao P. Three-dimensional bipedal DNA walker enabled logic gates responding to telomerase and miRNA. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:2629-2632. [PMID: 33587067 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc08089f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we have developed a simple and reliable platform for simultaneous analysis of telomerase and miRNA. A three-dimensional bipedal DNA walking strategy is designed utilizing gold nanoparticles and MnO2 nanosheets. Given the merits of fast, sensitive and selective analysis, the developed method has great potential application in early clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde, Foshan), Foshan 528300, China.
| | - Fanyu Meng
- Ji Hua Laboratory, Foshan 528200, China.
| | - Rui Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Kangnan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde, Foshan), Foshan 528300, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde, Foshan), Foshan 528300, China. and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Peng Miao
- Ji Hua Laboratory, Foshan 528200, China. and Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China
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15
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Gala K, Khattar E. Long non-coding RNAs at work on telomeres: Functions and implications in cancer therapy. Cancer Lett 2021; 502:120-132. [PMID: 33450357 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are known to regulate various biological processes including cancer. Cancer cells possess limitless replicative potential which is attained by telomere length maintenance while normal somatic cells have a limited lifespan because their telomeres shorten with every cell division ultimately triggering replicative senescence. Two lncRNAs have been observed to play a key role in telomere length maintenance. First is the lncRNA TERC (telomerase RNA component) which functions as a template for telomeric DNA synthesis in association with telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) which serves as the catalytic component. Together they constitute the telomerase complex which functions as a reverse transcriptase to elongate telomeres. Second lncRNA that helps in regulating telomere length is the telomeric repeat-containing RNA (TERRA) which is transcribed from the subtelomeric region and extends to the telomeric region. TERC and TERRA exhibit important functions in cancer with implications in precision oncology. In this review, we discuss various aspects of these important lncRNAs in humans and their role in cancer along with recent advancements in their anticancer therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Gala
- Sunandan Divatia School of Science, SVKM's NMIMS (Deemed to be) University, Mumbai, 400056, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ekta Khattar
- Sunandan Divatia School of Science, SVKM's NMIMS (Deemed to be) University, Mumbai, 400056, Maharashtra, India.
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Presence of Endogenous Viral Elements Negatively Correlates with Feline Leukemia Virus Susceptibility in Puma and Domestic Cat Cells. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01274-20. [PMID: 32817213 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01274-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While feline leukemia virus (FeLV) has been shown to infect felid species other than the endemic domestic cat host, differences in FeLV susceptibility among species has not been evaluated. Previous reports have noted a negative correlation between endogenous FeLV (enFeLV) copy number and exogenous FeLV (exFeLV) infection outcomes in domestic cats. Since felids outside the genus Felis do not harbor enFeLV genomes, we hypothesized absence of enFeLV results in more severe disease consequences in felid species lacking these genomic elements. We infected primary fibroblasts isolated from domestic cats (Felis catus) and pumas (Puma concolor) with FeLV and quantitated proviral and viral antigen loads. Domestic cat enFeLV env and long terminal repeat (LTR) copy numbers were determined for each individual and compared to FeLV viral outcomes. FeLV proviral and antigen levels were also measured in 6 naturally infected domestic cats and 11 naturally infected Florida panthers (P. concolor coryi). We demonstrated that puma fibroblasts are more permissive to FeLV than domestic cat cells, and domestic cat FeLV restriction was highly related to enFeLV-LTR copy number. Terminal tissues from FeLV-infected Florida panthers and domestic cats had similar exFeLV proviral copy numbers, but Florida panther tissues have higher FeLV antigen loads. Our work indicates that enFeLV-LTR elements negatively correlate with exogenous FeLV replication. Further, Puma concolor samples lacking enFeLV are more permissive to FeLV infection than domestic cat samples, suggesting that endogenization can play a beneficial role in mitigating exogenous retroviral infections. Conversely, presence of endogenous retroelements may relate to new host susceptibility during viral spillover events.IMPORTANCE Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) can infect a variety of felid species. Only the primary domestic cat host and related small cat species harbor a related endogenous virus in their genomes. Previous studies noted a negative association between the endogenous virus copy number and exogenous virus infection in domestic cats. This report shows that puma cells, which lack endogenous FeLV, produce more virus more rapidly than domestic cat fibroblasts following cell culture challenge. We document a strong association between domestic cat cell susceptibility and FeLV long terminal repeat (LTR) copy number, similar to observations in natural FeLV infections. Viral replication does not, however, correlate with FeLV env copy number, suggesting that this effect is specific to FeLV-LTR elements. This discovery indicates a protective capacity of the endogenous virus against the exogenous form, either via direct interference or indirectly via gene regulation, and may suggest evolutionary outcomes of retroviral endogenization.
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Semeraro MD, Smith C, Kaiser M, Levinger I, Duque G, Gruber HJ, Herrmann M. Physical activity, a modulator of aging through effects on telomere biology. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:13803-13823. [PMID: 32575077 PMCID: PMC7377891 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a complex process that is not well understood but involves finite changes at the genetic and epigenetic level. Physical activity is a well-documented modulator of the physiological process of aging. It has been suggested that the beneficial health effects of regular exercise are at least partly mediated through its effects on telomeres and associated regulatory pathways. Telomeres, the region of repetitive nucleotide sequences functioning as a "cap" at the chromosomal ends, play an important role to protect genomic DNA from degradation. Telomeres of dividing cells progressively shorten with age. Leucocyte telomere length (TL) has been associated with age-related diseases. Epidemiologic evidence indicates a strong relationship between physical activity and TL. In addition, TL has also been shown to predict all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Experimental studies support a functional link between aerobic exercise and telomere preservation through activation of telomerase, an enzyme that adds nucleotides to the telomeric ends. However, unresolved questions regarding exercise modalities, pathomechanistic aspects and analytical issues limit the interpretability of available data. This review provides an overview about the current knowledge in the area of telomere biology, aging and physical activity. Finally, the capabilities and limitations of available analytical methods are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Donatella Semeraro
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Cassandra Smith
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia
| | - Melanie Kaiser
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Itamar Levinger
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia
| | - Gustavo Duque
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Hans-Juergen Gruber
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Markus Herrmann
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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18
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Giangaspero F, Minasi S, Gianno F, Alzoubi H, Antonelli M, Buttarelli F. Mechanisms of telomere maintenance in pediatric brain tumors: Promising targets for therapy – A narrative review. GLIOMA 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/glioma.glioma_20_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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19
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Tutone M, Pecoraro B, Almerico AM. Investigation on Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships of 1,3,4-Oxadiazole Derivatives as Potential Telomerase Inhibitors. Curr Drug Discov Technol 2020; 17:79-86. [PMID: 30039762 DOI: 10.2174/1570163815666180724113208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Telomerase, a reverse transcriptase, maintains telomere and chromosomes integrity of dividing cells, while it is inactivated in most somatic cells. In tumor cells, telomerase is highly activated, and works in order to maintain the length of telomeres causing immortality, hence it could be considered as a potential marker to tumorigenesis.A series of 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives showed significant broad-spectrum anticancer activity against different cell lines, and demonstrated telomerase inhibition. METHODS This series of 24 N-benzylidene-2-((5-(pyridine-4-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2yl)thio)acetohydrazide derivatives as telomerase inhibitors has been considered to carry out QSAR studies. The endpoint to build QSAR models is determined by the IC50 values for telomerase inhibition, i.e., the concentration (μM) of inhibitor that produces 50% inhibition. These values were converted to pIC50 (- log IC50) values. We used the most common and transparent method, where models are described by clearly expressed mathematical equations: Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) by Ordinary Least Squares (OLS). RESULTS Validated models with high correlation coefficients were developed. The Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) models, by Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), showed good robustness and predictive capability, according to the Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM = 0.8352), a technique that simultaneously enhances the performances of a certain number of criteria. The descriptors selected for the models, such as electrotopological state (E-state) descriptors, and extended topochemical atom (ETA) descriptors, showed the relevant chemical information contributing to the activity of these compounds. CONCLUSION The results obtained in this study make sure about the identification of potential hits as prospective telomerase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Tutone
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF) Universita degli Studi di Palermo, via Archirafi 28, 90123-Palermo, Italy
| | - Beatrice Pecoraro
- Department of Clinical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL10 9AB, United Kingdom
| | - Anna M Almerico
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF) Universita degli Studi di Palermo, via Archirafi 28, 90123-Palermo, Italy
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20
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Cell cycle-dependent and -independent telomere shortening accompanies murine brain aging. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 10:3397-3420. [PMID: 30472697 PMCID: PMC6286833 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Replication-based telomere shortening during lifetime is species- and tissue-specific, however, its impact on healthy aging is unclear. In particular, the contribution of telomere truncation to the aging process of the CNS, where replicative senescence alone fails to explain organ aging due to low to absent mitotic activity of intrinsic populations, is undefined. Here, we assessed changes in relative telomere length in non-replicative and replicative neural brain populations and telomerase activity as a function of aging in C57BL/6 mice. Telomeres in neural cells and sub-selected neurons shortened with aging in a cell cycle-dependent and -independent manner, with preponderance in replicative moieties, implying that proliferation accelerates, but is not prerequisite for telomere shortening. Consistent with this telomere erosion, telomerase activity and nuclear TERT protein were not induced with aging. Knockdown of the Rela subunit of NF-κB, which controls both telomerase enzyme and subcellular TERT protein allocation, did also not influence telomerase activity or telomere length, in spite of its naive up-regulation selectively under aging conditions. We conclude that telomere instability is intrinsic to physiological brain aging beyond cell replication, and appears to occur independently of a functional interplay with NF-κB, but rather as a failure to induce or relocate telomerase.
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21
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Zhang YL, Deng CX, Zhou WF, Zhou LY, Cao QQ, Shen WY, Liang H, Chen ZF. Synthesis and in vitro antitumor activity evaluation of copper(II) complexes with 5-pyridin-2-yl-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline derivatives. J Inorg Biochem 2019; 201:110820. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.110820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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22
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Vania L, Morris G, Otgaar TC, Bignoux MJ, Bernert M, Burns J, Gabathuse A, Singh E, Ferreira E, Weiss SFT. Patented therapeutic approaches targeting LRP/LR for cancer treatment. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2019; 29:987-1009. [PMID: 31722579 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2019.1693543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The ubiquitously expressed 37 kDa/67 kDa high-affinity laminin receptor (laminin receptor precursor/laminin receptor, LRP/LR) is a protein found to play several roles within cells. The receptor is located in the nucleus, cytosol and the cell surface. LRP/LR mediates cell proliferation, cell adhesion and cell differentiation. As a result, it is seen to enhance tumor angiogenesis as well as invasion and adhesion, key steps in the metastatic cascade of cancer. Recent findings have shown that LRP/LR is involved in the maintenance of cell viability through apoptotic evasion, allowing for tumor progression. Thus, several patented therapeutic approaches targeting the receptor for the prevention and treatment of cancer have emerged.Areas covered: The several roles that LRP/LR plays in cancer progression as well as an overview of the current therapeutic patented strategies targeting LRP/LR and cancer to date.Expert opinion: Small molecule inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies and small interfering RNAs might act used as powerful tools in preventing tumor angiogenesis and metastasis through the induction of apoptosis and telomere erosion in several cancers. This review offers an overview of the roles played by LRP/LR in cancer progression, while providing novel patented approaches targeting the receptor as potential therapeutic routes for the treatment of cancer as well as various other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Vania
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
| | - Gavin Morris
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
| | - Tyrone C Otgaar
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
| | - Monique J Bignoux
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
| | - Martin Bernert
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
| | - Jessica Burns
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
| | - Anne Gabathuse
- Wits Commercial Enterprise, The Commercial Development Hub, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
| | - Elvira Singh
- School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
| | - Eloise Ferreira
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
| | - Stefan F T Weiss
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
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Zeng X, Hernandez-Sanchez W, Xu M, Whited TL, Baus D, Zhang J, Berdis AJ, Taylor DJ. Administration of a Nucleoside Analog Promotes Cancer Cell Death in a Telomerase-Dependent Manner. Cell Rep 2019; 23:3031-3041. [PMID: 29874588 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomerase, the end-replication enzyme, is reactivated in malignant cancers to drive cellular immortality. While this distinction makes telomerase an attractive target for anti-cancer therapies, most approaches for inhibiting its activity have been clinically ineffective. As opposed to inhibiting telomerase, we use its activity to selectively promote cytotoxicity in cancer cells. We show that several nucleotide analogs, including 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (5-FdU) triphosphate, are effectively incorporated by telomerase into a telomere DNA product. Administration of 5-FdU results in an increased number of telomere-induced foci, impedes binding of telomere proteins, activates the ATR-related DNA-damage response, and promotes cell death in a telomerase-dependent manner. Collectively, our data indicate that telomerase activity can be exploited as a putative anti-cancer strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehuo Zeng
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | | | - Mengyuan Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Tawna L Whited
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Diane Baus
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Junran Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Anthony J Berdis
- Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
| | - Derek J Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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24
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Jackson MR, Bavelaar BM, Waghorn PA, Gill MR, El-Sagheer AH, Brown T, Tarsounas M, Vallis KA. Radiolabeled Oligonucleotides Targeting the RNA Subunit of Telomerase Inhibit Telomerase and Induce DNA Damage in Telomerase-Positive Cancer Cells. Cancer Res 2019; 79:4627-4637. [PMID: 31311806 PMCID: PMC7611324 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-3594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Telomerase is expressed in the majority (>85%) of tumors, but has restricted expression in normal tissues. Long-term telomerase inhibition in malignant cells results in progressive telomere shortening and reduction in cell proliferation. Here we report the synthesis and characterization of radiolabeled oligonucleotides that target the RNA subunit of telomerase, hTR, simultaneously inhibiting enzymatic activity and delivering radiation intracellularly. Oligonucleotides complementary (Match) and noncomplementary (Scramble or Mismatch) to hTR were conjugated to diethylenetriaminepentaacetic dianhydride (DTPA), allowing radiolabeling with the Auger electron-emitting radionuclide indium-111 (111In). Match oligonucleotides inhibited telomerase activity with high potency, which was not observed with Scramble or Mismatch oligonucleotides. DTPA-conjugation and 111In-labeling did not change telomerase inhibition. In telomerase-positive cancer cells, unlabeled Match oligonucleotides had no effect on survival, however, 111In-labeled Match oligonucleotides significantly reduced clonogenic survival and upregulated the DNA damage marker γH2AX. Minimal radiotoxicity and DNA damage was observed in telomerase-negative cells exposed to 111In-Match oligonucleotides. Match oligonucleotides localized in close proximity to nuclear Cajal bodies in telomerase-positive cells. In comparison with Match oligonucleotides, 111In-Scramble or 111In-Mismatch oligonucleotides demonstrated reduced retention and negligible impact on cell survival. This study indicates the therapeutic activity of radiolabeled oligonucleotides that specifically target hTR through potent telomerase inhibition and DNA damage induction in telomerase-expressing cancer cells and paves the way for the development of novel oligonucleotide radiotherapeutics targeting telomerase-positive cancers. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings present a novel radiolabeled oligonucleotide for targeting telomerase-positive cancer cells that exhibits dual activity by simultaneously inhibiting telomerase and promoting radiation-induced genomic DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Jackson
- Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Bas M Bavelaar
- Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Philip A Waghorn
- Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Martin R Gill
- Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Afaf H El-Sagheer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Brown
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Madalena Tarsounas
- Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine A Vallis
- Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
Many recent advances have emerged in the telomere and telomerase fields. This Timeline article highlights the key advances that have expanded our views on the mechanistic underpinnings of telomeres and telomerase and their roles in ageing and disease. Three decades ago, the classic view was that telomeres protected the natural ends of linear chromosomes and that telomerase was a specific telomere-terminal transferase necessary for the replication of chromosome ends in single-celled organisms. While this concept is still correct, many diverse fields associated with telomeres and telomerase have substantially matured. These areas include the discovery of most of the key molecular components of telomerase, implications for limits to cellular replication, identification and characterization of human genetic disorders that result in premature telomere shortening, the concept that inhibiting telomerase might be a successful therapeutic strategy and roles for telomeres in regulating gene expression. We discuss progress in these areas and conclude with challenges and unanswered questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry W Shay
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Woodring E Wright
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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26
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Shen X, Corey DR. Chemistry, mechanism and clinical status of antisense oligonucleotides and duplex RNAs. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:1584-1600. [PMID: 29240946 PMCID: PMC5829639 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx1239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 432] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA plays a central role in the expression of all genes. Because any sequence within RNA can be recognized by complementary base pairing, synthetic oligonucleotides and oligonucleotide mimics offer a general strategy for controlling processes that affect disease. The two primary antisense approaches for regulating expression through recognition of cellular RNAs are single-stranded antisense oligonucleotides and duplex RNAs. This review will discuss the chemical modifications and molecular mechanisms that make synthetic nucleic acid drugs possible. Lessons learned from recent clinical trials will be summarized. Ongoing clinical trials are likely to decisively test the adequacy of our current generation of antisense nucleic acid technologies and highlight areas where more basic research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiulong Shen
- Departments of Pharmacology & Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX 75390-9041, USA
| | - David R Corey
- Departments of Pharmacology & Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX 75390-9041, USA
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27
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Abstract
Cellular senescence, a process of cell proliferation arrest in response to various stressors, has been considered to be important factor in age-related disease. Identification of senescent cells in tissues is limited and the role of senescent cells is poorly understood. Recently however, several studies showed the characterization of senescent cells in various pathologic conditions and the role of senescent cells in disease progression is becoming important. Senescent cells are growth-arrested cells, however, the senescence associated secretory phenotype (SASP) of senescent cells could modify the tissues’ microenvironment. Here, we discuss the progress and understanding of the role of senescent cells in tissues of pathologic conditions and discuss the development of new therapeutic paradigms, such as senescent cells-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Hwa Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Tae Jun Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
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28
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Dong Y, Siegwart DJ, Anderson DG. Strategies, design, and chemistry in siRNA delivery systems. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 144:133-147. [PMID: 31102606 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Emerging therapeutics that utilize RNA interference (RNAi) have the potential to treat broad classes of diseases due to their ability to reversibly silence target genes. In August 2018, the FDA approved the first siRNA therapeutic, called ONPATTRO™ (Patisiran), for the treatment of transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis. This was an important milestone for the field of siRNA delivery that opens the door for additional siRNA drugs. Currently, >20 small interfering RNA (siRNA)-based therapies are in clinical trials for a wide variety of diseases including cancers, genetic disorders, and viral infections. To maximize therapeutic benefits of siRNA-based drugs, a number of chemical strategies have been applied to address issues associated with efficacy, specificity, and safety. This review focuses on the chemical perspectives behind non-viral siRNA delivery systems, including siRNA synthesis, siRNA conjugates, and nanoparticle delivery using nucleotides, lipids, and polymers. Tracing and understanding the chemical development of strategies to make siRNAs into drugs is important to guide development of additional clinical candidates and enable prolonged success of siRNA therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhou Dong
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States.
| | - Daniel J Siegwart
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States.
| | - Daniel G Anderson
- Deparment of Chemical Engineering, David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Chemistry, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, and Harvard and MIT Division of Health Science and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States.
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29
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Tan X, Bruchez MP, Armitage BA. Efficient Cytoplasmic Delivery of Antisense Probes Assisted by Cyclized-Peptide-Mediated Photoinduced Endosomal Escape. Chembiochem 2019; 20:727-733. [PMID: 30452106 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular delivery and endosomal release of antisense oligonucleotides remain a significant challenge in the development of gene-targeted therapeutics. Previously, noncovalently cyclized TAT peptide (Cyc-TAT), in which the final ring-closing step is accomplished by hybridization of two short complementary γPNA segments, has been proven more efficient than its linear analogues at entering cells. As Cyc-TAT also readily accommodates a binding site, that is, an overhanging γPNA sequence, for codelivery of functional nucleic acid probes into cells, we were able to demonstrate that the overhang-Cyc-TAT penetrated into A549 cells when carrying an anti-telomerase γPNA that specifically reduced telomerase activity by over 97 %. Herein, we report that the cyclized TAT(FAM) can escape endosomes much more efficiently than the linear TAT(FAM) after LED illumination (490 nm). Based on this observation, the endosomal release of overhang-Cyc-TAT(FAM)/anti-telomerase γPNA complex can be greatly enhanced by photoactivation, thus shortening cell treatment time from 60 to 3 h, while keeping the same high efficiency in inhibiting telomerase activity inside A549 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Tan
- Departments of Chemistry, Center for Nucleic Acids Science and Technology, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Marcel P Bruchez
- Departments of Chemistry, Center for Nucleic Acids Science and Technology, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.,Departments of Biological Sciences, Molecular Biosensor and Imaging Center, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Bruce A Armitage
- Departments of Chemistry, Center for Nucleic Acids Science and Technology, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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30
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Chen X, Zha GF, Wang JQ, Liu XH. Ethenesulfonyl fluoride derivatives as telomerase inhibitors: structure-based design, SAR, and anticancer evaluation in vitro. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2018; 33:1266-1270. [PMID: 30139286 PMCID: PMC6116703 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2018.1484735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on our previous docking model, in order to carry out more rational drug design, totally 82 vinyl sulfonyl fluorides, including some 2-(hetero)arylethenesulfonyl fluorides and 1,3-dienylsulfonyl fluorides derivatives as potential human telomerase inhibitors were designed and synthesised. The in vitro anticancer activity assay showed that compound 57 (1E,3E)-4-(4-((E)-2-(fluorosulfonyl)vinyl)phenyl)buta-1,3-diene-1-sulfonyl fluoride exhibited high activity against A375 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines with IC50 1.58 and 3.22 µM, but it manifested obvious un-toxic effect against GES-1 and L-02 with IC50 with IC50 values less than 2.00 mM. By the modified TRAP assay, some compounds including 57 exhibited potent inhibitory activities against telomerase with IC50 values of 0.71–0.97 µM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Chen
- a School of Pharmacy, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases , Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Anhui Medical University , Hefei , P. R. China
| | - Gao-Feng Zha
- b School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science , Wuhan University of Technology , Wuhan , P. R. China
| | - Jie Quan Wang
- a School of Pharmacy, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases , Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Anhui Medical University , Hefei , P. R. China
| | - Xin-Hua Liu
- a School of Pharmacy, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases , Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Anhui Medical University , Hefei , P. R. China.,c School of Material Science Chemical Engineering , ChuZhou University , ChuZhou , P. R. China
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31
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Bie Q, Dong H, Jin C, Zhang H, Zhang B. 15d-PGJ2 is a new hope for controlling tumor growth. Am J Transl Res 2018; 10:648-658. [PMID: 29636856 PMCID: PMC5883107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2), a natural PPARγ agonist, has been investigated for over a decade. Studies have revealed that it has proapoptotic, anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenic, and anti-metastatic abilities, as well as a significant anticancer effect. However, the mechanisms underlying the actions of 15d-PGJ2 on various tumors are only partially known. In this review, we discuss the recent progress in elucidating these mechanisms. Understanding the various functions and mechanisms of 15d-PGJ2 are crucial for the development of new therapies for controlling tumor growth and providing the basis for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingli Bie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical UniversityJining, Shandong, P. R. China
- Institute of Forensic Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Jining Medical UniversityJining, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Haixin Dong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical UniversityJining, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Chengqiang Jin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical UniversityJining, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical UniversityJining, Shandong, P. R. China
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical UniversityJining, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical UniversityJining, Shandong, P. R. China
- Institute of Forensic Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Jining Medical UniversityJining, Shandong, P. R. China
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32
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Down regulation of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) expression by BIBR1532 in human glioblastoma LN18 cells. Cytotechnology 2018; 70:1143-1154. [PMID: 29546682 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-018-0205-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased telomerase activity can be blocked by targeting the hTERT activity at both RNA and catalytic subunits. Various inhibitors had been used to regulate hTERT activity in glioblastoma cell lines and showed promising results. The present study hypothesized that the telomerase specific inhibitor BIBR1532 can effectively down-regulate the telomerase activity in LN18 glioblastoma cell line. LN18 glioblastoma cell line was treated with various concentrations of BIBR1532 at different time intervals. MTT assay was performed to determine cell viability after BIBR1532 treatment. hTERT mRNA and protein expression were determined by qRT-PCR and western blotting, respectively. Flow cytometry and TRAP assay was performed to detect the rate of apoptosis and telomerase activity in treated and control samples. One-way ANOVA was performed to compare the mean values of variables in control and BIBR1532 treated groups. LN18 cells showed a significant dose dependent cytotoxic effect after treatment with BIBR1532. hTERT mRNA expression in cells treated with 25, 100 and 200 μM BIBR1532 treated groups was decreased ~ 21, ~ 61.2, and ~ 77%, respectively (p < 0.05). We also observed that, BIBR1532 treatment reduced the expression of hTERT protein in LN18 cells in a dose dependent manner. The Flow cytometry data showed that, the drug induced significant increase in the total percentage of apoptotic cells with 200 μM concentration of BIBR1532 at all time points. BIBR1532 exhibited potent inhibition of telomerase activity in a dose-dependent manner in LN18 cells. BIBR1532 could induce apoptosis in LN18 cells through the downregulation of telomerase activity at transcriptional and translational level. We conclude that BIBR1532 may be a therapeutic agent to suppress telomerase activity, however, further efforts are necessary in order to explore this therapeutic strategy.
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33
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Wu Y, Bian C, Zhen C, Liu L, Lin Z, Nisar MF, Wang M, Bartsch JW, Huang E, Ji P, Yang L, Yu Y, Yang J, Jiang X, Zhong JL. Telomerase reverse transcriptase mediates EMT through NF-κB signaling in tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:85492-85503. [PMID: 29156735 PMCID: PMC5689625 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Locoregional lymph nodes metastasis in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma represents one of important and common prognostic factors for poor clinical outcome. The human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase (hTERT) is one of key players in cancer metastasis and stemness, but its exact function in tongue squamous cell carcinoma remains unknown. Here, we aim to understand the role of hTERT by utilizing the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing system to deplete hTERT in the SCC-15 cell line. Functional comparison of SCC-15 control and knockout cells (hTERT−/−) showed that loss of hTERT suppressed cell proliferation and migration/invasion. Furthermore, hTERT depletion significantly decreased tumorigenesis, including alterations in cellular morphology that areindicative for epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Mechanistically we demonstrated that the hTERT knockout attenuates NF-κB signaling via a negative feedback regulation in tumorprogression. From these results we propose a novel molecular mechanism of hTERT to promote SCC-15 invasion and metastasis via NF-κB activation. We conclude that targeting hTERT may represent a new therapeutic strategy to improve therapy and survival of tongue squamous cell carcinoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wu
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of High Education, Chongqing, 401147, China.,The Base of "111 Project" for Biomechanics and Tissue Repair Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering college, Life Science College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Chunxiang Bian
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of High Education, Chongqing, 401147, China.,The Base of "111 Project" for Biomechanics and Tissue Repair Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering college, Life Science College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Chunlin Zhen
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of High Education, Chongqing, 401147, China.,The Base of "111 Project" for Biomechanics and Tissue Repair Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering college, Life Science College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Liu Liu
- The Base of "111 Project" for Biomechanics and Tissue Repair Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering college, Life Science College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Zhenghong Lin
- The Base of "111 Project" for Biomechanics and Tissue Repair Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering college, Life Science College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Muhammad Farrukh Nisar
- The Base of "111 Project" for Biomechanics and Tissue Repair Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering college, Life Science College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Mei Wang
- The Base of "111 Project" for Biomechanics and Tissue Repair Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering college, Life Science College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Jörg W Bartsch
- Department of Neurosurgery, Phillips-University Marburg, Baldingerstr, Marburg 35033, Germany
| | - Enyi Huang
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of High Education, Chongqing, 401147, China
| | - Ping Ji
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of High Education, Chongqing, 401147, China
| | - Li Yang
- The Base of "111 Project" for Biomechanics and Tissue Repair Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering college, Life Science College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Yanhong Yu
- Department of Urology, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, 650032, China
| | - Junfeng Yang
- Department of Urology, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, 650032, China
| | - Xuemei Jiang
- The Base of "111 Project" for Biomechanics and Tissue Repair Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering college, Life Science College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Julia Li Zhong
- The Base of "111 Project" for Biomechanics and Tissue Repair Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering college, Life Science College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
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34
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Tichy ED, Sidibe DK, Tierney MT, Stec MJ, Sharifi-Sanjani M, Hosalkar H, Mubarak S, Johnson FB, Sacco A, Mourkioti F. Single Stem Cell Imaging and Analysis Reveals Telomere Length Differences in Diseased Human and Mouse Skeletal Muscles. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 9:1328-1341. [PMID: 28890163 PMCID: PMC5639167 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle stem cells (MuSCs) contribute to muscle regeneration following injury. In many muscle disorders, the repeated cycles of damage and repair lead to stem cell dysfunction. While telomere attrition may contribute to aberrant stem cell functions, methods to accurately measure telomere length in stem cells from skeletal muscles have not been demonstrated. Here, we have optimized and validated such a method, named MuQ-FISH, for analyzing telomere length in MuSCs from either mice or humans. Our analysis showed no differences in telomere length between young and aged MuSCs from uninjured wild-type mice, but MuSCs isolated from young dystrophic mice exhibited significantly shortened telomeres. In corroboration, we demonstrated that telomere attrition is present in human dystrophic MuSCs, which underscores its importance in diseased regenerative failure. The robust technique described herein provides analysis at a single-cell resolution and may be utilized for other cell types, especially rare populations of cells. MuQ-FISH is a telomere analysis assay of mouse and human muscle stem cells Highly sensitive telomere analysis on small numbers of cells Detection of both telomere length and number of telomere foci with MuQ-FISH assay Telomere analysis is now possible in quiescent and/or cycling stem cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisia D Tichy
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, 112A Stemmler Hall, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6081, USA
| | - David K Sidibe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, 112A Stemmler Hall, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6081, USA
| | - Matthew T Tierney
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michael J Stec
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Maryam Sharifi-Sanjani
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, 112A Stemmler Hall, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6081, USA
| | - Harish Hosalkar
- Joint Preservation Center, Tricity Medical Center, Joint Preservation & Deformity Correction Center & Traumatic Brain Injury Program, Paradise Valley Hospital, National City, CA 91950, USA
| | - Scott Mubarak
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rady Children's Hospital, 3030 Children's Way, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
| | - F Brad Johnson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute on Aging, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alessandra Sacco
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Foteini Mourkioti
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, 112A Stemmler Hall, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6081, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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35
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Cheng X, Shi JB, Liu H, Chen LZ, Wang Y, Tang WJ, Liu XH. Discovery of (4-bromophenyl)(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)methanone through upregulating hTERT induces cell apoptosis and ERS. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e3016. [PMID: 28837145 PMCID: PMC5596570 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dominant-negative mutants of telomerase hTERT were demonstrated to have selective effects in tumor cells. However, no any effective and highly selective hTERT inhibitor has been developed so far. We focused on developing new hTERT modulators and synthesized a small molecular compound, named (4-bromophenyl)(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)methanone. Our in vitro studies found that title compound showed high inhibitory activity against telomerase, had high antiproliferative capacity on SMMC-7721 cells with IC50 value 88 nm, and had no obvious toxic effect on human normal hepatocyte cells with IC50 value 10 μM. Our in vivo studies showed that this compound significantly inhibited tumor growth in xenograft tumor models. The further molecular mechanisms of title compound inhibition SMMC-7721 cell proliferation by modulating hTERT were explored; the results showed that endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) through ER over response (EOR) activates the expression of hTERT, and then induces ERS, which is believed to be intricately associated with oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, resulting in apoptotic cell death, thereby modulating the expression of downstream signaling molecules including CHOP (CAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein)) and mitochondrion pathway of apoptosis, leading to inhibition of cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Cheng
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China.,School of Pharmacy, BengBu Medical College, BengBu 233030, PR China
| | - Jing Bo Shi
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China
| | - Hao Liu
- School of Pharmacy, BengBu Medical College, BengBu 233030, PR China
| | - Liu Zeng Chen
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China
| | - Yang Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China
| | - Wen Jian Tang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China
| | - Xin Hua Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China
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36
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Islam B, Stadlbauer P, Gil-Ley A, Pérez-Hernández G, Haider S, Neidle S, Bussi G, Banas P, Otyepka M, Sponer J. Exploring the Dynamics of Propeller Loops in Human Telomeric DNA Quadruplexes Using Atomistic Simulations. J Chem Theory Comput 2017; 13:2458-2480. [PMID: 28475322 PMCID: PMC5514396 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.7b00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
![]()
We
have carried out a series of extended unbiased molecular dynamics
(MD) simulations (up to 10 μs long, ∼162 μs in
total) complemented by replica-exchange with the collective variable
tempering (RECT) approach for several human telomeric DNA G-quadruplex
(GQ) topologies with TTA propeller loops. We used different AMBER
DNA force-field variants and also processed simulations by Markov
State Model (MSM) analysis. The slow conformational transitions in
the propeller loops took place on a scale of a few μs, emphasizing
the need for long simulations in studies of GQ dynamics. The propeller
loops sampled similar ensembles for all GQ topologies and for all
force-field dihedral-potential variants. The outcomes of standard
and RECT simulations were consistent and captured similar spectrum
of loop conformations. However, the most common crystallographic loop
conformation was very unstable with all force-field versions. Although
the loss of canonical γ-trans state of the
first propeller loop nucleotide could be related to the indispensable
bsc0 α/γ dihedral potential, even supporting this particular
dihedral by a bias was insufficient to populate the experimentally
dominant loop conformation. In conclusion, while our simulations were
capable of providing a reasonable albeit not converged sampling of
the TTA propeller loop conformational space, the force-field description
still remained far from satisfactory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barira Islam
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Královopolská 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Stadlbauer
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Královopolská 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic.,Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University , 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Alejandro Gil-Ley
- Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - Guillermo Pérez-Hernández
- Department for Mathematics and Computer Science, Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimallee 6, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Shozeb Haider
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, U.K
| | - Stephen Neidle
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, U.K
| | - Giovanni Bussi
- Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - Pavel Banas
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University , 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Otyepka
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Královopolská 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic.,Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University , 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Sponer
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Královopolská 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic.,Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University , 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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37
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Differential decrease in soluble and DNA-bound telomerase in senescent human fibroblasts. Biogerontology 2017; 18:525-533. [DOI: 10.1007/s10522-017-9688-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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38
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Treating Cancer by Targeting Telomeres and Telomerase. Antioxidants (Basel) 2017; 6:antiox6010015. [PMID: 28218725 PMCID: PMC5384178 DOI: 10.3390/antiox6010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomerase is expressed in more than 85% of cancer cells. Tumor cells with metastatic potential may have a high telomerase activity, allowing cells to escape from the inhibition of cell proliferation due to shortened telomeres. Human telomerase primarily consists of two main components: hTERT, a catalytic subunit, and hTR, an RNA template whose sequence is complimentary to the telomeric 5′-dTTAGGG-3′ repeat. In humans, telomerase activity is typically restricted to renewing tissues, such as germ cells and stem cells, and is generally absent in normal cells. While hTR is constitutively expressed in most tissue types, hTERT expression levels are low enough that telomere length cannot be maintained, which sets a proliferative lifespan on normal cells. However, in the majority of cancers, telomerase maintains stable telomere length, thereby conferring cell immortality. Levels of hTERT mRNA are directly related to telomerase activity, thereby making it a more suitable therapeutic target than hTR. Recent data suggests that stabilization of telomeric G-quadruplexes may act to indirectly inhibit telomerase action by blocking hTR binding. Telomeric DNA has the propensity to spontaneously form intramolecular G-quadruplexes, four-stranded DNA secondary structures that are stabilized by the stacking of guanine residues in a planar arrangement. The functional roles of telomeric G-quadruplexes are not completely understood, but recent evidence suggests that they can stall the replication fork during DNA synthesis and inhibit telomere replication by preventing telomerase and related proteins from binding to the telomere. Long-term treatment with G-quadruplex stabilizers induces a gradual reduction in the length of the G-rich 3’ end of the telomere without a reduction of the total telomere length, suggesting that telomerase activity is inhibited. However, inhibition of telomerase, either directly or indirectly, has shown only moderate success in cancer patients. Another promising approach of targeting the telomere is the use of guanine-rich oligonucleotides (GROs) homologous to the 3’ telomere overhang sequence (T-oligos). T-oligos, particularly a specific 11-base oligonucleotide (5’-dGTTAGGGTTAG-3’) called T11, have been shown to induce DNA damage responses (DDRs) such as senescence, apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest in numerous cancer cell types with minimal or no cytostatic effects in normal, non-transformed cells. As a result, T-oligos and other GROs are being investigated as prospective anticancer therapeutics. Interestingly, the DDRs induced by T-oligos in cancer cells are similar to the effects seen after progressive telomere degradation in normal cells. The loss of telomeres is an important tumor suppressor mechanism that is commonly absent in transformed malignant cells, and hence, T-oligos have garnered significant interest as a novel strategy to combat cancer. However, little is known about their mechanism of action. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of how T-oligos exert their antiproliferative effects in cancer cells and their role in inhibition of telomerase. We also discuss the current understanding of telomerase in cancer and various therapeutic targets related to the telomeres and telomerase.
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Robinson NJ, Schiemann WP. Means to the ends: The role of telomeres and telomere processing machinery in metastasis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2016; 1866:320-329. [PMID: 27768860 PMCID: PMC5138103 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant clinical advancements, cancer remains a leading cause of mortality throughout the world due largely to the process of metastasis and the dissemination of cancer cells from their primary tumor of origin to distant secondary sites. The clinical burden imposed by metastasis is further compounded by a paucity of information regarding the factors that mediate metastatic progression. Linear chromosomes are capped by structures known as telomeres, which dictate cellular lifespan in humans by shortening progressively during successive cell divisions. Although telomere shortening occurs in nearly all somatic cells, telomeres may be elongated via two seemingly disjoint pathways: (i) telomerase-mediated extension, and (ii) homologous recombination-based alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT). Both telomerase and ALT are activated in various human cancers, with more recent evidence implicating both pathways as potential mediators of metastasis. Here we review the known roles of telomere homeostasis in metastasis and posit a mechanism whereby metastatic activity is determined by a dynamic fluctuation between ALT and telomerase, as opposed to the mere activation of a generic telomere elongation program. Additionally, the pleiotropic nature of the telomere processing machinery makes it an attractive therapeutic target for metastasis, and as such, we also explore the therapeutic implications of our proposed mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel J Robinson
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - William P Schiemann
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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Alvero AB, Fishman DA, Qumsiyeh MB, Garg M, Kacinski BM, Sapi E. Telomerase Prolongs the Lifespan of Normal Human Ovarian Surface Epithelial Cells Without Inducing Neoplastic Phenotype. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 11:553-61. [PMID: 15582501 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsgi.2004.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the effects of exogenous expression of the catalytic subunit of telomerase (hTERT) on the lifespan, growth characteristics, and tumorigenicity of normal human ovarian surface epithelial (OSE) cells. METHODS Low-passage primary cultures of normal human OSE cells were transfected with hTERT and the resulting cell lines were characterized. RESULTS The ectopic expression of hTERT stabilized the telomeres of the OSE cultures above 8 kb. The hTERT-transfected OSE cell lines grew beyond the normal lifespan seen in OSE cells and propagated in culture for more than 40 passages before senescing. Moreover, the hTERT-transfected cells demonstrated extensive proliferative capacity as evidenced by their ability to continuously grow even when seeded at low dilutions. The morphologic features and normal differentiation patterns seen in normal OSE cells were likewise retained by the hTERT-transfected cells. In addition, the cultures remained responsive to physiologic concentrations of epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor-beta. Changes associated with neoplastic transformation like anchorage-independent growth, tumorigencity and karyotypic instability were not observed. CONCLUSIONS We were able to show that the ectopic expression of hTERT in normal human OSE: 1) resulted in cultures with greater growth potential and longer lifespan and 2) did not induce a transformed phenotype previously seen in viral oncogene-transfected OSE cells. The established cell lines would not only provide sufficient material for comprehensive studies to investigate the normal physiology of OSE cells, but could also help in the understanding of the early steps of ovarian carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha B Alvero
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.
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RFPL3 and CBP synergistically upregulate hTERT activity and promote lung cancer growth. Oncotarget 2016; 6:27130-45. [PMID: 26318425 PMCID: PMC4694978 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
hTERT is the key component of telomerase and its overactivation contributes to maintaining telomere length and cell immortalization. Previously, we identified RFPL3 as a new transcription activator of hTERT in lung cancers. However, the exact mechanism of RFPL3 in mediating hTERT activation and its associated signal regulatory network remain unclear. In this study, we found that RFPL3 colocalized and interacted directly with CBP in the nucleus of lung cancer cells. Immunohistochemical analysis of tissue microarrays of lung cancers revealed the simultaneous overexpression of both RFPL3 and CBP predicted relatively poor prognosis. Furthermore, we confirmed their synergistic stimulation on hTERT expression and tumor cell growth. The binding of RFPL3 to hTERT promoter was reduced markedly when CBP was knocked down by its specific siRNA or suppressed by its inhibitor in lung cancer cells with stable overexpression of RFPL3. When one of the two proteins RFPL3 and CBP was upregulated or downregulated, whereas the another remains unchanged, hTERT expression and telomerase activity were activated or repressed accordingly. In the meantime, the growth of lung cancer cells was also promoted or attenuated accordingly. Furthermore, we also found that RFPL3 coordinated with CBP to upregulate hTERT through the CBP-induced acetylation of RFPL3 protein and their co-anchoring at hTERT promoter region. Collectively, our results reveal a new mechanism of hTERT regulation in lung cancer cells and suggest the RFPL3/CBP/hTERT signaling pathway may be a new targets for lung cancer treatment.
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Jäger K, Walter M. Therapeutic Targeting of Telomerase. Genes (Basel) 2016; 7:genes7070039. [PMID: 27455328 PMCID: PMC4962009 DOI: 10.3390/genes7070039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomere length and cell function can be preserved by the human reverse transcriptase telomerase (hTERT), which synthesizes the new telomeric DNA from a RNA template, but is normally restricted to cells needing a high proliferative capacity, such as stem cells. Consequently, telomerase-based therapies to elongate short telomeres are developed, some of which have successfully reached the stage I in clinical trials. Telomerase is also permissive for tumorigenesis and 90% of all malignant tumors use telomerase to obtain immortality. Thus, reversal of telomerase upregulation in tumor cells is a potential strategy to treat cancer. Natural and small-molecule telomerase inhibitors, immunotherapeutic approaches, oligonucleotide inhibitors, and telomerase-directed gene therapy are useful treatment strategies. Telomerase is more widely expressed than any other tumor marker. The low expression in normal tissues, together with the longer telomeres in normal stem cells versus cancer cells, provides some degree of specificity with low risk of toxicity. However, long term telomerase inhibition may elicit negative effects in highly-proliferative cells which need telomerase for survival, and it may interfere with telomere-independent physiological functions. Moreover, only a few hTERT molecules are required to overcome senescence in cancer cells, and telomerase inhibition requires proliferating cells over a sufficient number of population doublings to induce tumor suppressive senescence. These limitations may explain the moderate success rates in many clinical studies. Despite extensive studies, only one vaccine and one telomerase antagonist are routinely used in clinical work. For complete eradication of all subpopulations of cancer cells a simultaneous targeting of several mechanisms will likely be needed. Possible technical improvements have been proposed including the development of more specific inhibitors, methods to increase the efficacy of vaccination methods, and personalized approaches. Telomerase activation and cell rejuvenation is successfully used in regenerative medicine for tissue engineering and reconstructive surgery. However, there are also a number of pitfalls in the treatment with telomerase activating procedures for the whole organism and for longer periods of time. Extended cell lifespan may accumulate rare genetic and epigenetic aberrations that can contribute to malignant transformation. Therefore, novel vector systems have been developed for a 'mild' integration of telomerase into the host genome and loss of the vector in rapidly-proliferating cells. It is currently unclear if this technique can also be used in human beings to treat chronic diseases, such as atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Jäger
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin 13353, Germany.
| | - Michael Walter
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin 13353, Germany.
- Labor Berlin-Charité Vivantes Services GmbH, Sylter Str. 2, Berlin 13353, Germany.
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Zurek M, Altschmied J, Kohlgrüber S, Ale-Agha N, Haendeler J. Role of Telomerase in the Cardiovascular System. Genes (Basel) 2016; 7:genes7060029. [PMID: 27322328 PMCID: PMC4929428 DOI: 10.3390/genes7060029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is one major risk factor for the incidence of cardiovascular diseases and the development of atherosclerosis. One important enzyme known to be involved in aging processes is Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase (TERT). After the discovery of the enzyme in humans, TERT had initially only been attributed to germ line cells, stem cells and cancer cells. However, over the last few years it has become clear that TERT is also active in cells of the cardiovascular system including cardiac myocytes, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts. Interference with the activity of this enzyme greatly contributes to cardiovascular diseases. This review will summarize the findings on the role of TERT in cardiovascular cells. Moreover, recent findings concerning TERT in different mouse models with respect to cardiovascular diseases will be described. Finally, the extranuclear functions of TERT will be covered within this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Zurek
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Joachim Altschmied
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Stefanie Kohlgrüber
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Niloofar Ale-Agha
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Judith Haendeler
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
- Central Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
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García-Beccaria M, Martínez P, Méndez-Pertuz M, Martínez S, Blanco-Aparicio C, Cañamero M, Mulero F, Ambrogio C, Flores JM, Megias D, Barbacid M, Pastor J, Blasco MA. Therapeutic inhibition of TRF1 impairs the growth of p53-deficient K-RasG12V-induced lung cancer by induction of telomeric DNA damage. EMBO Mol Med 2016; 7:930-49. [PMID: 25971796 PMCID: PMC4520658 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201404497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomeres are considered anti-cancer targets, as telomere maintenance above a minimum length is necessary for cancer growth. Telomerase abrogation in cancer-prone mouse models, however, only decreased tumor growth after several mouse generations when telomeres reach a critically short length, and this effect was lost upon p53 mutation. Here, we address whether induction of telomere uncapping by inhibition of the TRF1 shelterin protein can effectively block cancer growth independently of telomere length. We show that genetic Trf1 ablation impairs the growth of p53-null K-RasG12V-induced lung carcinomas and increases mouse survival independently of telomere length. This is accompanied by induction of telomeric DNA damage, apoptosis, decreased proliferation, and G2 arrest. Long-term whole-body Trf1 deletion in adult mice did not impact on mouse survival and viability, although some mice showed a moderately decreased cellularity in bone marrow and blood. Importantly, inhibition of TRF1 binding to telomeres by small molecules blocks the growth of already established lung carcinomas without affecting mouse survival or tissue function. Thus, induction of acute telomere uncapping emerges as a potential new therapeutic target for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- María García-Beccaria
- Telomeres and Telomerase Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Martínez
- Telomeres and Telomerase Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marinela Méndez-Pertuz
- Telomeres and Telomerase Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Martínez
- Experimental Therapeutics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Blanco-Aparicio
- Experimental Therapeutics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Cañamero
- Histopathology Unit, Biotechnology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisca Mulero
- Molecular Imaging Unit, Biotechnology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Chiara Ambrogio
- Experimental Oncology, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juana M Flores
- Animal Surgery and Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Megias
- Microscopy Unit, Biotechnology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariano Barbacid
- Molecular Imaging Unit, Biotechnology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquín Pastor
- Experimental Therapeutics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria A Blasco
- Telomeres and Telomerase Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
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Wang Y, Cheng FX, Yuan XL, Tang WJ, Shi JB, Liao CZ, Liu XH. Dihydropyrazole derivatives as telomerase inhibitors: Structure-based design, synthesis, SAR and anticancer evaluation in vitro and in vivo. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 112:231-251. [PMID: 26900656 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
It is of our interest to generate and identify novel compounds with regulation telomerase for cancer therapy. In order to carry out more rational design, based on structure-based drug design, several series of N-substituted-dihydropyrazole derivatives, totally 78 compounds as potential human telomerase inhibitors were designed and synthesized. The results demonstrated that some compounds had potent anticancer activity against four tumor cell lines, and showed good selectivity on tumor cells over somatic cells. By the modified TRAP assay, compound 13i exhibited the most potent inhibitory activity against telomerase with an IC50 value of 0.98 μM. In vivo evaluation results indicated that compound 13i could inhibit growth of S180 and HepG2 tumor-bearing mice, and it also significantly enhanced the survival rate of EAC tumor-bearing mice. The further results in vivo confirmed that it could significantly improve pathological changes of N,N-diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced rat hepatic tumor. These data support further studies to assess rational design of more efficient telomerase inhibitors in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, PR China
| | - Fei Xiong Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Xiao Long Yuan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, PR China
| | - Wen Jian Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, PR China
| | - Jing Bo Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, PR China
| | - Chen Zhong Liao
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, PR China
| | - Xin Hua Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, PR China.
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Knockdown of HNRNPA1 inhibits lung adenocarcinoma cell proliferation through cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase. Gene 2016; 576:791-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Zhou JK, Yang DY, Sheu SY. The molecular mechanism of ligand unbinding from the human telomeric G-quadruplex by steered molecular dynamics and umbrella sampling simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 17:12857-69. [PMID: 25908641 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp00378d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
G-quadruplexes are attractive drug targets in cancer therapy. Understanding the mechanisms of the binding-unbinding processes involving biomolecules and molecular recognition is essential for designing new drugs of G-quadruplexes. We performed steered molecular dynamics and umbrella sampling simulations to investigate the molecular mechanism and kinetics of ligand unbinding processes of the basket, propeller and hybrid G-quadruplex structures. Our studies of the ligand charge effect showed that Coulomb interaction plays a significant role in stabilizing the G-quadruplex structure in the unbinding process. The free energy profiles were carried out and the free energy changes associated with the unbinding process were computed quantitatively, whereas these results could help to identify accessible binding sites and transient interactions. The dynamics of the hydration shell water molecules around the G-quadruplex exhibits an abnormal Brownian motion, and the thickness and free energy of the hydration shell were estimated. A two-step relaxation scheme was theoretically developed to describe the kinetic reaction of BMVC and G-quadruplex interactions. Our computed results fall in a reasonable range of experimental data. The present investigation could be helpful in the structure-based drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Kai Zhou
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
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Long C, Wang J, Guo W, Wang H, Wang C, Liu Y, Sun X. Triptolide inhibits transcription of hTERT through down-regulation of transcription factor specificity protein 1 in primary effusion lymphoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 469:87-93. [PMID: 26631963 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.11.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is a rare and aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), a key component responsible for the regulation of telomerase activity, plays important roles in cellular immortalization and cancer development. Triptolide purified from Tripterygium extracts displays a broad-spectrum bioactivity profile, including immunosuppressive, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor. In this study, it is investigated whether triptolide reduces hTERT expression and suppresses its activity in PEL cells. The mRNA and protein levels of hTERT were examined by real time-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. The activity of hTERT promoter was determined by Dual luciferase reporter assay. Our results demonstrated that triptolide decreased expression of hTERT at both mRNA and protein levels. Further gene sequence analysis indicated that the activity of hTERT promoter was suppressed by triptolide. Triptolide also reduced the half-time of hTERT. Additionally, triptolide inhibited the expression of transcription factor specificity protein 1(Sp1) in PEL cells. Furthermore, knock-down of Sp1 by using specific shRNAs resulted in down-regulation of hTERT transcription and protein expression levels. Inhibition of Sp1 by specific shRNAs enhanced triptolide-induced cell growth inhibition and apoptosis. Collectively, our results demonstrate that the inhibitory effect of triptolide on hTERT transcription is possibly mediated by inhibition of transcription factor Sp1 in PEL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Long
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, PR China
| | - Jingchao Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, PR China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Pathology and Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, PR China
| | - Huan Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, PR China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, PR China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, PR China
| | - Xiaoping Sun
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, PR China.
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Wojtowicz ME, Dunn BK, Umar A. Immunologic approaches to cancer prevention-current status, challenges, and future perspectives. Semin Oncol 2015; 43:161-172. [PMID: 26970135 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The potential of the immune system to recognize and reject tumors has been investigated for more than a century. However, only recently impressive breakthroughs in cancer immunotherapy have been seen with the use of checkpoint inhibitors. The experience with various immune-based strategies in the treatment of late cancer highlighted the importance of negative impact advanced disease has on immunity. Consequently, use of immune modulation for cancer prevention rather than therapy has gained considerable attention, with many promising results seen already in preclinical and early clinical studies. Although not without challenges, these results provide much excitement and optimism that successful cancer immunoprevention could be within our reach. In this review we will discuss the current state of predominantly primary and secondary cancer immunoprevention, relevant research, potential barriers, and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata E Wojtowicz
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Barbara K Dunn
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Asad Umar
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Ellipilli S, vasudeva Murthy R, Ganesh KN. Perfluoroalkylchain conjugation as a new tactic for enhancing cell permeability of peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) via reducing the nanoparticle size. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 52:521-4. [PMID: 26535419 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc05342k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Perfluoro undecanoyl chain conjugated peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) show 2.5 to 3 fold higher cellular uptake efficiency in NIH 3T3 and HeLa cells compared to simple undecanoyl PNAs. Fluorination of PNAs leads to the formation of lower size (∼100-250 nm) nanoparticles compared to larger size (∼500 nm) nanoparticles from non-fluorinated PNAs, thereby improving the efficiency of cell penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satheesh Ellipilli
- Chemical Biology Unit, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India
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