1
|
Reiter S, Sun T, Gärtner S, Pöhlmann S, Winkler M. Development of rhesus macaque astrocyte cell lines supporting infection with a panel of viruses. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0303059. [PMID: 38743751 PMCID: PMC11093292 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-human primate (NHP)-based model systems are highly relevant for biomedical research. However, only few NHP cell lines are available and the generation of additional cell lines is an urgent need to help in the refinement and replacement of these models. Using lentiviral transduction of c-Fos, we established cell lines from the brain of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Transcriptome analysis revealed that these cell lines are closely related to astrocytes, which was confirmed by immunoblot and immunofluorescence microscopy detecting expression of the astrocyte marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) demonstrated that major pathways of the interferon (IFN) system are intact. Using retroviral pseudotypes we found that the cell lines are susceptible to entry driven by the glycoproteins of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and to a lesser extent influenza A virus (IAV). Finally, these cells supported growth of Zika virus (ZIKV) and Papiine alphaherpesvirus 2 (PaHV2). In summary, we developed IFN-responsive cell lines from the rhesus macaque brain that allowed entry driven by several viral glycoproteins and were permissive to infection with ZIKV and a primate simplexvirus. These cell lines will be useful for efforts to analyze neurotropic viral infections in rhesus macaque models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Reiter
- German Primate Center—Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Infection Biology Unit, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ting Sun
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences (City Campus), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sabine Gärtner
- German Primate Center—Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Infection Biology Unit, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Pöhlmann
- German Primate Center—Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Infection Biology Unit, Göttingen, Germany
- Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael Winkler
- German Primate Center—Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Infection Biology Unit, Göttingen, Germany
- Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ichise T, Ichise H, Shimizu Y. Development of a Mouse Experimental System for the In Vivo Characterization of Bioengineered Adipose-Derived Stromal Cells. Cells 2024; 13:582. [PMID: 38607021 PMCID: PMC11011746 DOI: 10.3390/cells13070582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Human adipose-derived stromal cells (ADSCs) are an important resource for cell-based therapies. However, the dynamics of ADSCs after transplantation and their mechanisms of action in recipients remain unclear. Herein, we generated genetically engineered mouse ADSCs to clarify their biodistribution and post-transplantation status and to analyze their role in recipient mesenchymal tissue modeling. Immortalized ADSCs (iADSCs) retained ADSC characteristics such as stromal marker gene expression and differentiation potential. iADSCs expressing a fluorescent reporter gene were seeded into biocompatible nonwoven fabric sheets and transplanted into the dorsal subcutaneous region of neonatal mice. Transplanted donor ADSCs were distributed as CD90-positive stromal cells on the sheets and survived 1 month after transplantation. Although accumulation of T lymphocytes or macrophages inside the sheet was not observed with or without donor cells, earlier migration and accumulation of recipient blood vascular endothelial cells (ECs) inside the sheet was observed in the presence of donor cells. Thus, our mouse model can help in studying the interplay between donor ADSCs and recipient cells over a 1-month period. This system may be of value for assessing and screening bioengineered ADSCs in vivo for optimal cell-based therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taeko Ichise
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of the Ryukyus Hospital, 207 Uehara, Nishihara 903-0215, Japan
| | - Hirotake Ichise
- Institute for Animal Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara 903-0215, Japan
| | - Yusuke Shimizu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of the Ryukyus Hospital, 207 Uehara, Nishihara 903-0215, Japan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara 903-0215, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hamshaw I, Straube A, Stark R, Baxter L, Alam MT, Wever WJ, Yin J, Yue Y, Pinton P, Sen A, Ferguson GD, Blanks AM. PGF 2α induces a pro-labour phenotypical switch in human myometrial cells that can be inhibited with PGF 2α receptor antagonists. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1285779. [PMID: 38155905 PMCID: PMC10752971 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1285779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Preterm birth is the leading cause of infant morbidity and mortality. There has been an interest in developing prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) antagonists as a new treatment for preterm birth, although much of the rationale for their use is based on studies in rodents where PGF2α initiates labour by regressing the corpus luteum and reducing systemic progesterone concentrations. How PGF2α antagonism would act in humans who do not have a fall in systemic progesterone remains unclear. One possibility, in addition to an acute stimulation of contractions, is a direct alteration of the myometrial smooth muscle cell state towards a pro-labour phenotype. In this study, we developed an immortalised myometrial cell line, MYLA, derived from myometrial tissue obtained from a pregnant, non-labouring patient, as well as a novel class of PGF2α receptor (FP) antagonist. We verified the functionality of the cell line by stimulation with PGF2α, resulting in Gαq-specific coupling and Ca2+ release, which were inhibited by FP antagonism. Compared to four published FP receptor antagonists, the novel FP antagonist N582707 was the most potent compound [Fmax 7.67 ± 0.63 (IC50 21.26 nM), AUC 7.30 ± 0.32 (IC50 50.43 nM), and frequency of Ca2+ oscillations 7.66 ± 0.41 (IC50 22.15 nM)]. RNA-sequencing of the MYLA cell line at 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h post PGF2α treatment revealed a transforming phenotype from a fibroblastic to smooth muscle mRNA profile. PGF2α treatment increased the expression of MYLK, CALD1, and CNN1 as well as the pro-labour genes OXTR, IL6, and IL11, which were inhibited by FP antagonism. Concomitant with the inhibition of a smooth muscle, pro-labour transition, FP antagonism increased the expression of the fibroblast marker genes DCN, FBLN1, and PDGFRA. Our findings suggest that in addition to the well-described acute contractile effect, PGF2α transforms myometrial smooth muscle cells from a myofibroblast to a smooth muscle, pro-labour-like state and that the novel compound N582707 has the potential for prophylactic use in preterm labour management beyond its use as an acute tocolytic drug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Hamshaw
- Clinical Science Research Laboratories, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Straube
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Stark
- Bioinformatics RTP, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Baxter
- Bioinformatics RTP, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammad T. Alam
- Bioinformatics RTP, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jun Yin
- Ferring Research Institute Inc., San Diego, United Kingdom
| | - Yong Yue
- Ferring Research Institute Inc., San Diego, United Kingdom
| | - Philippe Pinton
- Ferring Research Institute Inc., San Diego, United Kingdom
- Ferring Pharmaceuticals, International PharmaScience Center, Kastrup, Denmark
| | - Aritro Sen
- Ferring Research Institute Inc., San Diego, United Kingdom
| | | | - Andrew M. Blanks
- Clinical Science Research Laboratories, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gibson SV, Madzharova E, Tan AC, Allen MD, Keller UAD, Louise Jones J, Carter EP, Grose RP. ADAMTS3 restricts cancer invasion in models of early breast cancer progression through enhanced fibronectin degradation. Matrix Biol 2023; 121:74-89. [PMID: 37336268 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2023.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Proteases have long been associated with cancer progression, due to their ability to facilitate invasion upon matrix remodelling. However, proteases are not simply degraders of the matrix, but also play fundamental roles in modulating cellular behaviour through the proteolytic processing of specific substrates. Indeed, proteases can elicit both pro- and anti- tumorigenic effects depending on context. Using a heterocellular spheroid model of breast cancer progression, we demonstrate the repressive function of myoepithelial ADAMTS3, with its loss directing myoepithelial-led invasion of luminal cells through a physiologically relevant matrix. Degradomic analysis, using terminal amine isotopic labelling of substrates (TAILS), combined with functional assays, implicate ADAMTS3 as a mediator of fibronectin degradation. We show further that loss of ADAMTS3 enhances levels of fibronectin in the microenvironment, promoting invasion through canonical integrin α5β1 activation. Our data highlight a tumour suppressive role for ADAMTS3 in early stage breast cancer, and contribute to the growing evidence that proteases can restrain cancer progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shayin V Gibson
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Elizabeta Madzharova
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Amandine C Tan
- Comprehensive Cancer Centre, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Michael D Allen
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Ulrich Auf dem Keller
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - J Louise Jones
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Edward P Carter
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Richard P Grose
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Reiter S, Gärtner S, Decker K, Pöhlmann S, Winkler M. Development of immortalized rhesus macaque kidney cells supporting infection with a panel of viruses. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284048. [PMID: 37146034 PMCID: PMC10162512 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-human primate (NHP)-based model systems faithfully reproduce various viral diseases including Ebola, influenza, AIDS and Zika. However, only a small number of NHP cell lines are available and generation of additional cell lines could help to refine these models. We immortalized rhesus macaque kidney cells by lentiviral transduction with a vector encoding telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) and report the generation of three TERT-immortalized cell lines derived from rhesus macaque kidney. Expression of the kidney podocyte marker podoplanin on these cells was demonstrated by flow cytometry. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was employed to demonstrate induction of MX1 expression upon stimulation with interferon (IFN) or viral infection, suggesting a functional IFN system. Further, the cell lines were susceptible to entry driven by the glycoproteins of vesicular stomatitis virus, influenza A virus, Ebola virus, Nipah virus and Lassa virus as assessed by infection with retroviral pseudotypes. Finally, these cells supported growth of Zika virus and the primate simplexviruses Cercopithecine alphaherpesvirus 2 and Papiine alphaherpesvirus 2. In summary, we developed IFN-responsive rhesus macaque kidney cell lines that allowed entry driven by diverse viral glycoproteins and were permissive to infection with Zika virus and primate simplexviruses. These cell lines will be useful for efforts to analyze viral infections of the kidney in macaque models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Reiter
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sabine Gärtner
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katharina Decker
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Pöhlmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
- Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael Winkler
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sakurai Y, Yoshikawa K, Arai K, Kazaoka A, Aoki S, Ito K, Nakai Y, Tange K, Furihata T, Tanaka H, Akita H. siRNA delivery to lymphatic endothelial cells via ApoE-mediated uptake by lipid nanoparticles. J Control Release 2023; 353:125-133. [PMID: 36414194 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Systemically administered lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are complexed with Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) in the bloodstream, and the complex is subsequently largely taken up by hepatocytes. Based on a previous report showing that, like blood, lymph fluid also contains ApoE, and that LECs, in turn, expresses a low density-lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), which is the receptor responsible for the ApoE-bound LNP, we hypothesized that subcutaneously administered LNPs would be taken up by LECs via an ApoE-LDLR pathway. Our in vitro studies using immortal LECs that we established in a previous study showed that LEC indeed took up LNPs in an ApoE-dependent manner. We then reported on the development of LNPs that target the lymphatic endothelium for in vivo siRNA delivery after subcutaneous administration. The key to success for in vivo LEC targeting is that the surface needs to be modified with a high density of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-conjugated lipids with short acyl chains (C14). The LNPs were drained into the lymphatic system, and then accumulated in lymphatic endothelial cells in an ApoE-dependent manner, most likely after the release of the PEG-lipid. Subcutaneous administration of optimized LNPs containing encapsulated siRNA against VEGFR3, a marker of LECs, significantly inhibited the expression of VEGFR3. These findings are the first report of a simple straightforward strategy for targeting lymphatic endothelial cells by using ionizable lipid-formulated LNPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sakurai
- Laboratory of DDS Design and Drug Disposition, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Keito Yoshikawa
- Laboratory of DDS Design and Drug Disposition, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kenta Arai
- Laboratory of DDS Design and Drug Disposition, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Akira Kazaoka
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Shigeki Aoki
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kousei Ito
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Yuta Nakai
- DDS Research Laboratory, NOF Corporation, Kanagawa 210-0865, Japan
| | - Kota Tange
- DDS Research Laboratory, NOF Corporation, Kanagawa 210-0865, Japan
| | - Tomomi Furihata
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy & Experimental Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tanaka
- Laboratory of DDS Design and Drug Disposition, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Akita
- Laboratory of DDS Design and Drug Disposition, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yoshida T, Latt KZ, Rosenberg AZ, Shrivastav S, Heymann J, Halushka MK, Winkler CA, Kopp JB. Transcriptomic Analysis of Human Podocytes In Vitro: Effects of Differentiation and APOL1 Genotype. Kidney Int Rep 2022; 8:164-178. [PMID: 36644347 PMCID: PMC9831945 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2022.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The mechanisms in podocytes that mediate the pathologic effects of the APOL1 high-risk (HR) variants remain incompletely understood, although various molecular and cellular mechanisms have been proposed. We previously established conditionally immortalized human urine-derived podocyte-like epithelial cell (HUPEC) lines to investigate APOL1 HR variant-induced podocytopathy. Methods We conducted comprehensive transcriptomic analysis, including mRNA, microRNA (miRNA), and transfer RNA fragments (tRFs), to characterize the transcriptional profiles in undifferentiated and differentiated HUPEC with APOL1 HR (G1/G2, 2 cell lines) and APOL1 low-risk (LR) (G0/G0, 2 cell lines) genotypes. We reanalyzed single-cell RNA-seq data from urinary podocytes from focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) subjects to characterize the effect of APOL1 genotypes on podocyte transcriptomes. Results Differential expression analysis showed that the ribosomal pathway was one of the most enriched pathways, suggesting that altered function of the translation initiation machinery may contribute to APOL1 variant-induced podocyte injury. Expression of genes related to the elongation initiation factor 2 pathway was also enriched in the APOL1 HR urinary podocytes from single-cell RNA-seq, supporting a prior report on the role of this pathway in APOL1-associated cell injury. Expression of microRNA and tRFs were analyzed, and the profile of small RNAs differed by both differentiation status and APOL1 genotype. Conclusion We have profiled the transcriptomic landscape of human podocytes, including mRNA, miRNA, and tRF, to characterize the effects of differentiation and of different APOL1 genotypes. The candidate pathways, miRNAs, and tRFs described here expand understanding of APOL1-associated podocytopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teruhiko Yoshida
- Kidney Disease Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA,Correspondence: Teruhiko Yoshida, Kidney Disease Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, 3N104, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1268, USA.
| | - Khun Zaw Latt
- Kidney Disease Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Avi Z. Rosenberg
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shashi Shrivastav
- Kidney Disease Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jurgen Heymann
- Kidney Disease Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Marc K. Halushka
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Cheryl A. Winkler
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey B. Kopp
- Kidney Disease Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tran E, Shi T, Li X, Chowdhury AY, Jiang D, Liu Y, Wang H, Yan C, Wallace WD, Lu R, Ryan AL, Marconett CN, Zhou B, Borok Z, Offringa IA. Development of human alveolar epithelial cell models to study distal lung biology and disease. iScience 2022; 25:103780. [PMID: 35169685 PMCID: PMC8829779 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.103780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Many acute and chronic diseases affect the distal lung alveoli. Alveolar epithelial cell (AEC) lines are needed to better model these diseases. We used de-identified human remnant transplant lungs to develop a method to establish AEC lines. The lines grow well in 2-dimensional (2D) culture as epithelial monolayers expressing lung progenitor markers. In 3-dimensional (3D) culture with fibroblasts, Matrigel, and specific media conditions, the cells form alveolar-like organoids expressing mature AEC markers including aquaporin 5 (AQP5), G-protein-coupled receptor class C group 5 member A (GPRC5A), and surface marker HTII280. Single-cell RNA sequencing of an AEC line in 2D versus 3D culture revealed increased cellular heterogeneity and induction of cytokine and lipoprotein signaling in 3D organoids. Our approach yields lung progenitor lines that retain the ability to differentiate along the alveolar cell lineage despite long-term expansion and provides a valuable system to model and study the distal lung in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Tran
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Tuo Shi
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Xiuwen Li
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Department of Translational Genomics, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Adnan Y. Chowdhury
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Du Jiang
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Yixin Liu
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Hongjun Wang
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Chunli Yan
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - William D. Wallace
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Rong Lu
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Amy L. Ryan
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Crystal N. Marconett
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Beiyun Zhou
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Zea Borok
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ite A. Offringa
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Decuypere JP, Van Giel D, Janssens P, Dong K, Somlo S, Cai Y, Mekahli D, Vennekens R. Interdependent Regulation of Polycystin Expression Influences Starvation-Induced Autophagy and Cell Death. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413511. [PMID: 34948309 PMCID: PMC8706473 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is mainly caused by deficiency of polycystin-1 (PC1) or polycystin-2 (PC2). Altered autophagy has recently been implicated in ADPKD progression, but its exact regulation by PC1 and PC2 remains unclear. We therefore investigated cell death and survival during nutritional stress in mouse inner medullary collecting duct cells (mIMCDs), either wild-type (WT) or lacking PC1 (PC1KO) or PC2 (PC2KO), and human urine-derived proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTEC) from early-stage ADPKD patients with PC1 mutations versus healthy individuals. Basal autophagy was enhanced in PC1-deficient cells. Similarly, following starvation, autophagy was enhanced and cell death reduced when PC1 was reduced. Autophagy inhibition reduced cell death resistance in PC1KO mIMCDs to the WT level, implying that PC1 promotes autophagic cell survival. Although PC2 expression was increased in PC1KO mIMCDs, PC2 knockdown did not result in reduced autophagy. PC2KO mIMCDs displayed lower basal autophagy, but more autophagy and less cell death following chronic starvation. This could be reversed by overexpression of PC1 in PC2KO. Together, these findings indicate that PC1 levels are partially coupled to PC2 expression, and determine the transition from renal cell survival to death, leading to enhanced survival of ADPKD cells during nutritional stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Decuypere
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, PKD Research Group, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (D.V.G.); (P.J.); (D.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-16340102
| | - Dorien Van Giel
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, PKD Research Group, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (D.V.G.); (P.J.); (D.M.)
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Biomedical Sciences Group, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Peter Janssens
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, PKD Research Group, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (D.V.G.); (P.J.); (D.M.)
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospitals Brussels, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ke Dong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; (K.D.); (S.S.); (Y.C.)
| | - Stefan Somlo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; (K.D.); (S.S.); (Y.C.)
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Yiqiang Cai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; (K.D.); (S.S.); (Y.C.)
| | - Djalila Mekahli
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, PKD Research Group, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (D.V.G.); (P.J.); (D.M.)
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, University Hospital of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rudi Vennekens
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Biomedical Sciences Group, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Generation of two multipotent mesenchymal progenitor cell lines capable of osteogenic, mature osteocyte, adipogenic, and chondrogenic differentiation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22593. [PMID: 34799645 PMCID: PMC8605002 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02060-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal progenitors differentiate into several tissues including bone, cartilage, and adipose. Targeting these cells in vivo is challenging, making mesenchymal progenitor cell lines valuable tools to study tissue development. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be isolated from humans and animals; however, obtaining homogenous, responsive cells in a reproducible fashion is challenging. As such, we developed two mesenchymal progenitor cell (MPC) lines, MPC1 and MPC2, generated from bone marrow of male C57BL/6 mice. These cells were immortalized using the temperature sensitive large T-antigen, allowing for thermal control of proliferation and differentiation. Both MPC1 and MPC2 cells are capable of osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic differentiation. Under osteogenic conditions, both lines formed mineralized nodules, and stained for alizarin red and alkaline phosphatase, while expressing osteogenic genes including Sost, Fgf23, and Dmp1. Sost and Dmp1 mRNA levels were drastically reduced with addition of parathyroid hormone, thus recapitulating in vivo responses. MPC cells secreted intact (iFGF23) and C-terminal (cFGF23) forms of the endocrine hormone FGF23, which was upregulated by 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D (1,25D). Both lines also rapidly entered the adipogenic lineage, expressing adipose markers after 4 days in adipogenic media. MPC cells were also capable of chondrogenic differentiation, displaying increased expression of cartilaginous genes including aggrecan, Sox9, and Comp. With the ability to differentiate into multiple mesenchymal lineages and mimic in vivo responses of key regulatory genes/proteins, MPC cells are a valuable model to study factors that regulate mesenchymal lineage allocation as well as the mechanisms that dictate transcription, protein modification, and secretion of these factors.
Collapse
|
11
|
Simultaneous expression of MMB-FOXM1 complex components enables efficient bypass of senescence. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21506. [PMID: 34728711 PMCID: PMC8563780 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01012-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a stable cell cycle arrest that normal cells undergo after a finite number of divisions, in response to a variety of intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli. Although senescence is largely established and maintained by the p53/p21WAF1/CIP1 and pRB/p16INK4A tumour suppressor pathways, the downstream targets responsible for the stability of the growth arrest are not known. We have employed a stable senescence bypass assay in conditionally immortalised human breast fibroblasts (CL3EcoR) to investigate the role of the DREAM complex and its associated components in senescence. DREAM is a multi-subunit complex comprised of the MuvB core, containing LIN9, LIN37, LIN52, LIN54, and RBBP4, that when bound to p130, an RB1 like protein, and E2F4 inhibits cell cycle-dependent gene expression thereby arresting cell division. Phosphorylation of LIN52 at Serine 28 is required for DREAM assembly. Re-entry into the cell cycle upon phosphorylation of p130 leads to disruption of the DREAM complex and the MuvB core, associating initially to B-MYB and later to FOXM1 to form MMB and MMB-FOXM1 complexes respectively. Here we report that simultaneous expression of MMB-FOXM1 complex components efficiently bypasses senescence with LIN52, B-MYB, and FOXM1 as the crucial components. Moreover, bypass of senescence requires non-phosphorylated LIN52 that disrupts the DREAM complex, thereby indicating a central role for assembly of the DREAM complex in senescence.
Collapse
|
12
|
Sadras F, Stewart TA, Robitaille M, Peters AA, Croft PKD, Soon PS, Saunus JM, Lakhani SR, Roberts-Thomson SJ, Monteith GR. Altered Calcium Influx Pathways in Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9060680. [PMID: 34208665 PMCID: PMC8234491 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9060680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) represent an important component of the tumour microenvironment and are implicated in disease progression. Two outstanding questions in cancer biology are how CAFs arise and how they might be targeted therapeutically. The calcium signal also has an important role in tumorigenesis. To date, the role of calcium signalling pathways in the induction of the CAF phenotype remains unexplored. A CAF model was generated through exogenous transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1) stimulation of the normal human mammary fibroblast cell line, HMF3S (HMF3S-CAF), and changes in calcium signalling were investigated. Functional changes in HMF3S-CAF calcium signalling pathways were assessed using a fluorescent indicator, gene expression, gene-silencing and pharmacological approaches. HMF3S-CAF cells demonstrated functionally altered calcium influx pathways with reduced store-operated calcium entry. In support of a calcium signalling switch, two voltage-gated calcium channel (VGCC) family members, CaV1.2 and CaV3.2, were upregulated in HMF3S-CAFs and a subset of patient-derived breast CAFs. Both siRNA-mediated silencing and pharmacological inhibition of CaV1.2 or CaV3.2 significantly impaired CAF activation in HMF3S cells. Our findings show that VGCCs contribute to TGFβ1-mediated induction of HMF3S-CAF cells and both transcriptional interference and pharmacological antagonism of CaV1.2 and CaV3.2 inhibit CAF induction. This suggests a potential therapeutic role for targeting calcium signalling in breast CAFs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Sadras
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia; (F.S.); (M.R.); (A.A.P.); (S.J.R.-T.)
| | - Teneale A. Stewart
- Mater Research, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia;
| | - Mélanie Robitaille
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia; (F.S.); (M.R.); (A.A.P.); (S.J.R.-T.)
| | - Amelia A. Peters
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia; (F.S.); (M.R.); (A.A.P.); (S.J.R.-T.)
| | - Priyakshi Kalita-de Croft
- Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia; (P.K.-d.C.); (J.M.S.); (S.R.L.)
| | - Patsy S. Soon
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia;
- Department of Surgery, Bankstown Hospital, Bankstown, NSW 2200, Australia
- Medical Oncology Group, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
| | - Jodi M. Saunus
- Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia; (P.K.-d.C.); (J.M.S.); (S.R.L.)
| | - Sunil R. Lakhani
- Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia; (P.K.-d.C.); (J.M.S.); (S.R.L.)
- Pathology Queensland, The Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Sarah J. Roberts-Thomson
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia; (F.S.); (M.R.); (A.A.P.); (S.J.R.-T.)
| | - Gregory R. Monteith
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia; (F.S.); (M.R.); (A.A.P.); (S.J.R.-T.)
- Mater Research, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia;
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bondue T, Arcolino FO, Veys KRP, Adebayo OC, Levtchenko E, van den Heuvel LP, Elmonem MA. Urine-Derived Epithelial Cells as Models for Genetic Kidney Diseases. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061413. [PMID: 34204173 PMCID: PMC8230018 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells exfoliated in human urine can include cells anywhere from the urinary tract and kidneys; however, podocytes and proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTECs) are by far the most relevant cell types for the study of genetic kidney diseases. When maintained in vitro, they have been proven extremely valuable for discovering disease mechanisms and for the development of new therapies. Furthermore, cultured patient cells can individually represent their human sources and their specific variants for personalized medicine studies, which are recently gaining much interest. In this review, we summarize the methodology for establishing human podocyte and PTEC cell lines from urine and highlight their importance as kidney disease cell models. We explore the well-established and recent techniques of cell isolation, quantification, immortalization and characterization, and we describe their current and future applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tjessa Bondue
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (T.B.); (F.O.A.); (K.R.P.V.); (O.C.A.); (E.L.); (L.P.v.d.H.)
| | - Fanny O. Arcolino
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (T.B.); (F.O.A.); (K.R.P.V.); (O.C.A.); (E.L.); (L.P.v.d.H.)
| | - Koenraad R. P. Veys
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (T.B.); (F.O.A.); (K.R.P.V.); (O.C.A.); (E.L.); (L.P.v.d.H.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Nephrology, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Oyindamola C. Adebayo
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (T.B.); (F.O.A.); (K.R.P.V.); (O.C.A.); (E.L.); (L.P.v.d.H.)
- Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elena Levtchenko
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (T.B.); (F.O.A.); (K.R.P.V.); (O.C.A.); (E.L.); (L.P.v.d.H.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Nephrology, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lambertus P. van den Heuvel
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (T.B.); (F.O.A.); (K.R.P.V.); (O.C.A.); (E.L.); (L.P.v.d.H.)
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mohamed A. Elmonem
- Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 11628, Egypt
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Satyam A, Tsokos MG, Tresback JS, Zeugolis DI, Tsokos GC. Cell derived extracellular matrix-rich biomimetic substrate supports podocyte proliferation, differentiation and maintenance of native phenotype. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2020; 30:1908752. [PMID: 33692659 PMCID: PMC7939063 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201908752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Current technologies and available scaffold materials do not support long-term cell viability, differentiation and maintenance of podocytes, the ultra-specialized kidney resident cells that are responsible for the filtration of the blood. We developed a new platform which imitates the native kidney microenvironment by decellularizing fibroblasts grown on surfaces with macromolecular crowding. Human immortalized podocytes cultured on this platform displayed superior viability and metabolic activity up to 28 days compared to podocytes cultured on tissue culture plastic surfaces. The new platform displayed a softer surface and an abundance of growth factors and associated molecules. More importantly it enabled podocytes to display molecules responsible for their structure and function and a superior development of intercellular connections/interdigitations, consistent with maturation. The new platform can be used to study podocyte biology, test drug toxicity and determine whether sera from patients with podocytopathies are involved in the expression of glomerular pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhigyan Satyam
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, United States
| | - Maria G Tsokos
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, United States
| | - Jason S Tresback
- Center for Nanoscale Systems, Laboratory for Integrated Science and Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, United States
| | - Dimitrios I Zeugolis
- Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CURAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - George C Tsokos
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Dou X, Tong P, Huang H, Zellmer L, He Y, Jia Q, Zhang D, Peng J, Wang C, Xu N, Liao DJ. Evidence for immortality and autonomy in animal cancer models is often not provided, which causes confusion on key issues of cancer biology. J Cancer 2020; 11:2887-2920. [PMID: 32226506 PMCID: PMC7086263 DOI: 10.7150/jca.41324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern research into carcinogenesis has undergone three phases. Surgeons and pathologists started the first phase roughly 250 years ago, establishing morphological traits of tumors for pathologic diagnosis, and setting immortality and autonomy as indispensable criteria for neoplasms. A century ago, medical doctors, biologists and chemists started to enhance "experimental cancer research" by establishing many animal models of chemical-induced carcinogenesis for studies of cellular mechanisms. In this second phase, the two-hit theory and stepwise carcinogenesis of "initiation-promotion" or "initiation-promotion-progression" were established, with an illustrious finding that outgrowths induced in animals depend on the inducers, and thus are not authentically neoplastic, until late stages. The last 40 years are the third incarnation, molecular biologists have gradually dominated the carcinogenesis research fraternity and have established numerous genetically-modified animal models of carcinogenesis. However, evidence has not been provided for immortality and autonomy of the lesions from most of these models. Probably, many lesions had already been collected from animals for analyses of molecular mechanisms of "cancer" before the lesions became autonomous. We herein review the monumental work of many predecessors to reinforce that evidence for immortality and autonomy is essential for confirming a neoplastic nature. We extrapolate that immortality and autonomy are established early during sporadic human carcinogenesis, unlike the late establishment in most animal models. It is imperative to resume many forerunners' work by determining the genetic bases for initiation, promotion and progression, the genetic bases for immortality and autonomy, and which animal models are, in fact, good for identifying such genetic bases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Dou
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Transmucosal and Transdermal Drug Delivery, Shandong Freda Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Jinan 250101, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Pingzhen Tong
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550001, Guizhou Province, P.R. China
| | - Hai Huang
- Center for Clinical Laboratories, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou Province, P.R. China
| | - Lucas Zellmer
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 435 E. River Road, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Yan He
- Key Lab of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases of The Ministry of Education of China in Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province 550004, P. R. China
| | - Qingwen Jia
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Transmucosal and Transdermal Drug Delivery, Shandong Freda Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Jinan 250101, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Daizhou Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Transmucosal and Transdermal Drug Delivery, Shandong Freda Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Jinan 250101, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Jiang Peng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Chenguang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Ningzhi Xu
- Tianjin LIPOGEN Gene Technology Ltd., #238 Baidi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Dezhong Joshua Liao
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550001, Guizhou Province, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ito R, Umehara K, Suzuki S, Kitamura K, Nunoya KI, Yamaura Y, Imawaka H, Izumi S, Wakayama N, Komori T, Anzai N, Akita H, Furihata T. A Human Immortalized Cell-Based Blood-Brain Barrier Triculture Model: Development and Characterization as a Promising Tool for Drug-Brain Permeability Studies. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:4461-4471. [PMID: 31573814 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMEC), together with astrocytes and pericytes, form the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that strictly restricts drug penetration into the brain. Therefore, in central nervous system drug development, the establishment of an in vitro human BBB model for use in studies estimating the in vivo human BBB permeability of drug candidates has long been awaited. The current study developed and characterized a human immortalized cell-based BBB triculture model, termed the "hiBBB" model. To set up the hiBBB model, human immortalized BMEC (HBMEC/ci18) were cocultured with human immortalized astrocytes (HASTR/ci35) and brain pericytes (HBPC/ci37) in a transwell system. The trans-endothelial electrical resistance of the hiBBB model was 134.4 ± 5.5 (Ω × cm2), and the efflux ratios of rhodamine123 and dantrolene were 1.72 ± 0.11 and 1.72 ± 0.45, respectively, suggesting that the hiBBB model possesses essential cellular junction and efflux transporter functions. In BBB permeability assays, the mean value of the permeability coefficients (Pe) of BBB permeable compounds (propranolol, pyrilamine, memantine, and diphenhydramine) was 960 × 10-6 cm/s, which was clearly distinguishable from that of BBB nonpermeable compounds (sodium fluorescein and Lucifer yellow, 18 × 10-6 cm/s). Collectively, this study successfully developed the hiBBB model, which exhibits essential BBB functionality. Taking into consideration the high availability of the immortalized cells used in the hiBBB model, our results are expected to become an initial step toward the establishment of a useful human BBB model to investigate drug penetration into the human brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Ito
- Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories , Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , Osaka 618-8585 , Japan
| | - Kenta Umehara
- Laboratory of DDS Design and Drug Disposition, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Chiba University , Chiba 260-8670 , Japan
| | - Shota Suzuki
- Laboratory of DDS Design and Drug Disposition, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Chiba University , Chiba 260-8670 , Japan
| | - Keita Kitamura
- Laboratory of DDS Design and Drug Disposition, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Chiba University , Chiba 260-8670 , Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Nunoya
- Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories , Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , Osaka 618-8585 , Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Yamaura
- Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories , Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , Osaka 618-8585 , Japan
| | - Haruo Imawaka
- Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories , Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , Osaka 618-8585 , Japan
| | - Saki Izumi
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Tsukuba, Tsukuba Research Laboratories , Eisai Co., Ltd. , Ibaraki 300-2635 , Japan
| | - Naomi Wakayama
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Tsukuba, Tsukuba Research Laboratories , Eisai Co., Ltd. , Ibaraki 300-2635 , Japan
| | - Takafumi Komori
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Tsukuba, Tsukuba Research Laboratories , Eisai Co., Ltd. , Ibaraki 300-2635 , Japan
| | - Naohiko Anzai
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine , Chiba University , Chiba 260-8670 , Japan
| | - Hidetaka Akita
- Laboratory of DDS Design and Drug Disposition, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Chiba University , Chiba 260-8670 , Japan
| | - Tomomi Furihata
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Experimental Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy , Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences , Tokyo 192-0392 , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wang Y, Zhao S, Gu Y, Lewis DF. Loss of slit protein nephrin is associated with reduced antioxidant superoxide dismutase expression in podocytes shed from women with preeclampsia. Physiol Rep 2019; 6:e13785. [PMID: 29981208 PMCID: PMC6035334 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent findings of podocyte shedding/podocyturia highlight the central significance of podocyte injury in preeclampsia, a hypertensive disorder unique to human pregnancy. To test the hypothesis that oxidative stress contributes to kidney podocyte injury in preeclampsia, we specifically examined expression and distribution of antioxidant CuZn‐SOD with nephrin and podoplanin in shed podocytes from women with preeclampsia. Human podocyte AB 8/13 cells served as control. We found that CuZn‐SOD was localized at the front/outreach region of nephrin at the cell periphery (foot process areas) in control podocytes and expression of CuZn‐SOD, nephrin, and podoplanin were all dislocated or lost in shed podocytes from preeclamptic patients. We further tested oxidative stress‐induced nephrin shedding in podocytes, in which AB 8/13 podocytes were cultured under lowered oxygen condition (2%O2) or treated with hypoxic mimicking agent cobalt chloride. Our results showed that reduced nephrin and podoplanin expression were associated with downregulation of CuZn‐SOD expression in podocytes when cells were cultured under lowered oxygen or hypoxic conditions. Nephrin shed in urinary specimen from preeclamptic women was also determined by immunoprecipitation/immunoblotting. The molecular sizes of nephrin that corresponded to that were lost when cells were cultured under hypoxic conditions. We concluded that increased oxidative stress plays a significant role in inducing podocyte protein shedding in preeclampsia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Shuang Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Yang Gu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - David F Lewis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Mihajlovic M, Hariri S, Westphal KCG, Janssen MJ, Oost MJ, Bongiovanni L, van den Heuvel LP, de Bruin A, Hilbrands LB, Masereeuw R. Safety evaluation of conditionally immortalized cells for renal replacement therapy. Oncotarget 2019; 10:5332-5348. [PMID: 31523392 PMCID: PMC6731099 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
End-stage kidney disease represents irreversible kidney failure. Dialysis and transplantation, two main treatment options currently available, present various drawbacks and complications. Innovative cell-based therapies, such as a bioartificial kidney, have not reached the clinic yet, mostly due to safety and/or functional issues. Here, we assessed the safety of conditionally immortalized proximal tubule epithelial cells (ciPTECs) for bioartificial kidney application, by using in vitro assays and athymic nude rats. We demonstrate that these cells do not possess key properties of oncogenically transformed cells, including anchorage-independent growth, lack of contact inhibition and apoptosis-resistance. In late-passage cells we did observe complex chromosomal abnormalities favoring near-tetraploidy, indicating chromosomal instability. However, time-lapse imaging of ciPTEC-OAT1, confined to a 3D extracellular matrix (ECM)-based environment, revealed that the cells were largely non-invasive. Furthermore, we determined the viral integration sites of SV40 Large T antigen (SV40T), human telomerase (hTERT) and OAT1 (SLC22A6), the transgenes used for immortalization and cell function enhancement. All integrations sites were found to be located in the intronic regions of endogenous genes. Among these genes, early endosome antigen 1 (EEA1) involved in endocytosis, and BCL2 Like 1 (BCL2L1) known for its role in regulating apoptosis, were identified. Nevertheless, both gene products appeared to be functionally intact. Finally, after subcutaneous injection in athymic nude rats we show that ciPTEC-OAT1 lack tumorigenic and oncogenic effects in vivo, confirming the in vitro findings. Taken together, this study lays an important foundation towards bioartificial kidney (BAK) development by confirming the safety of the cell line intended for incorporation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milos Mihajlovic
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sam Hariri
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Koen C G Westphal
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Manoe J Janssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Miriam J Oost
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Bongiovanni
- Dutch Molecular Pathology Centre, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Alain de Bruin
- Dutch Molecular Pathology Centre, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Luuk B Hilbrands
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rosalinde Masereeuw
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhai W, Yong D, El-Jawhari JJ, Cuthbert R, McGonagle D, Win Naing M, Jones E. Identification of senescent cells in multipotent mesenchymal stromal cell cultures: Current methods and future directions. Cytotherapy 2019; 21:803-819. [PMID: 31138507 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Regardless of their tissue of origin, multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are commonly expanded in vitro for several population doublings to achieve a sufficient number of cells for therapy. Prolonged MSC expansion has been shown to result in phenotypical, morphological and gene expression changes in MSCs, which ultimately lead to the state of senescence. The presence of senescent cells in therapeutic MSC batches is undesirable because it reduces their viability, differentiation potential and trophic capabilities. Additionally, senescent cells acquire senescence-activated secretory phenotype, which may not only induce apoptosis in the neighboring host cells following MSC transplantation, but also trigger local inflammatory reactions. This review outlines the current and promising new methodologies for the identification of senescent cells in MSC cultures, with a particular emphasis on non-destructive and label-free methodologies. Technologies allowing identification of individual senescent cells, based on new surface markers, offer potential advantage for targeted senescent cell removal using new-generation senolytic agents, and subsequent production of therapeutic MSC batches fully devoid of senescent cells. Methods or a combination of methods that are non-destructive and label-free, for example, involving cell size and spectroscopic measurements, could be the best way forward because they do not modify the cells of interest, thus maximizing the final output of therapeutic-grade MSC cultures. The further incorporation of machine learning methods has also recently shown promise in facilitating, automating and enhancing the analysis of these measured data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weichao Zhai
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and musculoskeletal Medicine, Leeds, UK; Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, A*STAR, Innovis, Singapore
| | - Derrick Yong
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, A*STAR, Innovis, Singapore
| | - Jehan Jomaa El-Jawhari
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and musculoskeletal Medicine, Leeds, UK; Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Richard Cuthbert
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and musculoskeletal Medicine, Leeds, UK
| | - Dennis McGonagle
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and musculoskeletal Medicine, Leeds, UK
| | - May Win Naing
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, A*STAR, Innovis, Singapore
| | - Elena Jones
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and musculoskeletal Medicine, Leeds, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Pagotto S, Veronese A, Soranno A, Balatti V, Ramassone A, Guanciali-Franchi PE, Palka G, Innocenti I, Autore F, Rassenti LZ, Kipps TJ, Mariani-Costantini R, Laurenti L, Croce CM, Visone R. HNRNPL Restrains miR-155 Targeting of BUB1 to Stabilize Aberrant Karyotypes of Transformed Cells in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11040575. [PMID: 31018621 PMCID: PMC6520824 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11040575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aneuploidy and overexpression of hsa-miR-155-5p (miR-155) characterize most solid and hematological malignancies. We recently demonstrated that miR-155 sustains aneuploidy at early stages of in vitro cellular transformation. During in vitro transformation of normal human fibroblast, upregulation of miR-155 downregulates spindle checkpoint proteins as the mitotic checkpoint serine/threonine kinase budding uninhibited by benzimidazoles 1 (BUB1), the centromere protein F (CENPF) and the zw10 kinetochore protein (ZW10), compromising the chromosome alignment at the metaphase plate and leading to aneuploidy in daughter cells. Here we show that the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L (HNRNPL) binds to the polymorphic marker D2S1888 at the 3′UTR of BUB1 gene, impairs the miR-155 targeting, and restores BUB1 expression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. This mechanism occurs at advanced passages of cell transformation and allows the expansion of more favorable clones. Our findings have revealed, at least in part, the molecular mechanisms behind the chromosomal stabilization of cell lines and the concept that, to survive, tumor cells cannot continuously change their genetic heritage but need to stabilize the most suitable karyotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Pagotto
- Ageing Research Center and Translational medicine-CeSI-MeT, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Angelo Veronese
- Ageing Research Center and Translational medicine-CeSI-MeT, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Soranno
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Veronica Balatti
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Alice Ramassone
- Ageing Research Center and Translational medicine-CeSI-MeT, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Paolo E Guanciali-Franchi
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Giandomenico Palka
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Idanna Innocenti
- Institute of Hematology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesco Autore
- Institute of Hematology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Laura Z Rassenti
- Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
- Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Research Consortium, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Thomas J Kipps
- Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
- Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Research Consortium, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Renato Mariani-Costantini
- Ageing Research Center and Translational medicine-CeSI-MeT, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Luca Laurenti
- Institute of Hematology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Carlo M Croce
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
- Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Research Consortium, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Rosa Visone
- Ageing Research Center and Translational medicine-CeSI-MeT, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Williams GP, Darbre PD. Low-dose environmental endocrine disruptors, increase aromatase activity, estradiol biosynthesis and cell proliferation in human breast cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 486:55-64. [PMID: 30817981 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phenolic endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) have long been suspected of increasing human breast cancer risk, via aromatase up-regulation; however, the metabolic effects upon aromatase in human breast cells exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of phenolic compounds, have not been addressed. OBJECTIVES To examine the mechanistic responses of aromatase CYP19A1 mRNA, aromatase activity, estradiol biosynthesis and cellular proliferation, in three human breast cell lines, exposed to seven phenolic compounds, at environmentally relevant concentrations. METHODS MCF-7 and ZR-75-1 breast cancer cells, and HMF3A breast fibroblasts were treated with specific concentrations of p,p'-DDT, methoxychlor, benzophenone-2, bisphenol A, bisphenol S, 4-phenylphenol and n-butylparaben, with and without the presence of aromatase inhibitors and estrogen receptor inhibitors. RESULTS All test EDCs up-regulated aromatase mRNA, increased aromatase activity, significantly increased the aromatase-induced biosynthesis of the breast carcinogen 17β-estradiol, and increased ERα-positive breast cell proliferation. CONCLUSION Inadvertent exposures to 'phenolic' EDCs, increase estradiol biosynthesis, and estrogen-sensitive breast cancer proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Graeme P Williams
- Molecular and Cellular Medicine Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6UB, United Kingdom.
| | - Philippa D Darbre
- Molecular and Cellular Medicine Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6UB, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Patera F, Cudzich-Madry A, Huang Z, Fragiadaki M. Renal expression of JAK2 is high in polycystic kidney disease and its inhibition reduces cystogenesis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4491. [PMID: 30872773 PMCID: PMC6418191 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41106-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common renal genetic disorder, however it still lacks a cure. The discovery of new therapies heavily depends on understanding key signalling pathways that lead to ADPKD. The JAnus Kinase and Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway is aberrantly activated and contributes to ADPKD pathogenesis via enhancing epithelial proliferation. Yet the mechanisms underlying the upregulation of JAK/STAT activity in this disease context is completely unknown. Here, we investigate the role of JAK2 in ADPKD using a murine model of ADPKD (Pkd1nl/nl). In normal kidneys, JAK2 expression is limited to tubular epithelial and vascular cells with lesser staining in bowman’s capsule and remains below detection level in the interstitium. By contrast, in kidneys of mice with ADPKD, JAK2 is higher in cyst-lining cells when compared to normal tubules and critically, it is ectopically expressed in the interstitium, suggesting that ectopic JAK2 may contribute to ADPKD. JAK2 activity was inhibited using either curcumin, a natural compound with strong JAK2 inhibitor activity, or Tofacitinib, a clinically used selective JAK small molecule inhibitor. JAK2 inhibition led to significantly reduced tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT3 and markedly reduced cystic growth of human and mouse ADPKD-derived cells in cystogenesis assays. Taken together, our results indicate that blockade of JAK2 shows promise as a novel therapeutic target in ADPKD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Foteini Patera
- Academic Nephrology Unit, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2RX, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Cudzich-Madry
- Academic Nephrology Unit, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2RX, United Kingdom
| | - Zhi Huang
- Academic Nephrology Unit, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2RX, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Fragiadaki
- Academic Nephrology Unit, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2RX, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Yao M, Fang W, Smart C, Hu Q, Huang S, Alvarez N, Fields P, Cheng N. CCR2 Chemokine Receptors Enhance Growth and Cell-Cycle Progression of Breast Cancer Cells through SRC and PKC Activation. Mol Cancer Res 2018; 17:604-617. [PMID: 30446625 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-18-0750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Basal-like breast cancers are an aggressive breast cancer subtype, which often lack estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and Her2 expression, and are resistant to antihormonal and targeted therapy, resulting in few treatment options. Understanding the underlying mechanisms that regulate progression of basal-like breast cancers would lead to new therapeutic targets and improved treatment strategies. Breast cancer progression is characterized by inflammatory responses, regulated in part by chemokines. The CCL2/CCR2 chemokine pathway is best known for regulating breast cancer progression through macrophage-dependent mechanisms. Here, we demonstrated important biological roles for CCL2/CCR2 signaling in breast cancer cells. Using the MCF10CA1d xenograft model of basal-like breast cancer, primary tumor growth was significantly increased with cotransplantation of patient-derived fibroblasts expressing high levels of CCL2, and was inhibited with CRISP/R gene ablation of stromal CCL2. CRISP/R gene ablation of CCR2 in MCF10CA1d breast cancer cells inhibited breast tumor growth and M2 macrophage recruitment and validated through CCR2 shRNA knockdown in the 4T1 model. Reverse phase protein array analysis revealed that cell-cycle protein expression was associated with CCR2 expression in basal-like breast cancer cells. CCL2 treatment of basal-like breast cancer cell lines increased proliferation and cell-cycle progression associated with SRC and PKC activation. Through pharmacologic approaches, we demonstrated that SRC and PKC negatively regulated expression of the cell-cycle inhibitor protein p27KIP1, and are necessary for CCL2-induced breast cancer cell proliferation. IMPLICATIONS: This report sheds novel light on CCL2/CCR2 chemokine signaling as a mitogenic pathway and cell-cycle regulator in breast cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Yao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Wei Fang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Curtis Smart
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Qingting Hu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Shixia Huang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Nehemiah Alvarez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Patrick Fields
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Nikki Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas. .,Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Di Mise A, Ranieri M, Centrone M, Venneri M, Tamma G, Valenti D, Valenti G. Activation of the Calcium-Sensing Receptor Corrects the Impaired Mitochondrial Energy Status Observed in Renal Polycystin-1 Knockdown Cells Modeling Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease. Front Mol Biosci 2018; 5:77. [PMID: 30197885 PMCID: PMC6117232 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2018.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal Dominant Polycistic kidney Disease (ADPKD) is a renal channelopathy due to loss-of-function mutations in the PKD1 or PKD2 genes, encoding polycystin-1 (PC1) or polycystin-2 (PC2), respectively. PC1 is a large protein found predominantly on the plasma membrane where interacts with different proteins, including PC2. PC2 is a smaller integral membrane protein also expressed in intracellular organelles, acting as a non-selective cation channel permeable to calcium. Both PC1 and PC2 are also localized to the primary cilium of renal epithelial cells serving as mechanosensor that controls calcium influx through the plasma membrane and regulates intracellular calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum. The mechanisms by which PC1/2 dysfunction leads to ADPKD needs still to be clarified. We have recently reported that selective Calcium-Sensing Receptor (CaSR) activation in human conditionally immortalized Proximal Tubular Epithelial cells deficient for PC1 (ciPTEC-PC1KD), deriving from urine sediments reduces intracellular cAMP and mTOR activity, and increases intracellular calcium reversing the principal ADPKD dysregulations. Reduced cellular free calcium found in ADPKD can, on the other hand, affect mitochondrial function and ATP production and, interestingly, a relationship between mitochondria and renal polycystic diseases have been suggested. By using ciPTEC-PC1KD as experimental tool modeling of ADPKD, we show here that, compared with wild type cells, ciPTEC-PC1KD have significantly lower mitochondrial calcium levels associated with a severe deficit in mitochondrial ATP production, secondary to a multilevel impairment of oxidative phosphorylation. Notably, selective CaSR activation with the calcimimetic NPS-R568 increases mitochondrial calcium content close to the levels found in resting wild type cells, and fully recovers the cell energy deficit associated to the PC1 channel disruption. Treatment of ciPTEC-PC1KD with 2-APB, an IP3R inhibitor, prevented the rescue of bioenergetics deficit induced by CaSR activation supporting a critical role of IP3Rs in driving ER-to-mitochondria Ca2+ shuttle. Together these data indicate that, besides reversing the principal dysregulations considered the most proximal events in ADPKD pathogenesis, selective CaSR activation in PKD1 deficient cells restores altered mitochondrial function that, in ADPKD, is known to facilitate cyst formation. These findings identify CaSR as a potential therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annarita Di Mise
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Marianna Ranieri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Mariangela Centrone
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Venneri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Grazia Tamma
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale di Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Valenti
- Institute of Biomembranes Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Council of Research, Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanna Valenti
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale di Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Rome, Italy.,Center of Excellence in Comparative Genomics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
STAT3 associates with vacuolar H +-ATPase and regulates cytosolic and lysosomal pH. Cell Res 2018; 28:996-1012. [PMID: 30127373 PMCID: PMC6170402 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-018-0080-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated intracellular pH is emerging as a hallmark of cancer. In spite of their acidic environment and increased acid production, cancer cells maintain alkaline intracellular pH that promotes cancer progression by inhibiting apoptosis and increasing glycolysis, cell growth, migration, and invasion. Here we identify signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) as a key factor in the preservation of alkaline cytosol. STAT3 associates with the vacuolar H+-ATPase in a coiled-coil domain-dependent manner and increases its activity in living cells and in vitro. Accordingly, STAT3 depletion disrupts intracellular proton equilibrium by decreasing cytosolic pH and increasing lysosomal pH, respectively. This dysregulation can be reverted by reconstitution with wild-type STAT3 or STAT3 mutants unable to activate target genes (Tyr705Phe and DNA-binding mutant) or to regulate mitochondrial respiration (Ser727Ala). Upon cytosolic acidification, STAT3 is transcriptionally inactivated and further recruited to lysosomal membranes to reestablish intracellular proton equilibrium. These data reveal STAT3 as a regulator of intracellular pH and, vice versa, intracellular pH as a regulator of STAT3 localization and activity.
Collapse
|
26
|
Di Mise A, Tamma G, Ranieri M, Centrone M, van den Heuvel L, Mekahli D, Levtchenko EN, Valenti G. Activation of Calcium-Sensing Receptor increases intracellular calcium and decreases cAMP and mTOR in PKD1 deficient cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5704. [PMID: 29632324 PMCID: PMC5890283 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23732-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical and fundamental research suggest that altered calcium and cAMP signaling might be the most proximal events in ADPKD pathogenesis. Cells from ADPKD cysts have a reduced resting cytosolic calcium [Ca2+]i and increased cAMP levels. CaSR plays an essential role in regulating calcium homeostasis. Its activation is associated with [Ca2+]i increase and cAMP decrease, making CaSR a possible therapeutic target. Human conditionally immortalized Proximal Tubular Epithelial cells (ciPTEC) with stable knockdown of PKD1 (ciPTEC-PC1KD) and ciPTEC generated from an ADPKD1 patient (ciPTEC-PC1Pt) were used as experimental tools. CaSR functional expression was confirmed by studies showing that the calcimimetic NPS-R568 induced a significant increase in [Ca2+]i in ciPTEC-PC1KD and ciPTEC-PC1Pt. Resting [Ca2+]i were significantly lower in ciPTEC-PC1KD with respect to ciPTECwt, confirming calcium dysregulation. As in native cyst cells, significantly higher cAMP levels and mTOR activity were found in ciPTEC-PC1KD compared to ciPTECwt. Of note, NPS-R568 treatment significantly reduced intracellular cAMP and mTOR activity in ciPTEC-PC1KD and ciPTEC-PC1Pt. To conclude, we demonstrated that selective CaSR activation in human ciPTEC carrying PKD1 mutation increases [Ca2+]i, reduces intracellular cAMP and mTOR activity, reversing the principal dysregulations considered the most proximal events in ADPKD pathogenesis, making CaSR a possible candidate as therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annarita Di Mise
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, 70125, Italy.
| | - Grazia Tamma
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, 70125, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale di Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Roma, 00136, Italy
| | - Marianna Ranieri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, 70125, Italy
| | - Mariangela Centrone
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, 70125, Italy
| | - Lambertus van den Heuvel
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, 6525 HP, The Netherlands
| | - Djalila Mekahli
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, 3000, Belgium.,Department of Development & Regeneration, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Elena N Levtchenko
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, 3000, Belgium.,Department of Development & Regeneration, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Giovanna Valenti
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, 70125, Italy. .,Istituto Nazionale di Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Roma, 00136, Italy. .,Center of Excellence in Comparative Genomics (CEGBA), University of Bari, Bari, 70125, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Pagotto S, Veronese A, Soranno A, Lanuti P, Di Marco M, Russo MV, Ramassone A, Marchisio M, Simeone P, Guanciali-Franchi PE, Palka G, Costantini RM, Croce CM, Visone R. Hsa-miR-155-5p drives aneuploidy at early stages of cellular transformation. Oncotarget 2018; 9:13036-13047. [PMID: 29560129 PMCID: PMC5849193 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hsa-miR-155-5p (miR-155) is overexpressed in most solid and hematological malignancies. It promotes loss of genomic integrity in cancer cells by targeting genes involved in microsatellite instability and DNA repair; however, the link between miR-155 and aneuploidy has been scarcely investigated. Here we describe a novel mechanism by which miR-155 causes chromosomal instability. Using osteosarcoma cells (U2OS) and normal human dermal fibroblast (HDF), two well-established models for the study of chromosome congression, we demonstrate that miR-155 targets the spindle checkpoint proteins BUB1, CENP-F, and ZW10, thus compromising chromosome alignment at the metaphase plate. In U2OS cells, exogenous miR-155 expression reduced the recruitment of BUB1, CENP-F, and ZW10 to the kinetochores which resulted in defective chromosome congression. In contrast, during in vitro transformation of HDF by enforced expression of SV40 Large T antigen and human telomerase (HDFLT/hTERT), inhibition of miR-155 reduced chromosome congression errors and aneuploidy at early passages. Using live-cell imaging we observed that miR-155 delays progression through mitosis, indicating an activated mitotic spindle checkpoint, which likely fails to reduce aneuploidy. Overall, this study provides insight into a mechanism that generates aneuploidy at early stages of cellular transformation, pointing to a role for miR-155 in chromosomal instability at tumor onset.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Pagotto
- Aging Research Center and Translational Medicine-CeSI-MeT, Chieti, 66100, Italy.,Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, 66100, Italy
| | - Angelo Veronese
- Aging Research Center and Translational Medicine-CeSI-MeT, Chieti, 66100, Italy.,Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, 66100, Italy
| | - Alessandra Soranno
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, 66100, Italy
| | - Paola Lanuti
- Aging Research Center and Translational Medicine-CeSI-MeT, Chieti, 66100, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, 66100, Italy
| | - Mirco Di Marco
- Aging Research Center and Translational Medicine-CeSI-MeT, Chieti, 66100, Italy.,Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, 66100, Italy
| | | | - Alice Ramassone
- Aging Research Center and Translational Medicine-CeSI-MeT, Chieti, 66100, Italy.,Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, 66100, Italy
| | - Marco Marchisio
- Aging Research Center and Translational Medicine-CeSI-MeT, Chieti, 66100, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, 66100, Italy
| | - Pasquale Simeone
- Aging Research Center and Translational Medicine-CeSI-MeT, Chieti, 66100, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, 66100, Italy
| | - Paolo E Guanciali-Franchi
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, 66100, Italy
| | - Giandomenico Palka
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, 66100, Italy
| | - Renato Mariani Costantini
- Aging Research Center and Translational Medicine-CeSI-MeT, Chieti, 66100, Italy.,Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, 66100, Italy
| | - Carlo M Croce
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.,Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Research Consortium, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - Rosa Visone
- Aging Research Center and Translational Medicine-CeSI-MeT, Chieti, 66100, Italy.,Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, 66100, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Woods K, Thigpen C, Wang JP, Park H, Hielscher A. Mechanically tuned 3 dimensional hydrogels support human mammary fibroblast growth and viability. BMC Cell Biol 2017; 18:35. [PMID: 29246104 PMCID: PMC5732527 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-017-0151-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Carcinoma associated fibroblasts (CAFs or myofibroblasts) are activated fibroblasts which participate in breast tumor growth, angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis and therapy resistance. As such, recent efforts have been directed toward understanding the factors responsible for activation of the phenotype. In this study, we have investigated how changes in the mechanical stiffness of a 3D hydrogel alter the behavior and myofibroblast-like properties of human mammary fibroblasts (HMFs). Results Here, we utilized microbial transglutaminase (mTG) to mechanically tune the stiffness of gelatin hydrogels and used rheology to show that increasing concentrations mTG resulted in hydrogels with greater elastic moduli (G’). Upon encapsulation of HMFs in 200 (compliant), 300 (moderate) and 1100 Pa (stiff) mTG hydrogels, it was found that the HMFs remained viable and proliferated over the 7 day culture period. Specifically, rates of proliferation were greatest for HMFs in moderate hydrogels. Regarding morphology, HMFs in compliant and moderate hydrogels exhibited a spindle-like morphology while HMFs in stiff hydrogels exhibited a rounded morphology with several large cellular protrusions. Quantification of cell morphology revealed that HMFs cultured in all mTG hydrogels overall assumed a more elongated phenotype over time in culture; however, few significant differences in morphology were observed between HMFs in each of the hydrogel conditions. To determine whether matrix stiffness upregulated expression of ECM and myofibroblast markers, western blot was performed on HMFs in compliant, moderate and stiff hydrogels. It was found that ECM and myofibroblast proteins varied in expression during both the culture period and according to matrix stiffness with no clear correlation between matrix stiffness and a myofibroblast phenotype. Finally, TGF-β levels were quantified in the conditioned media from HMFs in compliant, moderate and stiff hydrogels. TGF-β was significantly greater for HMFs encapsulated in stiff hydrogels. Conclusions Overall, these results show that while HMFs are viable and proliferate in mTG hydrogels, increasing matrix stiffness of mTG gelatin hydrogels doesn’t support a robust myofibroblast phenotype from HMFs. These results have important implications for further understanding how modulating 3D matrix stiffness affects fibroblast morphology and activation into a myofibroblast phenotype. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12860-017-0151-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Woods
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985900 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Catlyn Thigpen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Georgia Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Suwanee, GA, 30024, USA
| | - Jennifer Peyling Wang
- Anschutz Medical Campus Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado, 12850 E. Montview Blvd, Aurora, CO, 80011, USA
| | - Hana Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Georgia Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Suwanee, GA, 30024, USA
| | - Abigail Hielscher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Georgia Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Suwanee, GA, 30024, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Brummer G, Acevedo DS, Hu Q, Portsche M, Fang WB, Yao M, Zinda B, Myers M, Alvarez N, Fields P, Hong Y, Behbod F, Cheng N. Chemokine Signaling Facilitates Early-Stage Breast Cancer Survival and Invasion through Fibroblast-Dependent Mechanisms. Mol Cancer Res 2017; 16:296-308. [PMID: 29133591 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-17-0308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is the most common form of breast cancer, with 50,000 cases diagnosed every year in the United States. Overtreatment and undertreatment remain significant clinical challenges in patient care. Identifying key mechanisms associated with DCIS progression could uncover new biomarkers to better predict patient prognosis and improve guided treatment. Chemokines are small soluble molecules that regulate cellular homing through molecular gradients. CCL2-mediated recruitment of CCR2+ macrophages are a well-established mechanism for metastatic progression. Although the CCL2/CCR2 pathway is a therapeutic target of interest, little is known about the role of CCR2 expression in breast cancer. Here, using a mammary intraductal injection (MIND) model to mimic DCIS formation, the role of CCR2 was explored in minimally invasive SUM225 and highly invasive DCIS.com breast cancer cells. CCR2 overexpression increased SUM225 breast cancer survival and invasion associated with accumulation of CCL2 expressing fibroblasts. CCR2-deficient DCIS.com breast cancer cells formed fewer invasive lesions with fewer CCL2+ fibroblasts. Cografting CCL2-deficient fibroblasts with DCIS.com breast cancer cells in the subrenal capsule model inhibited tumor invasion and survival associated with decreased expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH1), a proinvasive factor, and decreased expression of HTRA2, a proapoptotic serine protease. Through data mining analysis, high expression of CCR2 and ALDH1 and low HTRA2 expression were correlated with poor prognosis of breast cancer patients.Implications: This study demonstrates that CCR2 overexpression in breast cancer drives early-stage breast cancer progression through stromal-dependent expression of CCL2 with important insight into prognosis and treatment of DCIS. Mol Cancer Res; 16(2); 296-308. ©2017 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gage Brummer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Diana S Acevedo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Qingting Hu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Mike Portsche
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Wei Bin Fang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Min Yao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Brandon Zinda
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Megan Myers
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Nehemiah Alvarez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Patrick Fields
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Yan Hong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Fariba Behbod
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Nikki Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Saunderson EA, Stepper P, Gomm JJ, Hoa L, Morgan A, Allen MD, Jones JL, Gribben JG, Jurkowski TP, Ficz G. Hit-and-run epigenetic editing prevents senescence entry in primary breast cells from healthy donors. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1450. [PMID: 29133799 PMCID: PMC5684409 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01078-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant promoter DNA hypermethylation is a hallmark of cancer; however, whether this is sufficient to drive cellular transformation is not clear. To investigate this question, we use a CRISPR-dCas9 epigenetic editing tool, where an inactive form of Cas9 is fused to DNA methyltransferase effectors. Using this system, here we show simultaneous de novo DNA methylation of genes commonly methylated in cancer, CDKN2A, RASSF1, HIC1 and PTEN in primary breast cells isolated from healthy human breast tissue. We find that promoter methylation is maintained in this system, even in the absence of the fusion construct, and this prevents cells from engaging senescence arrest. Our data show that the key driver of this phenotype is repression of CDKN2A transcript p16 where myoepithelial cells harbour cancer-like gene expression but do not exhibit anchorage-independent growth. This work demonstrates that hit-and-run epigenetic events can prevent senescence entry, which may facilitate tumour initiation. “Although aberrant promoter DNA hypermethylation is a hallmark of cancer, it is not clear whether it is sufficient to drive transformation. Here, the authors use CRISPR-dCas9 to perform hit-and-run epigenetic editing, which prevents senescence entry in primary breast cells from healthy donors.”
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Saunderson
- Barts Cancer Institute, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Peter Stepper
- Institute for Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jennifer J Gomm
- Barts Cancer Institute, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Lily Hoa
- Barts Cancer Institute, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Adrienne Morgan
- Barts Cancer Institute, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Michael D Allen
- Barts Cancer Institute, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - J Louise Jones
- Barts Cancer Institute, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - John G Gribben
- Barts Cancer Institute, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Tomasz P Jurkowski
- Institute for Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Gabriella Ficz
- Barts Cancer Institute, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Umehara K, Sun Y, Hiura S, Hamada K, Itoh M, Kitamura K, Oshima M, Iwama A, Saito K, Anzai N, Chiba K, Akita H, Furihata T. A New Conditionally Immortalized Human Fetal Brain Pericyte Cell Line: Establishment and Functional Characterization as a Promising Tool for Human Brain Pericyte Studies. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:5993-6006. [PMID: 29128907 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0815-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
While pericytes wrap around microvascular endothelial cells throughout the human body, their highest coverage rate is found in the brain. Brain pericytes actively contribute to various brain functions, including the development and stabilization of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), tissue regeneration, and brain inflammation. Accordingly, detailed characterization of the functional nature of brain pericytes is important for understanding the mechanistic basis of brain physiology and pathophysiology. Herein, we report on the development of a new human brain pericyte cell line, hereafter referred to as the human brain pericyte/conditionally immortalized clone 37 (HBPC/ci37). Developed via the cell conditionally immortalization method, these cells exhibited excellent proliferative ability at 33 °C. However, when cultured at 37 °C, HBPC/ci37 cells showed a differentiated phenotype that was marked by morphological alterations and increases in several pericyte-enriched marker mRNA levels, such as platelet-derived growth factor receptor β. It was also found that HBPC/ci37 cells possessed the facilitative ability of in vitro BBB formation and differentiation into a neuronal lineage. Furthermore, HBPC/ci37 cells exhibited the typical "reactive" features of brain pericytes in response to pro-inflammatory cytokines. To summarize, our results clearly demonstrate that HBPC/ci37 cells possess the ability to perform several key brain pericyte functions while also showing the capacity for extensive and continuous proliferation. Based on these findings, it can be expected that, as a unique human brain pericyte model, HBPC/ci37 cells have the potential to contribute to significant advances in the understanding of human brain pericyte physiology and pathophysiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Umehara
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Yuchen Sun
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hiura
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Koki Hamada
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Motoyuki Itoh
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Keita Kitamura
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Motohiko Oshima
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Atsushi Iwama
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Kosuke Saito
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
- Division of Medical Safety Science, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| | - Naohiko Anzai
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Kan Chiba
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Akita
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Tomomi Furihata
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan.
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Allostimulatory capacity of conditionally immortalized proximal tubule cell lines for bioartificial kidney application. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7103. [PMID: 28769101 PMCID: PMC5540916 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07582-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel renal replacement therapies, such as a bioartificial kidney (BAK), are needed to improve current hemodialysis treatment of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. As BAK applications may reveal safety concerns, we assessed the alloimmunization and related safety aspects of readily available conditionally immortalized human proximal tubule epithelial cell (ciPTEC) lines to be used in BAK. Two ciPTEC lines, originally derived from urine and kidney tissue, were characterized for the expression and secretion of relevant molecules involved in alloimmunization and inflammatory responses, such as HLA class-I, HLA-DR, CD40, CD80, CD86, as wells as soluble HLA class I and proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α). A lack of direct immunogenic effect of ciPTEC was shown in co-culture experiments with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), after appropriate stimulation of ciPTEC. Tight epithelial cell monolayer formation on polyethersulfone flat membranes was confirmed by zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) expression in the ciPTEC tight junctions, and by restricted inulin-FITC diffusion. Co-culture with (activated) PBMC did not jeopardize the transepithelial barrier function of ciPTEC. In conclusion, the absence of allostimulatory effects and the stability of ciPTEC monolayers show that these unique cells could represent a safe option for BAK engineering application.
Collapse
|
33
|
Fu R, Guo C, Wang S, Huang Y, Jin O, Hu H, Chen J, Xu B, Zhou M, Zhao J, Sung SSJ, Wang H, Gaskin F, Yang N, Fu SM. Podocyte Activation of NLRP3 Inflammasomes Contributes to the Development of Proteinuria in Lupus Nephritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2017; 69:1636-1646. [PMID: 28544564 DOI: 10.1002/art.40155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Development of proteinuria in lupus nephritis (LN) is associated with podocyte dysfunction. The NLRP3 inflammasome has been implicated in the pathogenesis of LN. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether NLRP3 inflammasome activation is involved in the development of podocyte injury in LN. METHODS A fluorescence-labeled caspase 1 inhibitor probe was used to detect the activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes in podocytes derived from lupus-prone NZM2328 mice and from renal biopsy tissues obtained from patients with LN. MCC950, a selective inhibitor of NLRP3, was used to treat NZM2328 mice. Proteinuria, podocyte ultrastructure, and renal pathology were evaluated. In vitro, sera from diseased NZM2328 mice were used to stimulate a podocyte cell line, and the cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS NLRP3 inflammasomes were activated in podocytes from lupus-prone mice and from patients with LN. Inhibition of NLRP3 with MCC950 ameliorated proteinuria, renal histologic lesions, and podocyte foot process effacement in lupus-prone mice. In vitro, sera from diseased NZM2328 mice activated NLRP3 inflammasomes in the podocyte cell line through the production of reactive oxygen species. CONCLUSION NLRP3 inflammasomes were activated in podocytes from lupus-prone mice and from LN patients. Activation of NLRP3 is involved in the pathogenesis of podocyte injuries and the development of proteinuria in LN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Fu
- First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chaohuan Guo
- First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuefang Huang
- First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ou Jin
- Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Jingxian Chen
- First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bihua Xu
- First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mianjing Zhou
- First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jijun Zhao
- First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | | | | | - Niansheng Yang
- First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Graham MK, Principessa L, Antony L, Meeker AK, Isaacs JT. Low p16 INK4a Expression in Early Passage Human Prostate Basal Epithelial Cells Enables Immortalization by Telomerase Expression Alone. Prostate 2017; 77:374-384. [PMID: 27859428 PMCID: PMC5548187 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are two principal senescence barriers that must be overcome to successfully immortalize primary human epithelial cells in culture, stress-induced senescence, and replicative senescence. The p16INK4a /retinoblastoma protein (p16/Rb) pathway mediates stress-induced senescence, and is generally upregulated by primary epithelial cells in response to the artificial conditions from tissue culture. Replicative senescence is associated with telomere loss. Following each round of cell division, telomeres progressively shorten. Once telomeres shorten to a critical length, the DNA damage response pathway is activated, and the tumor suppressor p53 pathway triggers replicative senescence. Exogenous expression of telomerase in normal human epithelial cells extends the replicative capacity of cells, and in some cases, immortalizes cells. However reliable immortalization of epithelial cells usually requires telomerase activity coupled with inactivation of the p16/Rb pathway. METHODS A lentiviral vector, pLOX-TERT-iresTK (Addgene #12245), containing a CMV promoter upstream of a bicistronic coding cassette that includes loxP sites flanking the catalytic subunit of human telomerase gene (TERT) and herpes simplex virus type-1 thymidine kinase gene (HSV1-tk) was used to transduce normal prostate basal epithelial cells (PrECs) initiated in cell culture from prostate cancer patients undergoing radical prostatectomies. RESULTS Transduction of early (i.e., <7) passage PrECs with TERT led to successful immortalization. However, attempts to immortalize late (i.e., >7) passage PrECs were unsuccessful. Late passage PrECs, which acquired elevated p16, were unable to overcome the senescence barrier. Immortalized PrECs (TERT-PrECs) retained a normal male karyotype and low p16 expression. Additionally, TERT-PrECs were non-tumorigenic when inoculated into intact male immunodeficient NSG mice. CONCLUSIONS The present studies document that early passage human PrECs have sufficiently low p16 to permit immortalization by TERT expression alone. TERT-PrECs developed using this transduction approach provides an appropriate and experimentally facile model for clarifying the molecular mechanism(s) involved in both immortalization of human PrECs, as well as identifying genetic/epigenetic "drivers" for conversion of these immortalized non-tumorigenic cells into fully lethal prostate cancers. Notably, loxP sites flank the exogenous TERT gene in the TERT-PrECs. Cre recombinase can be used to excise TERT, and resolve whether TERT expression is required for these cells to be fully transformed into lethal cancer. Prostate 77: 374-384, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mindy Kim Graham
- Department of Pathology, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lorenzo Principessa
- Chemical Therapeutic Program, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lizamma Antony
- Chemical Therapeutic Program, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alan K. Meeker
- Departments of Pathology, Oncology and Urology, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - John T. Isaacs
- Chemical Therapeutic Program, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
- Correspondence to: Dr. John T. Isaacs, Chemical Therapeutic Program, Bunting-Blaustein CRB1, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21231.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
STAT5 drives abnormal proliferation in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2017; 91:575-586. [PMID: 28104302 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2016.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) leads to renal failure. The hallmark of ADPKD is increased epithelial proliferation, which has been proposed to be due to atypical signaling including abnormal JAK-STAT activity. However, the relative contribution of JAK-STAT family members in promoting proliferation in ADPKD is unknown. Here, we present siRNA JAK-STAT-focused screens discovering a previously unknown proliferative role for multiple JAK-STAT components (including STAT1, STAT2, STAT4, STAT5a, and STAT5b). Amongst these, we selected to study the growth hormone/growth hormone receptor/STAT5-axis because of its known role as a regulator of growth in nonrenal tissues. Loss of STAT5 function, facilitated by pharmacological inhibition or siRNAs, significantly reduced proliferation with an associated reduction in cyst growth in vitro. To study whether STAT5 is abnormally activated in vivo, we analyzed its expression using two independent mouse models of ADPKD. STAT5 was nuclear, thus activated, in renal epithelial cyst lining cells in both models. To test whether forced activation of STAT5 can modulate proliferation of renal cells in vivo, irrespective of the Pkd1 status, we overexpressed growth hormone. These mice showed increased STAT5 activity in renal epithelial cells, which correlated with de novo expression of cyclin D1, a STAT5 target gene. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that STAT5 transcriptionally activated cyclin D1 in a growth hormone-dependent fashion, thus providing a mechanism into how STAT5 enhances proliferation. Finally, we provide evidence of elevated serum growth hormone in Pkd1 mutant mice. Thus, the growth hormone/STAT5 signaling axis is a novel therapeutic target in ADPKD.
Collapse
|
36
|
Long Term Culture of the A549 Cancer Cell Line Promotes Multilamellar Body Formation and Differentiation towards an Alveolar Type II Pneumocyte Phenotype. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164438. [PMID: 27792742 PMCID: PMC5085087 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary research requires models that represent the physiology of alveolar epithelium but concerns with reproducibility, consistency and the technical and ethical challenges of using primary or stem cells has resulted in widespread use of continuous cancer or other immortalized cell lines. The A549 ‘alveolar’ cell line has been available for over four decades but there is an inconsistent view as to its suitability as an appropriate model for primary alveolar type II (ATII) cells. Since most work with A549 cells involves short term culture of proliferating cells, we postulated that culture conditions that reduced proliferation of the cancer cells would promote a more differentiated ATII cell phenotype. We examined A549 cell growth in different media over long term culture and then used microarray analysis to investigate temporal regulation of pathways involved in cell cycle and ATII differentiation; we also made comparisons with gene expression in freshly isolated human ATII cells. Analyses indicated that long term culture in Ham’s F12 resulted in substantial modulation of cell cycle genes to result in a quiescent population of cells with significant up-regulation of autophagic, differentiation and lipidogenic pathways. There were also increased numbers of up- and down-regulated genes shared with primary cells suggesting adoption of ATII characteristics and multilamellar body (MLB) development. Subsequent Oil Red-O staining and Transmission Electron Microscopy confirmed MLB expression in the differentiated A549 cells. This work defines a set of conditions for promoting ATII differentiation characteristics in A549 cells that may be advantageous for studies with this cell line.
Collapse
|
37
|
Novel role of Vav1-Rac1 pathway in actin cytoskeleton regulation in interleukin-13-induced minimal change-like nephropathy. Clin Sci (Lond) 2016; 130:2317-2327. [PMID: 27707912 DOI: 10.1042/cs20160312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Our established interleukin-13 (IL-13) overexpression rat model of minimal change-like nephropathy provided a platform to study the molecular signalling pathways in T-helper 2 (Th2) cytokine associated minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS). We hypothesized that IL-13 may act directly on podocytes, causing podocyte foot process effacement and hence proteinuria in our rat model of minimal change-like nephropathy. The present study aimed firstly to delineate the glomerular 'gene signature' associated with IL-13-mediated dysregulation of podocyte-related proteins, and subsequently to investigate the role of the differentially regulated genes (DEGs) in IL-13-mediated podocyte injury. Glomerular transcriptional profile of IL-13-overexpressed rats showed characteristic features of podocyte injury with 87% of podocyte-related genes being significantly down-regulated. Gene expression of Vav1 was shown to be highly up-regulated in the glomeruli of IL-13-overexpressed rats and pathway analysis of the DEGs suggested a possible novel role of Vav1 in podocyte cytoskeleton remodelling. Immunofluorescence examination demonstrated glomerular expression of Vav1 in rats which co-localized with synaptopodin, confirming podocyte expression. However, positive staining for the phosphorylated form of Vav1 (p-Vav1) was only seen in IL-13-overexpressed rats. Moreover, in vitro IL-13 stimulation of human podocytes resulted in phosphorylation of Vav1. This was associated with Rac1 activation and actin cytoskeleton rearrangement, which was abrogated in Vav1 knockdown podocytes. In conclusion, we have demonstrated the role of Vav1-Rac1 pathway characterized by phosphorylation of Vav1, activation of Rac1 and the subsequent actin cytoskeleton rearrangement in IL-13-induced podocyte injury, possibly explaining the podocyte foot process effacement seen in our IL-13 overexpression rat model.
Collapse
|
38
|
Immortalized endothelial cell lines for in vitro blood–brain barrier models: A systematic review. Brain Res 2016; 1642:532-545. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
39
|
Establishment of a Conditionally Immortalized Wilms Tumor Cell Line with a Homozygous WT1 Deletion within a Heterozygous 11p13 Deletion and UPD Limited to 11p15. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155561. [PMID: 27213811 PMCID: PMC4876997 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe a stromal predominant Wilms tumor with focal anaplasia and a complex, tumor specific chromosome 11 aberration: a homozygous deletion of the entire WT1 gene within a heterozygous 11p13 deletion and an additional region of uniparental disomy (UPD) limited to 11p15.5-p15.2 including the IGF2 gene. The tumor carried a heterozygous p.T41A mutation in CTNNB1. Cells established from the tumor carried the same chromosome 11 aberration, but a different, homozygous p.S45Δ CTNNB1 mutation. Uniparental disomy (UPD) 3p21.3pter lead to the homozygous CTNNB1 mutation. The tumor cell line was immortalized using the catalytic subunit of human telomerase (hTERT) in conjunction with a novel thermolabile mutant (U19dl89-97tsA58) of SV40 large T antigen (LT). This cell line is cytogenetically stable and can be grown indefinitely representing a valuable tool to study the effect of a complete lack of WT1 in tumor cells. The origin/fate of Wilms tumors with WT1 mutations is currently poorly defined. Here we studied the expression of several genes expressed in early kidney development, e.g. FOXD1, PAX3, SIX1, OSR1, OSR2 and MEIS1 and show that these are expressed at similar levels in the parental and the immortalized Wilms10 cells. In addition the limited potential for muscle/ osteogenic/ adipogenic differentiation similar to all other WT1 mutant cell lines is also observed in the Wilms10 tumor cell line and this is retained in the immortalized cells. In summary these Wilms10 cells are a valuable model system for functional studies of WT1 mutant cells.
Collapse
|
40
|
Balducci L, Alessandri G. Isolation, Expansion, and Immortalization of Human Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Biopsies and Liposuction Specimens. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1416:259-74. [PMID: 27236677 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3584-0_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human adipose tissue has proven to be an abundant, accessible, and rich source of adult mesenchymal stromal cells, suitable for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. However, a major complication in fully investigating these cells may derive from their limited life span.Although methods to isolate, expand, and immortalize these cells have been widely reported in the literature, exhaustive explanations on the problems that can be encountered during these processes and how these can be solved have never been described. It is of fundamental importance to follow a common protocol to achieve reliable and reproducible results. Here, we describe a protocol to isolate and expand human adipose stromal cells from specimens obtained from tissue biopsies and liposuction surgical interventions. Finally, we broadly describe the cell immortalization technique, and particular attention is paid to some of the apparently "secondary" aspects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Balducci
- Medestea Research and Production Laboratories, Consorzio CARSO, Strada Pro.le Valenzano Casamassima, Km 3, Bari, Valenzano, 70010, Italy.
| | - Giulio Alessandri
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Neurological Institute Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Keir LS, Firth R, May C, Ni L, Welsh GI, Saleem MA. Generating conditionally immortalised podocyte cell lines from wild-type mice. Nephron Clin Pract 2015; 129:128-36. [PMID: 25720381 DOI: 10.1159/000369816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding podocyte biology is key to deciphering the pathogenesis of numerous glomerular diseases. However, cultivation of primary podocytes results in dedifferentiation with loss of specialised architecture. Human conditionally immortalised podocytes partly overcome this problem, utilising a temperature-sensitive transgene. Conditionally immortalised murine podocytes exist, but are derived from the Immortomouse. METHODS Using retroviral temperature-sensitive SV40 transfection, we created a conditionally immortalised podocyte cell line from wild-type mice. RESULTS These cells develop characteristic mature podocyte morphology and robustly express slit diaphragm proteins. Functionally, these cells demonstrate comparable responses in motility and glucose uptake to human conditionally immortalised podocytes. CONCLUSION Podocyte-specific transgenic mice are extensively used to study glomerular disease and this technique could be used to make podocyte cell lines from any mouse, allowing study at the cellular level. This will help characterise these disease models and add to the laboratory resources used to study podocytopathies and glomerular disease.
Collapse
|
42
|
Di Mise A, Tamma G, Ranieri M, Svelto M, Heuvel BVD, Levtchenko EN, Valenti G. Conditionally immortalized human proximal tubular epithelial cells isolated from the urine of a healthy subject express functional calcium-sensing receptor. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015; 308:F1200-6. [PMID: 25656364 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00352.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a G protein-coupled receptor, which plays an essential role in regulating Ca(2+) homeostasis. Here we show that conditionally immortalized proximal tubular epithelial cell line (ciPTEC) obtained by immortalizing and subcloning cells exfoliated in the urine of a healthy subject expresses functional endogenous CaSR. Immunolocalization studies of polarized ciPTEC revealed the apical localization of the receptor. By Western blotting of ciPTEC lysates, both monomeric and dimeric forms of CaSR at 130 and ∼250 kDa, respectively, were detected. Functional studies indicated that both external calcium and the positive CaSR allosteric modulator, NPS-R568, induced a significant increase in cytosolic calcium, proving a high sensitivity of the endogenous receptor to its agonists. Calcium depletion from the endoplasmic reticulum using cyclopiazonic acid abolished the increase in cytosolic calcium elicited by NPS-R568, confirming calcium exit from intracellular stores. Activation of CaSR by NPS-R significantly reduced the increase in cAMP elicited by forskolin (FK), a direct activator of adenylate cyclase, further confirming the functional expression of the receptor in this cell line. CaSR expressed in ciPTEC was found to interact with Gq as a downstream effector, which in turn can cause release of calcium from intracellular stores via phospholipase C activation. We conclude that human proximal tubular ciPTEC express functional CaSR and respond to its activation with a release of calcium from intracellular stores. These cell lines represent a valuable tool for research into the disorder associated with gain or loss of function of the CaSR by producing cell lines from patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annarita Di Mise
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Aldo Moro, Italy
| | - Grazia Tamma
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Aldo Moro, Italy
| | - Marianna Ranieri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Aldo Moro, Italy
| | - Maria Svelto
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Aldo Moro, Italy; Center of Excellence in Comparative Genomics(CEGBA), Bari, Italy
| | - Bert van den Heuvel
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and
| | - Elena N Levtchenko
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Giovanna Valenti
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Aldo Moro, Italy; Center of Excellence in Comparative Genomics(CEGBA), Bari, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
A differential role for CXCR4 in the regulation of normal versus malignant breast stem cell activity. Oncotarget 2015; 5:599-612. [PMID: 24583601 PMCID: PMC3996659 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) is known to regulate lung, pancreatic and prostate cancer stem cells. In breast cancer, CXCR4 signalling has been reported to be a mediator of metastasis, and is linked to poor prognosis. However its role in normal and malignant breast stem cell function has not been investigated. Anoikis resistant (AR) cells were collected from immortalised (MCF10A, 226L) and malignant (MCF7, T47D, SKBR3) breast cell lines and assessed for stem cell enrichment versus unsorted cells. AR cells had significantly higher mammosphere forming efficiency (MFE) than unsorted cells. The AR normal cells demonstrated increased formation of 3D structures in Matrigel compared to unsorted cells. In vivo, SKBR3 and T47D AR cells had 7- and 130-fold enrichments for tumour formationrespectively, compared with unsorted cells. AR cells contained significantly elevated CXCR4 transcript and protein levels compared to unsorted cells. Importantly, CXCR4 mRNA was higher in stem cell-enriched CD44+/CD24- patient-derived breast cancer cells compared to non-enriched cells. CXCR4 stimulation by its ligand SDF-1 reduced MFE of the normal breast cells lines but increased the MFE in T47D and patient-derived breast cancer cells. CXCR4 inhibition by AMD3100 increased stem cell activity but reduced the self-renewal capacity of the malignant breast cell line T47D. CXCR4+ FACS sorted MCF7 cells demonstrated a significantly increased MFE compared with CXCR4- cells. This significant increase in MFE was further demonstrated in CXCR4 over-expressing MCF7 cells which also had an increase in self-renewal compared to parental cells. A greater reduction in self-renewal following CXCR4 inhibition in the CXCR4 over-expressing cells compared with parental cells was also observed. Our data establish for the first time that CXCR4 signalling has contrasting effects on normal and malignant breast stem cell activity. Here, we demonstrate that CXCR4 signalling specifically regulates breast cancer stem cell activities and may therefore be important in tumour formation at the sites of metastases.
Collapse
|
44
|
Evaluation of Lung Toxicity of Biodegradable Nanoparticles. ADVANCES IN DELIVERY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-11355-5_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
45
|
Thorley AJ, Ruenraroengsak P, Potter TE, Tetley TD. Critical determinants of uptake and translocation of nanoparticles by the human pulmonary alveolar epithelium. ACS NANO 2014; 8:11778-89. [PMID: 25360809 PMCID: PMC4246006 DOI: 10.1021/nn505399e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The ability to manipulate the size and surface properties of nanomaterials makes them a promising vector for improving drug delivery and efficacy. Inhalation is a desirable route of administration as nanomaterials preferentially deposit in the alveolar region, a large surface area for drug absorption. However, as yet, the mechanisms by which particles translocate across the alveolar epithelial layer are poorly understood. Here we show that human alveolar type I epithelial cells internalize nanoparticles, whereas alveolar type II epithelial cells do not, and that nanoparticles translocate across the epithelial monolayer but are unable to penetrate the tight junctions between cells, ruling out paracellular translocation. Furthermore, using siRNA, we demonstrate that 50 nm nanoparticles enter largely by passive diffusion and are found in the cytoplasm, whereas 100 nm nanoparticles enter primarily via clathrin- and also caveolin-mediated endocytosis and are found in endosomes. Functionalization of nanoparticles increases their uptake and enhances binding of surfactant which further promotes uptake. Thus, we demonstrate that uptake and translocation across the pulmonary epithelium is controlled by alveolar type I epithelial cells, and furthermore, we highlight a number of factors that should be considered when designing new nanomedicines in order to improve drug delivery to the lung.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Thorley
- Lung Cell Biology, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, U.K.
| | - Pakatip Ruenraroengsak
- Lung Cell Biology, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, U.K.
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Thomas E. Potter
- Lung Cell Biology, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, U.K.
| | - Teresa D. Tetley
- Lung Cell Biology, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Conditionally immortalized human pancreatic stellate cell lines demonstrate enhanced proliferation and migration in response to IGF-I. Exp Cell Res 2014; 330:300-310. [PMID: 25304103 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) play a key role in the dense desmoplastic stroma associated with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Studies on human PSCs have been minimal due to difficulty in maintaining primary PSC in culture. We have generated the first conditionally immortalized human non-tumor (NPSC) and tumor-derived (TPSC) pancreatic stellate cells via transformation with the temperature-sensitive SV40 large T antigen and human telomerase (hTERT). These cells proliferate at 33°C. After transfer to 37°C, the SV40LT is switched off and the cells regain their primary PSC phenotype and growth characteristics. NPSC contained cytoplasmic vitamin A-storing lipid droplets, while both NPSC and TPSC expressed the characteristic markers αSMA, vimentin, desmin and GFAP. Proteome array analysis revealed that of the 55 evaluated proteins, 27 (49%) were upregulated ≥3-fold in TPSC compared to NPSC, including uPA, pentraxin-3, endoglin and endothelin-1. Two insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs) were inversely expressed. Although discordant IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-3 levels, IGF-I was found to stimulate proliferation of both NPSC and TPSC. Both basal and IGF-I stimulated motility was significantly enhanced in TPSC compared to NPSC. In conclusion, these cells provide a unique resource that will facilitate further study of the active stroma compartment associated with pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
|
47
|
Wen VW, MacKenzie KL. Modeling human endothelial cell transformation in vascular neoplasias. Dis Model Mech 2014; 6:1066-79. [PMID: 24046386 PMCID: PMC3759327 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.012674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cell (EC)-derived neoplasias range from benign hemangioma to aggressive metastatic angiosarcoma, which responds poorly to current treatments and has a very high mortality rate. The development of treatments that are more effective for these disorders will be expedited by insight into the processes that promote abnormal proliferation and malignant transformation of human ECs. The study of primary endothelial malignancy has been limited by the rarity of the disease; however, there is potential for carefully characterized EC lines and animal models to play a central role in the discovery, development and testing of molecular targeted therapies for vascular neoplasias. This review describes molecular alterations that have been identified in EC-derived neoplasias, as well as the processes that underpin the immortalization and tumorigenic conversion of ECs. Human EC lines, established through the introduction of defined genetic elements or by culture of primary tumor tissue, are catalogued and discussed in relation to their relevance as models of vascular neoplasia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria W Wen
- Cancer Cell Development Group, Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
El-Abd EA, Sultan AS, Shalaby EA, Matalkah F. Animal Models of Breast Cancer. OMICS APPROACHES IN BREAST CANCER 2014:297-314. [DOI: 10.1007/978-81-322-0843-3_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
|
49
|
Allen MD, Thomas GJ, Clark S, Dawoud MM, Vallath S, Payne SJ, Gomm JJ, Dreger SA, Dickinson S, Edwards DR, Pennington CJ, Sestak I, Cuzick J, Marshall JF, Hart IR, Jones JL. Altered microenvironment promotes progression of preinvasive breast cancer: myoepithelial expression of αvβ6 integrin in DCIS identifies high-risk patients and predicts recurrence. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 20:344-57. [PMID: 24150233 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-1504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated the functional and clinical significance of integrin αvβ6 upregulation in myoepithelial cells of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Archival samples of DCIS and DCIS with associated invasion (n = 532) were analyzed for expression of αvβ6 by immunohistochemistry and ability to predict recurrence and progression assessed in an independent, unique cohort of DCIS cases with long-term follow-up. Primary myoepithelial cells and myoepithelial cell lines, with and without αvβ6 expression, were used to measure the effect of αvβ6 on growth and invasion of tumor cell lines in vitro and in a xenograft mouse model. Involvement of TGFβ signaling was established using mink lung epithelial cell (MLEC) assay and antibody inhibition, and expression and activation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 established by Real Time-PCR and zymography. RESULTS Expression of αvβ6 is significantly associated with progression to invasive cancer (P < 0.006) and with recurrence over a median follow-up of 114 months in a series of matched DCIS cases treated with local excision. We show that expression of αvβ6 drives myoepithelial cells to promote tumor cell invasion in vitro and enhances mammary tumor growth in vivo. The tumor-promoting effect of αvβ6-positive myoepithelial cells is dependent on TGFβ-driven upregulation of MMP9 and can be abrogated by inhibiting this pathway. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that altered myoepithelial cells in DCIS predict disease progression and recurrence and show that upregulation of αvβ6 on myoepithelial cells generates a tumor promoter function through TGFβ upregulation of MMP-9. These data suggest that expression of αvβ6 may be used to stratify patients with DCIS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Allen
- Authors' Affiliations: Barts Cancer Institute-a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Centre for Tumour Biology, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre; Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London,Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre, Somers Cancer Research Building, Experimental Pathology Group, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton; and Biomedical Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Olyslaegers DAJ, Desmarets LMB, Dedeurwaerder A, Dewerchin HL, Nauwynck HJ. Generation and characterization of feline arterial and venous endothelial cell lines for the study of the vascular endothelium. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:170. [PMID: 23987139 PMCID: PMC3847150 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The in vitro culture of endothelial cells (ECs) is an indispensable tool for studying the role of the endothelium in physical and pathological conditions. Primary ECs, however, have a restricted proliferative lifespan which hampers their use in long-term studies. The need for standardized experimental conditions to obtain relevant and reproducible results has increased the demand for well-characterized, continuous EC lines that retain the phenotypic and functional characteristics of their non-transformed counterparts. RESULTS Primary feline ECs from aorta and vena cava were successfully immortalized through the successive introduction of simian virus 40 large T (SV40LT) antigen and the catalytic subunit of human telomerase (hTERT). In contrast to the parental ECs, the transformed cells were able to proliferate continuously in culture. Established cell lines exhibited several inherent endothelial properties, including typical cobblestone morphology, binding of endothelial cell-specific lectins and internalization of acetylated low-density lipoprotein. In addition, the immortalization did not affect the functional phenotype as demonstrated by their capacity to rapidly form cord-like structures on matrigel and to express cell adhesion molecules following cytokine stimulation. CONCLUSION The ability to immortalize feline ECs, and the fact that these cells maintain the EC phenotype will enable a greater understanding of fundamental mechanisms of EC biology and endothelial-related diseases. Furthermore, the use of cell lines is an effective implementation of the 3-R principles formulated by Russel and Burch.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominique A J Olyslaegers
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|