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Sun M, Xue W, Meng H, Sun X, Lu T, Yue W, Wang L, Zhang D, Li J. Dentate Gyrus Morphogenesis is Regulated by an Autism Risk Gene Trio Function in Granule Cells. Neurosci Bull 2024:10.1007/s12264-024-01241-y. [PMID: 38907786 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-024-01241-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) are reported as a group of neurodevelopmental disorders. The structural changes of brain regions including the hippocampus were widely reported in autistic patients and mouse models with dysfunction of ASD risk genes, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Here, we report that deletion of Trio, a high-susceptibility gene of ASDs, causes a postnatal dentate gyrus (DG) hypoplasia with a zigzagged suprapyramidal blade, and the Trio-deficient mice display autism-like behaviors. The impaired morphogenesis of DG is mainly caused by disturbing the postnatal distribution of postmitotic granule cells (GCs), which further results in a migration deficit of neural progenitors. Furthermore, we reveal that Trio plays different roles in various excitatory neural cells by spatial transcriptomic sequencing, especially the role of regulating the migration of postmitotic GCs. In summary, our findings provide evidence of cellular mechanisms that Trio is involved in postnatal DG morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengwen Sun
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Key laboratory of Mental Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | | | - Hu Meng
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Key laboratory of Mental Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Sun
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Key laboratory of Mental Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Tianlan Lu
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Key laboratory of Mental Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Weihua Yue
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Key laboratory of Mental Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Lifang Wang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Key laboratory of Mental Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Dai Zhang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Key laboratory of Mental Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
- Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation (IBRR), Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing, 102299, China
| | - Jun Li
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Key laboratory of Mental Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China.
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing, 102299, China.
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Wang L, Zhao W, Xia C, Ma S, Li Z, Wang N, Ding L, Wang Y, Cheng L, Liu H, Yang J, Li Y, Rosas I, Yu G. TRIOBP modulates β-catenin signaling by regulation of miR-29b in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 81:13. [PMID: 38157020 PMCID: PMC10756874 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-05080-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal and devastating lung disease of unknown etiology, described as the result of multiple cycles of epithelial cell injury and fibroblast activation. Despite this impressive increase in understanding, a therapy that reverses this form of fibrosis remains elusive. In our previous study, we found that miR-29b has a therapeutic effect on pulmonary fibrosis. However, its anti-fibrotic mechanism is not yet clear. Recently, our study identified that F-Actin Binding Protein (TRIOBP) is one of the target genes of miR-29b and found that deficiency of TRIOBP increases resistance to lung fibrosis in vivo. TRIOBP knockdown inhibited the proliferation of epithelial cells and attenuated the activation of fibroblasts. In addition, deficiency of Trio Rho Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor (TRIO) in epithelial cells and fibroblasts decreases susceptibility to lung fibrosis. TRIOBP interacting with TRIO promoted abnormal epithelial-mesenchymal crosstalk and modulated the nucleocytoplasmic translocation of β-catenin. We concluded that the miR-29b‒TRIOBP-TRIO-β-catenin axis might be a key anti-fibrotic axis in IPF to regulate lung regeneration and fibrosis, which may provide a promising treatment strategy for lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Regulation; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis; Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Organ Fibrosis; College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, 46 Jianshe Road, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, China
| | - Wenyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Regulation; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis; Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Organ Fibrosis; College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, 46 Jianshe Road, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, China
| | - Cong Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Regulation; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis; Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Organ Fibrosis; College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, 46 Jianshe Road, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, China
| | - Shuaichen Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Regulation; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis; Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Organ Fibrosis; College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, 46 Jianshe Road, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, China
| | - Zhongzheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Regulation; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis; Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Organ Fibrosis; College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, 46 Jianshe Road, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, China
| | - Ningdan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Regulation; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis; Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Organ Fibrosis; College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, 46 Jianshe Road, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, China
| | - Linke Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Regulation; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis; Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Organ Fibrosis; College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, 46 Jianshe Road, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, China
| | - Yaxuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Regulation; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis; Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Organ Fibrosis; College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, 46 Jianshe Road, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, China
| | - Lianhui Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Regulation; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis; Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Organ Fibrosis; College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, 46 Jianshe Road, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, China
| | - Huibing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Regulation; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis; Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Organ Fibrosis; College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, 46 Jianshe Road, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, China
| | - Juntang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Regulation; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis; Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Organ Fibrosis; College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, 46 Jianshe Road, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, China
| | - Yajun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Regulation; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis; Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Organ Fibrosis; College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, 46 Jianshe Road, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, China
| | - Ivan Rosas
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Guoying Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Regulation; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis; Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Organ Fibrosis; College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, 46 Jianshe Road, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, China.
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Toudji I, Toumi A, Chamberland É, Rossignol E. Interneuron odyssey: molecular mechanisms of tangential migration. Front Neural Circuits 2023; 17:1256455. [PMID: 37779671 PMCID: PMC10538647 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2023.1256455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cortical GABAergic interneurons are critical components of neural networks. They provide local and long-range inhibition and help coordinate network activities involved in various brain functions, including signal processing, learning, memory and adaptative responses. Disruption of cortical GABAergic interneuron migration thus induces profound deficits in neural network organization and function, and results in a variety of neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders including epilepsy, intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorders and schizophrenia. It is thus of paramount importance to elucidate the specific mechanisms that govern the migration of interneurons to clarify some of the underlying disease mechanisms. GABAergic interneurons destined to populate the cortex arise from multipotent ventral progenitor cells located in the ganglionic eminences and pre-optic area. Post-mitotic interneurons exit their place of origin in the ventral forebrain and migrate dorsally using defined migratory streams to reach the cortical plate, which they enter through radial migration before dispersing to settle in their final laminar allocation. While migrating, cortical interneurons constantly change their morphology through the dynamic remodeling of actomyosin and microtubule cytoskeleton as they detect and integrate extracellular guidance cues generated by neuronal and non-neuronal sources distributed along their migratory routes. These processes ensure proper distribution of GABAergic interneurons across cortical areas and lamina, supporting the development of adequate network connectivity and brain function. This short review summarizes current knowledge on the cellular and molecular mechanisms controlling cortical GABAergic interneuron migration, with a focus on tangential migration, and addresses potential avenues for cell-based interneuron progenitor transplants in the treatment of neurodevelopmental disorders and epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikram Toudji
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Asmaa Toumi
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Émile Chamberland
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Elsa Rossignol
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Bonnet M, Roche F, Fagotto-Kaufmann C, Gazdagh G, Truong I, Comunale F, Barbosa S, Bonhomme M, Nafati N, Hunt D, Rodriguez MP, Chaudhry A, Shears D, Madruga M, Vansenne F, Curie A, Kajava AV, Baralle D, Fassier C, Debant A, Schmidt S. Pathogenic TRIO variants associated with neurodevelopmental disorders perturb the molecular regulation of TRIO and axon pathfinding in vivo. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:1527-1544. [PMID: 36717740 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-01963-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The RhoGEF TRIO is known to play a major role in neuronal development by controlling actin cytoskeleton remodeling, primarily through the activation of the RAC1 GTPase. Numerous de novo mutations in the TRIO gene have been identified in individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). We have previously established the first phenotype/genotype correlation in TRIO-associated diseases, with striking correlation between the clinical features of the individuals and the opposite modulation of RAC1 activity by TRIO variants targeting different domains. The mutations hyperactivating RAC1 are of particular interest, as they are recurrently found in patients and are associated with a severe form of NDD and macrocephaly, indicating their importance in the etiology of the disease. Yet, it remains unknown how these pathogenic TRIO variants disrupt TRIO activity at a molecular level and how they affect neurodevelopmental processes such as axon outgrowth or guidance. Here we report an additional cohort of individuals carrying a pathogenic TRIO variant that reinforces our initial phenotype/genotype correlation. More importantly, by performing conformation predictions coupled to biochemical validation, we propose a model whereby TRIO is inhibited by an intramolecular fold and NDD-associated variants relieve this inhibition, leading to RAC1 hyperactivation. Moreover, we show that in cultured primary neurons and in the zebrafish developmental model, these gain-of-function variants differentially affect axon outgrowth and branching in vitro and in vivo, as compared to loss-of-function TRIO variants. In summary, by combining clinical, molecular, cellular and in vivo data, we provide compelling new evidence for the pathogenicity of novel genetic variants targeting the TRIO gene in NDDs. We report a novel mechanism whereby the fine-tuned regulation of TRIO activity is critical for proper neuronal development and is disrupted by pathogenic mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Bonnet
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Fiona Roche
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne University, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Christine Fagotto-Kaufmann
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Gabriella Gazdagh
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 5YA, UK.,Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton, SO16 5YA, UK
| | - Iona Truong
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France.,Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Franck Comunale
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Sonia Barbosa
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Marion Bonhomme
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Nafati
- Montpellier Ressources Imagerie, BioCampus, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, 34293, Montpellier, France
| | - David Hunt
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, SO16 5YA, UK
| | | | - Ayeshah Chaudhry
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Deborah Shears
- Oxford Centre for Genomic Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Marcos Madruga
- Hospital Viamed Santa Ángela De la Cruz, Sevilla, 41014, Spain
| | - Fleur Vansenne
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University Medical Center, Groningen, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Aurore Curie
- Reference Center for Intellectual Disability from rare causes, Department of Child Neurology, Woman Mother and Child Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre, CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028, Université de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Andrey V Kajava
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Diana Baralle
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 5YA, UK
| | - Coralie Fassier
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne University, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Anne Debant
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France.
| | - Susanne Schmidt
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France.
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RhoGEF Trio Regulates Radial Migration of Projection Neurons via Its Distinct Domains. Neurosci Bull 2021; 38:249-262. [PMID: 34914033 PMCID: PMC8975900 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-021-00804-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The radial migration of cortical pyramidal neurons (PNs) during corticogenesis is necessary for establishing a multilayered cerebral cortex. Neuronal migration defects are considered a critical etiology of neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), schizophrenia, epilepsy, and intellectual disability (ID). TRIO is a high-risk candidate gene for ASDs and ID. However, its role in embryonic radial migration and the etiology of ASDs and ID are not fully understood. In this study, we found that the in vivo conditional knockout or in utero knockout of Trio in excitatory precursors in the neocortex caused aberrant polarity and halted the migration of late-born PNs. Further investigation of the underlying mechanism revealed that the interaction of the Trio N-terminal SH3 domain with Myosin X mediated the adherence of migrating neurons to radial glial fibers through regulating the membrane location of neuronal cadherin (N-cadherin). Also, independent or synergistic overexpression of RAC1 and RHOA showed different phenotypic recoveries of the abnormal neuronal migration by affecting the morphological transition and/or the glial fiber-dependent locomotion. Taken together, our findings clarify a novel mechanism of Trio in regulating N-cadherin cell surface expression via the interaction of Myosin X with its N-terminal SH3 domain. These results suggest the vital roles of the guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1 (GEF1) and GEF2 domains in regulating radial migration by activating their Rho GTPase effectors in both distinct and cooperative manners, which might be associated with the abnormal phenotypes in neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Wang J, Yuan L, Xu X, Zhang Z, Ma Y, Hong L, Ma J. Rho-GEF Trio regulates osteosarcoma progression and osteogenic differentiation through Rac1 and RhoA. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:1148. [PMID: 34893584 PMCID: PMC8664940 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04448-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary bone tumor. Its high mortality rate and metastasis rate seriously threaten human health. Currently, the treatment has reached a plateau, hence we urgently need to explore new therapeutic directions. In this paper, we found that Trio was highly expressed in osteosarcoma than normal tissues and promoted the proliferation, migration, and invasion of osteosarcoma cells. Furthermore, Trio inhibited osteosarcoma cells' osteogenic differentiation in vitro and accelerated the growth of osteosarcoma in vivo. Given Trio contains two GEF domains, which have been reported as the regulators of RhoGTPases, we further discovered that Trio could regulate osteosarcoma progression and osteogenic differentiation through activating RhoGTPases. In summary, all our preliminary results showed that Trio could be a potential target and prognostic marker of osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyi Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, 210029, Nanjing, China
| | - Lichan Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, 210029, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaohong Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, 210029, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhongyin Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, 210029, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuhuan Ma
- Nanjing Foreign Language School, 210008, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Leilei Hong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, 210029, Nanjing, China
| | - Junqing Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, 210029, Nanjing, China.
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Dysfunction of Trio GEF1 involves in excitatory/inhibitory imbalance and autism-like behaviors through regulation of interneuron migration. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:7621-7640. [PMID: 33963279 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01109-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are a group of highly inheritable neurodevelopmental disorders. Functional mutations in TRIO, especially in the GEF1 domain, are strongly implicated in ASDs, whereas the underlying neurobiological pathogenesis and molecular mechanisms remain to be clarified. Here we characterize the abnormal morphology and behavior of embryonic migratory interneurons (INs) upon Trio deficiency or GEF1 mutation in mice, which are mediated by the Trio GEF1-Rac1 activation and involved in SDF1α/CXCR4 signaling. In addition, the migration deficits are specifically associated with altered neural microcircuit, decreased inhibitory neurotransmission, and autism-like behaviors, which are reminiscent of some features observed in patients with ASDs. Furthermore, restoring the excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) imbalance via activation of GABA signaling rescues autism-like deficits. Our findings demonstrate a critical role of Trio GEF1 mediated signaling in IN migration and E/I balance, which are related to autism-related behavioral phenotypes.
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Rodríguez-Fdez S, Bustelo XR. Rho GTPases in Skeletal Muscle Development and Homeostasis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112984. [PMID: 34831205 PMCID: PMC8616218 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rho guanosine triphosphate hydrolases (GTPases) are molecular switches that cycle between an inactive guanosine diphosphate (GDP)-bound and an active guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-bound state during signal transduction. As such, they regulate a wide range of both cellular and physiological processes. In this review, we will summarize recent work on the role of Rho GTPase-regulated pathways in skeletal muscle development, regeneration, tissue mass homeostatic balance, and metabolism. In addition, we will present current evidence that links the dysregulation of these GTPases with diseases caused by skeletal muscle dysfunction. Overall, this information underscores the critical role of a number of members of the Rho GTPase subfamily in muscle development and the overall metabolic balance of mammalian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Rodríguez-Fdez
- Molecular Mechanisms of Cancer Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC-University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), CSIC-University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Correspondence: or
| | - Xosé R. Bustelo
- Molecular Mechanisms of Cancer Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC-University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), CSIC-University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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The RhoGEF Trio: A Protein with a Wide Range of Functions in the Vascular Endothelium. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221810168. [PMID: 34576329 PMCID: PMC8467920 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Many cellular processes are controlled by small GTPases, which can be activated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs). The RhoGEF Trio contains two GEF domains that differentially activate the small GTPases such as Rac1/RhoG and RhoA. These small RhoGTPases are mainly involved in the remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton. In the endothelium, they regulate junctional stabilization and play a crucial role in angiogenesis and endothelial barrier integrity. Multiple extracellular signals originating from different vascular processes can influence the activity of Trio and thereby the regulation of the forementioned small GTPases and actin cytoskeleton. This review elucidates how various signals regulate Trio in a distinct manner, resulting in different functional outcomes that are crucial for endothelial cell function in response to inflammation.
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Liaci C, Camera M, Caslini G, Rando S, Contino S, Romano V, Merlo GR. Neuronal Cytoskeleton in Intellectual Disability: From Systems Biology and Modeling to Therapeutic Opportunities. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116167. [PMID: 34200511 PMCID: PMC8201358 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intellectual disability (ID) is a pathological condition characterized by limited intellectual functioning and adaptive behaviors. It affects 1–3% of the worldwide population, and no pharmacological therapies are currently available. More than 1000 genes have been found mutated in ID patients pointing out that, despite the common phenotype, the genetic bases are highly heterogeneous and apparently unrelated. Bibliomic analysis reveals that ID genes converge onto a few biological modules, including cytoskeleton dynamics, whose regulation depends on Rho GTPases transduction. Genetic variants exert their effects at different levels in a hierarchical arrangement, starting from the molecular level and moving toward higher levels of organization, i.e., cell compartment and functions, circuits, cognition, and behavior. Thus, cytoskeleton alterations that have an impact on cell processes such as neuronal migration, neuritogenesis, and synaptic plasticity rebound on the overall establishment of an effective network and consequently on the cognitive phenotype. Systems biology (SB) approaches are more focused on the overall interconnected network rather than on individual genes, thus encouraging the design of therapies that aim to correct common dysregulated biological processes. This review summarizes current knowledge about cytoskeleton control in neurons and its relevance for the ID pathogenesis, exploiting in silico modeling and translating the implications of those findings into biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Liaci
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy; (C.L.); (M.C.); (G.C.); (S.R.)
| | - Mattia Camera
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy; (C.L.); (M.C.); (G.C.); (S.R.)
| | - Giovanni Caslini
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy; (C.L.); (M.C.); (G.C.); (S.R.)
| | - Simona Rando
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy; (C.L.); (M.C.); (G.C.); (S.R.)
| | - Salvatore Contino
- Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 8, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Valentino Romano
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Giorgio R. Merlo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy; (C.L.); (M.C.); (G.C.); (S.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0116706449; Fax: +39-0116706432
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11
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More evidence on TRIO missense mutations in the spectrin repeat domain causing severe developmental delay and recognizable facial dysmorphism with macrocephaly. Neurogenetics 2021; 22:221-224. [PMID: 34013494 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-021-00648-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
TRIO is a Dbl family guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) and an important regulator of neuronal development. Most truncating and missense variants affecting the Dbl homology domain of TRIO are associated with a neurodevelopmental disorder with microcephaly (MIM617061). Recently, de novo missense variants affecting the spectrin repeat region of TRIO were associated with a novel phenotype comprising severe developmental delay and macrocephaly (MIM618825). Here, we provide more evidence on this new TRIO-associated phenotype by reporting two severely affected probands with de novo missense variants in TRIO affecting the spectrin repeat region upstream of the typically affected GEF1 domain of the protein.
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12
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The Role of Z-disc Proteins in Myopathy and Cardiomyopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063058. [PMID: 33802723 PMCID: PMC8002584 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Z-disc acts as a protein-rich structure to tether thin filament in the contractile units, the sarcomeres, of striated muscle cells. Proteins found in the Z-disc are integral for maintaining the architecture of the sarcomere. They also enable it to function as a (bio-mechanical) signalling hub. Numerous proteins interact in the Z-disc to facilitate force transduction and intracellular signalling in both cardiac and skeletal muscle. This review will focus on six key Z-disc proteins: α-actinin 2, filamin C, myopalladin, myotilin, telethonin and Z-disc alternatively spliced PDZ-motif (ZASP), which have all been linked to myopathies and cardiomyopathies. We will summarise pathogenic variants identified in the six genes coding for these proteins and look at their involvement in myopathy and cardiomyopathy. Listing the Minor Allele Frequency (MAF) of these variants in the Genome Aggregation Database (GnomAD) version 3.1 will help to critically re-evaluate pathogenicity based on variant frequency in normal population cohorts.
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13
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Guo S, Meng L, Liu H, Yuan L, Zhao N, Ni J, Zhang Y, Ben J, Li YP, Ma J. Trio cooperates with Myh9 to regulate neural crest-derived craniofacial development. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:4316-4334. [PMID: 33754063 PMCID: PMC7977452 DOI: 10.7150/thno.51745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Trio is a unique member of the Rho-GEF family that has three catalytic domains and is vital for various cellular processes in both physiological and developmental settings. TRIO mutations in humans are involved in craniofacial abnormalities, in which patients present with mandibular retrusion. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of Trio in neural crest cell (NCC)-derived craniofacial development, and there is still a lack of direct evidence to assign a functional role to Trio in NCC-induced craniofacial abnormalities. Methods: In vivo, we used zebrafish and NCC-specific knockout mouse models to investigate the phenotype and dynamics of NCC development in Trio morphants. In vitro, iTRAQ, GST pull-down assays, and proximity ligation assay (PLA) were used to explore the role of Trio and its potential downstream mediators in NCC migration and differentiation. Results: In zebrafish and mouse models, disruption of Trio elicited a migration deficit and impaired the differentiation of NCC derivatives, leading to craniofacial growth deficiency and mandibular retrusion. Moreover, Trio positively regulated Myh9 expression and directly interacted with Myh9 to coregulate downstream cellular signaling in NCCs. We further demonstrated that disruption of Trio or Myh9 inhibited Rac1 and Cdc42 activity, specifically affecting the nuclear export of β-catenin and NCC polarization. Remarkably, craniofacial abnormalities caused by trio deficiency in zebrafish could be partially rescued by the injection of mRNA encoding myh9, ca-Rac1, or ca-Cdc42. Conclusions: Here, we identified that Trio, interacting mostly with Myh9, acts as a key regulator of NCC migration and differentiation during craniofacial development. Our results indicate that trio morphant zebrafish and Wnt1-cre;Triofl/fl mice offer potential model systems to facilitate the study of the pathogenic mechanisms of Trio mutations causing craniofacial abnormalities.
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14
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Lavanderos B, Silva I, Cruz P, Orellana-Serradell O, Saldías MP, Cerda O. TRP Channels Regulation of Rho GTPases in Brain Context and Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:582975. [PMID: 33240883 PMCID: PMC7683514 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.582975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders are mediated by several pathophysiological mechanisms, including developmental and degenerative abnormalities caused primarily by disturbances in cell migration, structural plasticity of the synapse, and blood-vessel barrier function. In this context, critical pathways involved in the pathogenesis of these diseases are related to structural, scaffolding, and enzymatic activity-bearing proteins, which participate in Ca2+- and Ras Homologs (Rho) GTPases-mediated signaling. Rho GTPases are GDP/GTP binding proteins that regulate the cytoskeletal structure, cellular protrusion, and migration. These proteins cycle between GTP-bound (active) and GDP-bound (inactive) states due to their intrinsic GTPase activity and their dynamic regulation by GEFs, GAPs, and GDIs. One of the most important upstream inputs that modulate Rho GTPases activity is Ca2+ signaling, positioning ion channels as pivotal molecular entities for Rho GTPases regulation. Multiple non-selective cationic channels belonging to the Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) family participate in cytoskeletal-dependent processes through Ca2+-mediated modulation of Rho GTPases. Moreover, these ion channels have a role in several neuropathological events such as neuronal cell death, brain tumor progression and strokes. Although Rho GTPases-dependent pathways have been extensively studied, how they converge with TRP channels in the development or progression of neuropathologies is poorly understood. Herein, we review recent evidence and insights that link TRP channels activity to downstream Rho GTPase signaling or modulation. Moreover, using the TRIP database, we establish associations between possible mediators of Rho GTPase signaling with TRP ion channels. As such, we propose mechanisms that might explain the TRP-dependent modulation of Rho GTPases as possible pathways participating in the emergence or maintenance of neuropathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Lavanderos
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channel-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Santiago, Chile
| | - Ian Silva
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channel-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Cruz
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channel-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Santiago, Chile
| | - Octavio Orellana-Serradell
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channel-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Santiago, Chile
| | - María Paz Saldías
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channel-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Santiago, Chile
| | - Oscar Cerda
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channel-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Santiago, Chile.,The Wound Repair, Treatment and Health (WoRTH) Initiative, Santiago, Chile
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15
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Schultz-Rogers L, Muthusamy K, Pinto E Vairo F, Klee EW, Lanpher B. Novel loss-of-function variants in TRIO are associated with neurodevelopmental disorder: case report. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2020; 21:219. [PMID: 33167890 PMCID: PMC7654171 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-020-01159-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Background Damaging variants in TRIO have been associated with moderate to severe neurodevelopmental disorders in humans. While recent work has delineated the positional effect of missense variation on the resulting phenotype, the clinical spectrum associated with loss-of-function variation has yet to be fully defined. Case presentation We report on two probands with novel loss-of-function variants in TRIO. Patient 1 presents with a severe neurodevelopmental disorder and macrocephaly. The TRIO variant is inherited from his affected mother. Patient 2 presents with moderate developmental delays, microcephaly, and cutis aplasia with a frameshift variant of unknown inheritance. Conclusions We describe two patients with neurodevelopmental disorder, macro/microcephaly, and cutis aplasia in one patient. Both patients have loss-of-function variants, helping to further characterize how these types of variants affect the phenotypic spectrum associated with TRIO. We also present the third reported case of autosomal dominant inheritance of a damaging variant in TRIO.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Filippo Pinto E Vairo
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Eric W Klee
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Brendan Lanpher
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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16
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Synaptic Kalirin-7 and Trio Interactomes Reveal a GEF Protein-Dependent Neuroligin-1 Mechanism of Action. Cell Rep 2020; 29:2944-2952.e5. [PMID: 31801062 PMCID: PMC9012321 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The RhoGEFs Kalirin-7 and Trio are regulators of synaptic plasticity, and their dysregulation is associated with a range of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. Although studies have implicated both Kalirin and Trio in certain diseases, such as tauopathies, they remarkably differ in their association with other disorders. Using unbiased proteomics, we identified interactomes of Kalirin-7 and Trio to ascertain distinct protein association networks associated with their respective function and revealed groups of proteins that preferentially interact with a particular RhoGEF. In comparison, we find Trio interacts with a range of axon guidance and presynaptic complexes, whereas Kalirin-7 associates with several synaptic adhesion molecules. Specifically, we show Kalirin-7 is an interactor of the cell adhesion molecule neuroligin-1 (NLGN1), and NLGN1-dependent synaptic function is mediated through Kalirin-7 in an interaction-dependent manner. Our data reveal not only the interactomes of two important disease-related proteins, but also provide an intracellular effector of NLGN1 function. Paskus et al. use quantitative proteomics to determine the synaptic interactomes of the disease-associated proteins Kalirin-7 and Trio, identifying Kalirin-7 as an interactor of NLGN1. Investigation of this interaction unveils Kalirin-7 as a primary intracellular effector of NLGN1 gain of function.
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17
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Gu J, Yang Z, Yuan L, Guo S, Wang D, Zhao N, Meng L, Liu H, Chen W, Ma J. Rho-GEF trio regulates osteoclast differentiation and function by Rac1/Cdc42. Exp Cell Res 2020; 396:112265. [PMID: 32898553 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Many bone diseases result from abnormal bone resorption by osteoclasts (OCs). Studying OC related regulatory genes is necessary for the development of new therapeutic strategies. Rho GTPases have been proven to regulate OC differentiation and function and only mature OCs can carry out bone resorption. Here we demonstrate that Rac1 and Cdc42 exchange factor Triple functional domain (Trio) is critical for bone resorption caused by OCs. In this study, we created LysM-Cre;Triofl/fl conditional knockout mice in which Trio was conditionally ablated in monocytes. LysM-Cre;Triofl/fl mice showed increased bone mass due to impaired bone resorption caused by OCs. Furthermore, our in vitro analysis indicated that Trio conditional deficiency significantly suppressed OC differentiation and function. At the molecular level, Trio deficiency significantly inhibited the expression of genes critical for osteoclastogenesis and OC function. Mechanistically, our researches suggested that perturbed Rac1/Cdc42-PAK1-ERK/p38 signaling could be used to explain the lower ability of bone resorption in CKO mice. Taken together, this study indicates that Trio is a regulator of OCs. Studying the role of Trio in OCs provides a potential new insight for the treatment of OC related bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, China; Department of Orthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Zhiwen Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, China; Department of Orthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Lichan Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, China; Department of Orthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Shuyu Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, China; Department of Orthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Stomatatology, Lianshui County People's Hospital, Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, 223400, China
| | - Na Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, China; Department of Orthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Li Meng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, China; Department of Orthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Haojie Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, China; Department of Orthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Wenjing Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, China; Department of Orthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Junqing Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, China; Department of Orthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, China.
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18
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Katrancha SM, Shaw JE, Zhao AY, Myers SA, Cocco AR, Jeng AT, Zhu M, Pittenger C, Greer CA, Carr SA, Xiao X, Koleske AJ. Trio Haploinsufficiency Causes Neurodevelopmental Disease-Associated Deficits. Cell Rep 2020; 26:2805-2817.e9. [PMID: 30840899 PMCID: PMC6436967 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous coding mutations in TRIO are associated with neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and epilepsy, and impair TRIO's biochemical activities. To model mutant alleles, we ablated one or both Trio alleles from excitatory neurons in the cortex and hippocampus of mice. Trio haploinsufficiency increases anxiety and impairs social preference and motor coordination. Trio loss reduces forebrain size and dendritic arborization but increases dendritic spine densities. Cortical synapses in Trio haploinsufficient mice are small, exhibit pre- and postsynaptic deficits, and cannot undergo long-term potentiation. Similar phenotypes are observed in Trio knockout mice. Overall, Trio haploinsufficiency causes severe disease-relevant deficits in behavior and neuronal structure and function. Interestingly, phosphodiesterase 4A5 (PDE4A5) levels are reduced and protein kinase A (PKA) signaling is increased when TRIO levels are reduced. Elevation of PDE4A5 and drug-based attenuation of PKA signaling rescue Trio haploinsufficiency-related dendritic spine defects, suggesting an avenue for therapeutic intervention for TRIO-related neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Marie Katrancha
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Juliana E Shaw
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Amy Y Zhao
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Samuel A Myers
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Amanda T Jeng
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Minsheng Zhu
- Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Christopher Pittenger
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Charles A Greer
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Steven A Carr
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Anthony J Koleske
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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19
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Paskus JD, Herring BE, Roche KW. Kalirin and Trio: RhoGEFs in Synaptic Transmission, Plasticity, and Complex Brain Disorders. Trends Neurosci 2020; 43:505-518. [PMID: 32513570 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the actin cytoskeleton are a primary mechanism mediating the morphological and functional plasticity that underlies learning and memory. The synaptic Ras homologous (Rho) guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) Kalirin and Trio have emerged as central regulators of actin dynamics at the synapse. The increased attention surrounding Kalirin and Trio stems from the growing evidence for their roles in the etiology of a wide range of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. In this Review, we discuss recent findings revealing the unique and diverse functions of these paralog proteins in neurodevelopment, excitatory synaptic transmission, and plasticity. We additionally survey the growing literature implicating these proteins in various neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah D Paskus
- Receptor Biology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Bruce E Herring
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Katherine W Roche
- Receptor Biology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.
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20
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Rho GTPase Regulators and Effectors in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Animal Models and Insights for Therapeutics. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040835. [PMID: 32244264 PMCID: PMC7226772 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rho family GTPases are small G proteins that act as molecular switches shuttling between active and inactive forms. Rho GTPases are regulated by two classes of regulatory proteins, guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs). Rho GTPases transduce the upstream signals to downstream effectors, thus regulating diverse cellular processes, such as growth, migration, adhesion, and differentiation. In particular, Rho GTPases play essential roles in regulating neuronal morphology and function. Recent evidence suggests that dysfunction of Rho GTPase signaling contributes substantially to the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). It has been found that 20 genes encoding Rho GTPase regulators and effectors are listed as ASD risk genes by Simons foundation autism research initiative (SFARI). This review summarizes the clinical evidence, protein structure, and protein expression pattern of these 20 genes. Moreover, ASD-related behavioral phenotypes in animal models of these genes are reviewed, and the therapeutic approaches that show successful treatment effects in these animal models are discussed.
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21
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Barbosa S, Greville-Heygate S, Bonnet M, Godwin A, Fagotto-Kaufmann C, Kajava AV, Laouteouet D, Mawby R, Wai HA, Dingemans AJ, Hehir-Kwa J, Willems M, Capri Y, Mehta SG, Cox H, Goudie D, Vansenne F, Turnpenny P, Vincent M, Cogné B, Lesca G, Hertecant J, Rodriguez D, Keren B, Burglen L, Gérard M, Putoux A, Cantagrel V, Siquier-Pernet K, Rio M, Banka S, Sarkar A, Steeves M, Parker M, Clement E, Moutton S, Tran Mau-Them F, Piton A, de Vries BB, Guille M, Debant A, Schmidt S, Baralle D, Baralle D. Opposite Modulation of RAC1 by Mutations in TRIO Is Associated with Distinct, Domain-Specific Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Am J Hum Genet 2020; 106:338-355. [PMID: 32109419 PMCID: PMC7058823 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rho-guanine nucleotide exchange factor (RhoGEF) TRIO acts as a key regulator of neuronal migration, axonal outgrowth, axon guidance, and synaptogenesis by activating the GTPase RAC1 and modulating actin cytoskeleton remodeling. Pathogenic variants in TRIO are associated with neurodevelopmental diseases, including intellectual disability (ID) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Here, we report the largest international cohort of 24 individuals with confirmed pathogenic missense or nonsense variants in TRIO. The nonsense mutations are spread along the TRIO sequence, and affected individuals show variable neurodevelopmental phenotypes. In contrast, missense variants cluster into two mutational hotspots in the TRIO sequence, one in the seventh spectrin repeat and one in the RAC1-activating GEFD1. Although all individuals in this cohort present with developmental delay and a neuro-behavioral phenotype, individuals with a pathogenic variant in the seventh spectrin repeat have a more severe ID associated with macrocephaly than do most individuals with GEFD1 variants, who display milder ID and microcephaly. Functional studies show that the spectrin and GEFD1 variants cause a TRIO-mediated hyper- or hypo-activation of RAC1, respectively, and we observe a striking correlation between RAC1 activation levels and the head size of the affected individuals. In addition, truncations in TRIO GEFD1 in the vertebrate model X. tropicalis induce defects that are concordant with the human phenotype. This work demonstrates distinct clinical and molecular disorders clustering in the GEFD1 and seventh spectrin repeat domains and highlights the importance of tight control of TRIO-RAC1 signaling in neuronal development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Diana Baralle
- Wessex Clinical Genetics, University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 5YA, UK; Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
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22
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Gai Z, Zhao J. Genome-wide analysis reveals the functional and expressional correlation between RhoGAP and RhoGEF in mouse. Genomics 2020; 112:1694-1706. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2019.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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23
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Tao T, Sun J, Peng Y, Li Y, Wang P, Chen X, Zhao W, Zheng YY, Wei L, Wang W, Zhou Y, Liu J, Shi YS, Zhu MS. Golgi-resident TRIO regulates membrane trafficking during neurite outgrowth. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:10954-10968. [PMID: 31152060 PMCID: PMC6635450 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.007318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurite outgrowth requires coordinated cytoskeletal rearrangements in the growth cone and directional membrane delivery from the neuronal soma. As an essential Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), TRIO is necessary for cytoskeletal dynamics during neurite outgrowth, but its participation in the membrane delivery is unclear. Using co-localization studies, live-cell imaging, and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching analysis, along with neurite outgrowth assay and various biochemical approaches, we here report that in mouse cerebellar granule neurons, TRIO protein pools at the Golgi and regulates membrane trafficking by controlling the directional maintenance of both RAB8 (member RAS oncogene family 8)- and RAB10-positive membrane vesicles. We found that the spectrin repeats in Golgi-resident TRIO confer RAB8 and RAB10 activation by interacting with and activating the RAB GEF RABIN8. Constitutively active RAB8 or RAB10 could partially restore the neurite outgrowth of TRIO-deficient cerebellar granule neurons, suggesting that TRIO-regulated membrane trafficking has an important functional role in neurite outgrowth. Our results also suggest cross-talk between Rho GEF and Rab GEF in controlling both cytoskeletal dynamics and membrane trafficking during neuronal development. They further highlight how protein pools localized to specific organelles regulate crucial cellular activities and functions. In conclusion, our findings indicate that TRIO regulates membrane trafficking during neurite outgrowth in coordination with its GEF-dependent function in controlling cytoskeletal dynamics via Rho GTPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Tao
- Model Animal Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Neurology of the Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China and
| | - Jie Sun
- Model Animal Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Neurology of the Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China and
| | - Yajing Peng
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Yeqiong Li
- Model Animal Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Neurology of the Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China and
| | - Pei Wang
- Model Animal Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Neurology of the Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China and
| | - Xin Chen
- Model Animal Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Neurology of the Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China and
| | - Wei Zhao
- Model Animal Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Neurology of the Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China and
| | - Yan-Yan Zheng
- Model Animal Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Neurology of the Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China and
| | - Lisha Wei
- Model Animal Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Neurology of the Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China and
| | - Wei Wang
- Model Animal Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Neurology of the Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China and
| | - Yuwei Zhou
- Model Animal Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Neurology of the Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China and
| | - Jianghuai Liu
- Model Animal Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Neurology of the Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China and
| | - Yun Stone Shi
- Model Animal Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Neurology of the Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China and
| | - Min-Sheng Zhu
- Model Animal Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Neurology of the Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China and.
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Pallavicini G, Berto GE, Di Cunto F. Precision Revisited: Targeting Microcephaly Kinases in Brain Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092098. [PMID: 31035417 PMCID: PMC6539168 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme and medulloblastoma are the most frequent high-grade brain tumors in adults and children, respectively. Standard therapies for these cancers are mainly based on surgical resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. However, intrinsic or acquired resistance to treatment occurs almost invariably in the first case, and side effects are unacceptable in the second. Therefore, the development of new, effective drugs is a very important unmet medical need. A critical requirement for developing such agents is to identify druggable targets required for the proliferation or survival of tumor cells, but not of other cell types. Under this perspective, genes mutated in congenital microcephaly represent interesting candidates. Congenital microcephaly comprises a heterogeneous group of disorders in which brain volume is reduced, in the absence or presence of variable syndromic features. Genetic studies have clarified that most microcephaly genes encode ubiquitous proteins involved in mitosis and in maintenance of genomic stability, but the effects of their inactivation are particularly strong in neural progenitors. It is therefore conceivable that the inhibition of the function of these genes may specifically affect the proliferation and survival of brain tumor cells. Microcephaly genes encode for a few kinases, including CITK, PLK4, AKT3, DYRK1A, and TRIO. In this review, we summarize the evidence indicating that the inhibition of these molecules could exert beneficial effects on different aspects of brain cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianmarco Pallavicini
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, 10126 Turin, Italy.
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy.
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy.
| | - Gaia E Berto
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, 10126 Turin, Italy.
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy.
| | - Ferdinando Di Cunto
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, 10126 Turin, Italy.
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy.
- Neuroscience Institute of Turin (NIT), 10126 Turin, Italy.
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25
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Niftullayev S, Lamarche-Vane N. Regulators of Rho GTPases in the Nervous System: Molecular Implication in Axon Guidance and Neurological Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1497. [PMID: 30934641 PMCID: PMC6471118 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the fundamental steps during development of the nervous system is the formation of proper connections between neurons and their target cells-a process called neural wiring, failure of which causes neurological disorders ranging from autism to Down's syndrome. Axons navigate through the complex environment of a developing embryo toward their targets, which can be far away from their cell bodies. Successful implementation of neuronal wiring, which is crucial for fulfillment of all behavioral functions, is achieved through an intimate interplay between axon guidance and neural activity. In this review, our focus will be on axon pathfinding and the implication of some of its downstream molecular components in neurological disorders. More precisely, we will talk about axon guidance and the molecules implicated in this process. After, we will briefly review the Rho family of small GTPases, their regulators, and their involvement in downstream signaling pathways of the axon guidance cues/receptor complexes. We will then proceed to the final and main part of this review, where we will thoroughly comment on the implication of the regulators for Rho GTPases-GEFs (Guanine nucleotide Exchange Factors) and GAPs (GTPase-activating Proteins)-in neurological diseases and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadig Niftullayev
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the MUHC, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B2, Canada.
| | - Nathalie Lamarche-Vane
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the MUHC, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B2, Canada.
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26
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Kratzer MC, England L, Apel D, Hassel M, Borchers A. Evolution of the Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors Kalirin and Trio and their gene expression in Xenopus development. Gene Expr Patterns 2019; 32:18-27. [PMID: 30844509 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) activate Rho GTPases by accelerating their GDP/GTP exchange. Trio and its paralog Kalirin (Kalrn) are unique members of the Rho-GEFs that harbor three catalytic domains: two functional GEF domains and a serine/threonine kinase domain. The N-terminal GEF domain activates Rac1 and RhoG GTPases, while the C-terminal GEF domain acts specifically on RhoA. Trio and Kalrn have an evolutionary conserved function in morphogenetic processes including neuronal development. De novo mutations in TRIO have lately been identified in patients with intellectual disability, suggesting that this protein family plays an important role in development and disease. Phylogenetic and domain analysis revealed that a Kalrn/Trio ancestor originated in Prebilateria and duplicated in Urbilateria to yield Kalrn and Trio. Only few taxa outside the vertebrates retained both of these highly conserved proteins. To obtain first insights into their redundant or distinct functions in a vertebrate model system, we show for the first time a detailed comparative analysis of trio and kalrn expression in Xenopus laevis development. The mRNAs are maternally transcribed and expression increases starting with neurula stages. Trio and kalrn are detected in mesoderm/somites and different neuronal populations in the neural plate/tube and later also in the brain. However, only trio is expressed in migrating neural crest cells, while kalrn expression is detected in the cranial nerves, suggesting distinct functions. Thus, our expression analysis provides a good basis for further functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claire Kratzer
- Philipps-Universität Marburg, Faculty of Biology, Molecular Embryology, Marburg, Germany; DFG Research Training Group, Membrane Plasticity in Tissue Development and Remodeling, GRK 2213, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Laura England
- Philipps-Universität Marburg, Faculty of Biology, Molecular Embryology, Marburg, Germany
| | - David Apel
- Philipps-Universität Marburg, Faculty of Biology, Morphology and Evolution of Invertebrates, Marburg, Germany; DFG Research Training Group, Membrane Plasticity in Tissue Development and Remodeling, GRK 2213, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Monika Hassel
- Philipps-Universität Marburg, Faculty of Biology, Morphology and Evolution of Invertebrates, Marburg, Germany; DFG Research Training Group, Membrane Plasticity in Tissue Development and Remodeling, GRK 2213, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Annette Borchers
- Philipps-Universität Marburg, Faculty of Biology, Molecular Embryology, Marburg, Germany; DFG Research Training Group, Membrane Plasticity in Tissue Development and Remodeling, GRK 2213, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
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27
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Backer S, Lokmane L, Landragin C, Deck M, Garel S, Bloch-Gallego E. Trio GEF mediates RhoA activation downstream of Slit2 and coordinates telencephalic wiring. Development 2018; 145:dev.153692. [PMID: 30177526 DOI: 10.1242/dev.153692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Trio, a member of the Dbl family of guanine nucleotide exchange factors, activates Rac1 downstream of netrin 1/DCC signalling in axon outgrowth and guidance. Although it has been proposed that Trio also activates RhoA, the putative upstream factors remain unknown. Here, we show that Slit2 induces Trio-dependent RhoA activation, revealing a crosstalk between Slit and Trio/RhoA signalling. Consistently, we found that RhoA activity is hindered in vivo in T rio mutant mouse embryos. We next studied the development of the ventral telencephalon and thalamocortical axons, which have been previously shown to be controlled by Slit2. Remarkably, this analysis revealed that Trio knockout (KO) mice show phenotypes that bear strong similarities to the ones that have been reported in Slit2 KO mice in both guidepost corridor cells and thalamocortical axon pathfinding in the ventral telencephalon. Taken together, our results show that Trio induces RhoA activation downstream of Slit2, and support a functional role in ensuring the proper positioning of both guidepost cells and a major axonal tract. Our study indicates a novel role for Trio in Slit2 signalling and forebrain wiring, highlighting its role in multiple guidance pathways as well as in biological functions of importance for a factor involved in human brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Backer
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS UMR 8104, 75014 Paris, France.,INSERM, U1016, Department of Development, Reproduction and Cancer, 24 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Ludmilla Lokmane
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR8197, INSERM U1024, PSL research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Camille Landragin
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS UMR 8104, 75014 Paris, France.,INSERM, U1016, Department of Development, Reproduction and Cancer, 24 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Marie Deck
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR8197, INSERM U1024, PSL research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sonia Garel
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR8197, INSERM U1024, PSL research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Evelyne Bloch-Gallego
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS UMR 8104, 75014 Paris, France .,INSERM, U1016, Department of Development, Reproduction and Cancer, 24 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014 Paris, France
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28
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Chen H, Guo S, Xia Y, Yuan L, Lu M, Zhou M, Fang M, Meng L, Xiao Z, Ma J. The role of Rho-GEF Trio in regulating tooth root development through the p38 MAPK pathway. Exp Cell Res 2018; 372:158-167. [PMID: 30268758 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Trio, the Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (Rho-GEF), plays diverse roles in cell migration, cell axon guidance and cytoskeleton reorganization. Conserved during evolution, Trio encodes two guanine nucleotide exchange factor domains (GEFs) and activates small GTPases. The Rho-family small GTPases RhoA and Rac1, which are target molecules of Trio, have been described to engage in craniofacial development and tooth formation. However, the exact role of Trio in tooth development remains elusive. In this study, we generated Wnt1-cre;Triofl/fl mice to address the potential function of Trio in tooth development. Wnt1-cre;Triofl/fl mice showed short root deformity as well as decreased expression of odontogenic makers such as RUNX2, OSX, OCN, and OPN. In vitro, Trio was silenced in human stem cells of dental papilla (SCAPs). Compared with the control group, the proliferation and migration ability in the experimental group was disrupted. After knocking down Trio in SCAPs, the cells showed phenotypes of poor odontogenic differentiation and weak mineralized nodules. To study the underlying mechanism, we investigated the p38 MAPK pathway and found that loss of Trio blocked the cascade transduction of p38 MAPK signaling. In conclusion, we identified Trio as a novel coordinator in regulating root development and clarified its relevant molecular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuyu Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Xia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lichan Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mengting Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Meng Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mengru Fang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Meng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhongdang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Junqing Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China.
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29
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Rho GTPases in Intellectual Disability: From Genetics to Therapeutic Opportunities. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061821. [PMID: 29925821 PMCID: PMC6032284 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho-class small GTPases are implicated in basic cellular processes at nearly all brain developmental steps, from neurogenesis and migration to axon guidance and synaptic plasticity. GTPases are key signal transducing enzymes that link extracellular cues to the neuronal responses required for the construction of neuronal networks, as well as for synaptic function and plasticity. Rho GTPases are highly regulated by a complex set of activating (GEFs) and inactivating (GAPs) partners, via protein:protein interactions (PPI). Misregulated RhoA, Rac1/Rac3 and cdc42 activity has been linked with intellectual disability (ID) and other neurodevelopmental conditions that comprise ID. All genetic evidences indicate that in these disorders the RhoA pathway is hyperactive while the Rac1 and cdc42 pathways are consistently hypoactive. Adopting cultured neurons for in vitro testing and specific animal models of ID for in vivo examination, the endophenotypes associated with these conditions are emerging and include altered neuronal networking, unbalanced excitation/inhibition and altered synaptic activity and plasticity. As we approach a clearer definition of these phenotype(s) and the role of hyper- and hypo-active GTPases in the construction of neuronal networks, there is an increasing possibility that selective inhibitors and activators might be designed via PPI, or identified by screening, that counteract the misregulation of small GTPases and result in alleviation of the cognitive condition. Here we review all knowledge in support of this possibility.
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30
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Romanini MV, Calevo MG, Puliti A, Vaccari C, Valle M, Senes F, Torre M. Poland syndrome: A proposed classification system and perspectives on diagnosis and treatment. Semin Pediatr Surg 2018; 27:189-199. [PMID: 30078491 DOI: 10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Poland Syndrome (PS) is a rare condition, with an estimated incidence of approximately 1 per 30,000 births and encompasses a wide range of severities of chest and upper arm anomalies. The etiology remains unknown, but genetic involvement is suspected. Few radiological investigations have proven useful in the study PS phenotypes and we propose a reference algorithm for guiding pediatricians. Our experience with 245 PS patients in the last 10 years stimulated a phenotypical classification of PS. The management of the different PS types and a therapeutic algorithm according to the phenotypical features of each PS patient are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Grazia Calevo
- Epidemiologic and Biostatistical Unit, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Aldamaria Puliti
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genova, Italy; Medical Genetics Unit, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Carlotta Vaccari
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Maura Valle
- Radiology Unit, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Filippo Senes
- Reconstructive microsurgery and Hand surgery unit, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Michele Torre
- Pediatric Surgical Department, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy.
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31
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Shao L, Lu B, Wen Z, Teng S, Wang L, Zhao Y, Wang L, Ishizuka K, Xu X, Sawa A, Song H, Ming G, Zhong Y. Disrupted-in-Schizophrenia-1 (DISC1) protein disturbs neural function in multiple disease-risk pathways. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 26:2634-2648. [PMID: 28472294 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the genetic contribution is under debate, biological studies in multiple mouse models have suggested that the Disrupted-in-Schizophrenia-1 (DISC1) protein may contribute to susceptibility to psychiatric disorders. In the present study, we took the advantages of the Drosophila model to dissect the molecular pathways that can be affected by DISC1 in the context of pathology-related phenotypes. We found that three pathways that include the homologs of Drosophila Dys, Trio, and Shot were downregulated by introducing a C-terminal truncated mutant DISC1. Consistently, these three molecules were downregulated in the induced pluripotent stem cell-derived forebrain neurons from the subjects carrying a frameshift deletion in DISC1 C-terminus. Importantly, the three pathways were underscored in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders in bioinformatics analysis. Taken together, our findings are in line with the polygenic theory of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisha Shao
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China.,Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Binyan Lu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, P.R. China
| | - Zhexing Wen
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Cell Biology, and Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Shaolei Teng
- Department of Biology, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Lingling Wang
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Liyuan Wang
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Koko Ishizuka
- Molecular Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Xiufeng Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Akira Sawa
- Molecular Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Hongjun Song
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Cell Biology, and Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Guoli Ming
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Cell Biology, and Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Yi Zhong
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China.,Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
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32
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Kuhlmann N, Chollet C, Baldus L, Neundorf I, Lammers M. Development of Substrate-Derived Sirtuin Inhibitors with Potential Anticancer Activity. ChemMedChem 2017; 12:1703-1714. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nora Kuhlmann
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, CECAD; University of Cologne; Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26 50931 Cologne Germany
| | - Constance Chollet
- Institute for Biochemistry; University of Cologne; Zülpicher Straße 47 50674 Cologne Germany
| | - Linda Baldus
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, CECAD; University of Cologne; Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26 50931 Cologne Germany
| | - Ines Neundorf
- Institute for Biochemistry; University of Cologne; Zülpicher Straße 47 50674 Cologne Germany
| | - Michael Lammers
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, CECAD; University of Cologne; Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26 50931 Cologne Germany
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33
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Ba W, Nadif Kasri N. RhoGTPases at the synapse: An embarrassment of choice. Small GTPases 2017; 8:106-113. [PMID: 27492682 PMCID: PMC5464131 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2016.1206352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Activity-dependent modifications in the strength of excitatory synapses are considered to be major cellular mechanisms that contribute to the plasticity of neuronal networks underlying learning and memory. Key mechanisms for the regulation of synaptic efficacy involve the dynamic changes in size and number of dendritic spines, as well as the synaptic incorporation and removal of AMPA-type glutamate receptors (AMPAr). As key regulators of the actin cytoskeleton, the Rho subfamily of GTP-binding proteins play a critical role in synaptic development and plasticity. They shuttle between the active GTP-bound form and the inactive GDP-bound form under the regulation of dedicated guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs). More than 80 human GEFs and 70 GAPs have been identified, most of which are expressed in the brain with a specific spatial and temporal expression pattern. However, the function of most GEFs and GAPs in the brain has not been elucidated. In this review, we highlight the novel neuronal function of the synaptic RhoGAP ARHGAP12 and the ID-associated RhoGEF TRIO and further propose 3 possible approaches of neurons utilizing Rho GTPase regulatory proteins to accurately modulate synaptic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Ba
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - N. Nadif Kasri
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Assessment of copy number variations in 120 patients with Poland syndrome. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2016; 17:89. [PMID: 27884122 PMCID: PMC5123256 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-016-0351-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poland Syndrome (PS) is a rare congenital disorder presenting with agenesis/hypoplasia of the pectoralis major muscle variably associated with thoracic and/or upper limb anomalies. Most cases are sporadic, but familial recurrence, with different inheritance patterns, has been observed. The genetic etiology of PS remains unknown. Karyotyping and array-comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) analyses can identify genomic imbalances that can clarify the genetic etiology of congenital and neurodevelopmental disorders. We previously reported a chromosome 11 deletion in twin girls with pectoralis muscle hypoplasia and skeletal anomalies, and a chromosome six deletion in a patient presenting a complex phenotype that included pectoralis muscle hypoplasia. However, the contribution of genomic imbalances to PS remains largely unknown. METHODS To investigate the prevalence of chromosomal imbalances in PS, standard cytogenetic and array-CGH analyses were performed in 120 PS patients. RESULTS Following the application of stringent filter criteria, 14 rare copy number variations (CNVs) were identified in 14 PS patients in different regions outside known common copy number variations: seven genomic duplications and seven genomic deletions, enclosing the two previously reported PS associated chromosomal deletions. These CNVs ranged from 0.04 to 4.71 Mb in size. Bioinformatic analysis of array-CGH data indicated gene enrichment in pathways involved in cell-cell adhesion, DNA binding and apoptosis processes. The analysis also provided a number of candidate genes possibly causing the developmental defects observed in PS patients, among others REV3L, a gene coding for an error-prone DNA polymerase previously associated with Möbius Syndrome with variable phenotypes including pectoralis muscle agenesis. CONCLUSIONS A number of rare CNVs were identified in PS patients, and these involve genes that represent candidates for further evaluation. Rare inherited CNVs may contribute to, or represent risk factors of PS in a multifactorial mode of inheritance.
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Ferreira LF, Laitano O. Regulation of NADPH oxidases in skeletal muscle. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 98:18-28. [PMID: 27184955 PMCID: PMC4975970 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The only known function of NAD(P)H oxidases is to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). Skeletal muscles express three isoforms of NAD(P)H oxidases (Nox1, Nox2, and Nox4) that have been identified as critical modulators of redox homeostasis. Nox2 acts as the main source of skeletal muscle ROS during contractions, participates in insulin signaling and glucose transport, and mediates the myocyte response to osmotic stress. Nox2 and Nox4 contribute to skeletal muscle abnormalities elicited by angiotensin II, muscular dystrophy, heart failure, and high fat diet. Our review addresses the expression and regulation of NAD(P)H oxidases with emphasis on aspects that are relevant to skeletal muscle. We also summarize: i) the most widely used NAD(P)H oxidases activity assays and inhibitors, and ii) studies that have defined Nox enzymes as protagonists of skeletal muscle redox homeostasis in a variety of health and disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo F Ferreira
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Orlando Laitano
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina, PE, Brazil
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Pengelly RJ, Greville-Heygate S, Schmidt S, Seaby EG, Jabalameli MR, Mehta SG, Parker MJ, Goudie D, Fagotto-Kaufmann C, Mercer C, Debant A, Ennis S, Baralle D. Mutations specific to the Rac-GEF domain of TRIO cause intellectual disability and microcephaly. J Med Genet 2016; 53:735-742. [PMID: 27418539 PMCID: PMC5264232 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2016-103942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurodevelopmental disorders have challenged clinical genetics for decades, with over 700 genes implicated and many whose function remains unknown. The application of whole-exome sequencing is proving pivotal in closing the genotype/phenotype gap through the discovery of new genes and variants that help to unravel the pathogenic mechanisms driving neuropathogenesis. One such discovery includes TRIO, a gene recently implicated in neurodevelopmental delay. Trio is a Dbl family guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) and a major regulator of neuronal development, controlling actin cytoskeleton dynamics by activating the GTPase Rac1. METHODS Whole-exome sequencing was undertaken on a family presenting with global developmental delay, microcephaly and mild dysmorphism. Father/daughter exome analysis was performed, followed by confirmatory Sanger sequencing and segregation analysis on four individuals. Three further patients were recruited through the deciphering developmental disorders (DDD) study. Functional studies were undertaken using patient-specific Trio protein mutations. RESULTS We identified a frameshift deletion in TRIO that segregated autosomal dominantly. By scrutinising data from DDD, we further identified three unrelated children with a similar phenotype who harboured de novo missense mutations in TRIO. Biochemical studies demonstrated that in three out of four families, the Trio mutations led to a markedly reduced Rac1 activation. CONCLUSIONS We describe an inherited global developmental delay phenotype associated with a frameshift deletion in TRIO. Additionally, we identify pathogenic de novo missense mutations in TRIO associated with the same consistent phenotype, intellectual disability, microcephaly and dysmorphism with striking digital features. We further functionally validate the importance of the GEF domain in Trio protein function. Our study demonstrates how genomic technologies are yet again proving prolific in diagnosing and advancing the understanding of neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reuben J Pengelly
- Department of Human Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Susanne Schmidt
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, Cédex, France
| | - Eleanor G Seaby
- Department of Human Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - M Reza Jabalameli
- Department of Human Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Sarju G Mehta
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Cambridge University Hospital Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael J Parker
- Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, OPD2, Northern General Hospital, Sheffield, UK
| | - David Goudie
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, UK
| | - Christine Fagotto-Kaufmann
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, Cédex, France
| | - Catherine Mercer
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Anne Debant
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, Cédex, France
| | - Sarah Ennis
- Department of Human Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Diana Baralle
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, UK
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van de Willige D, Hoogenraad CC, Akhmanova A. Microtubule plus-end tracking proteins in neuronal development. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:2053-77. [PMID: 26969328 PMCID: PMC4834103 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2168-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of the microtubule cytoskeleton is of pivotal importance for neuronal development and function. One such regulatory mechanism centers on microtubule plus-end tracking proteins (+TIPs): structurally and functionally diverse regulatory factors, which can form complex macromolecular assemblies at the growing microtubule plus-ends. +TIPs modulate important properties of microtubules including their dynamics and their ability to control cell polarity, membrane transport and signaling. Several neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases are associated with mutations in +TIPs or with misregulation of these proteins. In this review, we focus on the role and regulation of +TIPs in neuronal development and associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieudonnée van de Willige
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Casper C Hoogenraad
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Mammalian life begins with a cell-cell fusion event, i.e. the fusion of the spermatozoid with the oocyte and needs further cell-cell fusion processes for the development, growth, and maintenance of tissues and organs over the whole life span. Furthermore, cellular fusion plays a role in infection, cancer, and stem cell-dependent regeneration as well as including an expanded meaning of partial cellular fusion, nanotube formation, and microparticle-cell fusion. The cellular fusion process is highly regulated by proteins which carry the information to organize and regulate membranes allowing the merge of two separate lipid bilayers into one. The regulation of this genetically and epigenetically controlled process is achieved by different kinds of signals leading to communication of fusing cells. The local cellular and extracellular environment additionally initiates specific cell signaling necessary for the induction of the cell-cell fusion process. Common motifs exist in distinct cell-cell fusion processes and their regulation. However, there is specific regulation of different cell-cell fusion processes, e.g. myoblast, placental, osteoclast, and stem cell fusion. Hence, specialized fusion events vary between cell types and species. Molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown, especially limited knowledge is present for cancer and stem cell fusion mechanisms and regulation. More research is necessary for the understanding of cellular fusion processes which can lead to development of new therapeutic strategies grounding on cellular fusion regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Willkomm
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
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DeGeer J, Kaplan A, Mattar P, Morabito M, Stochaj U, Kennedy TE, Debant A, Cayouette M, Fournier AE, Lamarche-Vane N. Hsc70 chaperone activity underlies Trio GEF function in axon growth and guidance induced by netrin-1. J Cell Biol 2015; 210:817-32. [PMID: 26323693 PMCID: PMC4555821 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201505084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, netrin-1 is both an attractive and repulsive axon guidance cue and mediates its attractive function through the receptor Deleted in Colorectal Cancer (DCC). The activation of Rho guanosine triphosphatases within the extending growth cone facilitates the dynamic reorganization of the cytoskeleton required to drive axon extension. The Rac1 guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) Trio is essential for netrin-1-induced axon outgrowth and guidance. Here, we identify the molecular chaperone heat shock cognate protein 70 (Hsc70) as a novel Trio regulator. Hsc70 dynamically associated with the N-terminal region and Rac1 GEF domain of Trio. Whereas Hsc70 expression supported Trio-dependent Rac1 activation, adenosine triphosphatase-deficient Hsc70 (D10N) abrogated Trio Rac1 GEF activity and netrin-1-induced Rac1 activation. Hsc70 was required for netrin-1-mediated axon growth and attraction in vitro, whereas Hsc70 activity supported callosal projections and radial neuronal migration in the embryonic neocortex. These findings demonstrate that Hsc70 chaperone activity is required for Rac1 activation by Trio and this function underlies netrin-1/DCC-dependent axon outgrowth and guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan DeGeer
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7, Canada The Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Andrew Kaplan
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Pierre Mattar
- Cellular Neurobiology Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Morgane Morabito
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7, Canada The Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Ursula Stochaj
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Timothy E Kennedy
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7, Canada Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Anne Debant
- Centre de Recherche de Biochimie Macromoléculaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5237, University of Montpellier, Montpellier 34293, France
| | - Michel Cayouette
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7, Canada Cellular Neurobiology Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quubec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Alyson E Fournier
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7, Canada Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Nathalie Lamarche-Vane
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7, Canada The Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
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Incorporating Functional Information in Tests of Excess De Novo Mutational Load. Am J Hum Genet 2015; 97:272-83. [PMID: 26235986 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2015.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of recent studies have investigated the role of de novo mutations in various neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders. These studies attempt to implicate causal genes by looking for an excess load of de novo mutations within those genes. Current statistical methods for assessing this excess are based on the implicit assumption that all qualifying mutations in a gene contribute equally to disease. However, it is well established that different mutations can have radically different effects on the ultimate protein product and, as a result, on disease risk. Here, we propose a method, fitDNM, that incorporates functional information in a test of excess de novo mutational load. Specifically, we derive score statistics from a retrospective likelihood that incorporates the probability of a mutation being damaging to gene function. We show that, under the null, the resulting test statistic is distributed as a weighted sum of Poisson random variables and we implement a saddlepoint approximation of this distribution to obtain accurate p values. Using simulation, we have shown that our method outperforms current methods in terms of statistical power while maintaining validity. We have applied this approach to four de novo mutation datasets of neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders: autism spectrum disorder, epileptic encephalopathy, schizophrenia, and severe intellectual disability. Our approach also implicates genes that have been implicated by existing methods. Furthermore, our approach provides strong statistical evidence supporting two potentially causal genes: SUV420H1 in autism spectrum disorder and TRIO in a combined analysis of the four neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders investigated here.
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Ogden KK, Ozkan ED, Rumbaugh G. Prioritizing the development of mouse models for childhood brain disorders. Neuropharmacology 2015; 100:2-16. [PMID: 26231830 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Revised: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in hundreds of genes contribute to cognitive and behavioral dysfunction associated with developmental brain disorders (DBDs). Due to the sheer number of risk factors available for study combined with the cost of developing new animal models, it remains an open question how genes should be prioritized for in-depth neurobiological investigations. Recent reviews have argued that priority should be given to frequently mutated genes commonly found in sporadic DBD patients. Intrigued by this idea, we explored to what extent "high priority" risk factors have been studied in animals in an effort to assess their potential for generating valuable preclinical models capable of advancing the neurobiological understanding of DBDs. We found that in-depth whole animal studies are lacking for many high priority genes, with relatively few neurobiological studies performed in construct valid animal models aimed at understanding the pathological substrates associated with disease phenotypes. However, some high priority risk factors have been extensively studied in animal models and they have generated novel insights into DBD patho-neurobiology while also advancing early pre-clinical therapeutic treatment strategies. We suggest that prioritizing model development toward genes frequently mutated in non-specific DBD populations will accelerate the understanding of DBD patho-neurobiology and drive novel therapeutic strategies. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Synaptopathy--from Biology to Therapy'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin K Ogden
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Emin D Ozkan
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Gavin Rumbaugh
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
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Regulating Rac in the nervous system: molecular function and disease implication of Rac GEFs and GAPs. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:632450. [PMID: 25879033 PMCID: PMC4388020 DOI: 10.1155/2015/632450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Rho family GTPases, including RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42 as the most studied members, are master regulators of actin cytoskeletal organization. Rho GTPases control various aspects of the nervous system and are associated with a number of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. The activity of Rho GTPases is controlled by two families of regulators, guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) as the activators and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) as the inhibitors. Through coordinated regulation by GEFs and GAPs, Rho GTPases act as converging signaling molecules that convey different upstream signals in the nervous system. So far, more than 70 members of either GEFs or GAPs of Rho GTPases have been identified in mammals, but only a small subset of them have well-known functions. Thus, characterization of important GEFs and GAPs in the nervous system is crucial for the understanding of spatiotemporal dynamics of Rho GTPase activity in different neuronal functions. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of GEFs and GAPs for Rac1, with emphasis on the molecular function and disease implication of these regulators in the nervous system.
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43
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Zong W, Liu S, Wang X, Zhang J, Zhang T, Liu Z, Wang D, Zhang A, Zhu M, Gao J. Trio gene is required for mouse learning ability. Brain Res 2015; 1608:82-90. [PMID: 25727174 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Trio is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor with multiple guanine nucleotide exchange factor domains. Trio regulates cytoskeleton dynamics and actin remodeling and is involved in cell migration and axonal guidance in neuronal development. The null allele of the Trio gene led to embryonic lethality, and Trio null embryos displayed aberrant organization in several regions of the brain at E18.5, including hippocampus. Nestin-Trio-/- mice, in which the Trio gene was deleted specifically in the neuronal system by the Nestin-Cre system, displayed severe phenotypes, including low survival rate, ataxia and multiple developmental defects of the cerebellum. All Nestin-Trio-/- mice died before reaching adulthood, which hinders research on Trio gene function in adult mice. Thus, we generated EMX1-Trio-/- mice by crossing Trio-floxed mice with EMX1-Cre mice in which Cre is expressed in the brain cortex and hippocampus. EMX1-Trio-/- mice can survive to adulthood. Trio gene deletion results in smaller brains, an abnormal hippocampus and disordered granule cells in the dentate gyrus (DG) and cornu ammonis (CA). Behavior tests showed that Trio deletion interfered with the hippocampal-dependent spatial learning in the mice, suggesting that Trio plays critical roles in the learning ability of adult mice. We conclude that the Trio gene regulates the neuronal development of the hippocampus and that it affects the intelligence of adult mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zong
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology and School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Shuoyang Liu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology and School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xiaotong Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology and School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology and School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Ziyi Liu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology and School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Dongdong Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Aizhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology and School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Minsheng Zhu
- Model Animal Research Center, Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing210061, China.
| | - Jiangang Gao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology and School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
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Hellen EHB, Kern AD. The role of DNA insertions in phenotypic differentiation between humans and other primates. Genome Biol Evol 2015; 7:1168-78. [PMID: 25635043 PMCID: PMC4419785 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evv012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
What makes us human is one of the most interesting and enduring questions in evolutionary biology. To assist in answering this question, we have identified insertions in the human genome which cannot be found in five comparison primate species: Chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan, gibbon, and macaque. A total of 21,269 nonpolymorphic human-specific insertions were identified, of which only 372 were found in exons. Any function conferred by the remaining 20,897 is likely to be regulatory. Many of these insertions are likely to have been fitness neutral; however, a small number has been identified in genes showing signs of positive selection. Insertions found within positively selected genes show associations to neural phenotypes, which were also enriched in the whole data set. Other phenotypes that are found to be enriched in the data set include dental and sensory perception-related phenotypes, features which are known to differ between humans and other apes. The analysis provides several likely candidates, either genes or regulatory regions, which may be involved in the processes that differentiate humans from other apes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew D Kern
- Department of Genetics, Nelson Biolabs, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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Miller NLG, Kleinschmidt EG, Schlaepfer DD. RhoGEFs in cell motility: novel links between Rgnef and focal adhesion kinase. Curr Mol Med 2014; 14:221-34. [PMID: 24467206 DOI: 10.2174/1566524014666140128110339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Rho guanine exchange factors (GEFs) are a large, diverse family of proteins defined by their ability to catalyze the exchange of GDP for GTP on small GTPase proteins such as Rho family members. GEFs act as integrators from varied intra- and extracellular sources to promote spatiotemporal activity of Rho GTPases that control signaling pathways regulating cell proliferation and movement. Here we review recent studies elucidating roles of RhoGEF proteins in cell motility. Emphasis is placed on Dbl-family GEFs and connections to development, integrin signaling to Rho GTPases regulating cell adhesion and movement, and how these signals may enhance tumor progression. Moreover, RhoGEFs have additional domains that confer distinctive functions or specificity. We will focus on a unique interaction between Rgnef (also termed Arhgef28 or p190RhoGEF) and focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that controls migration properties of normal and tumor cells. This Rgnef-FAK interaction activates canonical GEF-dependent RhoA GTPase activity to govern contractility and also functions as a scaffold in a GEF-independent manner to enhance FAK activation. Recent studies have also brought to light the importance of specific regions within the Rgnef pleckstrin homology (PH) domain for targeting the membrane. As revealed by ongoing Rgnef-FAK investigations, exploring GEF roles in cancer will yield fundamental new information on the molecular mechanisms promoting tumor spread and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - D D Schlaepfer
- University of California San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, Department of Reproductive Medicine, MC 0803, 3855 Health Sciences Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
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Mulinari S, Häcker U. Rho-guanine nucleotide exchange factors during development: Force is nothing without control. Small GTPases 2014; 1:28-43. [PMID: 21686118 DOI: 10.4161/sgtp.1.1.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2010] [Revised: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of multicellular organisms is associated with extensive rearrangements of tissues and cell sheets. The driving force for these rearrangements is generated mostly by the actin cytoskeleton. In order to permit the reproducible development of a specific body plan, dynamic reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton must be precisely coordinated in space and time. GTP-exchange factors that activate small GTPases of the Rho family play an important role in this process. Here we review the role of this class of cytoskeletal regulators during important developmental processes such as epithelial morphogenesis, cytokinesis, cell migration, cell polarity, neuronal growth cone extension and phagocytosis in different model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shai Mulinari
- Department of Experimental Medical Science; Lund Strategic Research Center for Stem Cell Biology and Cell Therapy; Lund University; Lund, Sweden
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Pézeron G, Millen K, Boukhatmi H, Bray S. Notch directly regulates the cell morphogenesis genes Reck, talin and trio in adult muscle progenitors. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:4634-44. [PMID: 25217625 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.151787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that activation of the Notch pathway can result in consequences on cell morphogenesis and behaviour, both during embryonic development and cancer progression. In general, Notch is proposed to coordinate these processes by regulating expression of key transcription factors. However, many Notch-regulated genes identified in genome-wide studies are involved in fundamental aspects of cell behaviour, suggesting a more direct influence on cellular properties. By testing the functions of 25 such genes we confirmed that 12 are required in developing adult muscles, consistent with roles downstream of Notch. Focusing on three, Reck, rhea/talin and trio, we verify their expression in adult muscle progenitors and identify Notch-regulated enhancers in each. Full activity of these enhancers requires functional binding sites for Su(H), the DNA-binding transcription factor in the Notch pathway, validating their direct regulation. Thus, besides its well-known roles in regulating the expression of cell-fate-determining transcription factors, Notch signalling also has the potential to directly affect cell morphology and behaviour by modulating expression of genes such as Reck, rhea/talin and trio. This sheds new light on the functional outputs of Notch activation in morphogenetic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Pézeron
- Department of Physiology Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Kat Millen
- Department of Physiology Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Hadi Boukhatmi
- Department of Physiology Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Sarah Bray
- Department of Physiology Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
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Schmidt S, Debant A. Function and regulation of the Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor Trio. Small GTPases 2014; 5:e29769. [PMID: 24987837 DOI: 10.4161/sgtp.29769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho GTPases oscillate between an inactive GDP-bound state and an active GTP-bound state. They are activated by Rho Guanine nucleotide Exchange Factors (GEF), which accelerate the GDP to GTP exchange. RhoGEFs fall into two different classes: the Dbl family and the DOCK family of proteins. In this review, we focus on the function and regulation of the Dbl family RhoGEF Trio. Trio and its paralog Kalirin are unique within this family in that they display two GEF domains of distinct specificity. Trio is a major regulator of neuronal development, and its function is conserved through evolution. Moreover, Trio plays an important role in cell adhesion and in signaling pathways elicited by Gαq protein-coupled receptors. Combined, these observations suggest that Trio has a major role in cellular physiology. Of note, Trio is an essential gene for mouse development, with a prominent role in the development of the nervous system. Finally, Trio expression is significantly increased in different types of tumors and it has been proposed that it could participate in oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Schmidt
- Centre de Recherche en Biochimie Macromoléculaire; CNRS - UMR 5237; Université de Montpellier; Montpellier, France
| | - Anne Debant
- Centre de Recherche en Biochimie Macromoléculaire; CNRS - UMR 5237; Université de Montpellier; Montpellier, France
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Tu CL, You M. Obligatory roles of filamin A in E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion in epidermal keratinocytes. J Dermatol Sci 2013; 73:142-51. [PMID: 24120284 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular Ca(2+) (Cao(2+))-induced E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion plays a critical role in promoting differentiation in epidermal keratinocytes. Our previous studies show that the calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) regulates keratinocyte cell-cell adhesion and differentiation via Rho A-mediated signaling. CaR forms a protein complex with Rho A, guanine nucleotide exchange factor Trio, and a cytoskeletal actin-binding protein, filamin A, at the cell-cell junctions in response to elevated Cao(2+) levels. Filamin A has the ability to interact directly with CaR, Trio, and Rho and mediate CaR-dependent signaling events. OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to investigate the roles of filamin A and Trio in regulating Cao(2+)-induced Rho activation and intercellular adhesion. METHODS Expression of filamin A and Trio in keratinocytes was inhibited by siRNA. Its effects on Cao(2+)-dependent junction formation and adhesion complex formation were evaluated by fluorescence immunostaining and immunoprecipitation. Endogenous Rho activity and expression of keratinocyte differentiation markers were also examined. The significance of the physical interactions of filamin A with Trio and Rho was assessed in dominant-negative inhibition studies. RESULTS Inhibiting filamin A expression blocked the formation of CaR-Rho A-Trio-E-cadherin protein complex. Knockdown of filamin A or Trio inhibited Cao(2+)-induced membrane localization and activation of Rho A, formation of the E-cadherin-catenin adhesion complex, and keratinocyte terminal differentiation. Expressing dominant-negative peptides disruptive to the endogenous filamin-Trio, filamin-Rho, and CaR-filamin interactions suppressed the formation of adherens junctions. CONCLUSION Through physical interactions with CaR, Trio and Rho, filamin A generates a scaffold for organizing a signaling complex that promotes E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion and keratinocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ling Tu
- Endocrine Unit, Veteran Affairs Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Michael You
- Endocrine Unit, Veteran Affairs Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Cook DR, Rossman KL, Der CJ. Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors: regulators of Rho GTPase activity in development and disease. Oncogene 2013; 33:4021-35. [PMID: 24037532 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The aberrant activity of Ras homologous (Rho) family small GTPases (20 human members) has been implicated in cancer and other human diseases. However, in contrast to the direct mutational activation of Ras found in cancer and developmental disorders, Rho GTPases are activated most commonly in disease by indirect mechanisms. One prevalent mechanism involves aberrant Rho activation via the deregulated expression and/or activity of Rho family guanine nucleotide exchange factors (RhoGEFs). RhoGEFs promote formation of the active GTP-bound state of Rho GTPases. The largest family of RhoGEFs is comprised of the Dbl family RhoGEFs with 70 human members. The multitude of RhoGEFs that activate a single Rho GTPase reflects the very specific role of each RhoGEF in controlling distinct signaling mechanisms involved in Rho activation. In this review, we summarize the role of Dbl RhoGEFs in development and disease, with a focus on Ect2 (epithelial cell transforming squence 2), Tiam1 (T-cell lymphoma invasion and metastasis 1), Vav and P-Rex1/2 (PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 (phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-triphosphate)-dependent Rac exchanger).
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Cook
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - K L Rossman
- 1] Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA [2] Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - C J Der
- 1] Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC, USA [2] Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA [3] Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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