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Fronza MG, Ferreira BF, Pavan-Silva I, Guimarães FS, Lisboa SF. "NO" Time in Fear Response: Possible Implication of Nitric-Oxide-Related Mechanisms in PTSD. Molecules 2023; 29:89. [PMID: 38202672 PMCID: PMC10779493 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric condition characterized by persistent fear responses and altered neurotransmitter functioning due to traumatic experiences. Stress predominantly affects glutamate, a neurotransmitter crucial for synaptic plasticity and memory formation. Activation of the N-Methyl-D-Aspartate glutamate receptors (NMDAR) can trigger the formation of a complex comprising postsynaptic density protein-95 (PSD95), the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), and its adaptor protein (NOS1AP). This complex is pivotal in activating nNOS and nitric oxide (NO) production, which, in turn, activates downstream pathways that modulate neuronal signaling, including synaptic plasticity/transmission, inflammation, and cell death. The involvement of nNOS and NOS1AP in the susceptibility of PTSD and its comorbidities has been widely shown. Therefore, understanding the interplay between stress, fear, and NO is essential for comprehending the maintenance and progression of PTSD, since NO is involved in fear acquisition and extinction processes. Moreover, NO induces post-translational modifications (PTMs), including S-nitrosylation and nitration, which alter protein function and structure for intracellular signaling. Although evidence suggests that NO influences synaptic plasticity and memory processing, the specific role of PTMs in the pathophysiology of PTSD remains unclear. This review highlights pathways modulated by NO that could be relevant to stress and PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana G. Fronza
- Pharmacology Departament, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil; (M.G.F.); (B.F.F.); (I.P.-S.)
| | - Bruna F. Ferreira
- Pharmacology Departament, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil; (M.G.F.); (B.F.F.); (I.P.-S.)
| | - Isabela Pavan-Silva
- Pharmacology Departament, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil; (M.G.F.); (B.F.F.); (I.P.-S.)
| | - Francisco S. Guimarães
- Pharmacology Departament, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil; (M.G.F.); (B.F.F.); (I.P.-S.)
| | - Sabrina F. Lisboa
- Pharmacology Departament, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil; (M.G.F.); (B.F.F.); (I.P.-S.)
- Biomolecular Sciences Department, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 14040-903, Brazil
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Nguyen HK, Picciotti SL, Duke MM, Broberg CA, Schoenfisch MH. Nitric Oxide-Induced Morphological Changes to Bacteria. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:2316-2324. [PMID: 37831756 PMCID: PMC11041245 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance poses a serious threat to global health, necessitating research for alternative approaches to treating infections. Nitric oxide (NO) is an endogenously produced molecule involved in multiple physiological processes, including the response to pathogens. Herein, we employed microscopy- and fluorescence-based techniques to investigate the effects of NO delivered from exogenous NO donors on the bacterial cell envelopes of pathogens, including resistant strains. Our goal was to assess the role of NO donor architecture (small molecules, oligosaccharides, dendrimers) on bacterial wall degradation to representative Gram-negative bacteria (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecium) upon treatment. Depending on the NO donor, bactericidal NO doses spanned 1.5-5.5 mM (total NO released). Transmission electron microscopy of bacteria following NO exposure indicated extensive membrane damage to Gram-negative bacteria with warping of the cellular shape and disruption of the cell wall. Among the small-molecule NO donors, those providing a more extended release (t1/2 = 120 min) resulted in greater damage to Gram-negative bacteria. In contrast, rapid NO release (t1/2 = 24 min) altered neither the morphology nor the roughness of these bacteria. For Gram-positive bacteria, NO treatments did not result in any drastic change to cellular shape or membrane integrity, despite permeation of the cell wall as measured by depolarization assays. The use of positively charged quaternary ammonium (QA)-modified NO-releasing dendrimer proved to be the only NO donor system capable of penetrating the thick peptidoglycan layer of Gram-positive bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan K. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | | | - Magdalena M. Duke
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | | | - Mark H. Schoenfisch
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599
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3
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Simão S, Agostinho RR, Martínez-Ruiz A, Araújo IM. Regulation of Ras Signaling by S-Nitrosylation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1562. [PMID: 37627556 PMCID: PMC10451275 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12081562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Ras are a family of small GTPases that function as signal transduction mediators and are involved in cell proliferation, migration, differentiation and survival. The significance of Ras is further evidenced by the fact that Ras genes are among the most mutated oncogenes in different types of cancers. After translation, Ras proteins can be targets of post-translational modifications (PTM), which can alter the intracellular dynamics of the protein. In this review, we will focus on how S-nitrosylation of Ras affects the way these proteins interact with membranes, its cellular localization, and its activity. S-Nitrosylation occurs when a nitrosyl moiety of nitric oxide (NO) is covalently attached to a thiol group of a cysteine residue in a target protein. In Ras, the conserved Cys118 is the most surface-exposed Cys and the preferable residue for NO action, leading to the initiation of transduction events. Ras transduces the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), the phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K) and the RalGEF cellular pathways. S-Nitrosylation of elements of the RalGEF cascade remains to be identified. On the contrary, it is well established that several components of the MAPK and PI3K pathways, as well as different proteins associated with these cascades, can be modified by S-nitrosylation. Overall, this review presents a better understanding of Ras S-nitrosylation, increasing the knowledge on the dynamics of these proteins in the presence of NO and the underlying implications in cellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sónia Simão
- Algarve Biomedical Center Research Institute (ABC-RI), University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal;
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Rafaela Ribeiro Agostinho
- Algarve Biomedical Center Research Institute (ABC-RI), University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal;
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Antonio Martínez-Ruiz
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Santa Cristina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, 28009 Madrid, Spain;
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Inês Maria Araújo
- Algarve Biomedical Center Research Institute (ABC-RI), University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal;
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
- Champalimaud Research Program, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal
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4
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Cross-Regulation of the Cellular Redox System, Oxygen, and Sphingolipid Signalling. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13030426. [PMID: 36984866 PMCID: PMC10054022 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13030426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Redox-active mediators are now appreciated as powerful molecules to regulate cellular dynamics such as viability, proliferation, migration, cell contraction, and relaxation, as well as gene expression under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. These molecules include the various reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the gasotransmitters nitric oxide (NO∙), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). For each of these molecules, direct targets have been identified which transmit the signal from the cellular redox state to a cellular response. Besides these redox mediators, various sphingolipid species have turned out as highly bioactive with strong signalling potential. Recent data suggest that there is a cross-regulation existing between the redox mediators and sphingolipid molecules that have a fundamental impact on a cell’s fate and organ function. This review will summarize the effects of the different redox-active mediators on sphingolipid signalling and metabolism, and the impact of this cross-talk on pathophysiological processes. The relevance of therapeutic approaches will be highlighted.
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Eller-Borges R, Rodrigues EG, Teodoro ACS, Moraes MS, Arruda DC, Paschoalin T, Curcio MF, da Costa PE, Do Nascimento IR, Calixto LA, Stern A, Monteiro HP, Batista WL. Bradykinin promotes murine melanoma cell migration and invasion through endogenous production of superoxide and nitric oxide. Nitric Oxide 2023; 132:15-26. [PMID: 36736618 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2023.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Spatial confinement and temporal regulation of signaling by nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) occurs in cancer cells. Signaling mediated by NO and ROS was investigated in two sub clones of the murine melanoma B16F10-Nex2 cell line, Nex10C and Nex8H treated or not with bradykinin (BK). The sub clone Nex10C, similar to primary site cells, has a low capacity for colonizing the lungs, whereas the sub clone Nex8H, similar to metastatic cells, corresponds to a highly invasive melanoma. BK-treated Nex10C cells exhibited a transient increase in NO and an inhibition in basal O2- levels. Inhibition of endogenous NO production by l-NAME resulted in detectable levels of O2-. l-NAME promoted Rac1 activation and enhanced Rac1-PI3K association. l-NAME in the absence of BK resulted in Nex10C cell migration and invasion, suggesting that NO is a negative regulator of O2- mediated cell migration and cell invasion. BK-treated Nex8H cells sustained endogenous NO production through the activation of NOS3. NO activated Rac1 and promoted Rac1-PI3K association. NO stimulated cell migration and cell invasion through a signaling axis involving Ras, Rac1 and PI3K. In conclusion, a role for O2- and NO as positive regulators of Rac1-PI3K signaling associated with cell migration and cell invasion is proposed respectively for Nex10C and Nex8H murine melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Eller-Borges
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapy (CTCMOL), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elaine G Rodrigues
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Caroline S Teodoro
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapy (CTCMOL), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Miriam S Moraes
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapy (CTCMOL), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Denise C Arruda
- Núcleo Integrado de Biotecnologia (NIB), Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes (UMC), Mogi das Cruzes, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thaysa Paschoalin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marli F Curcio
- Department of Medicine/Infectious Diseases, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo E da Costa
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapy (CTCMOL), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Igor R Do Nascimento
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapy (CTCMOL), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leandro A Calixto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Arnold Stern
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hugo P Monteiro
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapy (CTCMOL), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Wagner L Batista
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Morris G, Gevezova M, Sarafian V, Maes M. Redox regulation of the immune response. Cell Mol Immunol 2022; 19:1079-1101. [PMID: 36056148 PMCID: PMC9508259 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-022-00902-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe immune-inflammatory response is associated with increased nitro-oxidative stress. The aim of this mechanistic review is to examine: (a) the role of redox-sensitive transcription factors and enzymes, ROS/RNS production, and the activity of cellular antioxidants in the activation and performance of macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, T-cells, B-cells, and natural killer cells; (b) the involvement of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1), paraoxonase-1 (PON1), and oxidized phospholipids in regulating the immune response; and (c) the detrimental effects of hypernitrosylation and chronic nitro-oxidative stress on the immune response. The redox changes during immune-inflammatory responses are orchestrated by the actions of nuclear factor-κB, HIF1α, the mechanistic target of rapamycin, the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signaling pathway, mitogen-activated protein kinases, 5' AMP-activated protein kinase, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor. The performance and survival of individual immune cells is under redox control and depends on intracellular and extracellular levels of ROS/RNS. They are heavily influenced by cellular antioxidants including the glutathione and thioredoxin systems, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, and the HDL/ApoA1/PON1 complex. Chronic nitro-oxidative stress and hypernitrosylation inhibit the activity of those antioxidant systems, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, mitochondrial functions, and the metabolism of immune cells. In conclusion, redox-associated mechanisms modulate metabolic reprogramming of immune cells, macrophage and T helper cell polarization, phagocytosis, production of pro- versus anti-inflammatory cytokines, immune training and tolerance, chemotaxis, pathogen sensing, antiviral and antibacterial effects, Toll-like receptor activity, and endotoxin tolerance.
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7
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Chen L, Wu Z, Yang L, Chen Y, Wang W, Cheng L, Li C, Lv D, Xia L, Chen J, Tang L, Zhang LI, Zhang S, Luo J. Nitric oxide in multikinase inhibitor-induced hand-foot skin reaction. Transl Res 2022; 245:82-98. [PMID: 35189405 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Hand-foot skin reaction (HFSR) is the most debilitating and prevalent side effect caused by multikinase inhibitors (MKIs) that share vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) as the common inhibition target, such as sorafenib, regorafenib, axitinib, etc. Though not life-threatening, HFSR can significantly deteriorate patients' quality of life and jeopardize the continuity of cancer therapy. Despite years of efforts, there are no FDA-approved treatments for HFSR and the understanding of the precise pathogenic mechanism is still limited. In this study, we hypothesized that nitric oxide has the potential therapeutic effect to reverse the toxicity caused by MKI through upregulation of several VEGF/VEGFR downstream signaling pathways. We found that glyceryl trinitrate (GTN), a nitric oxide donor, could stimulate cell proliferation, migration, and protect cells from apoptosis induced by MKIs in vitro. Local application of GTN mitigated tissue damage in a rat model, while not impacting the anti-tumor effect of the MKI in HepG2 tumor-bearing mice. Finally, GTN ointment alleviated cutaneous damages and improved quality of life in 6 HFSR patients. Our study proposed and validated the mechanism to counteract VEGFR inhibition, providing GTN as the potential treatment to MKI-induced HFSR, which may further improve the therapeutic window of various MKI based cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leying Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaoyu Wu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Linan Yang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuyun Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhong Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liting Cheng
- Medical Research Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chong Li
- Medical Research Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dazhao Lv
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liangyong Xia
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Chen
- Department of Dermatopathology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lina Tang
- Department of Oncology, the 6th People' Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - L I Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China..
| | - Shiyi Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China..
| | - Jie Luo
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China..
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8
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Campbell SL, Philips MR. Post-translational modification of RAS proteins. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2021; 71:180-192. [PMID: 34365229 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2021.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mutations of RAS genes drive cancer more frequently than any other oncogene. RAS proteins integrate signals from a wide array of receptors and initiate downstream signaling through pathways that control cellular growth. RAS proteins are fundamentally binary molecular switches in which the off/on state is determined by the binding of GDP or GTP, respectively. As such, the intrinsic and regulated nucleotide-binding and hydrolytic properties of the RAS GTPase were historically believed to account for the entirety of the regulation of RAS signaling. However, it is increasingly clear that RAS proteins are also regulated by a vast array of post-translational modifications (PTMs). The current challenge is to understand what are the functional consequences of these modifications and which are physiologically relevant. Because PTMs are catalyzed by enzymes that may offer targets for drug discovery, the study of RAS PTMs has been a high priority for RAS biologists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark R Philips
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, USA
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9
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Wang WH, Yuan T, Qian MJ, Yan FJ, Yang L, He QJ, Yang B, Lu JJ, Zhu H. Post-translational modification of KRAS: potential targets for cancer therapy. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:1201-1211. [PMID: 33087838 PMCID: PMC8285426 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-00542-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of the RAS superfamily is one of the critical factors in carcinogenesis. Among them, KRAS is the most frequently mutated one which has inspired extensive studies for developing approaches to intervention. Although the cognition toward KRAS remains far from complete, mounting evidence suggests that a variety of post-translational modifications regulate its activation and localization. In this review, we summarize the regulatory mode of post-translational modifications on KRAS including prenylation, post-prenylation, palmitoylation, ubiquitination, phosphorylation, SUMOylation, acetylation, nitrosylation, etc. We also highlight the recent studies targeting these modifications having exhibited potent anti-tumor activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hua Wang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Tao Yuan
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Mei-Jia Qian
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Fang-Jie Yan
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Qiao-Jun He
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jin-Jian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | - Hong Zhu
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Abstract
RAS was identified as a human oncogene in the early 1980s and subsequently found to be mutated in nearly 30% of all human cancers. More importantly, RAS plays a central role in driving tumor development and maintenance. Despite decades of effort, there remain no FDA approved drugs that directly inhibit RAS. The prevalence of RAS mutations in cancer and the lack of effective anti-RAS therapies stem from RAS' core role in growth factor signaling, unique structural features, and biochemistry. However, recent advances have brought promising new drugs to clinical trials and shone a ray of hope in the field. Here, we will exposit the details of RAS biology that illustrate its key role in cell signaling and shed light on the difficulties in therapeutically targeting RAS. Furthermore, past and current efforts to develop RAS inhibitors will be discussed in depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Matthew Rhett
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States; Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Imran Khan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States; Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - John P O'Bryan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States; Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States.
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11
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Molecular mechanisms by which iNOS uncoupling can induce cardiovascular dysfunction during sepsis: Role of posttranslational modifications (PTMs). Life Sci 2020; 255:117821. [PMID: 32445759 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Human sepsis is the result of a multifaceted pathological process causing marked dysregulation of cardiovascular responses. A more sophisticated understanding of the pathogenesis of sepsis is certainly prerequisite. Evidence from studies provide further insight into the role of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) isoform. Results on inhibition of iNOS in sepsis models remain inconclusive. Concern has been devoted to improving our knowledge and understanding of the role of iNOS. The aim of this review is to define the role of iNOS in redox homeostasis disturbance, the detailed mechanisms linking iNOS and posttranslational modifications (PTMs) to cardiovascular dysfunctions, and their future implications in sepsis settings. Many questions related to the iNOS and PTMs still remain open, and much more work is needed on this.
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12
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Morris G, Puri BK, Walker AJ, Berk M, Walder K, Bortolasci CC, Marx W, Carvalho AF, Maes M. The compensatory antioxidant response system with a focus on neuroprogressive disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 95:109708. [PMID: 31351160 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Major antioxidant responses to increased levels of inflammatory, oxidative and nitrosative stress (ONS) are detailed. In response to increasing levels of nitric oxide, S-nitrosylation of cysteine thiol groups leads to post-transcriptional modification of many cellular proteins and thereby regulates their activity and allows cellular adaptation to increased levels of ONS. S-nitrosylation inhibits the function of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, toll-like receptor-mediated signalling and the activity of several mitogen-activated protein kinases, while activating nuclear translocation of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2 or NFE2L2); in turn, the redox-regulated activation of Nrf2 leads to increased levels and/or activity of key enzymes and transporter systems involved in the glutathione system. The Nrf2/Kelch-like ECH-associated protein-1 axis is associated with upregulation of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1, which in turn has anti-inflammatory effects. Increased Nrf2 transcriptional activity also leads to activation of haem oxygenase-1, which is associated with upregulation of bilirubin, biliverdin and biliverdin reductase as well as increased carbon monoxide signalling, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. Associated transcriptional responses, which may be mediated by retrograde signalling owing to elevated hydrogen peroxide, include the unfolded protein response (UPR), mitohormesis and the mitochondrial UPR; the UPR also results from increasing levels of mitochondrial and cytosolic reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species leading to nitrosylation, glutathionylation, oxidation and nitration of crucial cysteine and tyrosine causing protein misfolding and the development of endoplasmic reticulum stress. It is shown how these mechanisms co-operate in forming a co-ordinated rapid and prolonged compensatory antioxidant response system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerwyn Morris
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Basant K Puri
- Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adam J Walker
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael Berk
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia; Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, The Department of Psychiatry, The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ken Walder
- CMMR Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Chiara C Bortolasci
- CMMR Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Wolfgang Marx
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Andre F Carvalho
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Michael Maes
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
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13
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Goloshvili G, Barbakadze T, Mikeladze D. Sodium nitroprusside induces H‐Ras depalmitoylation and alters the cellular response to hypoxia in differentiated and undifferentiated PC12 cells. Cell Biochem Funct 2019; 37:545-552. [DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Galina Goloshvili
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and MedicineIlia State University Tbilisi Georgia
| | - Tamar Barbakadze
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and MedicineIlia State University Tbilisi Georgia
- Department of BiochemistryI. Beritashvili Center of Experimental Biomedicine Tbilisi Georgia
| | - David Mikeladze
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and MedicineIlia State University Tbilisi Georgia
- Department of BiochemistryI. Beritashvili Center of Experimental Biomedicine Tbilisi Georgia
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14
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Nitric oxide and interactions with reactive oxygen species in the development of melanoma, breast, and colon cancer: A redox signaling perspective. Nitric Oxide 2019; 89:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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15
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Conceição PM, Chaves AFA, Navarro MV, Castilho DG, Calado JCP, Haniu AECJ, Xander P, Batista WL. Cross-talk between the Ras GTPase and the Hog1 survival pathways in response to nitrosative stress in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Nitric Oxide 2019; 86:1-11. [PMID: 30772503 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis is a temperature-dependent dimorphic fungus that cause paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), the major systemic mycosis in Latin America. The capacity to evade the innate immune response of the host is due to P. brasiliensis ability to respond and to survive the nitrosative stress caused by phagocytic cells. However, the regulation of signal transduction pathways associated to nitrosative stress response are poorly understood. Ras GTPase play an important role in the various cellular events in many fungi. Ras, in its activated form (Ras-GTP), interacts with effector proteins and can initiate a kinase cascade. In this report, we investigated the role of Ras GTPase in P. brasiliensis after in vitro stimulus with nitric oxide (NO). We observed that low concentrations of NO induced cell proliferation in P. brasiliensis, while high concentrations promoted decrease in fungal viability, and both events were reversed in the presence of a NO scavenger. We observed that high levels of NO induced Ras activation and its S-nitrosylation. Additionally, we showed that Ras modulated the expression of antioxidant genes in response to nitrosative stress. We find that the Hog1 MAP kinase contributed to nitrosative stress response in P. brasiliensis in a Ras-dependent manner. Taken together, our data demonstrate the relationship between Ras-GTPase and Hog1 MAPK pathway allowing for the P. brasiliensis adaptation to nitrosative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palloma Mendes Conceição
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Alison Felipe Alencar Chaves
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marina Valente Navarro
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniele Gonçalves Castilho
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana Cristina P Calado
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Eliza Coronel Janu Haniu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Patricia Xander
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Wagner L Batista
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus Diadema, SP, Brazil; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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16
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Foo CHJ, Pervaiz S. gRASping the redox lever to modulate cancer cell fate signaling. Redox Biol 2019; 25:101094. [PMID: 30638892 PMCID: PMC6859584 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.101094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
RAS proteins are critical regulators of signaling networks controlling diverse cellular functions such as cell proliferation and survival and its mutation are among the most powerful oncogenic drivers in human cancers. Despite intense efforts, direct RAS-targeting strategies remain elusive due to its "undruggable" nature. To that end, bulk of the research efforts has been directed towards targeting upstream and/or downstream of RAS signaling. However, the therapeutic efficacies of these treatments are limited in the long run due to the acquired drug resistance in RAS-driven cancers. Interestingly, recent studies have uncovered a potential role of RAS in redox-regulation as well as the interplay between ROS and RAS-associated signaling networks during process of cancer initiation and progression. More specifically, these studies provide ample evidence to implicate RAS as a redox-rheostat, manipulating ROS levels to provide a redox-milieu conducive for carcinogenesis. Importantly, the understanding of RAS-ROS interplay could provide us with novel targetable vulnerabilities for designing therapeutic strategies. In this review, we provide a brief summary of the advances in the field to illustrate the dual role of RAS in redox-regulation and its implications in RAS signaling outcomes and also emerging redox-based strategies to target RAS-driven cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Han Jonathan Foo
- Department of Physiology, YLL School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore; NUS Graduate School of Integrative Sciences and Engineering, NUS, Singapore
| | - Shazib Pervaiz
- Department of Physiology, YLL School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore; Medical Science Cluster Cancer Program, YLL School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore; NUS Graduate School of Integrative Sciences and Engineering, NUS, Singapore; National University Cancer Institute, NUHS, Singapore.
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17
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Ahearn I, Zhou M, Philips MR. Posttranslational Modifications of RAS Proteins. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018; 8:cshperspect.a031484. [PMID: 29311131 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a031484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The three human RAS genes encode four proteins that play central roles in oncogenesis by acting as binary molecular switches that regulate signaling pathways for growth and differentiation. Each is subject to a set of posttranslational modifications (PTMs) that modify their activity or are required for membrane targeting. The enzymes that catalyze the various PTMs are potential targets for anti-RAS drug discovery. The PTMs of RAS proteins are the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Ahearn
- Department of Medicine, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - Mo Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - Mark R Philips
- Department of Medicine, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
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18
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Nakhaei-Rad S, Haghighi F, Nouri P, Rezaei Adariani S, Lissy J, Kazemein Jasemi NS, Dvorsky R, Ahmadian MR. Structural fingerprints, interactions, and signaling networks of RAS family proteins beyond RAS isoforms. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 53:130-156. [PMID: 29457927 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2018.1431605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saeideh Nakhaei-Rad
- a Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty , Heinrich-Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Fereshteh Haghighi
- a Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty , Heinrich-Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Parivash Nouri
- a Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty , Heinrich-Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Soheila Rezaei Adariani
- a Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty , Heinrich-Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Jana Lissy
- a Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty , Heinrich-Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Neda S Kazemein Jasemi
- a Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty , Heinrich-Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Radovan Dvorsky
- a Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty , Heinrich-Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Mohammad Reza Ahmadian
- a Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty , Heinrich-Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany
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19
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Santos AI, Carreira BP, Izquierdo-Álvarez A, Ramos E, Lourenço AS, Filipa Santos D, Morte MI, Ribeiro LF, Marreiros A, Sánchez-López N, Marina A, Carvalho CM, Martínez-Ruiz A, Araújo IM. S-Nitrosylation of Ras Mediates Nitric Oxide-Dependent Post-Injury Neurogenesis in a Seizure Model. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018. [PMID: 28648093 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Nitric oxide (NO) is involved in the upregulation of endogenous neurogenesis in the subventricular zone and in the hippocampus after injury. One of the main neurogenic pathways activated by NO is the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, downstream of the epidermal growth factor receptor. However, the mechanism by which NO stimulates cell proliferation through activation of the ERK/MAPK pathway remains unknown, although p21Ras seems to be one of the earliest targets of NO. Here, we aimed at studying the possible neurogenic action of NO by post-translational modification of p21Ras as a relevant target for early neurogenic events promoted by NO in neural stem cells (NSCs). RESULTS We show that NO caused S-nitrosylation (SNO) of p21Ras in Cys118, which triggered downstream activation of the ERK/MAPK pathway and proliferation of NSC. Moreover, in cells overexpressing a mutant Ras in which Cys118 was replaced by a serine-C118S-, cells were insensitive to NO, and no increase in SNO, in ERK phosphorylation, or in cell proliferation was observed. We also show that, after seizures, in the presence of NO derived from inducible nitric oxide synthase, there was an increase in p21Ras cysteine modification that was concomitant with the previously described stimulation of proliferation in the dentate gyrus. INNOVATION Our work identifies p21Ras and its SNO as an early target of NO during signaling events that lead to NSC proliferation and neurogenesis. CONCLUSION Our data highlight Ras SNO as an early event leading to NSC proliferation, and they may provide a target for NO-induced stimulation of neurogenesis with implications for brain repair. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 28, 15-30.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabel Santos
- 1 Centre for Biomedical Research (CBMR), University of Algarve , Faro, Portugal .,2 Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve , Faro, Portugal .,3 Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra , Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Alicia Izquierdo-Álvarez
- 4 Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP) , Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Ramos
- 4 Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP) , Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Sofia Lourenço
- 1 Centre for Biomedical Research (CBMR), University of Algarve , Faro, Portugal .,2 Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve , Faro, Portugal .,3 Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra , Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Daniela Filipa Santos
- 1 Centre for Biomedical Research (CBMR), University of Algarve , Faro, Portugal .,2 Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve , Faro, Portugal
| | - Maria Inês Morte
- 3 Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra , Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luís Filipe Ribeiro
- 5 VIB Center for the Biology of Disease , Leuven, Belgium .,6 KU Leuven, Center for Human Genetics , Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ana Marreiros
- 2 Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve , Faro, Portugal
| | - Nuria Sánchez-López
- 4 Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP) , Madrid, Spain .,7 Servicio de Proteómica, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) , Madrid, Spain
| | - Anabel Marina
- 7 Servicio de Proteómica, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) , Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Martínez-Ruiz
- 4 Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP) , Madrid, Spain .,8 Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovaculares (CIBERCV) , Madrid, Spain
| | - Inês Maria Araújo
- 1 Centre for Biomedical Research (CBMR), University of Algarve , Faro, Portugal .,2 Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve , Faro, Portugal .,3 Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra , Coimbra, Portugal .,9 Algarve Biomedical Centre , Faro, Portugal
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20
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Wolhuter K, Eaton P. How widespread is stable protein S-nitrosylation as an end-effector of protein regulation? Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 109:156-166. [PMID: 28189849 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 25 years protein S-nitrosylation, also known more correctly as S-nitrosation, has been progressively implicated in virtually every nitric oxide-regulated process within the cardiovascular system. The current, widely-held paradigm is that S-nitrosylation plays an equivalent role as phosphorylation, providing a stable and controllable post-translational modification that directly regulates end-effector target proteins to elicit biological responses. However, this concept largely ignores the intrinsic instability of the nitrosothiol bond, which rapidly reacts with typically abundant thiol-containing molecules to generate more stable disulfide bonds. These protein disulfides, formed via a nitrosothiol intermediate redox state, are rationally anticipated to be the predominant end-effector modification that mediates functional alterations when cells encounter nitrosative stimuli. In this review we present evidence and explain our reasoning for arriving at this conclusion that may be controversial to some researchers in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Wolhuter
- King's College London, Cardiovascular Division, The British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, The Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Philip Eaton
- King's College London, Cardiovascular Division, The British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, The Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK.
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21
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Lee M, Rey K, Besler K, Wang C, Choy J. Immunobiology of Nitric Oxide and Regulation of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase. Results Probl Cell Differ 2017; 62:181-207. [PMID: 28455710 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-54090-0_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a bioactive gas that has multiple roles in innate and adaptive immune responses. In macrophages, nitric oxide is produced by inducible nitric oxide synthase upon microbial and cytokine stimulation. It is needed for host defense against pathogens and for immune regulation. This review will summarize the role of NO and iNOS in inflammatory and immune responses and will discuss the regulatory mechanisms that control inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Kevin Rey
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Katrina Besler
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Christine Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Jonathan Choy
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada.
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22
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Basudhar D, Somasundaram V, de Oliveira GA, Kesarwala A, Heinecke JL, Cheng RY, Glynn SA, Ambs S, Wink DA, Ridnour LA. Nitric Oxide Synthase-2-Derived Nitric Oxide Drives Multiple Pathways of Breast Cancer Progression. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 26:1044-1058. [PMID: 27464521 PMCID: PMC5488348 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women in the United States. Development and progression of malignancy are associated with diverse cell signaling pathways that control cell proliferation, survival, motility, invasion, and metastasis. Recent Advances: An increasing number of clinical studies have implicated a strong relationship between elevated tumor nitric oxide synthase-2 (NOS2) expression and poor patient survival. CRITICAL ISSUES Herein, we review what we believe to be key mechanisms in the role(s) of NOS2-derived nitric oxide (NO) as a driver of breast cancer disease progression. High NO increases cyclooxygenase-2 activity, hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha protein stabilization, and activation of important cell signaling pathways, including phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B, mitogen-activated protein kinase, epidermal growth factor receptor, and Ras, through post-translational protein modifications. Moreover, dysregulated NO flux within the tumor microenvironment has other important roles, including the promotion of angiogenesis and modulation of matrix metalloproteinase/tissue inhibitor matrix metalloproteinase associated with tumor progression. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The elucidation of these and other NO-driven pathways implicates NOS2 as a key driver of breast cancer disease progression and provides a new perspective in the identification of novel targets that may be therapeutically beneficial in the treatment of estrogen receptor-negative disease. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 26, 1044-1058.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debashree Basudhar
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Veena Somasundaram
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland
| | | | - Aparna Kesarwala
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Julie L. Heinecke
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Robert Y. Cheng
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Sharon A. Glynn
- Pathology, Lambe Institute for Translational Research, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Stefan Ambs
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - David A. Wink
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Lisa A. Ridnour
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland
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23
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Gupta A, Anjomani-Virmouni S, Koundouros N, Poulogiannis G. PARK2 loss promotes cancer progression via redox-mediated inactivation of PTEN. Mol Cell Oncol 2017; 4:e1329692. [PMID: 29209642 PMCID: PMC5706935 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2017.1329692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cancer and Parkinson disease (PD) derive from distinct alterations in cellular processes, yet there are pathogenic mutations that are unequivocally linked to both diseases. Here we expand on our recent findings that loss of parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase (PRKN, best known as PARK2)—which is genetically linked to PD—promotes cancer progression via redox-mediated inactivation of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) by S-nitrosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Gupta
- Signalling and Cancer Metabolism Team, Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Sara Anjomani-Virmouni
- Signalling and Cancer Metabolism Team, Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Nikos Koundouros
- Signalling and Cancer Metabolism Team, Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.,Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - George Poulogiannis
- Signalling and Cancer Metabolism Team, Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.,Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, UK
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24
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Morris G, Berk M, Klein H, Walder K, Galecki P, Maes M. Nitrosative Stress, Hypernitrosylation, and Autoimmune Responses to Nitrosylated Proteins: New Pathways in Neuroprogressive Disorders Including Depression and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:4271-4291. [PMID: 27339878 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9975-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide plays an indispensable role in modulating cellular signaling and redox pathways. This role is mainly effected by the readily reversible nitrosylation of selective protein cysteine thiols. The reversibility and sophistication of this signaling system is enabled and regulated by a number of enzymes which form part of the thioredoxin, glutathione, and pyridoxine antioxidant systems. Increases in nitric oxide levels initially lead to a defensive increase in the number of nitrosylated proteins in an effort to preserve their function. However, in an environment of chronic oxidative and nitrosative stress (O&NS), nitrosylation of crucial cysteine groups within key enzymes of the thioredoxin, glutathione, and pyridoxine systems leads to their inactivation thereby disabling denitrosylation and transnitrosylation and subsequently a state described as "hypernitrosylation." This state leads to the development of pathology in multiple domains such as the inhibition of enzymes of the electron transport chain, decreased mitochondrial function, and altered conformation of proteins and amino acids leading to loss of immune tolerance and development of autoimmunity. Hypernitrosylation also leads to altered function or inactivation of proteins involved in the regulation of apoptosis, autophagy, proteomic degradation, transcription factor activity, immune-inflammatory pathways, energy production, and neural function and survival. Hypernitrosylation, as a consequence of chronically elevated O&NS and activated immune-inflammatory pathways, can explain many characteristic abnormalities observed in neuroprogressive disease including major depression and chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis. In those disorders, increased bacterial translocation may drive hypernitrosylation and autoimmune responses against nitrosylated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerwyn Morris
- Tir Na Nog, Bryn Road seaside 87, Llanelli, SA152LW, Wales, UK
| | - Michael Berk
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, P.O. Box 291, Geelong, 3220, Australia
- Orygen Youth Health Research Centre and the Centre of Youth Mental Health, Poplar Road 35, Parkville, 3052, Australia
- The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Kenneth Myer Building, Royal Parade 30, Parkville, 3052, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Level 1 North, Main Block, Parkville, 3052, Australia
| | - Hans Klein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, UMCG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ken Walder
- Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Australia
| | - Piotr Galecki
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Michael Maes
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil.
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
- Revitalis, Waalre, The Netherlands.
- IMPACT Strategic Research Center, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.
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25
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Wieczfinska J, Kacprzak D, Pospiech K, Sokolowska M, Nowakowska M, Pniewska E, Bednarek A, Kuprys-Lipinska I, Kuna P, Pawliczak R. The whole-genome expression analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from aspirin sensitive asthmatics versus aspirin tolerant patients and healthy donors after in vitro aspirin challenge. Respir Res 2015; 16:147. [PMID: 26646719 PMCID: PMC4673746 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-015-0305-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Up to 30 % of adults with severe asthma are hypersensitive to aspirin and no unambiguous theory exists which provides a satisfactory explanation for the occurrence of aspirin-induced asthma (AIA) in some asthmatic patients. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the AIA expression profile against aspirin tolerant asthma (ATA) and healthy volunteers (HV) profile in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) after in vitro aspirin challenge in Caucasian population. Methods PBMCs were separated from blood of three groups of subjects - 11 AIA, 7 ATA and 15 HV and then stimulated by either 2 μM lysine aspirin or 20 μM lysine as a control. Subsequently, RNA was isolated, transcribed into cDNA and subjected to microarray and qPCR studies. Simultaneously, protein was extracted from PBMCs and used in further immunoblotting analysis. Results The validation of results at mRNA level has shown only three genes, whose expression was significantly altered between comprising groups. mRNA expression of CNPY3 in PBMCs in AIA was significantly lower (-0.41 ± 2.67) than in HV (1.04 ± 2.69), (p = 0.02); mRNA expression of FOSL1 in PBMCs in AIA was also significantly decreased (-0.66 ± 2.97) as opposed to HV (0.31 ± 4.83), (p = 0.02). While mRNA expression of ERAS in PBMCs was increased (1.15 ± 0.23) in AIA in comparison to HV (-1.32 ± 0.41), (p = 0.03). At protein level the changed expression of one protein was confirmed. Protein expression of FOSL1 in PBMCs in AIA was both significantly lower (-0.86 ± 0.08) than in ATA (0.39 ± 0.42), (p = 0.046) and in HV (0.9 ± 0.27), (p = 0.007). Conclusions This pilot study implies a positive association between CNPY3, ERAS, FOSL1 and aspirin-intolerant asthma, suggesting that these findings would be useful for further investigations of NSAIDs mechanism. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12931-015-0305-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Wieczfinska
- Department of Immunopathology, Medical University of Lodz, Chair of Allergology, Immunology and Dermatology, 7/9 Zeligowskiego, 90-752, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Dorota Kacprzak
- Department of Immunopathology, Medical University of Lodz, Chair of Allergology, Immunology and Dermatology, 7/9 Zeligowskiego, 90-752, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Karolina Pospiech
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Medical University of Lodz, Chair of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Milena Sokolowska
- Department of Immunopathology, Medical University of Lodz, Chair of Allergology, Immunology and Dermatology, 7/9 Zeligowskiego, 90-752, Lodz, Poland. .,Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland.
| | - Magdalena Nowakowska
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Medical University of Lodz, Chair of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Ewa Pniewska
- Department of Immunopathology, Medical University of Lodz, Chair of Allergology, Immunology and Dermatology, 7/9 Zeligowskiego, 90-752, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Bednarek
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Medical University of Lodz, Chair of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Izabela Kuprys-Lipinska
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Piotr Kuna
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Rafal Pawliczak
- Department of Immunopathology, Medical University of Lodz, Chair of Allergology, Immunology and Dermatology, 7/9 Zeligowskiego, 90-752, Lodz, Poland.
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26
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Thomas DD, Heinecke JL, Ridnour LA, Cheng RY, Kesarwala AH, Switzer CH, McVicar DW, Roberts DD, Glynn S, Fukuto JM, Wink DA, Miranda KM. Signaling and stress: The redox landscape in NOS2 biology. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 87:204-25. [PMID: 26117324 PMCID: PMC4852151 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) has a highly diverse range of biological functions from physiological signaling and maintenance of homeostasis to serving as an effector molecule in the immune system. However, deleterious as well as beneficial roles of NO have been reported. Many of the dichotomous effects of NO and derivative reactive nitrogen species (RNS) can be explained by invoking precise interactions with different targets as a result of concentration and temporal constraints. Endogenous concentrations of NO span five orders of magnitude, with levels near the high picomolar range typically occurring in short bursts as compared to sustained production of low micromolar levels of NO during immune response. This article provides an overview of the redox landscape as it relates to increasing NO concentrations, which incrementally govern physiological signaling, nitrosative signaling and nitrosative stress-related signaling. Physiological signaling by NO primarily occurs upon interaction with the heme protein soluble guanylyl cyclase. As NO concentrations rise, interactions with nonheme iron complexes as well as indirect modification of thiols can stimulate additional signaling processes. At the highest levels of NO, production of a broader range of RNS, which subsequently interact with more diverse targets, can lead to chemical stress. However, even under such conditions, there is evidence that stress-related signaling mechanisms are triggered to protect cells or even resolve the stress. This review therefore also addresses the fundamental reactions and kinetics that initiate signaling through NO-dependent pathways, including processes that lead to interconversion of RNS and interactions with molecular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas D Thomas
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Julie L Heinecke
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lisa A Ridnour
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Robert Y Cheng
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Aparna H Kesarwala
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Christopher H Switzer
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Daniel W McVicar
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - David D Roberts
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sharon Glynn
- Prostate Cancer Institute, NUI Galway, Ireland, USA
| | - Jon M Fukuto
- Department of Chemistry, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA 94928, USA
| | - David A Wink
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Katrina M Miranda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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27
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Eller-Borges R, Batista WL, da Costa PE, Tokikawa R, Curcio MF, Strumillo ST, Sartori A, Moraes MS, de Oliveira GA, Taha MO, Fonseca FV, Stern A, Monteiro HP. Ras, Rac1, and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) signaling in nitric oxide induced endothelial cell migration. Nitric Oxide 2015; 47:40-51. [PMID: 25819133 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The small GTP-binding proteins Ras and Rac1 are molecular switches exchanging GDP for GTP and converting external signals in response to a variety of stimuli. Ras and Rac1 play an important role in cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and cell migration. Rac1 is directly involved in the reorganization and changes in the cytoskeleton during cell motility. Nitric oxide (NO) stimulates the Ras - ERK1/2 MAP kinases signaling pathway and is involved in the interaction between Ras and the phosphatidyl-inositol-3 Kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway and cell migration. This study utilizes bradykinin (BK), which promotes endogenous production of NO, in an investigation of the role of NO in the activation of Rac1 in rabbit aortic endothelial cells (RAEC). NO-derived from BK stimulation of RAEC and incubation of the cells with the s-nitrosothiol S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) activated Rac1. NO-derived from BK stimulation promoted RAEC migration over a period of 12 h. The use of RAEC permanently transfected with the dominant negative mutant of Ras (Ras(N17)) or with the non-nitrosatable mutant of Ras (Ras(C118S)); and the use of specific inhibitors of: Ras, PI3K, and Rac1 resulted in inhibition of NO-mediated Rac1 activation. BK-stimulated s-nitrosylation of Ras in RAEC mediates Rac1 activation and cell migration. Inhibition of NO-mediated Rac1 activation resulted in inhibition of endothelial cell migration. In conclusion, the NO indirect activation of Rac1 involves the direct participation of Ras and PI3K in the migration of endothelial cells stimulated with BK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Eller-Borges
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapy-CTCMOL, Escola Paulista de Medicina /Universidade Federal de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Wagner L Batista
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo/Campus Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo E da Costa
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapy-CTCMOL, Escola Paulista de Medicina /Universidade Federal de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rita Tokikawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapy-CTCMOL, Escola Paulista de Medicina /Universidade Federal de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marli F Curcio
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapy-CTCMOL, Escola Paulista de Medicina /Universidade Federal de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Scheilla T Strumillo
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapy-CTCMOL, Escola Paulista de Medicina /Universidade Federal de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriano Sartori
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapy-CTCMOL, Escola Paulista de Medicina /Universidade Federal de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Miriam S Moraes
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapy-CTCMOL, Escola Paulista de Medicina /Universidade Federal de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Graciele A de Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapy-CTCMOL, Escola Paulista de Medicina /Universidade Federal de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Murched O Taha
- Department of Surgery, Escola Paulista de Medicina/Universidade Federal de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fábio V Fonseca
- Department of Medicine, Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Arnold Stern
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Espíritu Santo, Guayaquil, Ecuador.
| | - Hugo P Monteiro
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapy-CTCMOL, Escola Paulista de Medicina /Universidade Federal de São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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28
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Baez NOD, Reisz JA, Furdui CM. Mass spectrometry in studies of protein thiol chemistry and signaling: opportunities and caveats. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 80:191-211. [PMID: 25261734 PMCID: PMC4355329 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) has become a powerful and widely utilized tool in the investigation of protein thiol chemistry, biochemistry, and biology. Very early biochemical studies of metabolic enzymes have brought to light the broad spectrum of reactivity profiles that distinguish cysteine thiols with functions in catalysis and protein stability from other cysteine residues in proteins. The development of MS methods for the analysis of proteins using electrospray ionization (ESI) or matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) coupled with the emergence of high-resolution mass analyzers has been instrumental in advancing studies of thiol modifications, both in single proteins and within the cellular context. This article reviews MS instrumentation and methods of analysis employed in investigations of thiols and their reactivity toward a range of small biomolecules. A selected number of studies are detailed to highlight the advantages brought about by the MS technologies along with the caveats associated with these analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelmi O Devarie Baez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Julie A Reisz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Cristina M Furdui
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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29
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Santos AI, Martínez-Ruiz A, Araújo IM. S-nitrosation and neuronal plasticity. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 172:1468-78. [PMID: 24962517 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) has long been recognized as a multifaceted participant in brain physiology. Despite the knowledge that was gathered over many years regarding the contribution of NO to neuronal plasticity, for example the ability of the brain to change in response to new stimuli, only in recent years have we begun to understand how NO acts on the molecular and cellular level to orchestrate such important phenomena as synaptic plasticity (modification of the strength of existing synapses) or the formation of new synapses (synaptogenesis) and new neurons (neurogenesis). Post-translational modification of proteins by NO derivatives or reactive nitrogen species is a non-classical mechanism for signalling by NO. S-nitrosation is a reversible post-translational modification of thiol groups (mainly on cysteines) that may result in a change of function of the modified protein. S-nitrosation of key target proteins has emerged as a main regulatory mechanism by which NO can influence several levels of brain plasticity, which are reviewed in this work. Understanding how S-nitrosation contributes to neural plasticity can help us to better understand the physiology of these processes, and to better address pathological changes in plasticity that are involved in the pathophysiology of several neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Santos
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal; IBB - Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Molecular and Structural Biomedicine, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal; Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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30
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Fujiwara T, Kanazawa S, Ichibori R, Tanigawa T, Magome T, Shingaki K, Miyata S, Tohyama M, Hosokawa K. L-arginine stimulates fibroblast proliferation through the GPRC6A-ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt pathway. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92168. [PMID: 24651445 PMCID: PMC3961283 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
l-Arginine is considered a conditionally essential amino acid and has been shown to enhance wound healing. However, the molecular mechanisms through which arginine stimulates cutaneous wound repair remain unknown. Here, we evaluated the effects of arginine supplementation on fibroblast proliferation, which is a key process required for new tissue formation. We also sought to elucidate the signaling pathways involved in mediating the effects of arginine on fibroblasts by evaluation of extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) 1/2 activation, which is important for cell growth, survival, and differentiation. Our data demonstrated that addition of 6 mM arginine significantly enhanced fibroblast proliferation, while arginine deprivation increased apoptosis, as observed by enhanced DNA fragmentation. In vitro kinase assays demonstrated that arginine supplementation activated ERK1/2, Akt, PKA and its downstream target, cAMP response element binding protein (CREB). Moreover, knockdown of GPRC6A using siRNA blocked fibroblast proliferation and decreased phosphorylation of ERK1/2, Akt and CREB. The present experiments demonstrated a critical role for the GPRC6A-ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in arginine-mediated fibroblast survival. Our findings provide novel mechanistic insights into the positive effects of arginine on wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Fujiwara
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita-shi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Kanazawa
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita-shi, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Ryoko Ichibori
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita-shi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoko Tanigawa
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita-shi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takuya Magome
- Department of Child Development and Molecular Brain Science, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Suita-shi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenta Shingaki
- Department of Research & Development Noevir Co., Ltd. Higashiomi, Shiga, Japan
| | - Shingo Miyata
- Division of Molecular Brain Science, Research Institute of Traditional Asian Medicine, Kinki University, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaya Tohyama
- Division of Molecular Brain Science, Research Institute of Traditional Asian Medicine, Kinki University, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ko Hosokawa
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita-shi, Osaka, Japan
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31
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Nakamura T, Tu S, Akhtar MW, Sunico CR, Okamoto SI, Lipton SA. Aberrant protein s-nitrosylation in neurodegenerative diseases. Neuron 2013; 78:596-614. [PMID: 23719160 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
S-Nitrosylation is a redox-mediated posttranslational modification that regulates protein function via covalent reaction of nitric oxide (NO)-related species with a cysteine thiol group on the target protein. Under physiological conditions, S-nitrosylation can be an important modulator of signal transduction pathways, akin to phosphorylation. However, with aging or environmental toxins that generate excessive NO, aberrant S-nitrosylation reactions can occur and affect protein misfolding, mitochondrial fragmentation, synaptic function, apoptosis or autophagy. Here, we discuss how aberrantly S-nitrosylated proteins (SNO-proteins) play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Insight into the pathophysiological role of aberrant S-nitrosylation pathways will enhance our understanding of molecular mechanisms leading to neurodegenerative diseases and point to potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Nakamura
- Del E. Web Center for Neuroscience, Aging, and Stem Cell Research, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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32
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Low concentrations of hydrogen peroxide or nitrite induced of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis cell proliferation in a Ras-dependent manner. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69590. [PMID: 23922749 PMCID: PMC3726682 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, a causative agent of paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), should be able to adapt to dramatic environmental changes inside the infected host after inhalation of air-borne conidia and transition to pathogenic yeasts. Proteins with antioxidant functions may protect fungal cells against reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) species generated by phagocytic cells, thus acting as potential virulence factors. Ras GTPases are involved in stress responses, cell morphology, and differentiation in a range of organisms. Ras, in its activated form, interacts with effector proteins and can initiate a kinase cascade. In lower eukaryotes, Byr2 kinase represents a Ras target. The present study investigated the role of Ras in P. brasiliensis after in vitro stimulus with ROS or RNS. We have demonstrated that low concentrations of H2O2 (0.1 mM) or NO2 (0.1–0.25 µM) stimulated P. brasiliensis yeast cell proliferation and that was not observed when yeast cells were pre-incubated with farnesyltransferase inhibitor. We constructed an expression plasmid containing the Byr2 Ras-binding domain (RBD) fused with GST (RBD-Byr2-GST) to detect the Ras active form. After stimulation with low concentrations of H2O2 or NO2, the Ras active form was observed in fungal extracts. Besides, NO2 induced a rapid increase in S-nitrosylated Ras levels. This alternative posttranslational modification of Ras, probably in residue Cys123, would lead to an exchange of GDP for GTP and consequent GTPase activation in P. brasiliensis. In conclusion, low concentrations of H2O2 or NO2 stimulated P. brasiliensis proliferation through Ras activation.
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33
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Lee M, Choy JC. Positive feedback regulation of human inducible nitric-oxide synthase expression by Ras protein S-nitrosylation. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:15677-86. [PMID: 23599434 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.475319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of nitric oxide (NO) by inducible NO synthase (iNOS) regulates many aspects of physiology and pathology. The expression of iNOS needs to be tightly regulated to balance the broad ranging properties of NO. We have investigated the feedback regulation of cytokine-induced iNOS expression by NO in human cells. The pharmacological inhibition of iNOS activity reduced iNOS protein levels in response to cytokine stimulation in a human epithelial cell line (A549 cells) as well as in primary human astrocytes and bronchial epithelial cells. The addition of exogenous NO using a NO donor prevented the reduction in iNOS levels caused by blockade of iNOS activity. Examination of signaling pathways affected by iNOS indicated that NO S-nitrosylated Ras. Transfection of cells with a S-nitrosylation-resistant Ras mutant reduced iNOS protein levels, indicating a role for this Ras modification in the amplification of iNOS levels. Further, the induction of iNOS protein levels correlated with the late activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways, and inhibition of these signaling molecules reduced iNOS levels. Altogether, our findings reveal a previously unknown regulatory pathway that amplifies iNOS expression in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
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34
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Ahearn IM, Haigis K, Bar-Sagi D, Philips MR. Regulating the regulator: post-translational modification of RAS. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2011; 13:39-51. [PMID: 22189424 PMCID: PMC3879958 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
RAS proteins are monomeric GTPases that act as binary molecular switches to regulate a wide range of cellular processes. The exchange of GTP for GDP on RAS is regulated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs), which regulate the activation state of RAS without covalently modifying it. By contrast, post-translational modifications (PTMs) of RAS proteins direct them to various cellular membranes and, in some cases, modulate GTP-GDP exchange. Important RAS PTMs include the constitutive and irreversible remodelling of its carboxy-terminal CAAX motif by farnesylation, proteolysis and methylation, reversible palmitoylation, and conditional modifications, including phosphorylation, peptidyl-prolyl isomerisation, monoubiquitylation, diubiquitylation, nitrosylation, ADP ribosylation and glucosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Ahearn
- NYU School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
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35
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The Interplay between ROS and Ras GTPases: Physiological and Pathological Implications. JOURNAL OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION 2011; 2012:365769. [PMID: 22175014 PMCID: PMC3235814 DOI: 10.1155/2012/365769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The members of the RasGTPase superfamily are involved in various signaling networks responsible for fundamental cellular processes. Their activity is determined by their guanine nucleotide-bound state. Recent evidence indicates that some of these proteins may be regulated by redox agents. Reactive oxygen species (ROSs) and reactive nitrogen species (RNSs) have been historically considered pathological agents which can react with and damage many biological macromolecules including DNA, proteins, and lipids. However, a growing number of reports have suggested that the intracellular production of ROS is tightly regulated and that these redox agents serve as signaling molecules being involved in a variety of cell signaling pathways. Numerous observations have suggested that some Ras GTPases appear to regulate ROS production and that oxidants function as effector molecules for the small GTPases, thus contributing to their overall biological function. Thus, redox agents may act both as upstream regulators and as downstream effectors of Ras GTPases. Here we discuss current understanding concerning mechanisms and physiopathological implications of the interplay between GTPases and redox agents.
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36
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Rojas JM, Oliva JL, Santos E. Mammalian son of sevenless Guanine nucleotide exchange factors: old concepts and new perspectives. Genes Cancer 2011; 2:298-305. [PMID: 21779500 DOI: 10.1177/1947601911408078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Son of Sevenless (Sos) factors were originally discovered 2 decades ago as specialized Ras activators in signaling pathways controlling the process of R7 cell development in the eye of Drosophila melanogaster. The 2 known members of the mammalian Sos family (Sos1 and Sos2) code for ubiquitously expressed, highly homologous (69% overall) proteins involved in coupling signals originated by cell surface receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) to downstream, Ras-dependent mitogenic signaling pathways. Mechanistically, the Sos proteins function as enzymatic factors interacting with Ras proteins in response to upstream stimuli to promote guanine nucleotide exchange (GDP/GTP) and subsequent formation of the active Ras-GTP complex. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on structural, regulatory, and functional aspects of the Sos family, focusing on specific aspects of Sos biology such as structure-function relationship, crosstalk with different signaling pathways, and in vivo functional significance as deduced from phenotypic characterization of Sos knockout mice and human genetic syndromes caused by germline hSos1 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Rojas
- Unidad de Biología Celular, Área de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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37
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Davis MF, Vigil D, Campbell SL. Regulation of Ras proteins by reactive nitrogen species. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:565-75. [PMID: 21616138 PMCID: PMC3549334 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ras GTPases have been a subject of intense investigation since the early 1980s, when single point mutations in Ras were shown to cause deregulated cell growth control. Subsequently, Ras was identified as the most prevalent oncogene found in human cancer. Ras proteins regulate a host of pathways involved in cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis by cycling between inactive GDP-bound and active GTP-bound states. Regulation of Ras activity is controlled by cellular factors that alter guanine nucleotide cycling. Oncogenic mutations prevent protein regulatory factors from down-regulating Ras activity, thereby maintaining Ras in a chronically activated state. The central dogma in the field is that protein modulatory factors are the primary regulators of Ras activity. Since the mid-1990s, however, evidence has accumulated that small molecule reactive nitrogen species (RNS) can also influence Ras guanine nucleotide cycling. Herein, we review the basic chemistry behind RNS formation and discuss the mechanism through which various RNS enhance nucleotide exchange in Ras proteins. In addition, we present studies that demonstrate the physiological relevance of RNS-mediated Ras activation within the context of immune system function, brain function, and cancer development. We also highlight future directions and experimental methods that may enhance our ability to detect RNS-mediated activation in cell cultures and in vivo. The development of such methods may ultimately pave new directions for detecting and elucidating how Ras proteins are regulated by redox species, as well as for targeting redox-activated Ras in cancer and other disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F. Davis
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Dom Vigil
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Sharon L. Campbell
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
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38
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Sha Y, Marshall HE. S-nitrosylation in the regulation of gene transcription. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2011; 1820:701-11. [PMID: 21640163 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-translational modification of proteins by S-nitrosylation serves as a major mode of signaling in mammalian cells and a growing body of evidence has shown that transcription factors and their activating pathways are primary targets. S-nitrosylation directly modifies a number of transcription factors, including NF-κB, HIF-1, and AP-1. In addition, S-nitrosylation can indirectly regulate gene transcription by modulating other cell signaling pathways, in particular JNK kinase and ras. SCOPE OF REVIEW The evolution of S-nitrosylation as a signaling mechanism in the regulation of gene transcription, physiological advantages of protein S-nitrosylation in the control of gene transcription, and discussion of the many transcriptional proteins modulated by S-nitrosylation is summarized. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS S-nitrosylation plays a crucial role in the control of mammalian gene transcription with numerous transcription factors regulated by this modification. Many of these proteins serve as immunomodulators, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is regarded as a principal mediatiator of NO-dependent S-nitrosylation. However, additional targets within the nucleus (e.g. histone deacetylases) and alternative mechanisms of S-nitrosylation (e.g. GAPDH-mediated trans-nitrosylation) are thought to play a role in NOS-dependent transcriptional regulation. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Derangement of SNO-regulated gene transcription is an important factor in a variety of pathological conditions including neoplasia and sepsis. A better understanding of protein S-nitrosylation as it relates to gene transcription and the physiological mechanisms behind this process is likely to lead to novel therapies for these disorders. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Regulation of Cellular Processes by S-nitrosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Sha
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Nitric oxide: role in tumour biology and iNOS/NO-based anticancer therapies. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2011; 67:1211-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-011-1654-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Iwakiri Y. S-nitrosylation of proteins: a new insight into endothelial cell function regulated by eNOS-derived NO. Nitric Oxide 2011; 25:95-101. [PMID: 21554971 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2011.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Revised: 04/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a messenger molecule that is highly diffusible and short-lived. Despite these two characteristics, seemingly unsuitable for intracellular reactions, NO modulates a variety of cellular processes via the mechanism of S-nitrosylation. An important factor that determines the specificity of S-nitrosylation as a signaling mechanism is the compartmentalization of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) with its target proteins. Endothelial NOS (eNOS) is unique among the NOS family members by being localized mainly near specific intracellular membrane domains including the cytoplasmic face of the Golgi apparatus and plasma membrane caveolae. Nitric oxide produced by eNOS localized on the Golgi apparatus can react with thiol groups on nearby Golgi proteins via a redox mechanism resulting in S-nitrosylation of these proteins. This modification influences their function as regulators of cellular processes such as protein trafficking (e.g., exocytosis and endocytosis), redox state, and cell cycle. Thus, eNOS-derived NO regulates a wide range of endothelial cell functions, such as inflammation, apoptosis, permeability, migration, and cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Iwakiri
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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Tegeder I, Scheving R, Wittig I, Geisslinger G. SNO-ing at the nociceptive synapse? Pharmacol Rev 2011; 63:366-89. [PMID: 21436345 DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.004200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide is generally considered a pronociceptive retrograde transmitter that, by activation of soluble guanylyl cyclase-mediated cGMP production and activation of cGMP-dependent protein kinase, drives nociceptive hypersensitivity. The duality of its functions, however, is increasingly recognized. This review summarizes nitric-oxide-mediated direct S-nitrosylation of target proteins that may modify nociceptive signaling, including glutamate receptors and G-protein-coupled receptors, transient receptor potential channels, voltage-gated channels, proinflammatory enzymes, transcription factors, and redoxins. S-Nitrosylation events require close proximity of nitric oxide production and target proteins and a permissive redox state in the vicinity. Despite the diversity of potential targets and effects, three major schemes arise that may affect nociceptive signaling: 1) S-Nitrosylation-mediated changes of ion channel gating properties, 2) modulation of membrane fusion and fission, and thereby receptor and channel membrane insertion, and 3) modulation of ubiquitination, and thereby protein degradation or transcriptional activity. In addition, S-Nitrosylation may alter the production of nitric oxide itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irmgard Tegeder
- Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Theodor Stern Kai 7, Haus 74; 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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El-Hage N, Podhaizer EM, Sturgill J, Hauser KF. Toll-like receptor expression and activation in astroglia: differential regulation by HIV-1 Tat, gp120, and morphine. Immunol Invest 2011; 40:498-522. [PMID: 21425908 DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2011.561904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to determine whether morphine alone or in combination with HIV-1 Tat or gp120 affects the expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) by astrocytes and to assess whether TLRs expressed by astrocytes function in the release of inflammatory mediators in vitro. TLR profiling by immunofluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, in-cell westerns, and RT-PCR showed that subpopulations of astrocytes possessed TLR 2, TLR3, TLR4, and TLR9 antigenicity. Exposure to HIV-1 Tat, gp120, and/or morphine significantly altered the proportion of TLR-immunopositive and/or TLR expression by astroglia in a TLR-specific manner. Subsets of astroglia displayed significant increases in TLR2 with reciprocal decreases in TLR9 expression in response to Tat or gp120 ± morphine treatment. TLR9 expression was also significantly decreased by morphine alone. Exposing astrocytes to the TLR agonists LTA (TLR2), poly I:C (TLR3), LPS (TLR4) and unmethylated CpG ODN (TLR9) resulted in increased secretion of MCP-1/CCL2 and elevations in reactive oxygen species. TLR3 and TLR4 stimulation increased the secretion of TNF-α, IL-6, and RANTES/CCL5, while activation of TLR2 caused a significant increase in nitric oxide levels. The results suggest that HIV-1 proteins and/or opioid abuse disrupt the innate immune response of the central nervous system (CNS) which may lead to increased pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazira El-Hage
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Richmond, USA.
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Heo J. Redox control of GTPases: from molecular mechanisms to functional significance in health and disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 14:689-724. [PMID: 20649471 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Small GTPases, including the proto-oncoprotein Ras and Rho GTPases, are involved in various cellular signaling events. Some of these small GTPases are redox sensitive, including Ras, Rho, Ran, Dexras1, and Rhes GTPases. Thus, the redox-mediated regulation of these GTPases often determines the course of their cellular signaling cascades. This article takes into consideration the application of Marcus theory to potential redox-based molecular mechanisms in the regulation of these redox-sensitive GTPases and the relevance of such mechanisms to a specific redox-sensitive motif. The discussion also takes into account various diseases, including cancers, heart, and neuronal disorders, that are often linked with the dysregulation of the redox signaling cascades associated with these redox-sensitive GTPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongyun Heo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA.
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Schwalm S, Pfeilschifter J, Huwiler A. Sphingosine kinase 1 is critically involved in nitric oxide-mediated human endothelial cell migration and tube formation. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 160:1641-51. [PMID: 20649568 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00818.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Sphingosine kinases (SKs) convert sphingosine to sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), which is a bioactive lipid that regulates a variety of cellular processes including proliferation, differentiation and migration. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We used the human endothelial cell line EA.hy926 to investigate the effect of nitric oxide (NO) donors on SK-1 expression, and on cell migration and tube formation. KEY RESULTS We showed that exposure of EA.hy926 cells to Deta-NO (125-1000 microM) resulted in a time- and concentration-dependent up-regulation of SK-1 mRNA and protein expression, and activity with a first significant effect at 250 microM of Deta-NO. The increased SK-1 mRNA expression resulted from an enhanced SK-1 promoter activity. A similar effect was also seen with various other NO donors. In mechanistic terms, the NO-triggered effect occurred independently of cGMP, but involved the classical mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade because the MEK inhibitor U0126 abolished the NO-induced SK-1 expression. The effect of NO was also markedly reduced by the thiol-reducing agent N-acetylcysteine, suggesting a redox-dependent mechanism. Functionally, Deta-NO triggered an increase in the migration of endothelial cells in an adapted Boyden chamber assay, and also increased endothelial tube formation in a Matrigel assay. These responses were both abolished in cells depleted of SK-1. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These data show that NO donors up-regulate specifically SK-1 expression and activity in human endothelial cells, and SK-1 in turn critically contributes to the migratory capability and tube formation of endothelial cells. Thus, SK-1 may be considered an attractive novel target to interfere with pathological processes involving angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Schwalm
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Carreira BP, Morte MI, Inácio A, Costa G, Rosmaninho-Salgado J, Agasse F, Carmo A, Couceiro P, Brundin P, Ambrósio AF, Carvalho CM, Araújo IM. Nitric oxide stimulates the proliferation of neural stem cells bypassing the epidermal growth factor receptor. Stem Cells 2010; 28:1219-30. [PMID: 20506358 DOI: 10.1002/stem.444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) was described to inhibit the proliferation of neural stem cells. Some evidence suggests that NO, under certain conditions, can also promote cell proliferation, although the mechanisms responsible for a potential proliferative effect of NO in neural stem cells have remained unaddressed. In this work, we investigated and characterized the proliferative effect of NO in cell cultures obtained from the mouse subventricular zone. We found that the NO donor NOC-18 (10 microM) increased cell proliferation, whereas higher concentrations (100 microM) inhibited cell proliferation. Increased cell proliferation was detected rapidly following exposure to NO and was prevented by blocking the mitogen-activated kinase (MAPK) pathway, independently of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor. Downstream of the EGF receptor, NO activated p21Ras and the MAPK pathway, resulting in a decrease in the nuclear presence of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1, p27(KIP1), allowing for cell cycle progression. Furthermore, in a mouse model that shows increased proliferation of neural stem cells in the hippocampus following seizure injury, we observed that the absence of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS(-/-) mice) prevented the increase in cell proliferation observed following seizures in wild-type mice, showing that NO from iNOS origin is important for increased cell proliferation following a brain insult. Overall, we show that NO is able to stimulate the proliferation of neural stem cells bypassing the EGF receptor and promoting cell division. Moreover, under pathophysiological conditions in vivo, NO from iNOS origin also promotes proliferation in the hippocampus.
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Heo J, Hong I. Ras-Targeting Action of Thiopurines in the Presence of Reactive Nitrogen Species. Biochemistry 2010; 49:3965-76. [DOI: 10.1021/bi902090q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jongyun Heo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019
| | - Inpyo Hong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019
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Ota KT, Monsey MS, Wu MS, Young GJ, Schafe GE. Synaptic plasticity and NO-cGMP-PKG signaling coordinately regulate ERK-driven gene expression in the lateral amygdala and in the auditory thalamus following Pavlovian fear conditioning. Learn Mem 2010; 17:221-35. [PMID: 20351057 DOI: 10.1101/lm.1592510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We have recently hypothesized that NO-cGMP-PKG signaling in the lateral nucleus of the amygdala (LA) during auditory fear conditioning coordinately regulates ERK-driven transcriptional changes in both auditory thalamic (MGm/PIN) and LA neurons that serve to promote pre- and postsynaptic alterations at thalamo-LA synapses, respectively. In the present series of experiments, we show that N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)-driven synaptic plasticity and NO-cGMP-PKG signaling in the LA regulate the training-induced expression of ERK and the ERK-driven immediate early genes (IEGs) Arc/Arg3.1, c-Fos, and EGR-1 in the LA and the MGm/PIN. Rats receiving intra-LA infusion of the NR2B selective antagonist Ifenprodil, the NOS inhibitor 7-Ni, or the PKG inhibitor Rp-8-Br-PET-cGMPS exhibited significant decreases in ERK activation and in the training-induced expression of all three IEGs in the LA and MGm/PIN while intra-LA infusion of the PKG activator 8-Br-cGMP had the opposite effect. Remarkably, those rats given intra-LA infusion of the membrane impermeable NO scavenger c-PTIO exhibited significant decreases in ERK activation and ERK-driven IEG expression in the MGm/PIN, but not in the LA. Together with our previous experiments, these results suggest that synaptic plasticity and the NO-cGMP-PKG signaling pathway promote fear memory consolidation, in part, by regulating ERK-driven transcription in both the LA and the MGm/PIN. They further suggest that synaptic plasticity in the LA during fear conditioning promotes ERK-driven transcription in MGm/PIN neurons via NO-driven "retrograde signaling."
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristie T Ota
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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Aghajanian A, Wittchen ES, Campbell SL, Burridge K. Direct activation of RhoA by reactive oxygen species requires a redox-sensitive motif. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8045. [PMID: 19956681 PMCID: PMC2778012 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rho family GTPases are critical regulators of the cytoskeleton and affect cell migration, cell-cell adhesion, and cell-matrix adhesion. As with all GTPases, their activity is determined by their guanine nucleotide-bound state. Understanding how Rho proteins are activated and inactivated has largely focused on regulatory proteins such as guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase activating proteins (GAPs). However, recent in vitro studies have indicated that GTPases may also be directly regulated by redox agents. We hypothesized that this redox-based mechanism occurs in cells and affects cytoskeletal dynamics, and in this report we conclude this is indeed a novel mechanism of regulating the GTPase RhoA. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this report, we show that RhoA can be directly activated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells, and that this requires two critical cysteine residues located in a unique redox-sensitive motif within the phosphoryl binding loop. First, we show that ROS can reversibly activate RhoA and induce stress fiber formation, a well characterized readout of RhoA activity. To determine the role of cysteine residues in this mechanism of regulation, we generated cysteine to alanine RhoA mutants. Mutation of these cysteines abolishes ROS-mediated activation and stress fiber formation, indicating that these residues are critical for redox-regulation of RhoA. Importantly, these mutants maintain the ability to be activated by GEFs. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our findings identify a novel mechanism for the regulation of RhoA in cells by ROS, which is independent of classical regulatory proteins. This mechanism of regulation may be particularly relevant in pathological conditions where ROS are generated and the cellular redox-balance altered, such as in asthma and ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Aghajanian
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America.
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Abstract
Both Ras and Nox represent ancient gene families which control a broad range of cellular responses. Both families mediate signals governing motility, differentiation, and proliferation, and both inhabit overlapping subcellular microdomains. Yet little is known of the precise functional relationship between these two ubiquitous families. In this review, we examine the interface where these two large fields meet.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lance S. Terada
- Correspondence to: Lance S. Terada; Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390. Fax: 214-648-9104. E-mail:
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Chen K, Craige SE, Keaney JF. Downstream targets and intracellular compartmentalization in Nox signaling. Antioxid Redox Signal 2009; 11:2467-80. [PMID: 19309256 PMCID: PMC2861540 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have become recognized for their role as second messengers in a multitude of physiologic responses. Emerging evidence points to the importance of the NADPH oxidase family of ROS-producing enzymes in mediating redox-sensitive signal transduction. However, a clear paradox exists between the specificity required for signaling and the nature of ROS as both diffusible and highly reactive molecules. We seek to understand the targets and compartmentalization of the NADPH oxidase signaling to determine how NADPH oxidase-derived ROS fit into established signaling paradigms. Herein we review recent data that link cellular NADPH oxidase enzymes to ROS signaling, with a particular focus on the mechanism(s) involved in achieving signaling specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Chen
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA.
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