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Guo H, Song S, Dai T, Sun K, Zhou G, Li M, Mann S, Dou H. Near-Infrared Fluorescent and Magnetic Resonance Dual-Imaging Coacervate Nanoprobes for Trypsin Mapping and Targeted Payload Delivery of Malignant Tumors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:17302-17313. [PMID: 32212678 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c03433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Trypsin-responsive near-infrared fluorescent (NIRF) and magnetic resonance (MR) dual-imaging composite nanoparticle/polypeptide coacervate nanoprobes with tunable sizes, have been constructed herein via electrostatic interaction-induced self-assembly. Considering the requirements of in vivo metabolism on nanoparticle size, three coacervate nanoprobes with diameters of around 100, 200, and 300 nm were fabricated with a polydispersity of around 0.2. These coacervate nanoprobes consist of Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles surface-decorated with poly acrylic acid and Cy5.5-modified poly-l-lysine (PLL-g-Cy5.5) serving as MR imaging and trypsin-responsive substrate/NIRF agents, respectively. The notable fluorescence signal from PLL-g-Cy5.5 is self-quenched due to the short distances between the fluorescent Cy5.5 molecules after construction of the coacervate nanoprobes. Remarkably, coacervate nanoprobes with a diameter of around 100 nm are selectively disintegrated into fragmented segments upon the hydrolysis of PLL by trypsin, resulting in an 18-fold amplification of the NIRF intensity in comparison with the self-assembled coacervate nanoprobes in the quenched state. Moreover, the MR imaging enhancement is also related to the disintegration of the coacervate nanoprobes. Cellular experiments and in vivo studies demonstrate that the coacervate nanoprobes exhibit remarkable trypsin-sensitive NIRF and MR dual-imaging capabilities and thus have excellent potential to serve as dual-imaging nanoprobes for the efficient mapping of malignant tumors in which trypsin is often overexpressed. In consideration of their excellent capability to enrich charged molecules, the coacervate nanoprobes provide a conceptually novel and promising platform toward in vivo trypsin mapping and controlled delivery of targeted payloads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heze Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Song
- The State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Tingting Dai
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering National Tissue Engineering Centre of China, Shanghai 200011, P. R. China
| | - Kang Sun
- The State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Guangdong Zhou
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering National Tissue Engineering Centre of China, Shanghai 200011, P. R. China
| | - Mei Li
- Centre for Protolife Research and Centre for Organized Matter Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Stephen Mann
- Centre for Protolife Research and Centre for Organized Matter Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Hongjing Dou
- The State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
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2
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Shi F, Liu S, Su X. l-Cysteine-capped CdTe quantum dots as a fluorescent probe for sequential detection of lysozyme and trypsin. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj03903k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A fluorescence assay for the sequential determination of lysozyme and trypsin was established based on l-cysteine capped CdTe quantum dots. Lysozyme with positive charges can interact with l-cysteine capped CdTe quantum dots. Lysozyme can be hydrolyzed into small fragments in the presence of trypsin, and the interaction between l-cysteine-capped CdTe QDs and lysozyme would be inhibited, which could be used for trypsin quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanping Shi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- China
| | - Siyu Liu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine
- College of Life and Health Sciences
- Northeastern University
- Shenyang 110000
- China
| | - Xingguang Su
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- China
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3
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Zhang L, Qin H, Cui W, Zhou Y, Du J. Label–free, turn–on fluorescent sensor for trypsin activity assay and inhibitor screening. Talanta 2016; 161:535-540. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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4
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Labib M, Sargent EH, Kelley SO. Electrochemical Methods for the Analysis of Clinically Relevant Biomolecules. Chem Rev 2016; 116:9001-90. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 555] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Labib
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | | | - Shana O. Kelley
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
- Institute
of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
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5
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Zhang L, Du J. A sensitive and label-free trypsin colorimetric sensor with cytochrome c as a substrate. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 79:347-52. [PMID: 26724537 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.12.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The development of simple and sensitive methods for protease sensing plays important roles in clinical diagnostics and drug development. Here a simple, rapid, label-free, and sensitive trypsin colorimetric sensor was developed by employing cytochrome c (cyt c) as an enzyme substrate and 3,3´,5,5´-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) as a chromogenic reagent. It was found that cyt c hardly catalyzes H2O2-mediated TMB oxidation to produce a blue solution. But the hydrolysate of cyt c by trypsin displays an intense catalytic effect on the aforementioned reaction, resulting in the formation of a blue solution immediately. The detection process allows visually perceiving as low as 50 ng/mL trypsin with the naked eyes. With the aid of a spectrophotometer, the absorbance at 652 nm was proportional to the concentration of trypsin in the range from 5.0 ng/mL to 2.0 μg/mL with a detection limit of 4.5 ng/mL. The sensor showed better precision with relative standard deviation of 2.5% and 1.7% for eleven repetitive measurements of 50.0 ng/mL and 1.0 μg/mL trypsin solution, respectively. The procedure has been successfully applied to the determination of trypsin in human urines and for inhibitor screening, demonstrating its potential application in clinic diagnosis and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lufeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Jianxiu Du
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China.
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6
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You X, Li Y, Li B, Ma J. Gold nanoclusters-based chemiluminescence resonance energy transfer method for sensitive and label-free detection of trypsin. Talanta 2015; 147:63-8. [PMID: 26592577 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A chemiluminescence resonance energy transfer (CRET) platform was developed for sensitive and label-free detection of protease by using trypsin as a model analyte. In this CRET platform, bis(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)oxalate-hydrogen peroxide chemiluminescence (CL) reaction was utilized as an energy donor and bovine serum albumin (BSA)-stabilized gold nanoclusters (Au NCs) as an energy acceptor. The BSA-stabilized Au NCs triggered the CRET phenomenon by accepting the energy from TCPO-H2O2 CL reaction, thus producing intense CL. In the presence of trypsin, the protein template of BSA-stabilized Au NCs was digested, which frustrated the energy transfer efficiency between the CL donor and the BSA-stabilized Au NCs, leading to a significant decrease in the CL signal. The decreased CL signal was proportional to the logarithm of trypsin concentration in the range of 0.01-50.0µg mL(-1). The detection limit for trypsin was 9ng mL(-)(1) and the relative standard deviations were lesser than 3% (n=11). This Au NCs-based CRET platform was successfully applied to the determination of trypsin in human urine samples, demonstrating its potential application in clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying You
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yinhuan Li
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Baoping Li
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
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7
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A novel fluorescence assay for the detection of hemoglobin based on the G-quadruplex/hemin complex. Talanta 2014; 118:118-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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8
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Swindle JD, Santos KL, Speth RC. Pharmacological characterization of a novel non-AT1, non-AT2 angiotensin binding site identified as neurolysin. Endocrine 2013; 44:525-31. [PMID: 23412923 PMCID: PMC3742649 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-013-9898-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of a novel non-AT1, non-AT2 binding site for angiotensins in the rodent brain and testis that is unmasked by the organomercurial compound para-chloromercuribenzoic acid (PCMB) has catalyzed efforts to purify and characterize this protein. We recently reported that this protein is neurolysin and now report upon the specificity of this binding site for various neuropeptides. Competition binding assays in rat brain and testis used (125)I-Sar(1), Ile(8) angiotensin II (Ang II) as the radioligand in the presence of saturating concentrations of AT1 and AT2 receptor antagonists and 100 μM parachloromercuribenzoate. Primary screening of 36 peptides and other compounds at 10 μM concentration revealed seven peptides that inhibited specific binding >50 %: ghrelin, Tyr(1) S36057 (a melanin-concentrating hormone receptor ligand), orphanin FQ and its congeners (Tyr(1) and Tyr(14)), Dynorphin A (1-8), and Ang (1-9). The selective neurolysin inhibitor Proline-Isoleucine dipeptide was inactive at 1 mM. These results suggest that the ability of PCMB to unmask high affinity binding of Ang II to neurolysin is a pharmacological effect and that neurolysin may significantly affect the activity of the renin-angiotensin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamala D. Swindle
- Farquhar College of Arts and Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, Fl. 33314
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, Fl. 33328
| | - Kira L. Santos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, Fl. 33328
| | - Robert C. Speth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, Fl. 33328
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fl., 32610
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9
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Dwivedi AK, Iyer PK. A fluorescence turn on trypsin assay based on aqueous polyfluorene. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:4005-4010. [PMID: 32261227 DOI: 10.1039/c3tb20712a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new method based on the electrostatic interaction of a novel anionic water soluble polymer P1 with a positively charged polypeptide Arg6 was developed for a continuous and real time turn on assay for the enzymatic activity of trypsin under alkaline conditions with a limit of detection of 0.17 nM. This method was also able to screen the inhibitors of trypsin. P1 fluorescence intensity was significantly decreased by the positively charged Arg6 due to the electrostatic interaction, whereas the enzymatic action recovered P1 fluorescence due to the fragmentation of Arg6 into small positively charged fragments and these were unable to quench the P1 fluorescence. Therefore, by triggering the fluorescence intensity change, it was possible to assay the enzymatic activity. Use of water soluble conjugated polymer P1 and no labeling on the substrate enhances the utility of this method significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Kumar Dwivedi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati-781039, India.
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10
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Zaccheo BA, Crooks RM. Self-Powered Sensor for Naked-Eye Detection of Serum Trypsin. Anal Chem 2011; 83:1185-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac103115z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian A. Zaccheo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Electrochemistry, and Center for Nano and Molecular Science and Technology, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-0165, United States
| | - Richard M. Crooks
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Electrochemistry, and Center for Nano and Molecular Science and Technology, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-0165, United States
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11
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Kishi T, Cloutier SM, Kündig C, Deperthes D, Diamandis EP. Activation and enzymatic characterization of recombinant human kallikrein 8. Biol Chem 2006; 387:723-31. [PMID: 16800733 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2006.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Human kallikrein 8 (hK8), whose gene was originally cloned as the human ortholog of a mouse brain protease, is known to be associated with diseases such as ovarian cancer and Alzheimer's disease. Recombinant human pro-kallikrein 8 was activated with lysyl endopeptidase-conjugated beads. Amino-terminal sequencing of the activated enzyme demonstrated the cleavage of a 9-aa propeptide from the pro-enzyme. The substrate specificity of activated hK8 was characterized using synthetic fluorescent substrates. hK8 showed trypsin-like specificity, as predicted from sequence analysis and enzymatic characterization of the mouse ortholog. All synthetic substrates tested containing either arginine or lysine at P1 position were cleaved by hK8. The highest kcat/Km value of 20x10(3)M-1 s-1 was observed with Boc-Val-Pro-Arg-7-amido-4-methylcoumarin. The activity of hK8 was inhibited by antipain, chymostatin, and leupeptin. The concentration for 50% inhibition by the best inhibitor, antipain, was 0.46 microM. The effect of different metal ions on the enzyme activity was analyzed. Whereas Na+ had no effect on hK8 activity, Ni2+ and Zn2+ decreased the activity and Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+ had a stimulatory effect. Ca2+ was the best activator, with an optimal concentration of approximately 10 microM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadaaki Kishi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 1L5, ON, Canada
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12
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Sainz JC, García-Carreño FL, Hernández-Cortés P. Penaeus vannamei isotrypsins: purification and characterization. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2004; 138:155-62. [PMID: 15193270 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2004.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2003] [Revised: 02/06/2004] [Accepted: 03/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Three isotrypsins from digestive gland of Penaeus vannamei were purified and characterized by molecular, biochemical and kinetic parameters. Purified isotrypsins A, B, and C are glycoproteins with molecular masses between 30.2 and 32.9 kDa, and, therefore similar to other trypsins. The isoelectric points are anionic and different among the three isotrypsins: pH 3.5 for isotrypsin A, pH 3.0 for isotrypsin B, and pH 4.5 for isotrypsin C. Differences in the NH(2)-terminal amino acid sequences allowed us to define three different protein entities that match isotrypsins previously deduced by cDNA. Isoform C has higher physiological efficiency and specific activity, lower K(m), and requires higher concentrations of Ca(+2) to reach the same activity as the other two isotrypsins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Sainz
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste. Mar Bermejo No. 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz B.C.S. 23090, Mexico
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13
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Kim YT, Downs D, Wu S, Dashti A, Pan Y, Zhai P, Wang X, Zhang XC, Lin X. Enzymic properties of recombinant BACE2. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2002; 269:5668-77. [PMID: 12423367 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2002.03277.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACE2 (Memapsin 1) is a membrane-bound aspartic protease that is highly homologous with BACE1 (Memapsin 2). While BACE1 processes the amyloid precursor protein (APP) at a key step in generating the beta-amyloid peptide and presumably causes Alzheimer's disease (AD), BACE2 has not been demonstrated to be directly involved in APP processing, and its physiological functions remain to be determined. In vivo, BACE2 is expressed as a precursor protein containing pre-, pro-, protease, transmembrane, and cytosolic domains/peptides. To determine the enzymatic properties of BACE2, two variants of its pro-protease domain, pro-BACE2-T1 (PB2-T1) and pro-BACE2-T2 (PB2-T2), were constructed. They have been expressed in Escherichia coli as inclusion bodies, refolded and purified. These two recombinant proteins have the same N terminus but differ at their C-terminal ends: PB2-T1 ends at Pro466, on the boundary of the postulated transmembrane domain, and PB2-T2 ends at Ser431, close to the homologous ends of other aspartic proteases such as pepsin. While PB2-T1 shares similar substrate specificities with BACE1 and other 'general' aspartic proteases, the specificity of PB2-T2 is more constrained, apparently preferring to cleave at the NH2-terminal side of paired basic residues. Unlike other 'typical' aspartic proteases, which are active only under acidic conditions, the recombinant BACE2, PB2-T1, was active at a broad pH range. In addition, pro-BACE2 can be processed at its in vivo maturation site by BACE1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Tae Kim
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory and Crystallography Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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14
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Abstract
Trypsinogen (TRY), the precursor to the serine protease trypsin, is found in the pancreas and mediates digestive proteolysis in the small intestine. Differential display of cDNAs expressed by human colorectal tumor tissues compared with adjacent normal colonic mucosa identified an isoform of TRY (TRY2) up-regulated in colorectal cancers. Northern blot analysis of RNA isolated from a series of 28 malignant colon tumors and corresponding normal mucosa showed that TRY transcripts were up-regulated 2- to 33-fold in 29% of tumors. Further, TRY mRNA was expressed in 6 colorectal cancer cell lines, with highest levels detected in the metastatic tumor lines SW620 and HT29. Immunostaining for TRY protein expression showed intense immunoreactivity in the supranuclear cytoplasm of colon tumors in 16% of tissue specimens. To evaluate the relative contributions of 2 isoforms of TRY, TRY1 and TRY2, to total TRY mRNA expression, a semi-quantitative multiplex RT-PCR assay was developed. TRY2 mRNA was detected in all 6 colorectal tumor cell lines, whereas TRY1 mRNA was expressed only in the metastatic tumor lines, showing that the high levels of TRY expression in the metastatic tumor lines are likely due to up-regulation of TRY1. Evaluation of TRY1 and TRY2 mRNA expression by multiplex RT-PCR in a series of 20 colon tumor tissues representative of the range of tumor progression showed that TRY2 mRNA was expressed much more commonly than TRY1 mRNA in normal mucosa (26% vs. 6%) as well as in primary tumor tissues (65% vs. 15%). These data demonstrate that TRY2 is the dominant TRY in colon tissue and suggest that up-regulation of TRY1 expression in colon tumors may be associated with a metastatic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Williams
- Cancer Metastasis Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Jeohn GH, Matsuzaki H, Takahashi K. Purification and characterization of a detergent-requiring membrane-bound metalloendopeptidase from porcine brain. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1999; 260:318-24. [PMID: 10095765 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00151.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A detergent-requiring metalloendopeptidase cleaving a progastrin-C-terminal peptide (progastrin-(88-101)) mainly at the Arg95-Gly96 bond was solubilized from porcine cerebral vesicular membranes and purified to homogeneity as examined by PAGE. The purified enzyme had a molecular mass of approximately 76 kDa as estimated by both SDS/PAGE and Sephacryl S-300 gel filtration. It hydrolyzed progastrin-(88-101) peptide, BAM-12P, and bradykinin fairly specifically, and more efficiently than various other neuropeptides and related oligopeptides examined as substrates. It was inactive in the absence of detergents, and required certain detergents such as Triton X-100 or Lubrol PX for activity. Its optimum pH was about 6.5 and was strongly inhibited by metal-chelating agents such as EDTA, EGTA, and o-phenanthroline. It was extremely sensitive to EDTA and was completely inhibited even by 0.3 microM EDTA; the activity was fully restored by addition of a 10-fold higher concentration of Zn2+, CO2+, or Mn2+ ions over EDTA. On the other hand, dynorphin A-(1-13) peptide, a strong inhibitor of neurolysin, failed to inhibit the enzyme. The various characteristics indicated that the present enzyme is a unique membrane-bound metalloendopeptidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Jeohn
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry, School of Life Science, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Japan
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16
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Koshikawa N, Hasegawa S, Nagashima Y, Mitsuhashi K, Tsubota Y, Miyata S, Miyagi Y, Yasumitsu H, Miyazaki K. Expression of trypsin by epithelial cells of various tissues, leukocytes, and neurons in human and mouse. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1998; 153:937-44. [PMID: 9736042 PMCID: PMC1853012 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65635-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It has long been believed that trypsin is normally synthesized only in the pancreas. In the present study, expression of trypsin in human and mouse nonpancreatic tissues was examined. Northern blot analysis of normal human tissues indicated that the trypsin gene is expressed at high levels in the pancreas and spleen and considerably in the small intestine. However, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry demonstrated that trypsin is widely expressed in epithelial cells of the skin, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, lung, kidney, liver, and extrahepatic bile duct, as well as splenic and neuronal cells. In the spleen, trypsin message was detected in macrophages, monocytes, and lymphocytes in the white pulp. In the brain, it was detected in the nerve cells of the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. Analysis by gelatin zymography confirmed the presence of a latent or an active form of trypsin in various normal mouse tissues. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis also confirmed the expression of trypsin genes in the spleen, liver, kidney, and brain of normal mice. Such a broad distribution of trypsin suggests its general roles in the maintenance of normal epithelial cell functions, the immune defense system, and the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Koshikawa
- Division of Cell Biology, Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
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17
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Hayashi MA, Gomes MD, Rebouças NA, Fernandes BL, Ferro ES, de Camargo AC. Species specificity of thimet oligopeptidase (EC 3.4.24.15). BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY HOPPE-SEYLER 1996; 377:283-91. [PMID: 8828819 DOI: 10.1515/bchm3.1996.377.5.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The recombinant rat testes metallo-endooligopeptidase (EC 3.4.24.15) and the rabbit brain endooligopeptidase A (formerly EC 3.4.22.19) were compared, side-by-side, in view of their striking similarities in both the physicochemical features and the specificities for oligopeptides. Concerning the tissue distribution in rat and rabbit, no relation between the levels of enzyme activity in cytosol and the levels of metallo-endooligopeptidase 24.15 mRNA could be established. The results suggest that the predominant neuropeptide-metabolizing activity attributed to the metallo-endooligopeptidase 24.15 is performed by, at least, two distinct cytosolic enzymes, one predominant in rat testes and the other in rabbit brain and testes, and possibly also in rat brain. Both enzymes are activated by dithiothreitol and irreversibly inhibited by a SH-affinity labeling dynorphin-related compound, but they are not inhibited by EDTA in a concentration dependent manner. Both enzymes exhibit the same specificity toward several bioactive peptides, except for LH-RH and substance P, which are only hydrolysed by the rat testes enzyme. Taken together, these results lead us to conclude that it is unlikely that the recombinant rat testes metallo-endooligopeptidase 24.15 and the rabbit brain endooligopeptidase A are the same molecule although they might belong to the same family of oligopeptidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Hayashi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
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18
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Barrett AJ, Brown MA, Dando PM, Knight CG, McKie N, Rawlings ND, Serizawa A. Thimet oligopeptidase and oligopeptidase M or neurolysin. Methods Enzymol 1995; 248:529-56. [PMID: 7674943 DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(95)48034-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A J Barrett
- Department of Biochemistry, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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